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Thuy Le H, Vu YT, Duong GH, Le TKD, Dang MK, Pham DD, Pham NKT, Sichaem J, Nguyen NH, Duong TH. Bio-Guided Isolation of Alpha-Glucosidase Inhibitory Compounds from Vietnamese Lichen Roccella Montagnei. Chem Biodivers 2024; 21:e202400438. [PMID: 38581153 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202400438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 03/30/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
A bio-guided isolation was applied to the Vietnamese lichen Roccella montagnei based on alpha-glucosidase inhibition. Six compounds were isolated and structurally elucidated, including a new ortho depside, montagneside A (1), together with five known compounds, sekikaic acid (2), lanost-7-en-3β-ol (3), ethyl orsellinate (4), D-montagnetol (5), and D-erythrin (6). Their chemical structures were identified by extensive 1D and 2D NMR analysis, high-resolution mass spectroscopy, and comparisons with those reported in the literature. D-Erythrin (6), a major component, was selected for further modification using Smiles rearrangement. Three erythritol derivatives 6a-6c were synthesized. Compounds 1-3, 6, and 6a-6c were evaluated for alpha-glucosidase inhibition. Compounds 2 and 6a-6c showed significant alpha-glucosidase inhibition with IC50 values ranging from 7.9 to 149 μM, respectively. Molecular docking was applied to the most active compound 6a to clarify the inhibitory mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huong Thuy Le
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Ton Duc Thang University, 700000, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Y Thien Vu
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Ton Duc Thang University, 700000, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Gia-Huy Duong
- Department of Chemistry, Ho Chi Minh City University of Education, 280 An Duong Vuong Street, District 5, 700000, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Thi-Kim-Dung Le
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Ton Duc Thang University, 700000, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Minh-Khai Dang
- Department of Chemistry, Ho Chi Minh City University of Education, 280 An Duong Vuong Street, District 5, 700000, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Duc-Dung Pham
- Department of Chemistry, Ho Chi Minh City University of Education, 280 An Duong Vuong Street, District 5, 700000, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen-Kim-Tuyen Pham
- Faculty of Environment, Sai Gon University, 273 An Duong Vuong, Ward 3, District 5, 700000, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Jirapast Sichaem
- Research Unit in Natural Products Chemistry and Bioactivities, Faculty of Science and Technology, Thammasat University, Lampang Campus, 52190, Lampang, Thailand
| | - Ngoc-Hong Nguyen
- CirTech Institute, HUTECH University, 475 A Dien Bien Phu Street, Binh Thanh District, 700000, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Thuc-Huy Duong
- Department of Chemistry, Ho Chi Minh City University of Education, 280 An Duong Vuong Street, District 5, 700000, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
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Takashima K, Nakamura S, Nagayama M, Marumoto S, Ishikawa F, Xie W, Nakanishi I, Muraoka O, Morikawa T, Tanabe G. Role of the thiosugar ring in the inhibitory activity of salacinol, a potent natural α-glucosidase inhibitor. RSC Adv 2024; 14:4471-4481. [PMID: 38312722 PMCID: PMC10835759 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra08485j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Herein, ring-cleaved (24) and truncated (25) analogues of an azasugar, 1-deoxynojirimycin (23), exhibited inhibitory activity (Ki = 4-10 μM) equal to that of the parent compound (1, Ki = 14 μM). Based on this structure-activity relationship (SAR), four ring-cleaved (26a-26c and 27c) and three truncated (28a-28c) analogues of salacinol (1), a potent thiosugar-ring-containing α-glucosidase inhibitor, were synthesised. Bioassay results revealed that all the synthetics were inactive, indicating that the 5-membered thiosugar ring of 1 played an essential role in the potent activities of sulfonium-type inhibitors. The present findings are interesting and important in understanding the function of salacinol, considering that the observed inhibitory activity trend was contrary to the SAR observed in aza-compounds (23, 24, and 25) in a previous study, which suggested that the cyclic structure did not contribute to their strong inhibitory activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuki Takashima
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-osaka Osaka 577-8502 Japan
| | - Shinya Nakamura
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-osaka Osaka 577-8502 Japan
| | - Maiko Nagayama
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-osaka Osaka 577-8502 Japan
| | - Shinsuke Marumoto
- Joint Research Centre, Kindai University 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-osaka Osaka 577-8502 Japan
| | - Fumihiro Ishikawa
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-osaka Osaka 577-8502 Japan
| | - Weijia Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University Nanjing 2100009 P. R. China
| | - Isao Nakanishi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-osaka Osaka 577-8502 Japan
| | - Osamu Muraoka
- Pharmaceutical Research and Technology Institute, Kindai University 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-osaka Osaka 577-8502 Japan
| | - Toshio Morikawa
- Pharmaceutical Research and Technology Institute, Kindai University 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-osaka Osaka 577-8502 Japan
| | - Genzoh Tanabe
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-osaka Osaka 577-8502 Japan
- Pharmaceutical Research and Technology Institute, Kindai University 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-osaka Osaka 577-8502 Japan
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3
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Moghadam Farid S, Noori M, Nazari Montazer M, Khalili Ghomi M, Mollazadeh M, Dastyafteh N, Irajie C, Zomorodian K, Mirfazli SS, Mojtabavi S, Faramarzi MA, Larijani B, Iraji A, Mahdavi M. Synthesis and structure-activity relationship studies of benzimidazole-thioquinoline derivatives as α-glucosidase inhibitors. Sci Rep 2023; 13:4392. [PMID: 36928433 PMCID: PMC10020548 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-31080-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
In this article, different s-substituted benzimidazole-thioquinoline derivatives were designed, synthesized, and evaluated for their possible α-glucosidase inhibitory activities. The most active compound in this series, 6j (X = 4-bromobenzyl) exhibited significant potency with an IC50 value of 28.0 ± 0.6 µM compared to acarbose as the positive control with an IC50 value of 750.0 µM. The kinetic study showed a competitive inhibition pattern against α-glucosidase for the 6j derivative. Also, the molecular dynamic simulations were performed to determine key interactions between compounds and the targeted enzyme. The in silico pharmacodynamics and ADMET properties were executed to illustrate the druggability of the novel derivatives. In general, it can be concluded that these derivatives can serve as promising leads to the design of potential α-glucosidase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Moghadam Farid
