1
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Milite C, Sarno G, Pacilio I, Cianciulli A, Viviano M, Iannelli G, Gazzillo E, Feoli A, Cipriano A, Giovanna Chini M, Castellano S, Bifulco G, Sbardella G. Prodrug Approach to Exploit (S)-Alanine Amide as Arginine Mimic Moiety in the Development of Protein Arginine Methyltransferase 4 Inhibitors. ChemMedChem 2024; 19:e202400139. [PMID: 38752332 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202400139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
Protein arginine methyltransferase (PRMT) 4 (also known as coactivator-associated arginine methyltransferase 1; CARM1) is involved in a variety of biological processes and is considered as an emerging target class in oncology and other diseases. A successful strategy to identify PRMT substrate-competitive inhibitors has been to exploit chemical scaffolds able to mimic the arginine substrate. (S)-Alanine amide moiety is a valuable arginine mimic for the development of potent and selective PRMT4 inhibitors; however, its high hydrophilicity led to derivatives with poor cellular outcomes. Here, we describe the development of PRMT4 inhibitors featuring a central pyrrole core and an alanine amide moiety. Rounds of optimization, aimed to increase lipophilicity and simultaneously preserve the inhibitory activity, produced derivatives that, despite good potency and physicochemical properties, did not achieve on-target effects in cells. On the other hand, masking the amino group with a NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1)-responsive trigger group, led to prodrugs able to reduce arginine dimethylation of the PRMT4 substrates BRG1-associated factor 155 (BAF155). These results indicate that prodrug strategies can be successfully applied to alanine-amide containing PRMT4 inhibitors and provide an option to enable such compounds to achieve sufficiently high exposures in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciro Milite
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084, Fisciano, SA, Italy
| | - Giuliana Sarno
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084, Fisciano, SA, Italy
- PhD Program in Drug Discovery and Development, University of Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084, Fisciano, SA, Italy
| | - Ida Pacilio
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084, Fisciano, SA, Italy
- PhD Program in Drug Discovery and Development, University of Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084, Fisciano, SA, Italy
| | - Agostino Cianciulli
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084, Fisciano, SA, Italy
- Present Address: Center for Drug Discovery and Development-DMPK, Aptuit, an Evotec Company, Via A. Fleming,4, 37135, Verona, Italy
| | - Monica Viviano
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084, Fisciano, SA, Italy
| | - Giulia Iannelli
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084, Fisciano, SA, Italy
- Present Address: Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Vienna, WähringerStraße38, 1090, Wien, Austria
| | - Erica Gazzillo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084, Fisciano, SA, Italy
- PhD Program in Drug Discovery and Development, University of Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084, Fisciano, SA, Italy
| | - Alessandra Feoli
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084, Fisciano, SA, Italy
| | - Alessandra Cipriano
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084, Fisciano, SA, Italy
| | - Maria Giovanna Chini
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze e Territorio, University of Molise, Contrada Fonte, Lappone, 86090 Isernia, Italy
| | - Sabrina Castellano
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084, Fisciano, SA, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Bifulco
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084, Fisciano, SA, Italy
| | - Gianluca Sbardella
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084, Fisciano, SA, Italy
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2
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Esteve F, Rieu T, Lehn JM. Constitutional adaptation to p Ka modulation by remote ester hydrolysis. Chem Sci 2024; 15:7092-7103. [PMID: 38756812 PMCID: PMC11095373 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc01288g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms through which environmental conditions affect the expression of interconnected species is a key step to comprehending the principles underlying complex chemical processes. In Nature, chemical modifications triggered by the environment have a major impact on the structure and function of biomolecules and regulate different reaction pathways. Yet, minimalistic artificial systems implementing related adaptation behaviours remain barely explored. The hydrolysis of amino acid methyl esters to their corresponding amino acids leads to a drastic change in pKa (ca. 7 and 9, respectively) that protonates the free amino group at physiological conditions. Dynamic covalent libraries (DCvLs) based on amino acid methyl esters and aldehydes respond to such hydrolysis and lead to constitutional adaptation. Each of the libraries studied experiences a DCvL conversion allowing for constituent selection due to the silencing of the zwitterionic amino acids towards imine formation. The selective action of different enzymes on the DCvLs results in states with simplified constitutional distributions and transient chirality. When additional components (i.e., scavengers) that are not affected by hydrolysis are introduced into the dynamic libraries, the amino acid methyl ester hydrolysis induces the up-regulation of the constituents made of these scavenging components. In these systems, the constituent distribution is resolved from a scrambled mixture of imines to a state characterized by the predominance of a single aldimine. Remarkably, although the final libraries display higher "simplexity", the different transient states present an increased complexity that allows for the emergence of organized structures [micelle formation] and distributions [up-regulation of two antagonistic constituents]. This reactive site inhibition by a remote chemical modification resembles the scenario found in some enzymes for the regulation of their activity through proximal post-translational modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferran Esteve
- Laboratoire de Chimie Supramoléculaire, Institut de Science et d'Ingénierie Supramoléculaires (ISIS), Université de Strasbourg 8 allée Gaspard Monge 67000 Strasbourg France
| | - Tanguy Rieu
- Laboratoire de Chimie Supramoléculaire, Institut de Science et d'Ingénierie Supramoléculaires (ISIS), Université de Strasbourg 8 allée Gaspard Monge 67000 Strasbourg France
| | - Jean-Marie Lehn
- Laboratoire de Chimie Supramoléculaire, Institut de Science et d'Ingénierie Supramoléculaires (ISIS), Université de Strasbourg 8 allée Gaspard Monge 67000 Strasbourg France
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3
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Tong C, Chang X, Qu F, Bian J, Wang J, Li Z, Xu X. Overview of the development of protein arginine methyltransferase modulators: Achievements and future directions. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 267:116212. [PMID: 38359536 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Protein methylation is a post-translational modification (PTM) that organisms undergo. This process is considered a part of epigenetics research. In recent years, there has been an increasing interest in protein methylation, particularly histone methylation, as research has advanced. Methylation of histones is a dynamic process that is subject to fine control by histone methyltransferases and demethylases. In addition, many non-histone proteins also undergo methylation, and these modifications collectively regulate physiological phenomena, including RNA transcription, translation, signal transduction, DNA damage response, and cell cycle. Protein arginine methylation is a crucial aspect of protein methylation, which plays a significant role in regulating the cell cycle and repairing DNA. It is also linked to various diseases. Therefore, protein arginine methyltransferases (PRMTs) that are involved in this process have gained considerable attention as a potential therapeutic target for treating diseases. Several PRMT inhibitors are in phase I/II clinical trials. This paper aims to introduce the structure, biochemical functions, and bioactivity assays of PRMTs. Additionally, we will review the structure-function of currently popular PRMT inhibitors. Through the analysis of various data on known PRMT inhibitors, we hope to provide valuable assistance for future drug design and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Tong
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjin, 211198, China
| | - Xiujin Chang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjin, 211198, China
| | - Fangui Qu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjin, 211198, China
| | - Jinlei Bian
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjin, 211198, China
| | - Jubo Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjin, 211198, China.
| | - Zhiyu Li
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjin, 211198, China.
| | - Xi Xu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjin, 211198, China.
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4
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Sumran G, Jain N, Kumar P, Aggarwal R. Trifluoromethyl-β-dicarbonyls as Versatile Synthons in Synthesis of Heterocycles. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202303599. [PMID: 38055226 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202303599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Trifluoromethyl group relishes a privileged position in the realm of medicinal chemistry because its incorporation into organic molecules often enhances the bioactivity by altering pharmacological profile of molecule. Trifluoromethyl-β-dicarbonyls have emerged as pivotal building blocks in synthetic organic chemistry due to their facile accessibility, stability and remarkable versatility. Owing to presence of nucleophilic and electrophilic sites, they offer multifunctional sites for the reaction. This review covers a meticulous exploration of their multifaceted role, encompassing an in-depth analysis of mechanism, extensive scope, limitations and wide-ranging applications in diverse organic synthesis, covering the literature from the 21st century. This comprehensive review encapsulates the applications of trifluoromethyl-β-dicarbonyls and their synthetic equivalents as precursors of complex and diverse heterocyclic scaffolds, fused heterocycles and spirocyclic compounds having medicinal and material importance. Their potent synthetic utility in cyclocondensation reactions with binucleophiles, cycloaddition reactions, C-C bond formations, asymmetric multicomponent reactions using classical/solvent-free/catalytic synthesis have been presented. Influence of unsymmetrical trifluoromethyl-β-diketones on regioselectivity of transformation is also reviewed. This review will benefit the synthetic and pharmaceutical communities to explore trifluoromethyl-β-dicarbonyls as trifluoromethyl building blocks for fabrication of heterocyclic scaffolds having implementation into drug discovery programs in the imminent future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garima Sumran
- Department of Chemistry, D. A. V. College (Lahore), Ambala City, 134 003, Haryana, India
| | - Naman Jain
- Department of Chemistry, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, 136 119, India
| | - Prince Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, 136 119, India
| | - Ranjana Aggarwal
- Department of Chemistry, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, 136 119, India
- CSIR-National Institute of Science Communication and Policy Research, New Delhi, 110012, India
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5
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Bhattacharya D, Shi Ming Li A, Paul B, Ghosh Dastidar U, Santhakumar V, Sarkar D, Chau I, Li F, Ghosh T, Vedadi M, Talukdar A. Development of selective class I protein arginine methyltransferase inhibitors through fragment-based drug design approach. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 260:115713. [PMID: 37597437 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/21/2023]
Abstract
Protein arginine methyltransferases (PRMTs) catalyze the methylation of the terminal nitrogen atoms of the guanidino group of arginine of protein substrates. The aberrant expression of these methyltransferases is linked to various diseases, making them promising therapeutic targets. Currently, PRMT inhibitors are at different stages of clinical development, which validated their significance as drug targets. Structural Genomics Consortium (SGC) has reported several small fragment inhibitors as Class I PRMT inhibitors, which can be the starting point for rational drug development. Herein, we report the successful application of a fragment-based approach toward the discovery of selective Class I PRMT inhibitors. Structure-based ligand optimization was performed by strategic incorporation of fragment hits on the drug-like quinazoline core and subsequent fragment growth in the desired orientation towards identified hydrophobic shelf. A clear SAR was established, and the lead compounds 55 and 56 displayed potent inhibition of Class I PRMTs with IC50 values of 92 nM and 37 nM against PRMT4. We report the systematic development of potent Class I PRMT inhibitors with good potency and about 100-fold selectivity when tested against a panel of 31 human DNA, RNA, and protein lysine and arginine methyltransferases. These improved small molecules will provide new options for the development of novel potent and selective PRMT4 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debomita Bhattacharya
- Department of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology (IICB), 4 Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Alice Shi Ming Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Barnali Paul
- Department of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology (IICB), 4 Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Uddipta Ghosh Dastidar
- Department of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology (IICB), 4 Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, India
| | | | - Dipika Sarkar
- Department of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology (IICB), 4 Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Irene Chau
- Structural Genomics Consortium, MaRS South Tower, College Street, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Fengling Li
- Structural Genomics Consortium, MaRS South Tower, College Street, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Trisha Ghosh
- Department of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology (IICB), 4 Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Masoud Vedadi
- Structural Genomics Consortium, MaRS South Tower, College Street, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Arindam Talukdar
- Department of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology (IICB), 4 Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, India.
