1
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Lenko I, Mamontov A, Alayrac C, Witulski B. Pallado-Catalyzed Cascade Synthesis of 2-Alkoxyquinolines from 1,3-Butadiynamides. Molecules 2024; 29:3505. [PMID: 39124910 PMCID: PMC11314358 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29153505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2024] [Revised: 07/23/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
A novel synthesis strategy to access 2-alkoxyquinoline derivatives via a palladium-driven cascade reaction is disclosed. Unlike classic methods based on the alkylation of 2-quinolones with alkyl halides, the present method benefits from the de novo assembly of the quinoline core starting from 1,3-butadiynamides. Palladium-catalyzed reaction cascades with N-(2-iodophenyl)-N-tosyl-1,3-butadiynamides and primary alcohols as external nucleophiles proceed under mild reaction conditions and selectively deliver a variety of differently functionalized 4-alkenyl 2-alkoxyquinolines in a single batch transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Carole Alayrac
- Laboratoire de Chimie Moléculaire et Thio-organique (LCMT), CNRS UMR 6507, ENSICAEN, Université de Caen, Normandie Univ, 6 Bd Maréchal Juin, 14050 Caen, France
| | - Bernhard Witulski
- Laboratoire de Chimie Moléculaire et Thio-organique (LCMT), CNRS UMR 6507, ENSICAEN, Université de Caen, Normandie Univ, 6 Bd Maréchal Juin, 14050 Caen, France
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2
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Chen J, Wang R, Xiong F, Sun H, Kemper B, Li W, Kemper J. Hammerhead-type FXR agonists induce an enhancer RNA Fincor that ameliorates nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in mice. eLife 2024; 13:RP91438. [PMID: 38619504 PMCID: PMC11018349 DOI: 10.7554/elife.91438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2024] Open
Abstract
The nuclear receptor, farnesoid X receptor (FXR/NR1H4), is increasingly recognized as a promising drug target for metabolic diseases, including nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Protein-coding genes regulated by FXR are well known, but whether FXR also acts through regulation of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), which vastly outnumber protein-coding genes, remains unknown. Utilizing RNA-seq and global run-on sequencing (GRO-seq) analyses in mouse liver, we found that FXR activation affects the expression of many RNA transcripts from chromatin regions bearing enhancer features. Among these we discovered a previously unannotated liver-enriched enhancer-derived lncRNA (eRNA), termed FXR-induced non-coding RNA (Fincor). We show that Fincor is specifically induced by the hammerhead-type FXR agonists, including GW4064 and tropifexor. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated liver-specific knockdown of Fincor in dietary NASH mice reduced the beneficial effects of tropifexor, an FXR agonist currently in clinical trials for NASH and primary biliary cholangitis (PBC), indicating that amelioration of liver fibrosis and inflammation in NASH treatment by tropifexor is mediated in part by Fincor. Overall, our findings highlight that pharmacological activation of FXR by hammerhead-type agonists induces a novel eRNA, Fincor, contributing to the amelioration of NASH in mice. Fincor may represent a new drug target for addressing metabolic disorders, including NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinjing Chen
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-ChampaignUrbanaUnited States
| | - Ruoyu Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science CenterHoustonUnited States
| | - Feng Xiong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science CenterHoustonUnited States
| | - Hao Sun
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-ChampaignUrbanaUnited States
| | - Byron Kemper
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-ChampaignUrbanaUnited States
| | - Wenbo Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science CenterHoustonUnited States
| | - Jongsook Kemper
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-ChampaignUrbanaUnited States
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3
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Chen J, Wang R, Xiong F, Sun H, Kemper B, Li W, Kemper JK. Hammerhead-type FXR agonists induce an eRNA FincoR that ameliorates nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in mice. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.11.20.567833. [PMID: 38045226 PMCID: PMC10690184 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.20.567833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
The nuclear receptor, Farnesoid X Receptor (FXR/NR1H4), is increasingly recognized as a promising drug target for metabolic diseases, including nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Protein coding genes regulated by FXR are well known, but whether FXR also acts through regulation of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), which vastly outnumber protein-coding genes, remains unknown. Utilizing RNA-seq and GRO-seq analyses in mouse liver, we found that FXR activation affects the expression of many RNA transcripts from chromatin regions bearing enhancer features. Among these we discovered a previously unannotated liver-enriched enhancer-derived lncRNA (eRNA), termed FincoR. We show that FincoR is specifically induced by the hammerhead-type FXR agonists, including GW4064 and tropifexor. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated liver-specific knockdown of FincoR in dietary NASH mice reduced the beneficial effects of tropifexor, an FXR agonist currently in clinical trials for NASH and primary biliary cholangitis (PBC), indicating that that amelioration of liver fibrosis and inflammation in NASH treatment by tropifexor is mediated in part by FincoR. Overall, our findings highlight that pharmacological activation of FXR by hammerhead-type agonists induces a novel eRNA, FincoR, contributing to the amelioration of NASH in mice. FincoR may represent a new drug target for addressing metabolic disorders, including NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinjing Chen
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Ruoyu Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Feng Xiong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Hao Sun
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Byron Kemper
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Wenbo Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jongsook Kim Kemper
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
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4
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Zhu Y, Zhang J, Min F, Yang X, Li L, Zhang Y, Hou X, Fang H. Design, Synthesis and Biological Evaluations of Novel Farnesoid X Receptor (FXR) Agonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2022; 76:128993. [PMID: 36130662 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2022.128993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