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Milad Noori
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Nazari Montazer
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Minoo Khalili Ghomi
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Marjan Mollazadeh
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Navid Dastyafteh
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Cambyz Irajie
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Kamiar Zomorodian
- Department of Medical Mycology and Parasitology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Seyedeh Sara Mirfazli
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Somayeh Mojtabavi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ali Faramarzi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bagher Larijani
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Aida Iraji
- Stem Cells Technology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
- Central Research Laboratory, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Mahdavi
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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4
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Lu L, Chen J, Tao W, Wang Z, Liu D, Zhou J, Wu X, Sun H, Li W, Tanabe G, Muraoka O, Zhao B, Wu L, Xie W. Design and Synthesis of Sulfonium Derivatives: A Novel Class of α-Glucosidase Inhibitors with Potent In Vivo Antihyperglycemic Activities. J Med Chem 2023; 66:3484-3498. [PMID: 36812150 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c01984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
We report the first attempt of double-spot structural modification on a side-chain moiety of sulfonium-type α-glucosidase inhibitors isolated from genus Salacia. A series of sulfonium salts with benzylidene acetal linkage at the C3' and C5' positions were designed and synthesized. In vitro enzyme inhibition evaluation showed that compounds with a strong electron-withdrawing group attached at the ortho position on the phenyl ring present stronger inhibitory activities. Notably, the most potent inhibitor 21b (1.0 mpk) can exhibit excellent hypoglycemic effects in mice, which can still compete with those of acarbose (20.0 mpk). Molecular docking of 21b demonstrated that besides conventional interacting patterns, the newly introduced benzylidene acetal moiety plays an important role in anchoring the whole molecule in a concave pocket of the enzyme. The successful identification of 21b as a lead compound for new drug discovery may provide a means for structure modification and diversification of the distinguished sulfonium-type α-glucosidase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines (SKLNM) and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Jingyi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines (SKLNM) and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Wenxiang Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines (SKLNM) and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Zhimei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines (SKLNM) and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Dan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines (SKLNM) and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Jiahui Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines (SKLNM) and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoxing Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines (SKLNM) and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Haopeng Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines (SKLNM) and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Wei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines (SKLNM) and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Genzoh Tanabe
- Faculty of Pharmacy Kinki University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashiosaka, Osaka 577-8502, Japan
| | - Osamu Muraoka
- Faculty of Pharmacy Kinki University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashiosaka, Osaka 577-8502, Japan
| | - Bo Zhao
- Department of Chemical and Material Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Liang Wu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Weijia Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines (SKLNM) and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
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5
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Morikawa T. Pharmaceutical Food Science: Search for Bio-Functional Molecules Obtained from Natural Resources to Prevent and Ameliorate Lifestyle Diseases. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2023; 71:756-765. [PMID: 37779077 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c23-00518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
In this review, our resent pharmaceutical food science research for bio-functional molecules obtained from natural resources that contribute to i) suppression of postprandial blood glucose elevation and/or improvement of glucose tolerance and ii) reduction of visceral fat accumulation and improvement of lipid metabolism were summarized. Based on studies using MONOTORI science, salacinol (1), neokotalanol (4), and trans-tiliroside (20) have been approved or notified by the Consumer Affairs Agency in Japan as functional substances in food with health claims, Food for Specified Health Use and Food with Functional Claims.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshio Morikawa
- Pharmaceutical Research and Technology Institute, Kindai University
- Antiaging Center, Kindai University
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6
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Synthesis of Novel N-Methylmorpholine-Substituted Benzimidazolium Salts as Potential α-Glucosidase Inhibitors. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27186012. [PMID: 36144750 PMCID: PMC9501035 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27186012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The α-glucosidase enzyme, located in the brush border of the small intestine, is responsible for overall glycemic control in the body. It hydrolyses the 1,4-linkage in the carbohydrates to form blood-absorbable monosaccharides that ultimately increase the blood glucose level. α-Glucosidase inhibitors (AGIs) can reduce hydrolytic activity and help to control type 2 diabetes. Aiming to achieve this, a novel series of 1-benzyl-3-((2-substitutedphenyl)amino)-2-oxoethyl)-2-(morpholinomethyl)-1H-benzimidazol-3-ium chloride was synthesized and screened for its α-glucosidase inhibitory potential. Compounds 5d, 5f, 5g, 5h and 5k exhibited better α-glucosidase inhibitions compared to the standard drug (acarbose IC50 = 58.8 ± 0.012 µM) with IC50 values of 15 ± 0.030, 19 ± 0.060, 25 ± 0.106, 21 ± 0.07 and 26 ± 0.035 µM, respectively. Furthermore, the molecular docking studies explored the mechanism of enzyme inhibitions by different 1,2,3-trisubstituted benzimidazolium salts via significant ligand–receptor interactions.