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6
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Xie H, Bacabac MS, Ma M, Kim EJ, Wang Y, Wu W, Li L, Xu W, Tang W. Development of Potent and Selective Coactivator-Associated Arginine Methyltransferase 1 (CARM1) Degraders. J Med Chem 2023; 66:13028-13042. [PMID: 37703322 PMCID: PMC10775954 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c00982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
CARM1 is amplified or overexpressed in many cancer types, and its overexpression correlates with poor prognosis. Potent small-molecule inhibitors for CARM1 have been developed, but the cellular efficacy of the CARM1 inhibitors is limited. We herein report the development of the proteolysis targeting chimera (PROTAC) for CARM1, which contains a CARM1 ligand TP-064, a linker, and a VHL E3 ligase ligand. Compound 3b elicited potent cellular degradation activity (DC50 = 8 nM and Dmax > 95%) in a few hours. Compound 3b degraded CARM1 in VHL- and proteasome-dependent manner and was highly selective for CARM1 over other protein arginine methyltransferases. CARM1 degradation by 3b resulted in potent downregulation of CARM1 substrate methylation and inhibition of cancer cell migration in cell-based assays. Thus, CARM1 PROTACs can be used to interrogate CARM1's cellular functions and potentially be developed as therapeutic agents for targeting CARM1-driven cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibo Xie
- Lachman Institute for Pharmaceutical Development, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Megan S Bacabac
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Min Ma
- Lachman Institute for Pharmaceutical Development, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Eui-Jun Kim
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Yidan Wang
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Wenxin Wu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Lingjun Li
- Lachman Institute for Pharmaceutical Development, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Wei Xu
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Weiping Tang
- Lachman Institute for Pharmaceutical Development, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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7
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Brown T, Nguyen T, Zhou B, Zheng YG. Chemical probes and methods for the study of protein arginine methylation. RSC Chem Biol 2023; 4:647-669. [PMID: 37654509 PMCID: PMC10467615 DOI: 10.1039/d3cb00018d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein arginine methylation is a widespread post-translational modification (PTM) in eukaryotic cells. This chemical modification in proteins functionally modulates diverse cellular processes from signal transduction, gene expression, and DNA damage repair to RNA splicing. The chemistry of arginine methylation entails the transfer of the methyl group from S-adenosyl-l-methionine (AdoMet, SAM) onto a guanidino nitrogen atom of an arginine residue of a target protein. This reaction is catalyzed by about 10 members of protein arginine methyltransferases (PRMTs). With impacts on a variety of cellular processes, aberrant expression and activity of PRMTs have been shown in many disease conditions. Particularly in oncology, PRMTs are commonly overexpressed in many cancerous tissues and positively correlated with tumor initiation, development and progression. As such, targeting PRMTs is increasingly recognized as an appealing therapeutic strategy for new drug discovery. In the past decade, a great deal of research efforts has been invested in illuminating PRMT functions in diseases and developing chemical probes for the mechanistic study of PRMTs in biological systems. In this review, we provide a brief developmental history of arginine methylation along with some key updates in arginine methylation research, with a particular emphasis on the chemical aspects of arginine methylation. We highlight the research endeavors for the development and application of chemical approaches and chemical tools for the study of functions of PRMTs and arginine methylation in regulating biology and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler Brown
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia Athens GA 30602 USA +1-(706) 542-5358 +1-(706) 542-0277
| | - Terry Nguyen
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia Athens GA 30602 USA +1-(706) 542-5358 +1-(706) 542-0277
| | - Bo Zhou
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia Athens GA 30602 USA +1-(706) 542-5358 +1-(706) 542-0277
| | - Y George Zheng
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia Athens GA 30602 USA +1-(706) 542-5358 +1-(706) 542-0277
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8
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Jin W, Zhang J, Chen X, Yin S, Yu H, Gao F, Yao D. Unraveling the complexity of histone-arginine methyltransferase CARM1 in cancer: From underlying mechanisms to targeted therapeutics. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2023; 1878:188916. [PMID: 37196782 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2023.188916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Coactivator-associated arginine methyltransferase 1 (CARM1), a type I protein arginine methyltransferase (PRMT), has been widely reported to catalyze arginine methylation of histone and non-histone substrates, which is closely associated with the occurrence and progression of cancer. Recently, accumulating studies have demonstrated the oncogenic role of CARM1 in many types of human cancers. More importantly, CARM1 has been emerging as an attractive therapeutic target for discovery of new candidate anti-tumor drugs. Therefore, in this review, we summarize the molecular structure of CARM1 and its key regulatory pathways, as well as further discuss the rapid progress in better understanding of the oncogenic functions of CARM1. Moreover, we further demonstrate several representative targeted CARM1 inhibitors, especially focusing on demonstrating their designing strategies and potential therapeutic applications. Together, these inspiring findings would shed new light on elucidating the underlying mechanisms of CARM1 and provide a clue on discovery of more potent and selective CARM1 inhibitors for the future targeted cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenke Jin
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Biomimetic Synthesis of Natural Drugs, School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen 518118, China; Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medical Formulae, Ministry of Education, and State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Jin Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Xiya Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen 518118, China; School of Pharmacy, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Siwen Yin
- School of Nursing, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Haiyang Yu
- Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medical Formulae, Ministry of Education, and State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China.
| | - Feng Gao
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Biomimetic Synthesis of Natural Drugs, School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China.
| | - Dahong Yao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen 518118, China.
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9
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Iannelli G, Milite C, Marechal N, Cura V, Bonnefond L, Troffer-Charlier N, Feoli A, Rescigno D, Wang Y, Cipriano A, Viviano M, Bedford MT, Cavarelli J, Castellano S, Sbardella G. Turning Nonselective Inhibitors of Type I Protein Arginine Methyltransferases into Potent and Selective Inhibitors of Protein Arginine Methyltransferase 4 through a Deconstruction-Reconstruction and Fragment-Growing Approach. J Med Chem 2022; 65:11574-11606. [PMID: 35482954 PMCID: PMC9469100 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c00252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Protein arginine
methyltransferases (PRMTs) are important therapeutic
targets, playing a crucial role in the regulation of many cellular
processes and being linked to many diseases. Yet, there is still much
to be understood regarding their functions and the biological pathways
in which they are involved, as well as on the structural requirements
that could drive the development of selective modulators of PRMT activity.