As a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily, the farnesoid X receptor (FXR) is a bile acid activated transcription factor. FXR is involved in many important metabolic processes and serves as a promising therapeutic target for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Since discovered, the first non-steroidal FXR agonist GW4064 has been widely used to explore the biological functions of FXR, however, the low pharmacokinetic limited its further clinical application. In current study, we designed a series of substituted isothiazoles as new FXR agonists. Among them, five compounds exhibited better FXR agonistic activity than GW4064. Specially, the most potent compound S5 possessed better pharmacokinetic profile and in vivo potency than lead compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanju Zhu
- Institute of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Shandong University, Wenhuaxi Road 44, Jinan 250012, China; KBP Biosciences, 401, Building 2, Jinan Pharm Valley, North Section of Gangxing Three Road, Jinan, Shandong, 250101, PR China
| | - Jay Zhang
- KBP Biosciences, 401, Building 2, Jinan Pharm Valley, North Section of Gangxing Three Road, Jinan, Shandong, 250101, PR China
| | - Feng Min
- High School Attached to Shandong Normal University, No.3 North Shanshi Street, Jinan 200514, China
| | - Xinying Yang
- Institute of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Shandong University, Wenhuaxi Road 44, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Li Li
- KBP Biosciences, 401, Building 2, Jinan Pharm Valley, North Section of Gangxing Three Road, Jinan, Shandong, 250101, PR China
| | - Yan Zhang
- KBP Biosciences, 401, Building 2, Jinan Pharm Valley, North Section of Gangxing Three Road, Jinan, Shandong, 250101, PR China
| | - Xuben Hou
- Institute of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Shandong University, Wenhuaxi Road 44, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Hao Fang
- Institute of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Shandong University, Wenhuaxi Road 44, Jinan 250012, China.
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5
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Tian SY, Chen SM, Pan CX, Li Y. FXR: structures, biology, and drug development for NASH and fibrosis diseases. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2022; 43:1120-1132. [PMID: 35217809 PMCID: PMC9061771 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-021-00849-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The nuclear receptor farnesoid-X-receptor (FXR) plays an essential role in bile acid, glucose, and lipid homeostasis. In the last two decades, several diseases, such as obesity, type 2 diabetes, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, cholestasis, and chronic inflammatory diseases of the liver and intestine, have been revealed to be associated with alterations in FXR functions. FXR has become a promising therapeutic drug target, particularly for enterohepatic diseases. Despite the large number of FXR modulators reported, only obeticholic acid (OCA) has been approved for primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) therapy as FXR modulator. In this review, we summarize the structure and function of FXR, the development of FXR modulators, and the structure-activity relationships of FXR modulators. Based on the structural analysis, we discuss potential strategies for developing future therapeutic FXR modulators to overcome current limitations, providing new perspectives for enterohepatic and metabolic diseases treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-yu Tian
- grid.12955.3a0000 0001 2264 7233The State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005 China
| | - Shu-ming Chen
- grid.12955.3a0000 0001 2264 7233The State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005 China
| | - Cheng-xi Pan
- grid.12955.3a0000 0001 2264 7233The State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005 China
| | - Yong Li
- The State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China.
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6
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Cao S, Yang X, Zhang Z, Wu J, Chi B, Chen H, Yu J, Feng S, Xu Y, Li J, Zhang Y, Wang X, Wang Y. Discovery of a tricyclic farnesoid X receptor agonist HEC96719, a clinical candidate for treatment of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 230:114089. [PMID: 34998040 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.114089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is becoming the most predominant burden of chronic liver disease worldwide. Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), the progressive form of NAFLD, can develop into cirrhosis and hepatocellular cancer. Unfortunately, current options for therapeutic treatment of NASH are very limited. Among multiple pathways in NASH, farnesoid X receptor (FXR), a nuclear bile acid receptor, is well-recognized as an important effective target. Here we report the synthesis and characterization of compound HEC96719 a novel tricyclic FXR agonist based on a prior high-affinity nonsteroidal molecule GW4064. HEC96719 exhibits excellent potency superior to GW4064 and obeticholic acid in in vitro and in vivo assays of FXR activation. It also shows higher FXR selectivity and more favorable tissue distribution dominantly in liver and intestine. Preclinical data on pharmacokinetic properties, efficacy, and safety profiles overall indicate that HEC96719 is a promising drug candidate for NASH treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengtian Cao
- Southern Medical University Biomedical Research Center, Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Liver Fibrosis, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Sunshine Lake Pharma Co Ltd, HEC Pharm Group, HEC Research and Development Center, Dongguan, Guangdong, China
| | - Xinye Yang
- Sunshine Lake Pharma Co Ltd, HEC Pharm Group, HEC Research and Development Center, Dongguan, Guangdong, China
| | - Zheng Zhang
- Sunshine Lake Pharma Co Ltd, HEC Pharm Group, HEC Research and Development Center, Dongguan, Guangdong, China
| | - Junwen Wu
- Sunshine Lake Pharma Co Ltd, HEC Pharm Group, HEC Research and Development Center, Dongguan, Guangdong, China
| | - Bo Chi
- Sunshine Lake Pharma Co Ltd, HEC Pharm Group, HEC Research and Development Center, Dongguan, Guangdong, China
| | - Hong Chen
- Sunshine Lake Pharma Co Ltd, HEC Pharm Group, HEC Research and Development Center, Dongguan, Guangdong, China
| | - Jianghong Yu
- Sunshine Lake Pharma Co Ltd, HEC Pharm Group, HEC Research and Development Center, Dongguan, Guangdong, China
| | - Shanshan Feng
- Sunshine Lake Pharma Co Ltd, HEC Pharm Group, HEC Research and Development Center, Dongguan, Guangdong, China
| | - Yulin Xu
- Sunshine Lake Pharma Co Ltd, HEC Pharm Group, HEC Research and Development Center, Dongguan, Guangdong, China
| | - Jing Li
- Sunshine Lake Pharma Co Ltd, HEC Pharm Group, HEC Research and Development Center, Dongguan, Guangdong, China
| | - Yingjun Zhang
- Sunshine Lake Pharma Co Ltd, HEC Pharm Group, HEC Research and Development Center, Dongguan, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaojun Wang
- Sunshine Lake Pharma Co Ltd, HEC Pharm Group, HEC Research and Development Center, Dongguan, Guangdong, China.