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7
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Ding Y, Chen J, Liu D, Zhou J, Tao W, Yang Z, Tanabe G, Muraoka O, Xie W. Synthetic studies on naturally occurring sulfonium-type α-glucosidase inhibitors: progress and perspective. J Carbohydr Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/07328303.2022.2115508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines (SKLNM) and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Jingyi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines (SKLNM) and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Dan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines (SKLNM) and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Jiahui Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines (SKLNM) and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Wenxiang Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines (SKLNM) and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Zhizhong Yang
- SINOPEC Nanjing chemical industries CO., LTD, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | | | | | - Weijia Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines (SKLNM) and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, P. R. China
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Saddique FA, Ahmad M, Ashfaq UA, Muddassar M, Sultan S, Zaki MEA. Identification of Cyclic Sulfonamides with an N-Arylacetamide Group as α-Glucosidase and α-Amylase Inhibitors: Biological Evaluation and Molecular Modeling. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:106. [PMID: 35056163 PMCID: PMC8777765 DOI: 10.3390/ph15010106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM), a complicated metabolic disorder, is due to insensitivity to insulin function or reduction in insulin secretion, which results in postprandial hyperglycemia. α-Glucosidase inhibitors (AGIs) and α-amylase inhibitors (AAIs) block the function of digestive enzymes, which delays the carbohydrate hydrolysis process and ultimately helps to control the postprandial hyperglycemia. Diversified 2-(3-(3-methoxybenzoyl)-4-hydroxy-1,1-dioxido-2H-benzo[e][1,2]thiazin-2-yl)-N-arylacetamides were synthesized and evaluated for their in vitro inhibitory potential against α-glucosidase and α-amylase enzymes. The compounds with chloro, bromo and methyl substituents demonstrated good inhibition of α-glucosidase enzymes having IC50 values in the range of 25.88-46.25 μM, which are less than the standard drug, acarbose (IC50 = 58.8 μM). Similarly, some derivatives having chloro, bromo and nitro substituents were observed potent inhibitors of α-amylase enzyme, with IC50 values of 7.52 to 15.06 μM, lower than acarbose (IC50 = 17.0 μM). In addition, the most potent compound, N-(4-bromophenyl)-2-(4-hydroxy-3-(3-methoxybenzoyl)-1,1-dioxido-2H-benzo[e][1,2]thiazin-2-yl)acetamide (12i), was found to be a non-competitive and competitive inhibitor of α-glucosidase and α-amylase enzymes, respectively, during kinetic studies. The molecular docking studies provided the binding modes of active compounds and the molecular dynamics simulation studies of compound 12i in complex with α-amylase also showed that the compound is binding in a fashion similar to that predicted by molecular docking studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matloob Ahmad
- Department of Chemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan;
| | - Usman Ali Ashfaq
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Government College University, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan;
| | - Muhammad Muddassar
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Park Road, Islamabad 45500, Pakistan;
| | - Sadia Sultan
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Puncak Alam Campus, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Bandar Puncak Alam 42300, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia;
- Atta-ur-Rahman Institute for Natural Products Discovery (AuRIns), Puncak Alam Campus, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Bandar Puncak Alam 42300, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Magdi E. A. Zaki
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh 11623, Saudi Arabia
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Alam S, Sarker MMR, Sultana TN, Chowdhury MNR, Rashid MA, Chaity NI, Zhao C, Xiao J, Hafez EE, Khan SA, Mohamed IN. Antidiabetic Phytochemicals From Medicinal Plants: Prospective Candidates for New Drug Discovery and Development. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:800714. [PMID: 35282429 PMCID: PMC8907382 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.800714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes, a chronic physiological dysfunction affecting people of different age groups and severely impairs the harmony of peoples' normal life worldwide. Despite the availability of insulin preparations and several synthetic oral antidiabetic drugs, there is a crucial need for the discovery and development of novel antidiabetic drugs because of the development of resistance and side effects of those drugs in long-term use. On the contrary, plants or herbal sources are getting popular day by day to the scientists, researchers, and pharmaceutical companies all over the world to search for potential bioactive compound(s) for the discovery and development of targeted novel antidiabetic drugs that may control diabetes with the least unwanted effects of conventional antidiabetic drugs. In this review, we have presented the prospective candidates comprised of either isolated phytochemical(s) and/or extract(s) containing bioactive phytoconstituents which have been reported in several in vitro, in vivo, and clinical studies possessing noteworthy antidiabetic potential. The mode of actions, attributed to antidiabetic activities of the reported phytochemicals and/or plant extracts have also been described to focus on the prospective phytochemicals and phytosources for further studies in the discovery and development of novel antidiabetic therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safaet Alam
- Department of Pharmacy, State University of Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Moklesur Rahman Sarker
- Department of Pharmacy, State University of Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Research Division, Health Med Science Research Limited, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- *Correspondence: Md. Moklesur Rahman Sarker, ; ; orcid.org/0000-0001-9795-0608; Isa Naina Mohamed, ; orcid.org/0000-0001-8891-2423
| | | | | | - Mohammad A. Rashid
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | - Chao Zhao
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jianbo Xiao
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Vigo, Vigo, Spain
| | - Elsayed E. Hafez
- Plant Protection and Biomolecular Diagnosis Department, ALCRI (Arid Lands Cultivation Research Institute), City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Shah Alam Khan
- College of Pharmacy, National University of Science & Technology, Muscat, Oman
| | - Isa Naina Mohamed
- Pharmacology Department, Medicine Faculty, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (The National University of Malaysia), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- *Correspondence: Md. Moklesur Rahman Sarker, ; ; orcid.org/0000-0001-9795-0608; Isa Naina Mohamed, ; orcid.org/0000-0001-8891-2423
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10
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Khan IA, Ahmad M, Ashfaq UA, Sultan S, Zaki ME. Discovery of Amide-Functionalized Benzimidazolium Salts as Potent α-Glucosidase Inhibitors. Molecules 2021; 26:4760. [PMID: 34443347 PMCID: PMC8400806 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26164760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