Here we report a deconstruction–reconstruction approach that,
starting from a series of type I PRMT inhibitors previously identified
by us, allowed for the identification of potent and selective inhibitors
of PRMT4, which regardless of the low cell permeability show an evident
reduction of arginine methylation levels in MCF7 cells and a marked
reduction of proliferation. We also report crystal structures with
various PRMTs supporting the observed specificity and selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nils Marechal
- Department of Integrated Structural Biology, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, 67400 Illkirch, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7104 Illkirch, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1258 Illkirch, France.,Université de Strasbourg, 67400 Illkirch, France
| | - Vincent Cura
- Department of Integrated Structural Biology, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, 67400 Illkirch, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7104 Illkirch, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1258 Illkirch, France.,Université de Strasbourg, 67400 Illkirch, France
| | - Luc Bonnefond
- Department of Integrated Structural Biology, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, 67400 Illkirch, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7104 Illkirch, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1258 Illkirch, France.,Université de Strasbourg, 67400 Illkirch, France
| | - Nathalie Troffer-Charlier
- Department of Integrated Structural Biology, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, 67400 Illkirch, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7104 Illkirch, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1258 Illkirch, France.,Université de Strasbourg, 67400 Illkirch, France
| | | | | | - Yalong Wang
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | | | | | - Mark T Bedford
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Jean Cavarelli
- Department of Integrated Structural Biology, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, 67400 Illkirch, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7104 Illkirch, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1258 Illkirch, France.,Université de Strasbourg, 67400 Illkirch, France
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10
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Zhang Z, Guo Z, Xu X, Cao D, Yang H, Li Y, Shi Q, Du Z, Guo X, Wang X, Chen D, Zhang Y, Chen L, Zhou K, Li J, Geng M, Huang X, Xiong B. Structure-Based Discovery of Potent CARM1 Inhibitors for Solid Tumor and Cancer Immunology Therapy. J Med Chem 2021; 64:16650-16674. [PMID: 34781683 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c01308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
CARM1 is a protein arginine methyltransferase and acts as a transcriptional coactivator regulating multiple biological processes. Aberrant expression of CARM1 has been related to the progression of multiple types of cancers, and therefore CARM1 was considered as a promising drug target. In the present work, we report the structure-based discovery of a series of N1-(3-(pyrimidin-2-yl)benzyl)ethane-1,2-diamines as potent CARM1 inhibitors, in which compound 43 displays high potency and selectivity. With the advantage of excellent tissue distribution, compound 43 demonstrated good in vivo efficacy for solid tumors. Furthermore, from the detailed immuno-oncology study with MC38 C57BL/6J xenograft model, we confirmed that this chemical probe 43 has profound effects in tumor immunity, which paves the way for future studies on the modulation of arginine post-translational modification that could be utilized in solid tumor treatment and cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuqing Zhang
- Division of Anti-tumor Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, NO.19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Zuhao Guo
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, NO.19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Xiaowei Xu
- Division of Anti-tumor Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, NO.19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Danyan Cao
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China
| | - Hong Yang
- Division of Anti-tumor Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China
| | - Yanlian Li
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China
| | - Qiongyu Shi
- Division of Anti-tumor Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China
| | - Zhiyan Du
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China
| | - Xiaobin Guo
- Division of Anti-tumor Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China
| | - Danqi Chen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Division of Anti-tumor Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, NO.19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Lin Chen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China
| | - Kaixin Zhou
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China
| | - Jian Li
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, P. R. China
| | - Meiyu Geng
- Division of Anti-tumor Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, NO.19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, P. R. China.,Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou 310024, P. R. China
| | - Xun Huang
- Division of Anti-tumor Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, NO.19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, P. R. China.,Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou 310024, P. R. China
| | - Bing Xiong
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, NO.19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
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11
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Chen Y, Shao X, Zhao X, Ji Y, Liu X, Li P, Zhang M, Wang Q. Targeting protein arginine methyltransferase 5 in cancers: Roles, inhibitors and mechanisms. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 144:112252. [PMID: 34619493 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The protein arginine methyltransferase 5 (PRMT5) as the major type II arginine methyltransferase catalyzes the mono- and symmetric dimethylation of arginine residues in both histone and non-histone proteins. Recently, increasing evidence has demonstrated that PRMT5 plays an indispensable role in the occurrence and development of various human cancers by promoting the cell proliferation, invasion, and migration. It has become a promising and valuable target in the cancer epigenetic therapy. This review is to summarize the clinical significance of PRMT5 in the cancers such as lung cancer, breast cancer and colorectal cancer, and the drug discovery targeting PRMT5. Importantly, the existing PRMT5 inhibitors representing different molecular mechanisms, and their pharmacological effect, mechanism of action and biological affinity are analyzed. Clinical status, current problems and future perspective of PRMT5 inhibitors for the treatment of cancers are also discussed, all of which provides crucial help for the future discovery of PRMT5 targeted drugs for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingqing Chen
- Chronic Disease Research Center, Medical College, Dalian University, Dalian 116622, China; Engineering Technology Research Center for the Utilization of Functional Components of Organic Natural Products, Dalian University, Dalian 116622, China
| | - Xiaomin Shao
- Chronic Disease Research Center, Medical College, Dalian University, Dalian 116622, China; Engineering Technology Research Center for the Utilization of Functional Components of Organic Natural Products, Dalian University, Dalian 116622, China
| | - Xiangge Zhao
- Chronic Disease Research Center, Medical College, Dalian University, Dalian 116622, China; Engineering Technology Research Center for the Utilization of Functional Components of Organic Natural Products, Dalian University, Dalian 116622, China
| | - Yuan Ji
- Chronic Disease Research Center, Medical College, Dalian University, Dalian 116622, China; Engineering Technology Research Center for the Utilization of Functional Components of Organic Natural Products, Dalian University, Dalian 116622, China
| | - Xiaorong Liu
- Chronic Disease Research Center, Medical College, Dalian University, Dalian 116622, China; Engineering Technology Research Center for the Utilization of Functional Components of Organic Natural Products, Dalian University, Dalian 116622, China
| | - Peixuan Li
- Chronic Disease Research Center, Medical College, Dalian University, Dalian 116622, China; Engineering Technology Research Center for the Utilization of Functional Components of Organic Natural Products, Dalian University, Dalian 116622, China
| | - Mingyu Zhang
- Chronic Disease Research Center, Medical College, Dalian University, Dalian 116622, China; Engineering Technology Research Center for the Utilization of Functional Components of Organic Natural Products, Dalian University, Dalian 116622, China
| | - Qianqian Wang
- Chronic Disease Research Center, Medical College, Dalian University, Dalian 116622, China; Engineering Technology Research Center for the Utilization of Functional Components of Organic Natural Products, Dalian University, Dalian 116622, China.
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12
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Yin S, Xi R, Wu A, Wang S, Li Y, Wang C, Tang L, Xia Y, Yang D, Li J, Ye B, Yu Y, Wang J, Zhang H, Ren F, Zhang Y, Shen D, Wang L, Ying X, Li Z, Bu Z, Ji X, Gao X, Jia Y, Jia Z, Li N, Li Z, Ji JF, Xi JJ. Patient-derived tumor-like cell clusters for drug testing in cancer therapy. Sci Transl Med 2021; 12:12/549/eaaz1723. [PMID: 32581131 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aaz1723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Several patient-derived tumor models emerged recently as robust preclinical drug-testing platforms. However, their potential to guide clinical therapy remained unclear. Here, we report a model called patient-derived tumor-like cell clusters (PTCs). PTCs result from the self-assembly and proliferation of primary epithelial, fibroblast, and immune cells, which structurally and functionally recapitulate original tumors. PTCs enabled us to accomplish personalized drug testing within 2 weeks after obtaining the tumor samples. The defined culture conditions and drug concentrations in the PTC model facilitate its clinical application in precision oncology. PTC tests of 59 patients with gastric, colorectal, or breast cancers revealed an overall accuracy of 93% in predicting their clinical outcomes. We implemented PTC to guide chemotherapy selection for a patient with mucinous rectal adenocarcinoma who experienced recurrence with metastases after conventional therapy. After three cycles of a nonconventional therapy identified by the PTC, the patient showed a positive response. These findings need to be validated in larger clinical trials, but they suggest that the PTC model could be prospectively implemented in clinical decision-making for therapy selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenyi Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Ruibin Xi
- School of Mathematical Sciences, Center for Statistical Science and Department of Biostatistics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Aiwen Wu
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Shu Wang
- Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Yingjie Li
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Chaobin Wang
- Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Lei Tang
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yuchao Xia
- School of Mathematical Sciences, Center for Statistical Science and Department of Biostatistics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Di Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Juan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Buqing Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Ying Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Junyi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Hanshuo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.,GeneX Health Co. Ltd., Beijing 100195, China
| | - Fei Ren
- Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Danhua Shen
- Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xiangji Ying
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Zhongwu Li
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Zhaode Bu
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xin Ji
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xiangyu Gao
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yongning Jia
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Ziyu Jia
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Nan Li
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Ziyu Li
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Jia-Fu Ji
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Jianzhong Jeff Xi
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
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13
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Ohta Y, Wakita H, Kawaguchi M, Ieda N, Osada S, Nakagawa H. Ratiometric assay of CARM1 activity using a FRET-based fluorescent probe. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2019; 29:126728. [PMID: 31607607 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2019.126728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
One of the regulatory mechanisms of epigenetic gene expression is the post-translational methylation of arginine residues, which is catalyzed by protein arginine methyltransferases (PRMTs). Abnormal expression of PRMT4/CARM1, one of the PRMTs, is associated with various diseases, including cancers. Here, we designed and synthesized a Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET)-based probe, FRC, which contains coumarin and fluorescein fluorophores at the N-terminus and C-terminus of a peptide containing an arginine residue within an appropriate amino acid sequence to serve as a substrate of CARM1; the two fluorophores act as a FRET donor and a FRET acceptor, respectively. Since trypsin specifically hydrolyzes the arginine residue, but not a monomethylarginine or dimethylarginine residue, CARM1 activity can be evaluated from the change of the coumarin/fluorescein fluorescence ratio of FRC in the presence of trypsin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhei Ohta
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Hiroo Wakita
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Mitsuyasu Kawaguchi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Naoya Ieda
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Shigehiro Osada
- Daiichi University of Pharmacy, 22-1 Tamagawa-cho, Minami-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hidehiko Nakagawa
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan.
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14
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Guo Z, Zhang Z, Yang H, Cao D, Xu X, Zheng X, Chen D, Wang Q, Li Y, Li J, Du Z, Wang X, Chen L, Ding J, Shen J, Geng M, Huang X, Xiong B. Design and Synthesis of Potent, Selective Inhibitors of Protein Arginine Methyltransferase 4 against Acute Myeloid Leukemia. J Med Chem 2019; 62:5414-5433. [PMID: 31117515 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b00297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
PRMT4 is a type I protein arginine methyltransferase and plays important roles in various cellular processes. Overexpression of PRMT4 has been found to be involved in several types of cancers. Selective and in vivo effective PRMT4 inhibitors are needed for demonstrating PRMT4 as a promising therapeutic target. On the basis of compound 6, a weak dual PRMT4/6 inhibitor, we constructed a tetrahydroisoquinoline scaffold through a cut-and-sew scaffold hopping strategy. The subsequent SAR optimization efforts employed structure-based approach led to the identification of a novel PRMT4 inhibitor 49. Compound 49 exhibited prominently high potency and selectivity, moderate pharmacokinetic profiles, and good antitumor efficacy in acute myeloid leukemia xenograft model via oral administration, thus demonstrating this compound as a useful pharmacological tool for further target validation and drug development in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuhao Guo
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry , Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 555 Zuchongzhi Road , Shanghai 201203 , China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , No. 19A Yuquan Road , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Zhuqing Zhang
- Division of Anti-Tumor Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research , Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 555 Zuchongzhi Road , Shanghai 201203 , China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , No. 19A Yuquan Road , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Hong Yang
- Division of Anti-Tumor Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research , Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 555 Zuchongzhi Road , Shanghai 201203 , China
| | - Danyan Cao
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry , Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 555 Zuchongzhi Road , Shanghai 201203 , China
| | - Xiaowei Xu
- Division of Anti-Tumor Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research , Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 555 Zuchongzhi Road , Shanghai 201203 , China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , No. 19A Yuquan Road , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Xingling Zheng
- Division of Anti-Tumor Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research , Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 555 Zuchongzhi Road , Shanghai 201203 , China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , No. 19A Yuquan Road , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Danqi Chen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry , Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 555 Zuchongzhi Road , Shanghai 201203 , China
| | - Qi Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry , Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 555 Zuchongzhi Road , Shanghai 201203 , China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , No. 19A Yuquan Road , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Yanlian Li
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry , Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 555 Zuchongzhi Road , Shanghai 201203 , China
| | - Jian Li
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry , Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 555 Zuchongzhi Road , Shanghai 201203 , China
| | - Zhiyan Du
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry , Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 555 Zuchongzhi Road , Shanghai 201203 , China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry , Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 555 Zuchongzhi Road , Shanghai 201203 , China
| | - Lin Chen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry , Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 555 Zuchongzhi Road , Shanghai 201203 , China
| | - Jian Ding
- Division of Anti-Tumor Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research , Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 555 Zuchongzhi Road , Shanghai 201203 , China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , No. 19A Yuquan Road , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Jingkang Shen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry , Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 555 Zuchongzhi Road , Shanghai 201203 , China
| | - Meiyu Geng
- Division of Anti-Tumor Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research , Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 555 Zuchongzhi Road , Shanghai 201203 , China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , No. 19A Yuquan Road , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Xun Huang
- Division of Anti-Tumor Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research , Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 555 Zuchongzhi Road , Shanghai 201203 , China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , No. 19A Yuquan Road , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Bing Xiong
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry , Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 555 Zuchongzhi Road , Shanghai 201203 , China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , No. 19A Yuquan Road , Beijing 100049 , China
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15
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Bueno O, Gargantilla M, Estévez-Gallego J, Martins S, Díaz JF, Camarasa MJ, Liekens S, Pérez-Pérez MJ, Priego EM. Diphenyl ether derivatives occupy the expanded binding site of cyclohexanedione compounds at the colchicine site in tubulin by movement of the αT5 loop. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 171:195-208. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.03.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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16
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Hauser AT, Robaa D, Jung M. Epigenetic small molecule modulators of histone and DNA methylation. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2018; 45:73-85. [PMID: 29579619 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2018.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Revised: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
DNA and histone methylation belong to the key regulatory components in the epigenetic machinery, and dysregulations of these processes have been associated with various human diseases. Small molecule modulators of these epigenetic targets are highly valuable both as chemical probes to study the biological roles of the target proteins, and as potential therapeutics. Indeed, recent years have seen the discovery of chemical modulators of several epigenetic targets, some of which are already marketed drugs or undergoing clinical trials. In this review, we will focus on small molecule modulators of DNA and histone methylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander-Thomas Hauser
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Freiburg, Albertstraße 25, 79104 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Dina Robaa
- Institute of Pharmacy, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Wolfgang-Langenbeck-Straße 4, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Manfred Jung
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Freiburg, Albertstraße 25, 79104 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany.