| | - Yan Wang
- Southern Medical University Biomedical Research Center, Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Liver Fibrosis, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
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7
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Zhang B, Kuipers F, de Boer JF, Kuivenhoven JA. Modulation of Bile Acid Metabolism to Improve Plasma Lipid and Lipoprotein Profiles. J Clin Med 2021; 11:jcm11010004. [PMID: 35011746 PMCID: PMC8745251 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11010004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
New drugs targeting bile acid metabolism are currently being evaluated in clinical studies for their potential to treat cholestatic liver diseases, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Changes in bile acid metabolism, however, translate into an alteration of plasma cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations, which may also affect cardiovascular outcomes in such patients. This review attempts to gain insight into this matter and improve our understanding of the interactions between bile acid and lipid metabolism. Bile acid sequestrants (BAS), which bind bile acids in the intestine and promote their faecal excretion, have long been used in the clinic to reduce LDL cholesterol and, thereby, atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) risk. However, BAS modestly but consistently increase plasma triglycerides, which is considered a causal risk factor for ASCVD. Like BAS, inhibitors of the apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporter (ASBTi’s) reduce intestinal bile acid absorption. ASBTi’s show effects that are quite similar to those obtained with BAS, which is anticipated when considering that accelerated faecal loss of bile acids is compensated by an increased hepatic synthesis of bile acids from cholesterol. Oppositely, treatment with farnesoid X receptor agonists, resulting in inhibition of bile acid synthesis, appears to be associated with increased LDL cholesterol. In conclusion, the increasing efforts to employ drugs that intervene in bile acid metabolism and signalling pathways for the treatment of metabolic diseases such as NAFLD warrants reinforcing interactions between the bile acid and lipid and lipoprotein research fields. This review may be considered as the first step in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boyan Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands; (B.Z.); (F.K.)
| | - Folkert Kuipers
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands; (B.Z.); (F.K.)
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Freark de Boer
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands; (B.Z.); (F.K.)
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
- Correspondence: (J.F.d.B.); (J.A.K.)
| | - Jan Albert Kuivenhoven
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands; (B.Z.); (F.K.)
- Correspondence: (J.F.d.B.); (J.A.K.)
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8
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Zhao S, Peng W, Li X, Wang L, Yin W, Wang YD, Hou R, Chen WD. Pharmacophore modeling and virtual screening studies for discovery of novel farnesoid X receptor (FXR) agonists. RSC Adv 2021; 11:2158-2166. [PMID: 35424145 PMCID: PMC8693749 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra09320c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) agonists would be considered as an important therapeutic strategy for several chronic liver and metabolic diseases. Here we have employed an integrated virtual screening by combining ligand-based pharmacophore mapping and molecular docking to identify novel nonsteroidal FXR agonists. Eighteen compounds were selected for in vitro FXR agonistic activity assay, and results showed five compounds exhibiting promising FXR agonistic activity. Among these compounds, compounds F4 and F17 were the most remarkable in vitro activity by using homogeneous time resolved fluorescence (HTRF) assay and the full-length FXR reporter gene assay in HepG2 cells. Real-time PCR assay was performed to measure the expression of FXR target genes. Compounds F4 and F17 increased small heterodimer partner (SHP), in turn, suppress mRNA levels of cholesterol 7-alpha-hydroxylase (CYP7A1). The obtained compounds F4 and F17 from this study may be potential leads for developing novel FXR agonists in the treatment of metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shizhen Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Receptors-Mediated Gene Regulation and Drug Discovery, People's Hospital of Hebi, School of Medicine, Henan University Henan China
| | - Wenjing Peng
- Key Laboratory of Receptors-Mediated Gene Regulation and Drug Discovery, People's Hospital of Hebi, School of Medicine, Henan University Henan China
| | - Xinping Li
- Key Laboratory of Receptors-Mediated Gene Regulation and Drug Discovery, People's Hospital of Hebi, School of Medicine, Henan University Henan China
| | - Le Wang
- Key Laboratory of Receptors-Mediated Gene Regulation and Drug Discovery, People's Hospital of Hebi, School of Medicine, Henan University Henan China
| | - Wenbo Yin
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District Shenyang 110016 PR China
| | - Yan-Dong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing China
| | - Ruifang Hou
- Key Laboratory of Receptors-Mediated Gene Regulation and Drug Discovery, People's Hospital of Hebi, School of Medicine, Henan University Henan China
| | - Wei-Dong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Receptors-Mediated Gene Regulation and Drug Discovery, People's Hospital of Hebi, School of Medicine, Henan University Henan China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, School of Basic Medical Science, Inner Mongolia Medical University Hohhot China
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9
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Li J, Liu M, Li Y, Sun DD, Shu Z, Tan Q, Guo S, Xie R, Gao L, Ru H, Zang Y, Liu H, Li J, Zhou Y. Discovery and Optimization of Non-bile Acid FXR Agonists as Preclinical Candidates for the Treatment of Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis. J Med Chem 2020; 63:12748-12772. [PMID: 32991173 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) plays a key role in bile acid homeostasis, inflammation, fibrosis, and metabolism of lipid and glucose and becomes a promising therapeutic target for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) or other FXR-dependent diseases. The phase III trial results of obeticholic acid demonstrate that the FXR agonists emerge as a promising intervention in patients with NASH and fibrosis, but this bile acid-derived FXR agonist brings severe pruritus and an elevated risk of cardiovascular disease for patients. Herein, we reported our efforts in the discovery of a series of non-bile acid FXR agonists, and 36 compounds were designed and synthesized based on the structure-based drug design and structural optimization strategies. Particularly, compound 42 is a highly potent and selective FXR agonist, along with good pharmacokinetic profiles, high liver distribution, and preferable in vivo efficacy, indicating that it is a potential candidate for the treatment of NASH or other FXR-dependent diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyou Li