α-Glucosidase inhibitors (AGIs) are used as medicines for the treatment of diabetes mellitus. The α-Glucosidase enzyme is present in the small intestine and is responsible for the breakdown of carbohydrates into sugars. The process results in an increase in blood sugar levels. AGIs slow down the digestion of carbohydrates that is helpful in controlling the sugar levels in the blood after meals. Among heterocyclic compounds, benzimidazole moiety is recognized as a potent bioactive scaffold for its wide range of biologically active derivatives. The aim of this study is to explore the α-glucosidase inhibition ability of benzimidazolium salts. In this study, two novel series of benzimidazolium salts, i.e., 1-benzyl-3-{2-(substituted) amino-2-oxoethyl}-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-3-ium bromide 9a-m and 1-benzyl-3-{2-substituted) amino-2-oxoethyl}-2-methyl-1H-benzo[d] imidazol-3-ium bromide 10a-m were screened for their in vitro α-glucosidase inhibitory potential. These compounds were synthesized through a multistep procedure and were characterized by 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, and EI-MS techniques. Compound 10d was identified as the potent α-glucosidase inhibitor among the series with an IC50 value of 14 ± 0.013 μM, which is 4-fold higher than the standard drug, acarbose. In addition, compounds 10a, 10e, 10h, 10g, 10k, 10l, and 10m also exhibited pronounced potential for α-glucosidase inhibition with IC50 value ranging from 15 ± 0.037 to 32.27 ± 0.050 µM when compared with the reference drug acarbose (IC50 = 58.8 ± 0.12 μM). A molecular docking study was performed to rationalize the binding interactions of potent inhibitors with the active site of the α-glucosidase enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imran Ahmad Khan
- Department of Chemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan;
| | - Matloob Ahmad
- Department of Chemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan;
| | - Usman Ali Ashfaq
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Government College University, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan;
| | - Sadia Sultan
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Puncak Alam Campus, Bandar Puncak Alam 42300, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
- Atta-ur-Rahman Institute for Natural Products Discovery (AuRIns), Universiti Teknologi MARA, Puncak Alam Campus, Bandar Puncak Alam 42300, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Magdi E.A. Zaki
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh 11623, Saudi Arabia
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Rodrigues L, Tilve SG, Majik MS. Synthetic access to thiolane-based therapeutics and biological activity studies. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 224:113659. [PMID: 34237621 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Secondary metabolites isolated from bioactive extracts of natural sources iteratively pioneer the research in drug discovery. Modern medicine is often inspired by bioactive natural products or the bio-functional motifs embedded in them. One of such consequential bio-functional motifs is the thiolane unit. Thiolane-based bioactive organic compounds have manifested a plethora of astonishing biological activities such as anti-viral, anti-cancer, anti-platelet, α-glucosidase inhibition, anti-HIV, immunosuppressive and anti-microbial activities which renders them excellent candidates in drug discovery. Hence, to scale up the accessibility of thiolane-based therapeutics its chemical syntheses is essential and in addition; a sneak peek in its biosynthesis would give a perspective for developing biomimetic syntheses. This review highlights the development of important thiolane-based therapeutics such as (i) Nuphar sesquiterpene thioalkaloids (ii) Thiosugar sulphonium salts from Salacia sp. (iii) Albomycins (iv) Thiolane-based therapeutics from Allium sp. (v) 4'-thionucleosides summarizing various synthetic strategies, biosynthesis and biological activity studies, covering literature till 2021. We anticipate that this review will inspire chemists and biochemists to take up the challenges encountered in the synthesis and development of thiolane-based therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lima Rodrigues
- School of Chemical Sciences, Goa University, Taleigao Plateau, Goa, 403 206, India
| | - Santosh G Tilve
- School of Chemical Sciences, Goa University, Taleigao Plateau, Goa, 403 206, India
| | - Mahesh S Majik
- Department of Chemistry, Government College of Arts, Science and Commerce, Khandola Marcela, Goa, 403 107, India; Directorate of Higher Education, Porvorim, Goa 403 521, India.
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12
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Morikawa T, Ninomiya K, Tanabe G, Matsuda H, Yoshikawa M, Muraoka O. A review of antidiabetic active thiosugar sulfoniums, salacinol and neokotalanol, from plants of the genus Salacia. J Nat Med 2021; 75:449-466. [PMID: 33900535 PMCID: PMC8159842 DOI: 10.1007/s11418-021-01522-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
During our studies characterizing functional substances from food resources for the prevention and treatment of lifestyle-related diseases, we isolated the active constituents, salacinol (1) and neokotalanol (4), and related thiosugar sulfoniums, from the roots and stems of the genus Salacia plants [Celastraceae (Hippocrateaceae)] such as Salacia reticulata Wight, S. oblonga Wall., and S. chinensis L., and observed their antidiabetic effects. These plant materials have been used traditionally in Ayurvedic medicine as a specific remedy at the early stage of diabetes, and have been extensively consumed in Japan, the United States, and other countries as a food supplement for the prevention of obesity and diabetes. Here, we review our studies on the antidiabetic effects of plants from the genus Salacia, from basic chemical and pharmacological research to their application and development as new functional food ingredients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshio Morikawa
- Pharmaceutical Research and Technology Institute, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-osaka, Osaka, 577-8502, Japan.
- Antiaging Center, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-osaka, Osaka, 577-8502, Japan.
| | - Kiyofumi Ninomiya
- Pharmaceutical Research and Technology Institute, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-osaka, Osaka, 577-8502, Japan
- Antiaging Center, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-osaka, Osaka, 577-8502, Japan
- School of Pharmacy, Shujitsu University, 1-6-1 Nishigawara, Naka-ku, Okayama, Okayama, 703-8516, Japan
| | - Genzoh Tanabe
- Pharmaceutical Research and Technology Institute, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-osaka, Osaka, 577-8502, Japan
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-osaka, Osaka, 577-8502, Japan
| | - Hisashi Matsuda
- Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, 1 Shichono-cho, Misasagi, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto, 607-8412, Japan
| | - Masayuki Yoshikawa
- Pharmaceutical Research and Technology Institute, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-osaka, Osaka, 577-8502, Japan
- Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, 1 Shichono-cho, Misasagi, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto, 607-8412, Japan
| | - Osamu Muraoka
- Pharmaceutical Research and Technology Institute, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-osaka, Osaka, 577-8502, Japan
- Antiaging Center, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-osaka, Osaka, 577-8502, Japan
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-osaka, Osaka, 577-8502, Japan
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13
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Synthesis and α-Glucosidase Inhibition Activity of 2-[3-(Benzoyl/4-bromobenzoyl)-4-hydroxy-1,1-dioxido-2 H-benzo[ e][1,2]thiazin-2-yl]- N-arylacetamides: An In Silico and Biochemical Approach. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26103043. [PMID: 34065194 PMCID: PMC8161055 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26103043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic disorder and has affected a large number of people worldwide. Insufficient insulin production causes an increase in blood glucose level that results in DM. To lower the blood glucose level, various drugs are employed that block the activity of the α-glucosidase enzyme, which is considered responsible for the breakdown of polysaccharides into monosaccharides leading to an increase in the intestinal blood glucose level. We have synthesized novel 2-(3-(benzoyl/4-bromobenzoyl)-4-hydroxy-1,1-dioxido-2H-benzo[e][1,2]thiazin-2-yl)-N-arylacetamides and have screened them for their in silico and in vitro α-glucosidase inhibition activity. The derivatives 11c, 12a, 12d, 12e, and 12g emerged as potent inhibitors of the α-glucosidase enzyme. These compounds exhibited good docking scores and excellent binding interactions with the selected residues (Asp203, Asp542, Asp327, His600, Arg526) during in silico screening. Similarly, these compounds also showed good in vitro α-glucosidase inhibitions with IC50 values of 30.65, 18.25, 20.76, 35.14, and 24.24 μM, respectively, which were better than the standard drug, acarbose (IC50 = 58.8 μM). Furthermore, a good agreement was observed between in silico and in vitro modes of study.