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17
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Bueno O, Estévez Gallego J, Martins S, Prota AE, Gago F, Gómez-SanJuan A, Camarasa MJ, Barasoain I, Steinmetz MO, Díaz JF, Pérez-Pérez MJ, Liekens S, Priego EM. High-affinity ligands of the colchicine domain in tubulin based on a structure-guided design. Sci Rep 2018; 8:4242. [PMID: 29523799 PMCID: PMC5844890 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-22382-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Microtubule-targeting agents that bind at the colchicine-site of tubulin are of particular interest in antitumoral therapy due to their dual mechanism of action as antimitotics and vascular disrupting agents. Cyclohexanediones derivatives have been described as a new family of colchicine-domain binders with an association constant to tubulin similar to that of colchicine. Here, the high-resolution structures of tubulin in complex with cyclohexanediones TUB015 and TUB075 were solved by X-ray crystallography. A detailed analysis of the tubulin-TUB075 interaction by means of computational affinity maps allowed the identification of two additional regions at the binding site that were addressed with the design and synthesis of a new series of cyclohexanediones with a distal 2-substituted benzofurane. These new compounds showed potent antiproliferative activity with IC50 values in the nM range, arrested cell cycle progression at the G2/M phase and induced apoptosis at sub μM concentrations. Moreover, they caused the destruction of a preformed vascular network in vitro and inhibited the migration of endothelial cells at non-toxic concentrations. Finally, these compounds displayed high affinity for tubulin as substantiated by a K b value of 2.87 × 108 M-1 which, to the best of our knowledge, represents the highest binding constant measured to date for a colchicine-domain ligand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oskía Bueno
- Instituto de Química Médica (IQM,CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Estévez Gallego
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CIB,CSIC), Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Solange Martins
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Andrea E Prota
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Division of Biology and Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Federico Gago
- Department of Biomedical Sciences (Unidad Asociada IQM,CSIC) and Instituto de Investigación Quimica "Andrés M. del Río" (IQAR), University of Alcalá, Unidad Asociada CSIC, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Asier Gómez-SanJuan
- Instituto de Química Médica (IQM,CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006, Madrid, Spain
| | - María-José Camarasa
- Instituto de Química Médica (IQM,CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006, Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Barasoain
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CIB,CSIC), Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Michel O Steinmetz
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Division of Biology and Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232, Villigen, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Biozentrum, CH-4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - J Fernando Díaz
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CIB,CSIC), Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Sandra Liekens
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Eva-María Priego
- Instituto de Química Médica (IQM,CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006, Madrid, Spain.
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18
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Drew AE, Moradei O, Jacques SL, Rioux N, Boriack-Sjodin AP, Allain C, Scott MP, Jin L, Raimondi A, Handler JL, Ott HM, Kruger RG, McCabe MT, Sneeringer C, Riera T, Shapiro G, Waters NJ, Mitchell LH, Duncan KW, Moyer MP, Copeland RA, Smith J, Chesworth R, Ribich SA. Identification of a CARM1 Inhibitor with Potent In Vitro and In Vivo Activity in Preclinical Models of Multiple Myeloma. Sci Rep 2017; 7:17993. [PMID: 29269946 PMCID: PMC5740082 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-18446-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
CARM1 is an arginine methyltransferase with diverse histone and non-histone substrates implicated in the regulation of cellular processes including transcriptional co-activation and RNA processing. CARM1 overexpression has been reported in multiple cancer types and has been shown to modulate oncogenic pathways in in vitro studies. Detailed understanding of the mechanism of action of CARM1 in oncogenesis has been limited by a lack of selective tool compounds, particularly for in vivo studies. We describe the identification and characterization of, to our knowledge, the first potent and selective inhibitor of CARM1 that exhibits anti-proliferative effects both in vitro and in vivo and, to our knowledge, the first demonstration of a role for CARM1 in multiple myeloma (MM). EZM2302 (GSK3359088) is an inhibitor of CARM1 enzymatic activity in biochemical assays (IC50 = 6 nM) with broad selectivity against other histone methyltransferases. Treatment of MM cell lines with EZM2302 leads to inhibition of PABP1 and SMB methylation and cell stasis with IC50 values in the nanomolar range. Oral dosing of EZM2302 demonstrates dose-dependent in vivo CARM1 inhibition and anti-tumor activity in an MM xenograft model. EZM2302 is a validated chemical probe suitable for further understanding the biological role CARM1 plays in cancer and other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Lei Jin
- Epizyme, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Jessica L Handler
- Epigenetics Discovery Performance Unit, Oncology R&D, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Heidi M Ott
- Epigenetics Discovery Performance Unit, Oncology R&D, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ryan G Kruger
- Epigenetics Discovery Performance Unit, Oncology R&D, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Michael T McCabe
- Epigenetics Discovery Performance Unit, Oncology R&D, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jesse Smith
- Epizyme, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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19
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Kamani RD, Purohit VB, Thummar RP, Sapariya NH, Vaghasiya BK, Patel KH, Pashavan CT, Shah MK, Raval DK. One-Pot Catalyst-Free Direct Sulfenylation of 1-Aryl Pyrazolones with Aryl Thiols at Room Temperature. ChemistrySelect 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201701924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ronak D. Kamani
- Department of Chemistry; Sardar Patel University; Vallabh Vidyanagar- 388120, Gujarat India
| | - Vishal B. Purohit
- Shree A. N. Patel P. G. Institute of Science and Research; Anand- 388001, Gujarat India
| | - Rahul P. Thummar
- Department of Chemistry; Sardar Patel University; Vallabh Vidyanagar- 388120, Gujarat India
| | - Nirav H. Sapariya
- Natubhai V. Patel College of Pure and Applied Sciences; Vallabh Vidyanagar- 388120, Gujarat India
| | - Beena K. Vaghasiya
- Department of Chemistry; Sardar Patel University; Vallabh Vidyanagar- 388120, Gujarat India
| | - Kirit H. Patel
- Department of Chemistry; Sardar Patel University; Vallabh Vidyanagar- 388120, Gujarat India
| | | | - Manish K. Shah
- Department of Chemistry; Saurashtra University; Rajkot- 360005, Gujarat India
| | - Dipak K. Raval
- Department of Chemistry; Sardar Patel University; Vallabh Vidyanagar- 388120, Gujarat India
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21
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Kaniskan HÜ, Jin J. Recent progress in developing selective inhibitors of protein methyltransferases. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2017; 39:100-108. [PMID: 28662389 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2017.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Mounting evidence suggests that protein methyltransferases (PMTs), which catalyze methylation of histones as well as non-histone proteins, play a crucial role in diverse biological pathways and human diseases. In particular, PMTs have been recognized as major players in regulating gene expression and chromatin state. There has been an increasingly growing interest in these enzymes as potential therapeutic targets and over the past two years tremendous progress has been made in the discovery of selective, small molecule inhibitors of protein lysine and arginine methyltransferases. Inhibitors of PMTs have been used extensively in oncology studies as tool compounds, and inhibitors of EZH2, DOT1L and PRMT5 are currently in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Ümit Kaniskan
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, United States.
| | - Jian Jin
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, United States; Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, United States.