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Mengqi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yazhou Li
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China.,School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210046, China
| | - Dan-Dan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Zhihao Shu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Qian Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Shimeng Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China.,School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210046, China
| | - Rongrong Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Lixin Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Hongbo Ru
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yi Zang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jia Li
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China.,Open Studio for Druggability Research of Marine Natural Products, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), 1 Wenhai Road, Aoshanwei, Jimo, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Yu Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
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10
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Lamers C, Merk D. Discovery, Structural Refinement and Therapeutic Potential of Farnesoid X Receptor Activators. ANTI-FIBROTIC DRUG DISCOVERY 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/9781788015783-00076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Farnesoid X receptor acts as bile acid sensing transcription factor and has been identified as valuable molecular drug target to treat severe liver disorders, such as non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Preclinical and clinical data indicate anti-fibrotic effects obtained with FXR activation that also appear promising for other fibrotic diseases beyond NASH. Strong efforts in FXR ligand discovery have yielded potent steroidal and non-steroidal FXR activators, some of which have been studied in clinical trials. While the structure–activity relationship of some FXR agonist frameworks have been studied extensively, the structural diversity of potent FXR activator chemotypes is still limited to a handful of well-studied compound classes. Together with safety concerns related to full therapeutic activation of FXR, this indicates the need for novel innovative FXR ligands with selective modulatory properties. This chapter evaluates FXR's value as drug target with emphasis on fibrotic diseases, analyses FXR ligand recognition and requirements and focuses on the discovery and structural refinement of leading FXR activator chemotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Lamers
- University Basel, Molecular Pharmacy Klingelberstr. 50 CH-4056 Basel Switzerland
| | - Daniel Merk
- Goethe University Frankfurt, Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry Max-von-Laue-Str. 9 D-60438 Frankfurt Germany
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4 CH-8093 Zurich Switzerland
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11
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van Zutphen T, Bertolini A, de Vries HD, Bloks VW, de Boer JF, Jonker JW, Kuipers F. Potential of Intestine-Selective FXR Modulation for Treatment of Metabolic Disease. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2019; 256:207-234. [PMID: 31236687 DOI: 10.1007/164_2019_233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Farnesoid X receptor controls bile acid metabolism, both in the liver and intestine. This potent nuclear receptor not only maintains homeostasis of its own ligands, i.e., bile acids, but also regulates glucose and lipid metabolism as well as the immune system. These findings have led to substantial interest for FXR as a therapeutic target and to the recent approval of an FXR agonist for treating primary biliary cholangitis as well as ongoing clinical trials for other liver diseases. Given that FXR biology is complex, including moderate expression in tissues outside of the enterohepatic circulation, temporal expression of isoforms, posttranscriptional modifications, and the existence of several other bile acid-responsive receptors such as TGR5, clinical application of FXR modulators warrants thorough understanding of its actions. Recent findings have demonstrated remarkable physiological effects of targeting FXR specifically in the intestine (iFXR), thereby avoiding systemic release of modulators. These include local effects such as improvement of intestinal barrier function and intestinal cholesterol turnover, as well as systemic effects such as improvements in glucose homeostasis, insulin sensitivity, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Intriguingly, metabolic improvements have been observed with both an iFXR agonist that leads to production of enteric Fgf15 and increased energy expenditure in adipose tissues and antagonists by reducing systemic ceramide levels and hepatic glucose production. Here we review the recent findings on the role of intestinal FXR and its targeting in metabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim van Zutphen
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Groningen, Faculty Campus Fryslân, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- University of Groningen, Leeuwarden, The Netherlands
| | - Anna Bertolini
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Groningen, Faculty Campus Fryslân, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hilde D de Vries
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Groningen, Faculty Campus Fryslân, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- University of Groningen, Leeuwarden, The Netherlands
| | - Vincent W Bloks
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Groningen, Faculty Campus Fryslân, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Freark de Boer
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Groningen, Faculty Campus Fryslân, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Johan W Jonker
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Groningen, Faculty Campus Fryslân, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Folkert Kuipers
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Groningen, Faculty Campus Fryslân, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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12