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Homma T, Kageyama S, Nishikawa A, Nagata K. Anti-melanogenic activity of salacinol by inhibition of tyrosinase oligosaccharide processing. J Biochem 2021; 167:503-511. [PMID: 31883005 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvz115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperpigmentation that manifests through melasma and solar lentigo (age spots), although mostly harmless for health, bothers many people. Controlling the rate-limiting activity of tyrosinase is most effective for suppressing excessive melanin formation and accordingly recent research has focused on the maturation of tyrosinase. Salacia, a medicinal plant, has been used to treat diabetes in India and Sri Lanka. Salacia extract reportedly contains components that inhibit the activity of α-glucosidase. Salacinol, the active ingredient in Salacia extract, has unique thiosugar sulphonium sulphate inner salt structure. Here, we observed that the salacinol component of Salacia extract possesses anti-melanogenic activity in comparison to various existing whitening agents. Although the anti-melanogenic mechanism of salacinol is presumably medicated by inhibition of tyrosinase activity, which is often found in existing whitening agents, salacinol did not inhibit tyrosinase activity in vitro. Analysis of the intracellular state of tyrosinase showed a decrease in the mature tyrosinase form due to inhibition of N-linked oligosaccharide processing. Salacinol inhibited the processing glucosidase I/II, which are involved in the initial stage of N-linked glycosylation. Owing to high activity, low cytotoxicity and high hydrophilicity, salacinol is a promising candidate compound in whitening agents aimed for external application on skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiyuki Homma
- Pharmaceutical & Healthcare Research Laboratories, FUJIFILM Inc., 577 Ushijima, Kaisei-Machi, Ashigarakami-gun, Kanagawa 258-8577, Japan.,Department of Applied Life Science, United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shigeki Kageyama
- Pharmaceutical & Healthcare Research Laboratories, FUJIFILM Inc., 577 Ushijima, Kaisei-Machi, Ashigarakami-gun, Kanagawa 258-8577, Japan
| | - Atsushi Nishikawa
- Department of Applied Life Science, United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kozo Nagata
- Pharmaceutical & Healthcare Research Laboratories, FUJIFILM Inc., 577 Ushijima, Kaisei-Machi, Ashigarakami-gun, Kanagawa 258-8577, Japan
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Elongation of the side chain by linear alkyl groups increases the potency of salacinol, a potent α-glucosidase inhibitor from the Ayurvedic traditional medicine "Salacia," against human intestinal maltase. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2020; 33:127751. [PMID: 33347966 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2020.127751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Four chain-extended analogs (12a-12d) and two related de-O-sulfonated analogs (13a and 13c) by introducing alkyl groups (a: R = C3H7, b R = C6H13, c: R = C8H17, d: R = C10H21) to the side chains of salacinol (1), a natural α-glucosidase inhibitor from Ayurvedic traditional medicine "Salacia", were synthesized. The α-glucosidase inhibitory activities of all the synthesized analogs were evaluated in vitro. Against human intestinal maltase, the inhibitory activities of 12a and 13a with seven-carbon side chain were equal to that of 1. In contrast, analogs (12b-12d, and 13c) exhibited higher level of inhibitory activity against the same enzyme than 1 and had equal or higher potency than those of the clinically used anti-diabetics, voglibose, acarbose, and miglitol. Thus, elongation of the side chains of 1 was effective for specifically increasing the inhibitory activity against human intestinal maltase.