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22
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Abstract
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Post-translational
modifications of histones by protein methyltransferases
(PMTs) and histone demethylases (KDMs) play an important role in the
regulation of gene expression and transcription and are implicated
in cancer and many other diseases. Many of these enzymes also target
various nonhistone proteins impacting numerous crucial biological
pathways. Given their key biological functions and implications in
human diseases, there has been a growing interest in assessing these
enzymes as potential therapeutic targets. Consequently, discovering
and developing inhibitors of these enzymes has become a very active
and fast-growing research area over the past decade. In this review,
we cover the discovery, characterization, and biological application
of inhibitors of PMTs and KDMs with emphasis on key advancements in
the field. We also discuss challenges, opportunities, and future directions
in this emerging, exciting research field.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Ümit Kaniskan
- Departments of Pharmacological Sciences and Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York, New York 10029, United States
| | - Michael L Martini
- Departments of Pharmacological Sciences and Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York, New York 10029, United States
| | - Jian Jin
- Departments of Pharmacological Sciences and Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York, New York 10029, United States
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23
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Identification of Novel Inhibitors against Coactivator Associated Arginine Methyltransferase 1 Based on Virtual Screening and Biological Assays. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:7086390. [PMID: 27872854 PMCID: PMC5107250 DOI: 10.1155/2016/7086390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Revised: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Overexpression of coactivator associated arginine methyltransferase 1 (CARM1), a protein arginine N-methyltransferase (PRMT) family enzyme, is associated with various diseases including cancers. Consequently, the development of small-molecule inhibitors targeting PRMTs has significant value for both research and therapeutic purposes. In this study, together with structure-based virtual screening with biochemical assays, two compounds DC_C11 and DC_C66 were identified as novel inhibitors of CARM1. Cellular studies revealed that the two inhibitors are cell membrane permeable and effectively blocked proliferation of cancer cells including HELA, K562, and MCF7. We further predicted the binding mode of these inhibitors through molecular docking analysis, which indicated that the inhibitors competitively occupied the binding site of the substrate and destroyed the protein-protein interactions between CARM1 and its substrates. Overall, this study has shed light on the development of small-molecule CARM1 inhibitors with novel scaffolds.
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24
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Shen Y, Szewczyk MM, Eram MS, Smil D, Kaniskan HÜ, de Freitas RF, Senisterra G, Li F, Schapira M, Brown PJ, Arrowsmith CH, Barsyte-Lovejoy D, Liu J, Vedadi M, Jin J. Discovery of a Potent, Selective, and Cell-Active Dual Inhibitor of Protein Arginine Methyltransferase 4 and Protein Arginine Methyltransferase 6. J Med Chem 2016; 59:9124-9139. [PMID: 27584694 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b01033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Well-characterized selective inhibitors of protein arginine methyltransferases (PRMTs) are invaluable chemical tools for testing biological and therapeutic hypotheses. Based on 4, a fragment-like inhibitor of type I PRMTs, we conducted structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies and explored three regions of this scaffold. The studies led to the discovery of a potent, selective, and cell-active dual inhibitor of PRMT4 and PRMT6, 17 (MS049). As compared to 4, 17 displayed much improved potency for PRMT4 and PRMT6 in both biochemical and cellular assays. It was selective for PRMT4 and PRMT6 over other PRMTs and a broad range of other epigenetic modifiers and nonepigenetic targets. We also developed 46 (MS049N), which was inactive in biochemical and cellular assays, as a negative control for chemical biology studies. Considering possible overlapping substrate specificity of PRMTs, 17 and 46 are valuable chemical tools for dissecting specific biological functions and dysregulation of PRMT4 and PRMT6 in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yudao Shen
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences and Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, United States
| | - Magdalena M Szewczyk
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Mohammad S Eram
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - David Smil
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - H Ümit Kaniskan
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences and Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, United States
| | | | - Guillermo Senisterra
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Fengling Li
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Matthieu Schapira
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1L7, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Peter J Brown
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Cheryl H Arrowsmith
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1L7, Canada.,Princess Margaret Cancer Centre and Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 2M9, Canada
| | - Dalia Barsyte-Lovejoy
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences and Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, United States
| | - Masoud Vedadi
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1L7, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Jian Jin
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences and Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, United States
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25
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Kaniskan HÜ, Eram MS, Liu J, Smil D, Martini ML, Shen Y, Santhakumar V, Brown PJ, Arrowsmith C, Vedadi M, Jin J. Design and synthesis of selective, small molecule inhibitors of coactivator-associated arginine methyltransferase 1 (CARM1). MEDCHEMCOMM 2016; 7:1793-1796. [PMID: 28042453 DOI: 10.1039/c6md00342g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Coactivator-associated arginine methyltransferase 1 (CARM1) is a type I protein arginine methyltransferase (PRMT) that catalyzes the conversion of arginine into monomethylarginine (MMA) and further into asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA). CARM1 methylates histone 3 arginines 17 and 26, as well as numerous non-histone proteins including CBP/p300, SRC-3, NCOA2, PABP1, and SAP49, while also functioning as a coactivator for various proteins that have been linked to cancer such as p53, NF-κβ, β-catenin, E2F1 and steroid hormone receptor ERα. As a result, CARM1 is involved in transcriptional activation, cellular differentiation, cell cycle progression, RNA splicing and DNA damage response. It has been associated with several human cancers including breast, colon, prostate and lung cancers and thus, is a potential oncological target. Herein, we present the design and synthesis of a series of CARM1 inhibitors. Based on a fragment hit, we discovered compound 9 as a potent inhibitor that displayed selectivity for CARM1 over other PRMTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Ü Kaniskan
- Departments of Pharmacological Sciences and Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, United States
| | - M S Eram
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - J Liu
- Departments of Pharmacological Sciences and Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, United States
| | - D Smil
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - M L Martini
- Departments of Pharmacological Sciences and Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, United States
| | - Y Shen
- Departments of Pharmacological Sciences and Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, United States
| | - V Santhakumar
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - P J Brown
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - C Arrowsmith
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada; Princess Margaret Cancer Centre and Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2M9, Canada
| | - M Vedadi
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - J Jin
- Departments of Pharmacological Sciences and Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, United States
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26
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Recent synthetic approaches to fipronil, a super-effective and safe pesticide. RESEARCH ON CHEMICAL INTERMEDIATES 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11164-016-2527-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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27
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Eram MS, Shen Y, Szewczyk M, Wu H, Senisterra G, Li F, Butler KV, Kaniskan HÜ, Speed BA, dela Seña C, Dong A, Zeng H, Schapira M, Brown PJ, Arrowsmith CH, Barsyte-Lovejoy D, Liu J, Vedadi M, Jin J. A Potent, Selective, and Cell-Active Inhibitor of Human Type I Protein Arginine Methyltransferases. ACS Chem Biol 2016; 11:772-781. [PMID: 26598975 PMCID: PMC4798913 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.5b00839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Protein arginine methyltransferases (PRMTs) play a crucial role in a variety of biological processes. Overexpression of PRMTs has been implicated in various human diseases including cancer. Consequently, selective small-molecule inhibitors of PRMTs have been pursued by both academia and the pharmaceutical industry as chemical tools for testing biological and therapeutic hypotheses. PRMTs are divided into three categories: type I PRMTs which catalyze mono- and asymmetric dimethylation of arginine residues, type II PRMTs which catalyze mono- and symmetric dimethylation of arginine residues, and type III PRMT which catalyzes only monomethylation of arginine residues. Here, we report the discovery of a potent, selective, and cell-active inhibitor of human type I PRMTs, MS023, and characterization of this inhibitor in a battery of biochemical, biophysical, and cellular assays. MS023 displayed high potency for type I PRMTs including PRMT1, -3, -4, -6, and -8 but was completely inactive against type II and type III PRMTs, protein lysine methyltransferases and DNA methyltransferases. A crystal structure of PRMT6 in complex with MS023 revealed that MS023 binds the substrate binding site. MS023 potently decreased cellular levels of histone arginine asymmetric dimethylation. It also reduced global levels of arginine asymmetric dimethylation and concurrently increased levels of arginine monomethylation and symmetric dimethylation in cells. We also developed MS094, a close analog of MS023, which was inactive in biochemical and cellular assays, as a negative control for chemical biology studies. MS023 and MS094 are useful chemical tools for investigating the role of type I PRMTs in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad S. Eram
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Yudao Shen
- Departments of Structural and Chemical Biology, Oncological Sciences, and Pharmacology and Systems Therapeutics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, United States
| | - Magdalena Szewczyk
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Hong Wu
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Guillermo Senisterra
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Fengling Li
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Kyle V. Butler
- Departments of Structural and Chemical Biology, Oncological Sciences, and Pharmacology and Systems Therapeutics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, United States
| | - H. Ümit Kaniskan
- Departments of Structural and Chemical Biology, Oncological Sciences, and Pharmacology and Systems Therapeutics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, United States
| | - Brandon A. Speed
- Departments of Structural and Chemical Biology, Oncological Sciences, and Pharmacology and Systems Therapeutics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, United States
| | - Carlo dela Seña
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Aiping Dong
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Hong Zeng
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Matthieu Schapira
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1L7, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Peter J. Brown
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Cheryl H. Arrowsmith
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1L7, Canada
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre and Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 2M9, Canada
| | - Dalia Barsyte-Lovejoy
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Jing Liu
- Departments of Structural and Chemical Biology, Oncological Sciences, and Pharmacology and Systems Therapeutics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, United States
| | - Masoud Vedadi
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1L7, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Jian Jin
- Departments of Structural and Chemical Biology, Oncological Sciences, and Pharmacology and Systems Therapeutics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, United States
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28
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Hu H, Qian K, Ho MC, Zheng YG. Small Molecule Inhibitors of Protein Arginine Methyltransferases. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2016; 25:335-58. [PMID: 26789238 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2016.1144747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Arginine methylation is an abundant posttranslational modification occurring in mammalian cells and catalyzed by protein arginine methyltransferases (PRMTs). Misregulation and aberrant expression of PRMTs are associated with various disease states, notably cancer. PRMTs are prominent therapeutic targets in drug discovery. AREAS COVERED The authors provide an updated review of the research on the development of chemical modulators for PRMTs. Great efforts are seen in screening and designing potent and selective PRMT inhibitors, and a number of micromolar and submicromolar inhibitors have been obtained for key PRMT enzymes such as PRMT1, CARM1, and PRMT5. The authors provide a focus on their chemical structures, mechanism of action, and pharmacological activities. Pros and cons of each type of inhibitors are also discussed. EXPERT OPINION Several key challenging issues exist in PRMT inhibitor discovery. Structural mechanisms of many PRMT inhibitors remain unclear. There lacks consistency in potency data due to divergence of assay methods and conditions. Physiologically relevant cellular assays are warranted. Substantial engagements are needed to investigate pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of the new PRMT inhibitors in pertinent disease models. Discovery and evaluation of potent, isoform-selective, cell-permeable and in vivo-active PRMT modulators will continue to be an active arena of research in years ahead.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Hu
- a Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences , The University of Georgia , Athens , GA , USA
| | - Kun Qian
- a Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences , The University of Georgia , Athens , GA , USA
| | - Meng-Chiao Ho
- b Institute of Biological Chemistry , Academia Sinica , Nankang , Taipei , Taiwan
| | - Y George Zheng
- a Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences , The University of Georgia , Athens , GA , USA
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Jacques SL, Aquino KP, Gureasko J, Boriack-Sjodin PA, Porter Scott M, Copeland RA, Riera TV. CARM1 Preferentially Methylates H3R17 over H3R26 through a Random Kinetic Mechanism. Biochemistry 2016; 55:1635-44. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.5b01071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jodi Gureasko
- Epizyme Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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30
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Successful strategies in the discovery of small-molecule epigenetic modulators with anticancer potential. Future Med Chem 2015; 7:2243-61. [DOI: 10.4155/fmc.15.140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
As a class, epigenetic enzymes have been identified as clear targets for cancer therapeutics based on their broad hyperactivity in solid and hematological malignancies. The search for effective inhibitors of histone writers and of histone erasers has been a focus of drug discovery efforts both in academic and pharmaceutical laboratories and has led to the identification of some promising leads. This review focuses on the discovery strategies and preclinical evaluation studies of a subset of the more advanced compounds that target histone writers or histone erasers. The specificity and anticancer potential of these small molecules is discussed within the context of their development pipeline.