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Wang H, He Q, Wang G, Xu X, Hao H. FXR modulators for enterohepatic and metabolic diseases. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2018; 28:765-782. [PMID: 30259754 DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2018.1527906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Farnesoid X receptor (FXR), a nuclear receptor mainly expressed in enterohepatic tissues, is a master for bile acid, lipid and glucose homeostasis. Additionally, it acts as a cell protector with unclear mechanism but may be implicated in combating against inflammation, fibrosis and cancers. FXR is thus accepted as a promising target particularly for the enterohepatic diseases, and numerous FXR modulators have been patented and developed. AREAS COVERED This review provides an update on the development of FXR modulators for enterohepatic diseases and offers an in-depth perspective on new strategies for the development of novel FXR modulators. EXPERT OPINION Despite the development of numerous FXR modulators, which culminated in the successful launch of obeticholic acid (OCA), it remains a matter of debate on how the function of FXR should be exploited for therapeutic purposes. The improvement for obesity achieved by either FXR agonists or antagonists is still in confusion. Whether the side effect of pruritus induced by OCA could be exempted for non-steroidal FXR agonists needs further validation. Apart from the development of conventional FXR ligands, emerging evidence support that restoration of FXR protein level may represent a new strategy in targeting FXR for enterohepatic and metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Wang
- a State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , China
| | - Qingxian He
- a State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , China
| | - Guangji Wang
- a State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , China
| | - Xiaowei Xu
- a State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , China
| | - Haiping Hao
- a State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , China
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13
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Grygorenko OO, Biitseva AV, Zhersh S. Amino sulfonic acids, peptidosulfonamides and other related compounds. Tetrahedron 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2018.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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14
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Ferrigno A, Di Pasqua LG, Berardo C, Siciliano V, Rizzo V, Adorini L, Richelmi P, Vairetti M. The farnesoid X receptor agonist obeticholic acid upregulates biliary excretion of asymmetric dimethylarginine via MATE-1 during hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0191430. [PMID: 29346429 PMCID: PMC5773219 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0191430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We previously showed that increased asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) biliary excretion occurs during hepatic ischemia/reperfusion (I/R), prompting us to study the effects of the farnesoid X receptor (FXR) agonist obeticholic acid (OCA) on bile, serum and tissue levels of ADMA after I/R. Material and methods Male Wistar rats were orally administered 10mg/kg/day of OCA or vehicle for 5 days and were subjected to 60 min partial hepatic ischemia or sham-operated. After a 60 min reperfusion, serum, tissue and bile ADMA levels, liver mRNA and protein expression of ADMA transporters (CAT-1, CAT-2A, CAT-2B, OCT-1, MATE-1), and enzymes involved in ADMA synthesis (protein-arginine-N-methyltransferase-1, PRMT-1) and metabolism (dimethylarginine-dimethylaminohydrolase-1, DDAH-1) were measured. Results OCA administration induced a further increase in biliary ADMA levels both in sham and I/R groups, with no significant changes in hepatic ADMA content. A reduction in CAT-1, CAT-2A or CAT-2B transcripts was found in OCA-treated sham-operated rats compared with vehicle. Conversely, OCA administration did not change CAT-1, CAT-2A or CAT-2B expression, already reduced by I/R. However, a marked decrease in OCT-1 and increase in MATE-1 expression was observed. A similar trend occurred with protein expression. Conclusion The reduced mRNA expression of hepatic CAT transporters suggests that the increase in serum ADMA levels is probably due to decreased liver uptake of ADMA from the systemic circulation. Conversely, the mechanism involved in further increasing biliary ADMA levels in sham and I/R groups treated with OCA appears to be MATE-1-dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Ferrigno
- Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | | | - Clarissa Berardo
- Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Veronica Siciliano
- Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Vittoria Rizzo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, IRCCS San Matteo, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Luciano Adorini
- Intercept Pharmaceuticals, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Plinio Richelmi
- Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Mariapia Vairetti
- Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- * E-mail:
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Tully DC, Rucker PV, Chianelli D, Williams J, Vidal A, Alper PB, Mutnick D, Bursulaya B, Schmeits J, Wu X, Bao D, Zoll J, Kim Y, Groessl T, McNamara P, Seidel HM, Molteni V, Liu B, Phimister A, Joseph SB, Laffitte B. Discovery of Tropifexor (LJN452), a Highly Potent Non-bile Acid FXR Agonist for the Treatment of Cholestatic Liver Diseases and Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis (NASH). J Med Chem 2017; 60:9960-9973. [PMID: 29148806 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b00907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The farnesoid X receptor (FXR) is a nuclear receptor that acts as a master regulator of bile acid metabolism and signaling. Activation of FXR inhibits bile acid synthesis and increases bile acid conjugation, transport, and excretion, thereby protecting the liver from the harmful effects of bile accumulation, leading to considerable interest in FXR as a therapeutic target for the treatment of cholestasis and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. We identified a novel series of highly potent non-bile acid FXR agonists that introduce a bicyclic nortropine-substituted benzothiazole carboxylic acid moiety onto a trisubstituted isoxazole scaffold. Herein, we report the discovery of 1 (tropifexor, LJN452), a novel and highly potent agonist of FXR. Potent in vivo activity was demonstrated in rodent PD models by measuring the induction of FXR target genes in various tissues. Tropifexor has advanced into phase 2 human clinical trials in patients with NASH and PBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C Tully
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation , San Diego, California 92121, United States.,Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research , Emeryville, California 94608, United States
| | - Paul V Rucker
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation , San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Donatella Chianelli
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation , San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Jennifer Williams
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation , San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Agnès Vidal
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation , San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Phil B Alper
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation , San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Daniel Mutnick
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation , San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Badry Bursulaya