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Lu L, Li X, Yang Y, Xie W. Recent Progress in the Construction of Natural De-O-Sulfonated Sulfonium Sugars with Antidiabetic Activities. Chemistry 2019; 25:13458-13471. [PMID: 31314135 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201902562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A group of sulfonium salts equipped with a polyhydroxylated side-chain structure have been isolated and identified as potent α-glycosidase inhibitors. Consequently, they have become an attractive target in diverse research disciplines, including organic synthesis, drug discovery, and chemical biology. To this end, the development of practical and effective synthetic strategies, especially for more bioactive de-O-sulfonated sulfonium salts, is a significant research area in organic synthesis. An ideal synthetic methodology should provide easily accessible intermediates with high chemical stability for the key coupling reaction to diastereoselectively construct the sulfonium cation center. This minireview summarizes recently developed strategies applied in the construction of natural de-O-sulfonated sulfonium sugars: 1) acid-catalyzed de-O-sulfonation of sulfonium sulfate inner salts, 2) a coupling reaction between side-chain fragments containing leaving groups and a thiosugar, 3) a coupling reaction between side-chain fragments containing epoxide structures and a thiosugar, and 4) a two-step sequential SN 2 nucleophilic substitution between side-chain fragments containing thiol groups and a diiodide derivative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines (SKLNM), Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoya Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines (SKLNM), Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, P.R. China
| | - Yao Yang
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210046, P.R. China
| | - Weijia Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines (SKLNM), Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, P.R. China
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Huang Y, Gao Y, He W, Wang Z, Li W, Lin A, Xu J, Tanabe G, Muraoka O, Wu X, Xie W. Practical Route to Neokotalanol and Its Natural Analogues: Sulfonium Sugars with Antidiabetic Activities. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:6400-6404. [PMID: 30815962 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201900761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2019] [Revised: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
An efficient and divergent approach toward the synthesis of all four de-O-sulfonated sulfonium type α-glucosidase inhibitors, originally isolated from plants of genus Salacia, is reported for the first time. The key strategy features a coupling reaction between thiol derivatives and a diiodide counterpart. The newly designed thiol coupling partner presents high chemical stability, while the diiodide partner could be easily obtained with increased overall yields compared with conventional routes. The intermolecular nucleophilic substitution reaction followed by a diastereoselective intramolecular cyclization provided the target five-member sulfonium salt structure, which was connected in an α-orientation to a polyhydroxylated side-chain moiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhao Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines (SKLNM) and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, P. R. China
| | - Yunlong Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines (SKLNM) and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, P. R. China
| | - Weigang He
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines (SKLNM) and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, P. R. China
| | - Zihao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines (SKLNM) and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, P. R. China
| | - Wei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines (SKLNM) and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, P. R. China
| | - Aijun Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines (SKLNM) and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, P. R. China
| | - Jinyi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines (SKLNM) and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, P. R. China
| | - Genzoh Tanabe
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Kinki University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-osaka, 577-8502, Osaka, Japan
| | - Osamu Muraoka
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Kinki University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-osaka, 577-8502, Osaka, Japan
| | - Xiaoming Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines (SKLNM) and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, P. R. China
| | - Weijia Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines (SKLNM) and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, P. R. China
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18
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Huang Y, Gao Y, He W, Wang Z, Li W, Lin A, Xu J, Tanabe G, Muraoka O, Wu X, Xie W. Practical Route to Neokotalanol and Its Natural Analogues: Sulfonium Sugars with Antidiabetic Activities. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201900761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuhao Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines (SKLNM) and Department of Medicinal ChemistrySchool of PharmacyChina Pharmaceutical University Nanjing 210009 P. R. China
| | - Yunlong Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines (SKLNM) and Department of Medicinal ChemistrySchool of PharmacyChina Pharmaceutical University Nanjing 210009 P. R. China
| | - Weigang He
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines (SKLNM) and Department of Medicinal ChemistrySchool of PharmacyChina Pharmaceutical University Nanjing 210009 P. R. China
| | - Zihao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines (SKLNM) and Department of Medicinal ChemistrySchool of PharmacyChina Pharmaceutical University Nanjing 210009 P. R. China
| | - Wei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines (SKLNM) and Department of Medicinal ChemistrySchool of PharmacyChina Pharmaceutical University Nanjing 210009 P. R. China
| | - Aijun Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines (SKLNM) and Department of Medicinal ChemistrySchool of PharmacyChina Pharmaceutical University Nanjing 210009 P. R. China
| | - Jinyi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines (SKLNM) and Department of Medicinal ChemistrySchool of PharmacyChina Pharmaceutical University Nanjing 210009 P. R. China
| | - Genzoh Tanabe
- Faculty of PharmacyKinki University 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-osaka 577-8502 Osaka Japan
| | - Osamu Muraoka
- Faculty of PharmacyKinki University 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-osaka 577-8502 Osaka Japan
| | - Xiaoming Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines (SKLNM) and Department of Medicinal ChemistrySchool of PharmacyChina Pharmaceutical University Nanjing 210009 P. R. China
| | - Weijia Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines (SKLNM) and Department of Medicinal ChemistrySchool of PharmacyChina Pharmaceutical University Nanjing 210009 P. R. China
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Antidiabetic and hepatoprotective activity of the roots of Calanthe fimbriata Franch. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 111:60-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.12.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Revised: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Liu D, Xie W, Liu L, Xu J, Yao H, Tanabe G, Muraoka O, Wu X. Practical Synthesis of Neoponkoranol and its Related Sulfonium Salt, an Optimised Protocol using Isopropylidene as an Effective Protecting Group. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL RESEARCH 2019. [DOI: 10.3184/174751913x13823645011477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dan Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, P.R. China
| | - Weijia Xie
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, P.R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, P.R. China
| | - Long Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, P.R. China
| | - Jinyi Xu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, P.R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, P.R. China
| | - Hequan Yao
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, P.R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, P.R. China
| | - Genzoh Tanabe
- School of Pharmacy, Kinki University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-osaka, Osaka 577-8502, Japan
| | - Osamu Muraoka
- School of Pharmacy, Kinki University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-osaka, Osaka 577-8502, Japan
| | - Xiaoming Wu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, P.R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, P.R. China