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31
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van Haren M, van Ufford LQ, Moret EE, Martin NI. Synthesis and evaluation of protein arginine N-methyltransferase inhibitors designed to simultaneously occupy both substrate binding sites. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 13:549-60. [PMID: 25380215 DOI: 10.1039/c4ob01734j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The protein arginine N-methyltransferases (PRMTs) are a family of enzymes that function by specifically transferring a methyl group from the cofactor S-adenosyl-L-methionine (AdoMet) to the guanidine group of arginine residues in target proteins. The most notable is the PRMT-mediated methylation of arginine residues that are present in histone proteins which can lead to chromatin remodelling and influence gene transcription. A growing body of evidence now implicates dysregulated PRMT activity in a number of diseases including various forms of cancer. The development of PRMT inhibitors may therefore hold potential as a means of developing new therapeutics. We here report the synthesis and evaluation of a series of small molecule PRMT inhibitors designed to simultaneously occupy the binding sites of both the guanidino substrate and AdoMet cofactor. Potent inhibition and surprising selectivity were observed when testing these compounds against a panel of methyltransferases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthijs van Haren
- Medicinal Chemistry & Chemical Biology Group, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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32
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Franek M, Legartová S, Suchánková J, Milite C, Castellano S, Sbardella G, Kozubek S, Bártová E. CARM1 modulators affect epigenome of stem cells and change morphology of nucleoli. Physiol Res 2015; 64:769-82. [PMID: 26047373 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.932952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
CARM1 interacts with numerous transcription factors to mediate cellular processes, especially gene expression. This is important for the maintenance of ESC pluripotency or intervention to tumorigenesis. Here, we studied epigenomic effects of two potential CARM1 modulators: an activator (EML159) and an inhibitor (ellagic acid dihydrate, EA). We examined nuclear morphology in human and mouse embryonic stem cells (hESCs, mESCs), as well as in iPS cells. The CARM1 modulators did not function similarly in all cell types. EA decreased the levels of the pluripotency markers, OCT4 and NANOG, particularly in iPSCs, whereas the levels of these proteins increased after EML159 treatment. EML159 treatment of mouse ESCs led to decreased levels of OCT4 and NANOG, which was accompanied by an increased level of Endo-A. The same trend was observed for NANOG and Endo-A in hESCs affected by EML159. Interestingly, EA mainly changed epigenetic features of nucleoli because a high level of arginine asymmetric di-methylation in the nucleoli of hESCs was reduced after EA treatment. ChIP-PCR of ribosomal genes confirmed significantly reduced levels of H3R17me2a, in both the promoter region of ribosomal genes and rDNA encoding 28S rRNA, after EA addition. Moreover, EA treatment changed the nuclear pattern of AgNORs (silver-stained nucleolus organizer regions) in all cell types studied. In EA-treated ESCs, AgNOR pattern was similar to the pattern of AgNORs after inhibition of RNA pol I by actinomycin D. Together, inhibitory effect of EA on arginine methylation and effect on related morphological parameters was especially observed in compartment of nucleoli.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Franek
- Institute of Biophysics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic.
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33
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Finley A, Copeland RA. Small molecule control of chromatin remodeling. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 21:1196-210. [PMID: 25237863 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2014.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2014] [Revised: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Control of cellular transcriptional programs is based on reversible changes in chromatin conformation that affect access of the transcriptional machinery to specific gene promoters. Chromatin conformation is in turn controlled by the concerted effects of reversible, covalent modification of the DNA and histone components of chromatin, along with topographical changes in DNA-histone interactions; all of these chromatin-modifying reactions are catalyzed by specific enzymes and are communicated to the transcriptional machinery by proteins that recognize and bind to unique, covalent modifications at specific chromatin sites (so-called reader proteins). Over the past decade, considerable progress has been made in the discovery of potent and selective small molecule modulators of specific chromatin-modifying proteins. Here we review the progress that has been made toward small molecule control of these mechanisms and the potential clinical applications of such small molecule modulators of chromatin remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aidan Finley
- Epizyme, Inc., 400 Technology Square, 4th Floor, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Robert A Copeland
- Epizyme, Inc., 400 Technology Square, 4th Floor, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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34
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Verma SK. Recent progress in the discovery of epigenetic inhibitors for the treatment of cancer. Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1238:677-88. [PMID: 25421686 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1804-1_35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Epigenetics investigates heritable changes in gene transcription that do not involve a change in DNA sequence, and an increased understanding in the role of epigenetic misregulation as a key contributor to cancer has triggered the development of epigenetic targeted cancer therapies. Among these include efforts around a class of enzymes known as histone methyltransferases (HMTs). The level of interest in the development of HMT inhibitors as a class of anticancer agents has significantly grown beyond academic settings, and in the last 5 years whole research groups from biotech and big pharma have been dedicated to this area. There are now multiple reports describing small-molecule HMT inhibitors, including chemical probes and drug candidates entering the clinic as first-in-class agents. Recent progress in this emerging area is the topic of this chapter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharad K Verma
- GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, PA, 19426, USA,
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35
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Abstract
Mounting evidence suggests that protein methyltransferases (PMTs), which catalyze methylation of histone and nonhistone proteins, play a crucial role in diverse biological processes and human diseases. In particular, PMTs have been recognized as major players in regulating gene expression and chromatin state. PMTs are divided into two categories: protein lysine methyltransferases (PKMTs) and protein arginine methyltransferases (PRMTs). There has been a steadily growing interest in these enzymes as potential therapeutic targets and therefore discovery of PMT inhibitors has also been pursued increasingly over the past decade. Here, we present a perspective on selective, small-molecule inhibitors of PMTs with an emphasis on their discovery, characterization, and applicability as chemical tools for deciphering the target PMTs' physiological functions and involvement in human diseases. We highlight the current state of PMT inhibitors and discuss future directions and opportunities for PMT inhibitor discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Ümit Kaniskan
- Department of Structural and Chemical Biology, ‡Department of Oncological Sciences, §Department of Pharmacology and Systems Therapeutics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , 1425 Madison Avenue, New York, New York 10029, United States
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36
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Yan L, Yan C, Qian K, Su H, Kofsky-Wofford SA, Lee WC, Zhao X, Ho MC, Ivanov I, Zheng YG. Diamidine compounds for selective inhibition of protein arginine methyltransferase 1. J Med Chem 2014; 57:2611-22. [PMID: 24564570 PMCID: PMC3983339 DOI: 10.1021/jm401884z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Protein arginine methylation is a posttranslational modification critical for a variety of biological processes. Misregulation of protein arginine methyltransferases (PRMTs) has been linked to many pathological conditions. Most current PRMT inhibitors display limited specificity and selectivity, indiscriminately targeting many methyltransferase enzymes that use S-adenosyl-l-methionine as a cofactor. Here we report diamidine compounds for specific inhibition of PRMT1, the primary type I enzyme. Docking, molecular dynamics, and MM/PBSA analysis together with biochemical assays were conducted to understand the binding modes of these inhibitors and the molecular basis of selective inhibition for PRMT1. Our data suggest that 2,5-bis(4-amidinophenyl)furan (1, furamidine, DB75), one leading inhibitor, targets the enzyme active site and is primarily competitive with the substrate and noncompetitive toward the cofactor. Furthermore, cellular studies revealed that 1 is cell membrane permeable and effectively inhibits intracellular PRMT1 activity and blocks cell proliferation in leukemia cell lines with different genetic lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leilei Yan
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Georgia , Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
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37
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Wei H, Mundade R, Lange K, Lu T. Protein arginine methylation of non-histone proteins and its role in diseases. Cell Cycle 2013; 13:32-41. [PMID: 24296620 PMCID: PMC3925732 DOI: 10.4161/cc.27353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein arginine methyltransferases (PRMTs) are a family of enzymes that can methylate arginine residues on histones and other proteins. PRMTs play a crucial role in influencing various cellular functions, including cellular development and tumorigenesis. Arginine methylation by PRMTs is found on both nuclear and cytoplasmic proteins. Recently, there is increasing evidence regarding post-translational modifications of non-histone proteins by PRMTs, illustrating the previously unknown importance of PRMTs in the regulation of various cellular functions by post-translational modifications. In this review, we present the recent developments in the regulation of non-histone proteins by PRMTs.