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation , San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - James Schmeits
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation , San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Xiangdong Wu
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation , San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Dingjiu Bao
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation , San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Jocelyn Zoll
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation , San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Young Kim
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation , San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Todd Groessl
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation , San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Peter McNamara
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation , San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - H Martin Seidel
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation , San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Valentina Molteni
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation , San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Bo Liu
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation , San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Andrew Phimister
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research , Emeryville, California 94608, United States
| | - Sean B Joseph
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation , San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Bryan Laffitte
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation , San Diego, California 92121, United States
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16
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de Boer JF, Schonewille M, Boesjes M, Wolters H, Bloks VW, Bos T, van Dijk TH, Jurdzinski A, Boverhof R, Wolters JC, Kuivenhoven JA, van Deursen JM, Oude Elferink RPJ, Moschetta A, Kremoser C, Verkade HJ, Kuipers F, Groen AK. Intestinal Farnesoid X Receptor Controls Transintestinal Cholesterol Excretion in Mice. Gastroenterology 2017; 152:1126-1138.e6. [PMID: 28065787 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2016.12.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Revised: 12/03/2016] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The role of the intestine in the maintenance of cholesterol homeostasis increasingly is recognized. Fecal excretion of cholesterol is the last step in the atheroprotective reverse cholesterol transport pathway, to which biliary and transintestinal cholesterol excretion (TICE) contribute. The mechanisms controlling the flux of cholesterol through the TICE pathway, however, are poorly understood. We aimed to identify mechanisms that regulate and stimulate TICE. METHODS We performed studies with C57Bl/6J mice, as well as with mice with intestine-specific knockout of the farnesoid X receptor (FXR), mice that express an FXR transgene specifically in the intestine, and ABCG8-knockout mice. Mice were fed a control diet or a diet supplemented with the FXR agonist PX20606, with or without the cholesterol absorption inhibitor ezetimibe. Some mice with intestine-specific knockout of FXR were given daily injections of fibroblast growth factor (FGF)19. To determine fractional cholesterol absorption, mice were given intravenous injections of cholesterol D5 and oral cholesterol D7. Mice were given 13C-acetate in drinking water for measurement of cholesterol synthesis. Bile cannulations were performed and biliary cholesterol secretion rates were assessed. In a separate set of experiments, bile ducts of male Wistar rats were exteriorized, allowing replacement of endogenous bile by a model bile. RESULTS In mice, we found TICE to be regulated by intestinal FXR via induction of its target gene Fgf15 (FGF19 in rats and human beings). Stimulation of this pathway caused mice to excrete up to 60% of their total cholesterol content each day. PX20606 and FGF19 each increased the ratio of muricholate:cholate in bile, inducing a more hydrophilic bile salt pool. The altered bile salt pool stimulated robust secretion of cholesterol into the intestinal lumen via the sterol-exporting heterodimer adenosine triphosphate binding cassette subfamily G member 5/8 (ABCG5/G8). Of note, the increase in TICE induced by PX20606 was independent of changes in cholesterol absorption. CONCLUSIONS Hydrophilicity of the bile salt pool, controlled by FXR and FGF15/19, is an important determinant of cholesterol removal via TICE. Strategies that alter bile salt pool composition might be developed for the prevention of cardiovascular disease. Transcript profiling: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/query/acc.cgi?token=irsrayeohfcntqx&acc=GSE74101.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Freark de Boer
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Marleen Schonewille
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marije Boesjes
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Henk Wolters
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Vincent W Bloks
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Trijnie Bos
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Theo H van Dijk
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Angelika Jurdzinski
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Renze Boverhof
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Justina C Wolters
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan A Kuivenhoven
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan M van Deursen
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Ronald P J Oude Elferink
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Antonio Moschetta
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Bari, IRCCS Istituto Tumori "Giovanni Paolo II," Bari, Italy
| | | | - Henkjan J Verkade
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Folkert Kuipers
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Albert K Groen
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Novel substituted isoxazole FXR agonists with cyclopropyl, hydroxycyclobutyl and hydroxyazetidinyl linkers: Understanding and improving key determinants of pharmacological properties. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:3746-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.05.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Revised: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Hambruch E, Kinzel O, Kremoser C. On the Pharmacology of Farnesoid X Receptor Agonists: Give me an “A”, Like in “Acid”. NUCLEAR RECEPTOR RESEARCH 2016. [DOI: 10.11131/2016/101207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Eva Hambruch
- Phenex Pharmaceuticals AG, Waldhofer Str. 104, 69123 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Olaf Kinzel
- Phenex Pharmaceuticals AG, Waldhofer Str. 104, 69123 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Claus Kremoser
- Phenex Pharmaceuticals AG, Waldhofer Str. 104, 69123 Heidelberg, Germany