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Zhu F, Wang J, Takano H, Xu Z, Nishiwaki H, Yonekura L, Yang R, Tamura H. Rosmarinic acid and its ester derivatives for enhancing antibacterial, α-glucosidase inhibitory, and lipid accumulation suppression activities. J Food Biochem 2019; 43:e12719. [PMID: 31353663 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.12719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 10/07/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Rosmarinic acid (RA), commonly found in Nepetoidae subfamily of Lamiaceae family, possesses various biological activities. To expand its application, RA was modified by esterification with methyl (me), propyl (pro), and hexyl (hex) alcohols and then tested antibacterial, α-glucosidase inhibitory, and lipid accumulation suppression activities. Consequently, RA derivatives enhanced antibacterial activity, especially the RA-pro and RA-hex, which effectively inhibited the growth of Bacillus cereus rather than tannic acid, a natural antibacterial agent. RA-hex also inhibited α-glucosidase inhibitory activity greater than luteolin. By computational molecular docking, dihydroxyphenyl group and hexyl group were selected as essential groups for interaction with the active site of α-glucosidase through hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interaction, contributing to the great inhibitory activity. Furthermore, RA-pro and RA-hex effectively suppressed lipid accumulation of 3T3-L1 cells, superior to EGCG, a well-known anti-obesity phytochemical. These biological effects of RA derivatives commonly attributed to hydrophobicity, hydrogen bonding, and steric bulkiness of the side chain. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Rosmarinic acid (RA), a fundamental compound in the family Lamiaceae, is one of powerful naturally occurring antioxidants as well as other biological activities. Furthermore, its abundance in nature was also high in amount in the plant kingdom. So, natural RA can be one of possible natural resources for creating potent natural drugs and biologically useful substances after chemical modification. Studies on various biological activities may intensively expand usage and application of RA. In this study, RA was derivatized to corresponding ester such as methyl, propyl, and hexyl alcohols with higher hydrophobicity, and found great antibacterial, α-glucosidase inhibitory, and lipid accumulation suppression activities. RA-pro and RA-hex significantly suppressed lipid accumulation and cell differentiation. Therefore, RA derivatives with multiple biological activities have the potential to be applied in the food and pharmaceutical industries as food ingredients and supplements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengxian Zhu
- The Graduate School of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Japan
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Japan
| | - Jue Wang
- College of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hayato Takano
- The Graduate School of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Japan
| | - Zhongming Xu
- College of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hisashi Nishiwaki
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Japan
| | - Lina Yonekura
- The Graduate School of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Japan
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Japan
| | - Ronghua Yang
- College of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hirotoshi Tamura
- The Graduate School of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Japan
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Japan
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Zhen J, Dai Y, Villani T, Giurleo D, Simon JE, Wu Q. Synthesis of novel flavonoid alkaloids as α-glucosidase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2017; 25:5355-5364. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2017.07.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Revised: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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23
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Liu Z, Ma S. Recent Advances in Synthetic α-Glucosidase Inhibitors. ChemMedChem 2017; 12:819-829. [PMID: 28498640 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201700216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Revised: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyang Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry; Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education); School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Shandong University; 44 West Culture Road Jinan 250012 P.R. China
| | - Shutao Ma
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry; Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education); School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Shandong University; 44 West Culture Road Jinan 250012 P.R. China
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24
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Bagri P, Chester K, Khan W, Ahmad S. Aspects of extraction and biological evaluation of naturally occurring sugar-mimicking sulfonium-ion and their synthetic analogues as potent α-glucosidase inhibitors from Salacia: a review. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra02955a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
A review of the selective inhibitory activities of sulfonium compounds ofSalaciaagainst intestinal α-glucosidases, structural features important for effective inhibition and the toggling approach for controlling starch digestion and glucose release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Bagri
- School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research
- Bioactive Natural Product Laboratory
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry
- Jamia Hamdard
- New Delhi
| | | | - Washim Khan
- School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research
- Bioactive Natural Product Laboratory
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry
- Jamia Hamdard
- New Delhi
| | - Sayeed Ahmad
- School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research
- Bioactive Natural Product Laboratory
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry
- Jamia Hamdard
- New Delhi
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25
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Barakat A, Islam MS, Al-Majid AM, Ghabbour HA, Yousuf S, Ashraf M, Shaikh NN, Iqbal Choudhary M, Khalil R, Ul-Haq Z. Synthesis of pyrimidine-2,4,6-trione derivatives: Anti-oxidant, anti-cancer, α-glucosidase, β-glucuronidase inhibition and their molecular docking studies. Bioorg Chem 2016; 68:72-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2016.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2016] [Revised: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Tanabe G, Xie W, Balakishan G, Amer MFA, Tsutsui N, Takemura H, Nakamura S, Akaki J, Ninomiya K, Morikawa T, Nakanishi I, Muraoka O. Hydrophobic substituents increase the potency of salacinol, a potent α-glucosidase inhibitor from Ayurvedic traditional medicine 'Salacia'. Bioorg Med Chem 2016; 24:3705-15. [PMID: 27325449 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2016.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Revised: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Using an in silico method, seven analogs bearing hydrophobic substituents (8a: Me, 8b: Et, 8c: n-Pent, 8d: n-Hept, 8e: n-Tridec, 8f: isoBu and 8g: neoPent) at the 3'-O-position in salacinol (1), a highly potent natural α-glucosidase inhibitor from Ayurvedic traditional medicine 'Salacia', were designed and synthesized. In order to verify the computational SAR assessments, their α-glucosidase inhibitory activities were evaluated in vitro. All analogs (8a-8g) exhibited an equal or considerably higher level of inhibitory activity against rat small intestinal α-glucosidases compared with the original sulfonate (1), and were as potent as or higher in potency than the clinically used anti-diabetics, voglibose, acarbose or miglitol. Their activities against human maltase exhibited good relationships to the results obtained with enzymes of rat origin. Among the designed compounds, the one with a 3'-O-neopentyl moiety (8g) was most potent, with an approximately ten fold increase in activity against human maltase compared to 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genzoh Tanabe
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-osaka, Osaka 577-8502, Japan
| | - Weijia Xie
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjia Xiang, Nanjing, Jiang su 210009, PR China
| | - Gorre Balakishan
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Telangana University, Nizamabad 503322, Telangana State, India
| | - Mumen F A Amer
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Applied Science Private University, Al Arab St 21, Amman 11931, Jordan
| | - Nozomi Tsutsui
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-osaka, Osaka 577-8502, Japan
| | - Haruka Takemura
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-osaka, Osaka 577-8502, Japan
| | - Shinya Nakamura
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-osaka, Osaka 577-8502, Japan
| | - Junji Akaki
- Pharmaceutical Research and Technology Institute, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-osaka, Osaka 577-8502, Japan
| | - Kiyofumi Ninomiya
- Pharmaceutical Research and Technology Institute, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-osaka, Osaka 577-8502, Japan
| | - Toshio Morikawa
- Pharmaceutical Research and Technology Institute, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-osaka, Osaka 577-8502, Japan
| | - Isao Nakanishi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-osaka, Osaka 577-8502, Japan
| | - Osamu Muraoka
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-osaka, Osaka 577-8502, Japan; Pharmaceutical Research and Technology Institute, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-osaka, Osaka 577-8502, Japan.