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38
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Helin K, Dhanak D. Chromatin proteins and modifications as drug targets. Nature 2013; 502:480-8. [PMID: 24153301 DOI: 10.1038/nature12751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 328] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 08/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A plethora of groundbreaking studies have demonstrated the importance of chromatin-associated proteins and post-translational modifications of histones, proteins and DNA (so-called epigenetic modifications) for transcriptional control and normal development. Disruption of epigenetic control is a frequent event in disease, and the first epigenetic-based therapies for cancer treatment have been approved. A generation of new classes of potent and specific inhibitors for several chromatin-associated proteins have shown promise in preclinical trials. Although the biology of epigenetic regulation is complex, new inhibitors such as these will hopefully be of clinical use in the coming years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristian Helin
- 1] Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaløes Vej 5, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark. [2] Centre for Epigenetics, University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaløes Vej 5, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark. [3] The Danish Stem Cell Center, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
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Recent progress in the discovery of small-molecule inhibitors of the HMT EZH2 for the treatment of cancer. Future Med Chem 2013; 5:1661-70. [DOI: 10.4155/fmc.13.136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The histone lysine methyltransferase EZH2 is the catalytic component of the multi-protein PRC2 complex and methylates lysine 27 on histone H3. EZH2 overexpression is implicated in tumorigenesis and correlates with poor prognosis in several tumor types. Inhibition of aberrant EZH2 activity might attenuate tumorigenesis resulting from misregulated gene transcription derived from aberrant EZH2 activity. In the last year, the first reports of small molecules demonstrating potent and selective inhibition of EZH2 have been published by multiple groups. Herein, we review recent progress reported in the discovery of small molecule inhibitors of EZH2.
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40
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41
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Wigle TJ, Copeland RA. Drugging the human methylome: an emerging modality for reversible control of aberrant gene transcription. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2013; 17:369-78. [PMID: 23619004 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2013.03.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2012] [Accepted: 03/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Protein and DNA methylation have emerged as critical mechanisms for the control of regulated gene transcription. In humans, the addition, recognition and removal of methyl groups are orchestrated by at least 344 proteins that we collectively refer to as the 'methylome'. The large size of the methylome likely reflects the importance of precise control over this small covalent modification. An increasing number of reports implicating the misregulation of methylation in disease make the proteins governing this modification attractive target for small molecule drug discovery. In light of the emerging opportunities for the development of therapeutics that modulate methylation-dependent pathways, this review examines the protein families that constitute the methylome, with emphasis on the methylation of arginine and lysine residues of proteins. Genetic aberrations that give rise to disease are highlighted, in addition to recent proof-of-concept successes in the development of small molecule modulators of methylome constituents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim J Wigle
- Epizyme Inc., 400 Technology Square, 4th Floor, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
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42
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Liu F, Li F, Ma A, Dobrovetsky E, Dong A, Gao C, Korboukh I, Liu J, Smil D, Brown PJ, Frye SV, Arrowsmith CH, Schapira M, Vedadi M, Jin J. Exploiting an allosteric binding site of PRMT3 yields potent and selective inhibitors. J Med Chem 2013; 56:2110-24. [PMID: 23445220 PMCID: PMC4319713 DOI: 10.1021/jm3018332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Protein arginine methyltransferases (PRMTs) play an important role in diverse biological processes. Among the nine known human PRMTs, PRMT3 has been implicated in ribosomal biosynthesis via asymmetric dimethylation of the 40S ribosomal protein S2 and in cancer via interaction with the DAL-1 tumor suppressor protein. However, few selective inhibitors of PRMTs have been discovered. We recently disclosed the first selective PRMT3 inhibitor, which occupies a novel allosteric binding site and is noncompetitive with both the peptide substrate and cofactor. Here we report comprehensive structure-activity relationship studies of this series, which resulted in the discovery of multiple PRMT3 inhibitors with submicromolar potencies. An X-ray crystal structure of compound 14u in complex with PRMT3 confirmed that this inhibitor occupied the same allosteric binding site as our initial lead compound. These studies provide the first experimental evidence that potent and selective inhibitors can be created by exploiting the allosteric binding site of PRMT3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Liu
- Center for Integrative Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Fengling Li
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Anqi Ma
- Center for Integrative Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Elena Dobrovetsky
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Aiping Dong
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Cen Gao
- Center for Integrative Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Ilia Korboukh
- Center for Integrative Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Jing Liu
- Center for Integrative Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - David Smil
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Peter J. Brown
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Stephen V. Frye
- Center for Integrative Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Cheryl H. Arrowsmith
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Matthieu Schapira
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Masoud Vedadi
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Jian Jin
- Center for Integrative Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
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43
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Fontán N, García-Domínguez P, Álvarez R, de Lera ÁR. Novel symmetrical ureas as modulators of protein arginine methyl transferases. Bioorg Med Chem 2013; 21:2056-67. [PMID: 23395110 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2013.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2012] [Revised: 01/02/2013] [Accepted: 01/06/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Methylation of histone arginine residues is an epigenetic mark related to gene expression that is implicated in a variety of biological processes and can be reversed by small-molecule modulators of protein arginine methyltransferases (PRMTs). A series of symmetrical ureas, designed as analogues of the known PRMT1 inhibitor AMI-1 have been synthesized using Pd-catalyzed Ar-N amide bond formation processes or carbonylation reactions as key steps. Their inhibitory profile has been characterized. The enzymatic assays showed a weak effect on PRMT1 and PRMT5 activity for most of the compounds. The acyclic urea that exhibited the strongest effect on the inhibition of the PRMT1 activity also showed the greatest effect on the expression of some androgen receptor target genes (TMPRSS2 and FKBP5), which may be related with its enzymatic activity. Surprisingly, AMI-1 behaved as an activator of PRMT5 activity, a result not reported so far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noelia Fontán
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultade de Química, Universidade de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain
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44
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Verma SK, Tian X, LaFrance LV, Duquenne C, Suarez DP, Newlander KA, Romeril SP, Burgess JL, Grant SW, Brackley JA, Graves AP, Scherzer DA, Shu A, Thompson C, Ott HM, Aller GSV, Machutta CA, Diaz E, Jiang Y, Johnson NW, Knight SD, Kruger RG, McCabe MT, Dhanak D, Tummino PJ, Creasy CL, Miller WH. Identification of Potent, Selective, Cell-Active Inhibitors of the Histone Lysine Methyltransferase EZH2. ACS Med Chem Lett 2012; 3:1091-6. [PMID: 24900432 DOI: 10.1021/ml3003346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 293] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2012] [Accepted: 10/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The histone H3-lysine 27 (H3K27) methyltransferase EZH2 plays a critical role in regulating gene expression, and its aberrant activity is linked to the onset and progression of cancer. As part of a drug discovery program targeting EZH2, we have identified highly potent, selective, SAM-competitive, and cell-active EZH2 inhibitors, including GSK926 (3) and GSK343 (6). These compounds are small molecule chemical tools that would be useful to further explore the biology of EZH2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharad K. Verma
- Cancer
Epigenetics Discovery Performance Unit, Oncology Research & Development, ‡Protein Dynamics
Discovery Performance Unit, Oncology Research & Development, and §Platform Technology
and Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, United States
| | - Xinrong Tian
- Cancer
Epigenetics Discovery Performance Unit, Oncology Research & Development, ‡Protein Dynamics
Discovery Performance Unit, Oncology Research & Development, and §Platform Technology
and Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, United States
| | - Louis V. LaFrance
- Cancer
Epigenetics Discovery Performance Unit, Oncology Research & Development, ‡Protein Dynamics
Discovery Performance Unit, Oncology Research & Development, and §Platform Technology
and Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, United States
| | - Céline Duquenne
- Cancer
Epigenetics Discovery Performance Unit, Oncology Research & Development, ‡Protein Dynamics
Discovery Performance Unit, Oncology Research & Development, and §Platform Technology
and Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, United States
| | - Dominic P. Suarez
- Cancer
Epigenetics Discovery Performance Unit, Oncology Research & Development, ‡Protein Dynamics
Discovery Performance Unit, Oncology Research & Development, and §Platform Technology
and Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, United States
| | - Kenneth A. Newlander
- Cancer
Epigenetics Discovery Performance Unit, Oncology Research & Development, ‡Protein Dynamics
Discovery Performance Unit, Oncology Research & Development, and §Platform Technology
and Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, United States
| | - Stuart P. Romeril
- Cancer
Epigenetics Discovery Performance Unit, Oncology Research & Development, ‡Protein Dynamics
Discovery Performance Unit, Oncology Research & Development, and §Platform Technology
and Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, United States
| | - Joelle L. Burgess
- Cancer
Epigenetics Discovery Performance Unit, Oncology Research & Development, ‡Protein Dynamics
Discovery Performance Unit, Oncology Research & Development, and §Platform Technology
and Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, United States
| | - Seth W. Grant
- Cancer
Epigenetics Discovery Performance Unit, Oncology Research & Development, ‡Protein Dynamics
Discovery Performance Unit, Oncology Research & Development, and §Platform Technology
and Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, United States
| | - James A. Brackley
- Cancer
Epigenetics Discovery Performance Unit, Oncology Research & Development, ‡Protein Dynamics
Discovery Performance Unit, Oncology Research & Development, and §Platform Technology
and Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, United States
| | - Alan P. Graves
- Cancer
Epigenetics Discovery Performance Unit, Oncology Research & Development, ‡Protein Dynamics
Discovery Performance Unit, Oncology Research & Development, and §Platform Technology
and Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, United States
| | - Daryl A. Scherzer
- Cancer
Epigenetics Discovery Performance Unit, Oncology Research & Development, ‡Protein Dynamics
Discovery Performance Unit, Oncology Research & Development, and §Platform Technology
and Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, United States
| | - Art Shu
- Cancer
Epigenetics Discovery Performance Unit, Oncology Research & Development, ‡Protein Dynamics
Discovery Performance Unit, Oncology Research & Development, and §Platform Technology
and Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, United States
| | - Christine Thompson
- Cancer
Epigenetics Discovery Performance Unit, Oncology Research & Development, ‡Protein Dynamics
Discovery Performance Unit, Oncology Research & Development, and §Platform Technology
and Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, United States
| | - Heidi M. Ott
- Cancer