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He K, Hu Y, Ma H, Zou Z, Xiao Y, Yang Y, Feng M, Li X, Ye X. Rhizoma Coptidis alkaloids alleviate hyperlipidemia in B6 mice by modulating gut microbiota and bile acid pathways. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2016; 1862:1696-709. [PMID: 27287254 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2016.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Revised: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
It is hypothesized that Rhizoma Coptidis (RC) alkaloids exert their hypolipidemic effects primarily by targeting the gastrointestinal tract and liver. Thus, this study was conducted to evaluate the antihyperlipidemic mechanisms of RC alkaloids (at a daily dose of 140mg/kg for 35days) in high-fat and high-cholesterol induced hyperlipidemic B6 mice. After treatment, serum lipid parameters were determined, the expression of lipid metabolism related genes and pathways such as the sterol regulatory element binding proteins (SREBPs) and bile acid signaling in mice were also investigated. Meanwhile, Illumina sequencing was used to investigate the differences in gut microbiota of B6 mice. The results indicated that RC alkaloids reduced the body weight gain and serum total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), total bile acids (TBA) and lipopolysaccharide of B6 mice. Liver fat deposition and epididymal adipose cell size were also deceased in therapy group. RC alkaloids feeding significantly promoted the abundance of Sporobacter termitidis, Alcaligenes faecalis, Akkermansia muciniphila in the gut of mice, whereas, the abundance of Escherichia coli, Desulfovibrio C21_c20, Parabacteroides distasonis was suppressed. The observed antihyperlipidemic effects of RC alkaloids can also be attributed to their action as agonists of FXR and TGR5, activators for SREBP2, LDLR, UCP2 and CYP7A1, inhibitors of HMGCR, TXNIP, TLR4 and JNK. Therefore, this study expands current knowledge on hypolipidemic mechanisms of RC alkaloids and presents new evidence supporting a key role for RC alkaloids as regulators of lipid homeostasis by modulation gut microbiota and hepatic lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai He
- Chongqing Productivity Promotion Center for the Modernization of Chinese Traditional Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China; Department of Clinical Laboratory, Hunan University of Medicine, Hunan 418000, China
| | - Yinran Hu
- Chongqing Productivity Promotion Center for the Modernization of Chinese Traditional Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Hang Ma
- Chongqing Productivity Promotion Center for the Modernization of Chinese Traditional Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Zongyao Zou
- Chongqing Productivity Promotion Center for the Modernization of Chinese Traditional Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Yubo Xiao
- Chongqing Productivity Promotion Center for the Modernization of Chinese Traditional Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Yong Yang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Hunan University of Medicine, Hunan 418000, China
| | - Min Feng
- Chongqing Productivity Promotion Center for the Modernization of Chinese Traditional Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Xuegang Li
- Chongqing Productivity Promotion Center for the Modernization of Chinese Traditional Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China.
| | - Xiaoli Ye
- School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
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Park J, Al-Hilal TA, Jeong JH, Choi JU, Byun Y. Design, Synthesis, and Therapeutic Evaluation of Poly(acrylic acid)-tetraDOCA Conjugate as a Bile Acid Transporter Inhibitor. Bioconjug Chem 2015; 26:1597-605. [PMID: 26086474 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.5b00230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Regulation of cholesterol and bile acid homeostasis has been attracting attention as a pharmaceutical target for the treatment of diseases, such as hypercholesterolaemia and type 2 diabetes. In recent years, small bile acid analogues have been developed for the purpose of apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporter (ASBT) inhibition. Here, we designed a novel hydrophilic ASBT inhibitor using oligomeric bile acid with a high affinity with ASBT. Polyacrylic acid-tetraDOCA conjugates (PATD) have the ability to bind to ASBT in order to induce hypocholesterolemic effects. Both the viability and the functionality of PATD were evaluated in vitro, showing that PATDs were effective in inhibiting the increases of cholesterol in the blood and oil in the liver induced by high fat diet (HFD). The results indicated that the newly developed biomaterials with oligomeric bile acids and a hydrophilic polymer are potent therapeutic agents for hyperlipidemia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Taslim A Al-Hilal
- ‡Center for Theragnosis, Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 136-791, South Korea
| | - Jee-Heon Jeong
- §College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 712-749, South Korea
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Sharma P, Liu RS. Cu-Catalyzed Aerobic Oxidative Cyclizations of 3-N-Hydroxyamino-1,2-propadienes with Alcohols, Thiols, and Amines To Form α-O-,S-, andN-Substituted 4-Methylquinoline Derivatives. Chemistry 2015; 21:4590-4. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201406317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Federico A, Zulli C, de Sio I, Del Prete A, Dallio M, Masarone M, Loguercio C. Focus on emerging drugs for the treatment of patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:16841-16857. [PMID: 25492998 PMCID: PMC4258554 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i45.16841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2014] [Revised: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has become the most common liver disorder in Western countries and is increasingly being recognized in developing nations. Fatty liver disease encompasses a spectrum of hepatic pathology, ranging from simple steatosis to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma and end-stage liver disease. Moreover, NAFLD is often associated with other metabolic conditions, such as diabetes mellitus type 2, dyslipidemia and visceral obesity. The most recent guidelines suggest the management and treatment of patients with NAFLD considering both the liver disease and the associated metabolic co-morbidities. Diet and physical exercise are considered the first line of treatment for patients with NAFLD, but their results on therapeutic efficacy are often contrasting. Behavior therapy is necessary most of the time to achieve a sufficient result. Pharmacological therapy includes a wide variety of classes of molecules with different therapeutic targets and, often, little evidence supporting the real efficacy. Despite the abundance of clinical trials, NAFLD therapy remains a challenge for the scientific community, and there are no licensed therapies for NAFLD. Urgently, new pharmacological approaches are needed. Here, we will focus on the challenges facing actual therapeutic strategies and the most recent investigated molecules.