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Oliveira FM, Coelho IEV, Lopes MD, Taranto AG, Junior MC, Santos LLD, Villar JAPF, Fonseca CT, Lopes DDO. The Use of Reverse Vaccinology and Molecular Modeling Associated with Cell Proliferation Stimulation Approach to Select Promiscuous Epitopes from Schistosoma mansoni. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2016; 179:1023-40. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-016-2048-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Liu D, He W, Wang Z, Liu L, Wang C, Zhang C, Wang C, Wang Y, Tanabe G, Muraoka O, Wu X, Wu L, Xie W. Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of 3′-benzylated analogs of 3′-epi-neoponkoranol as potent α-glucosidase inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 110:224-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Revised: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Improvement in Human Immune Function with Changes in Intestinal Microbiota by Salacia reticulata Extract Ingestion: A Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0142909. [PMID: 26630568 PMCID: PMC4667990 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0142909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Plants belonging to the genus Salacia in the Hippocrateaceae family are known to inhibit sugar absorption. In a previous study, administration of Salacia reticulata extract in rats altered the intestinal microbiota and increased expression of immune-relevant genes in small intestinal epithelial cells. This study aimed to investigate the effect of S. reticulata extract in human subjects by examining the gene expression profiles of blood cells, immunological indices, and intestinal microbiota. The results revealed an improvement in T-cell proliferation activity and some other immunological indices. In addition, the intestinal microbiota changed, with an increase in Bifidobacterium and a decrease in Clostridium bacteria. The expression levels of many immune-relevant genes were altered in blood cells. We concluded that S. reticulata extract ingestion in humans improved immune functions and changed the intestinal microbiota. TRIAL REGISTRATION UMIN Clinical Trials Registry UMIN000011732.
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Li X, Lü ZR, Wang W, Han XP, Yang JM, Park YD, Zhou HM, Sheng Q, Lee J. Effect of Ba2+ on the activity and structure of α-glucosidase: Inhibition kinetics and molecular dynamics simulation. Process Biochem 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2015.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Brás NF, Cerqueira NMFSA, Ramos MJ, Fernandes PA. Glycosidase inhibitors: a patent review (2008 – 2013). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2014; 24:857-74. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2014.916280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Liu D, Xie W, Liu L, Yao H, Xu J, Tanabe G, Muraoka O, Wu X. Synthetic study on neoponkoranol and its side chain epimer as potent α-glucosidase inhibitors, optimization of protecting group. Tetrahedron Lett 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2013.09.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Pandeya KB, Tripathi IP, Mishra MK, Dwivedi N, Pardhi Y, Kamal A, Gupta P, Dwivedi N, Mishra C. A Critical Review on Traditional Herbal Drugs: An Emerging Alternative Drug for Diabetes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.4236/ijoc.2013.31001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Role of the side chain stereochemistry in the α-glucosidase inhibitory activity of kotalanol, a potent natural α-glucosidase inhibitor. Part 2. Bioorg Med Chem 2012; 20:6321-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2012.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2012] [Revised: 09/01/2012] [Accepted: 09/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Tanabe G, Nakamura S, Tsutsui N, Balakishan G, Xie W, Tsuchiya S, Akaki J, Morikawa T, Ninomiya K, Nakanishi I, Yoshikawa M, Muraoka O. In silico design, synthesis and evaluation of 3′-O-benzylated analogs of salacinol, a potent α-glucosidase inhibitor isolated from an Ayurvedic traditional medicine “Salacia”. Chem Commun (Camb) 2012; 48:8646-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cc34144a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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36
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Nakamura S, Takahira K, Tanabe G, Muraoka O, Nakanishi I. Homology Modeling of Human Alpha-Glucosidase Catalytic Domains and SAR Study of Salacinol Derivatives. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.4236/ojmc.2012.23007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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37
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Tanabe G, Otani T, Cong W, Minematsu T, Ninomiya K, Yoshikawa M, Muraoka O. Biological evaluation of 3′-O-alkylated analogs of salacinol, the role of hydrophobic alkyl group at 3′ position in the side chain on the α-glucosidase inhibitory activity. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:3159-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.02.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2010] [Revised: 02/24/2011] [Accepted: 02/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Xie W, Tanabe G, Akaki J, Morikawa T, Ninomiya K, Minematsu T, Yoshikawa M, Wu X, Muraoka O. Isolation, structure identification and SAR studies on thiosugar sulfonium salts, neosalaprinol and neoponkoranol, as potent α-glucosidase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2011; 19:2015-22. [PMID: 21345683 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2011.01.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2010] [Revised: 01/24/2011] [Accepted: 01/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Two hitherto missing members of sulfonium salts family in Salacia genus plants as a new class of α-glucosidase inhibitors, neoponkoranol (7) and neosalaprinol (8), were isolated from the water extracts, and their structures were unambiguously identified. For further SAR studies on this series of sulfonium salts, several epimers of 7 and 8 were synthesized, and their inhibitory activities against rat small intestinal α-glucosidases were evaluated. Among them, 3'-epimer of 7 was found most potent in this class of molecules, and revealed as potent as currently used antidiabetics, voglibose and acarbose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijia Xie
- School of Pharmacy, Kinki University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-osaka, Osaka 577-8502, Japan
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Nakamura S, Zhang Y, Matsuda H, Ninomiya K, Muraoka O, Yoshikawa M. Chemical Structures and Hepatoprotective Effects of Constituents from the Leaves of Salacia chinensis. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2011; 59:1020-8. [PMID: 21804248 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.59.1020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Osamu Muraoka
- Pharmaceutical Research and Technology Institute, Kinki University
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