Epigenetics Discovery Performance Unit, Oncology Research & Development, ‡Protein Dynamics
Discovery Performance Unit, Oncology Research & Development, and §Platform Technology
and Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, United States
| | - Glenn S. Van Aller
- Cancer
Epigenetics Discovery Performance Unit, Oncology Research & Development, ‡Protein Dynamics
Discovery Performance Unit, Oncology Research & Development, and §Platform Technology
and Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, United States
| | - Carl A. Machutta
- Cancer
Epigenetics Discovery Performance Unit, Oncology Research & Development, ‡Protein Dynamics
Discovery Performance Unit, Oncology Research & Development, and §Platform Technology
and Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, United States
| | - Elsie Diaz
- Cancer
Epigenetics Discovery Performance Unit, Oncology Research & Development, ‡Protein Dynamics
Discovery Performance Unit, Oncology Research & Development, and §Platform Technology
and Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, United States
| | - Yong Jiang
- Cancer
Epigenetics Discovery Performance Unit, Oncology Research & Development, ‡Protein Dynamics
Discovery Performance Unit, Oncology Research & Development, and §Platform Technology
and Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, United States
| | - Neil W. Johnson
- Cancer
Epigenetics Discovery Performance Unit, Oncology Research & Development, ‡Protein Dynamics
Discovery Performance Unit, Oncology Research & Development, and §Platform Technology
and Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, United States
| | - Steven D. Knight
- Cancer
Epigenetics Discovery Performance Unit, Oncology Research & Development, ‡Protein Dynamics
Discovery Performance Unit, Oncology Research & Development, and §Platform Technology
and Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, United States
| | - Ryan G. Kruger
- Cancer
Epigenetics Discovery Performance Unit, Oncology Research & Development, ‡Protein Dynamics
Discovery Performance Unit, Oncology Research & Development, and §Platform Technology
and Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, United States
| | - Michael T. McCabe
- Cancer
Epigenetics Discovery Performance Unit, Oncology Research & Development, ‡Protein Dynamics
Discovery Performance Unit, Oncology Research & Development, and §Platform Technology
and Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, United States
| | - Dashyant Dhanak
- Cancer
Epigenetics Discovery Performance Unit, Oncology Research & Development, ‡Protein Dynamics
Discovery Performance Unit, Oncology Research & Development, and §Platform Technology
and Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, United States
| | - Peter J. Tummino
- Cancer
Epigenetics Discovery Performance Unit, Oncology Research & Development, ‡Protein Dynamics
Discovery Performance Unit, Oncology Research & Development, and §Platform Technology
and Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, United States
| | - Caretha L. Creasy
- Cancer
Epigenetics Discovery Performance Unit, Oncology Research & Development, ‡Protein Dynamics
Discovery Performance Unit, Oncology Research & Development, and §Platform Technology
and Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, United States
| | - William H. Miller
- Cancer
Epigenetics Discovery Performance Unit, Oncology Research & Development, ‡Protein Dynamics
Discovery Performance Unit, Oncology Research & Development, and §Platform Technology
and Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, United States
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45
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Castellano S, Spannhoff A, Milite C, Dal Piaz F, Cheng D, Tosco A, Viviano M, Yamani A, Cianciulli A, Sala M, Cura V, Cavarelli J, Novellino E, Mai A, Bedford MT, Sbardella G. Identification of small-molecule enhancers of arginine methylation catalyzed by coactivator-associated arginine methyltransferase 1. J Med Chem 2012; 55:9875-90. [PMID: 23095008 PMCID: PMC3508294 DOI: 10.1021/jm301097p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Arginine methylation is a common post-translational modification that is crucial in modulating gene expression at multiple critical levels. The arginine methyltransferases (PRMTs) are envisaged as promising druggable targets, but their role in physiological and pathological pathways is far from being clear due to the limited number of modulators reported to date. In this effort, enzyme activators can be invaluable tools useful as gain-of-function reagents to interrogate the biological roles in cells and in vivo of PRMTs. Yet the identification of such molecules is rarely pursued. Herein we describe a series of aryl ureido acetamido indole carboxylates (dubbed "uracandolates"), able to increase the methylation of histone (H3) or nonhistone (polyadenylate-binding protein 1, PABP1) substrates induced by coactivator-associated arginine methyltransferase 1 (CARM1), both in in vitro and cellular settings. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of compounds acting as CARM1 activators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Castellano
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche e Biomediche, Epigenetic Med Chem Lab, Università degli Studi di Salerno, Via Ponte Don Melillo, I-84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy
| | - Astrid Spannhoff
- University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Science Park-Research Division, Smithville, Texas 78957, USA
| | - Ciro Milite
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche e Biomediche, Epigenetic Med Chem Lab, Università degli Studi di Salerno, Via Ponte Don Melillo, I-84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy
| | - Fabrizio Dal Piaz
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche e Biomediche, Epigenetic Med Chem Lab, Università degli Studi di Salerno, Via Ponte Don Melillo, I-84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy
| | - Donghang Cheng
- University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Science Park-Research Division, Smithville, Texas 78957, USA
| | - Alessandra Tosco
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche e Biomediche, Epigenetic Med Chem Lab, Università degli Studi di Salerno, Via Ponte Don Melillo, I-84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy
| | - Monica Viviano
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche e Biomediche, Epigenetic Med Chem Lab, Università degli Studi di Salerno, Via Ponte Don Melillo, I-84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy
| | - Abdellah Yamani
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche e Biomediche, Epigenetic Med Chem Lab, Università degli Studi di Salerno, Via Ponte Don Melillo, I-84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy
| | - Agostino Cianciulli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche e Biomediche, Epigenetic Med Chem Lab, Università degli Studi di Salerno, Via Ponte Don Melillo, I-84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy
| | - Marina Sala
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche e Biomediche, Epigenetic Med Chem Lab, Università degli Studi di Salerno, Via Ponte Don Melillo, I-84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy
| | - Vincent Cura
- Département de Biologie Structurale Intégrative, IGBMC (Institut de Génétique et Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire), UDS, CNRS, INSERM, 67404 Illkirch Cedex, France
| | - Jean Cavarelli
- Département de Biologie Structurale Intégrative, IGBMC (Institut de Génétique et Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire), UDS, CNRS, INSERM, 67404 Illkirch Cedex, France
| | - Ettore Novellino
- Dipartimento di Chimica Farmaceutica e Tossicologica, Università di Napoli “Federico II”, Via D. Montesano 49, I-80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Antonello Mai
- Istituto Pasteur – Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Sapienza Università di Roma, P.le A. Moro 5, I-00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Mark T. Bedford
- University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Science Park-Research Division, Smithville, Texas 78957, USA
| | - Gianluca Sbardella
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche e Biomediche, Epigenetic Med Chem Lab, Università degli Studi di Salerno, Via Ponte Don Melillo, I-84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy
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46
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Abstract
The human protein methyltransferases (PMTs) constitute a large enzyme class composed of two families, the protein lysine methyltransferases (PKMTs) and the protein arginine methyltransferases (PRMTs). Examples have been reported of both PKMTs and PRMTs that are genetically altered in specific human cancers, and in several cases these alterations have been demonstrated to confer a unique dependence of the cancer cells on PMT enzymatic activity for the tumorigenic phenotype. Examples of such driver alterations in PMTs will be presented together with a review of current efforts towards the discovery and development of small-molecule inhibitors of these enzymes as personalized cancer therapeutics.
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47
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Abstract
Epigenetic control of gene expression occurs at two distinctlevels: DNA methylation and histone modification. Over thepast 10 years, the discovery of epigenetic targets has acceleratedto the point where more than 400 domains have beenidentified that are involved in either DNA methylation, themodification of histones (and some nonhistones), or translationof these modifications into changes in gene expression
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Affiliation(s)
- S Müller
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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48
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Anglin JL, Deng L, Yao Y, Cai G, Liu Z, Jiang H, Cheng G, Chen P, Dong S, Song Y. Synthesis and structure-activity relationship investigation of adenosine-containing inhibitors of histone methyltransferase DOT1L. J Med Chem 2012; 55:8066-74. [PMID: 22924785 DOI: 10.1021/jm300917h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Histone3-lysine79 (H3K79) methyltransferase DOT1L has been found to be a drug target for acute leukemia with MLL (mixed lineage leukemia) gene translocations. A total of 55 adenosine-containing compounds were designed and synthesized, among which several potent DOT1L inhibitors were identified with K(i) values as low as 0.5 nM. These compounds also show high selectivity (>4500-fold) over three other histone methyltransferases. Structure-activity relationships (SAR) of these compounds for their inhibitory activities against DOT1L are discussed. Potent DOT1L inhibitors exhibit selective activity against the proliferation of MLL-translocated leukemia cell lines MV4;11 and THP1 with EC(50) values of 4-11 μM. Isothermal titration calorimetry studies showed that two representative inhibitors bind with a high affinity to the DOT1L:nucleosome complex and only compete with the enzyme cofactor SAM (S-adenosyl-L-methionine) but not the substrate nucleosome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin L Anglin
- Department of Pharmacology, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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49
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Copeland RA. Protein methyltransferase inhibitors as personalized cancer therapeutics. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ddstr.2011.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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50
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Siarheyeva A, Senisterra G, Allali-Hassani A, Dong A, Dobrovetsky E, Wasney GA, Chau I, Marcellus R, Hajian T, Liu F, Korboukh I, Smil D, Bolshan Y, Min J, Wu H, Zeng H, Loppnau P, Poda G, Griffin C, Aman A, Brown PJ, Jin J, Al-Awar R, Arrowsmith CH, Schapira M, Vedadi M. An allosteric inhibitor of protein arginine methyltransferase 3. Structure 2012; 20:1425-35. [PMID: 22795084 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2012.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2011] [Revised: 05/24/2012] [Accepted: 06/02/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
PRMT3, a protein arginine methyltransferase, has been shown to influence ribosomal biosynthesis by catalyzing the dimethylation of the 40S ribosomal protein S2. Although PRMT3 has been reported to be a cytosolic protein, it has been shown to methylate histone H4 peptide (H4 1-24) in vitro. Here, we report the identification of a PRMT3 inhibitor (1-(benzo[d][1,2,3]thiadiazol-6-yl)-3-(2-cyclohexenylethyl)urea; compound 1) with IC50 value of 2.5 μM by screening a library of 16,000 compounds using H4 (1-24) peptide as a substrate. The crystal structure of PRMT3 in complex with compound 1 as well as kinetic analysis reveals an allosteric mechanism of inhibition. Mutating PRMT3 residues within the allosteric site or using compound 1 analogs that disrupt interactions with allosteric site residues both abrogated binding and inhibitory activity. These data demonstrate an allosteric mechanism for inhibition of protein arginine methyltransferases, an emerging class of therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alena Siarheyeva
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, 101 College Street, MaRS Centre, South Tower, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
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