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Deuschle U, Birkel M, Hambruch E, Hornberger M, Kinzel O, Perović-Ottstadt S, Schulz A, Hahn U, Burnet M, Kremoser C. The nuclear bile acid receptor FXR controls the liver derived tumor suppressor histidine-rich glycoprotein. Int J Cancer 2014; 136:2693-704. [PMID: 25363753 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.29312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The nuclear bile acid receptor Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) is strongly expressed in liver and intestine, controls bile acid and lipid homeostasis and exerts tumor-protective functions in liver and intestine. Histidine-rich glycoprotein (HRG) is an abundant plasma protein produced by the liver with the proposed function as a pattern recognition molecule involved in the clearance of immune complexes, necrotic cells and pathogens, the modulation of angiogenesis, the normalization of deranged endothelial vessel structure in tumors and tumor suppression. FXR recognition sequences were identified within a human HRG promoter fragment that mediated FXR/FXR-agonist dependent reporter gene activity in vitro. We show that HRG is a novel transcriptional target gene of FXR in human hepatoma cells, human upcyte® primary hepatocytes and 3D human liver microtissues in vitro and in mouse liver in vivo. Prolonged administration of the potent nonsteroidal FXR agonist PX20606 increases HRG levels in mouse plasma. Finally, daily oral administration of this FXR agonist for seven days resulted in a significant increase of HRG levels in the plasma of healthy human male volunteers during a clinical Phase I safety study. HRG might serve as a surrogate marker indicative of liver-specific FXR activation in future human clinical studies. Furthermore, potent FXR agonists might be beneficial in serious health conditions where HRG is reduced, for example, in hepatocellular carcinoma but also other solid cancers, liver failure, sepsis and pre-eclampsia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Deuschle
- Phenex Pharmaceuticals AG, Waldhofer Str. 104, 69123, Heidelberg, Germany
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24
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Baghdasaryan A, Chiba P, Trauner M. Clinical application of transcriptional activators of bile salt transporters. Mol Aspects Med 2014; 37:57-76. [PMID: 24333169 PMCID: PMC4045202 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2013.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2013] [Revised: 11/21/2013] [Accepted: 12/01/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hepatobiliary bile salt (BS) transporters are critical determinants of BS homeostasis controlling intracellular concentrations of BSs and their enterohepatic circulation. Genetic or acquired dysfunction of specific transport systems causes intrahepatic and systemic retention of potentially cytotoxic BSs, which, in high concentrations, may disturb integrity of cell membranes and subcellular organelles resulting in cell death, inflammation and fibrosis. Transcriptional regulation of canalicular BS efflux through bile salt export pump (BSEP), basolateral elimination through organic solute transporters alpha and beta (OSTα/OSTβ) as well as inhibition of hepatocellular BS uptake through basolateral Na(+)-taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide (NTCP) represent critical steps in protection from hepatocellular BS overload and can be targeted therapeutically. In this article, we review the potential clinical implications of the major BS transporters BSEP, OSTα/OSTβ and NTCP in the pathogenesis of hereditary and acquired cholestatic syndromes, provide an overview on transcriptional control of these transporters by the key regulatory nuclear receptors and discuss the potential therapeutic role of novel transcriptional activators of BS transporters in cholestasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Baghdasaryan
- Hans Popper Laboratory of Molecular Hepatology, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Laboratory of Experimental and Molecular Hepatology, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | - Peter Chiba
- Institute of Medical Chemistry, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Trauner
- Hans Popper Laboratory of Molecular Hepatology, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Austria.
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25
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Abstract
The intracellular nuclear receptor farnesoid X receptor and the transmembrane G protein-coupled receptor TGR5 respond to bile acids by activating transcriptional networks and/or signalling cascades. These cascades affect the expression of a great number of target genes relevant for bile acid, cholesterol, lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, as well as genes involved in inflammation, fibrosis and carcinogenesis. Pregnane X receptor, vitamin D receptor and constitutive androstane receptor are additional nuclear receptors that respond to bile acids, albeit to a more restricted set of species of bile acids. Recognition of dedicated bile acid receptors prompted the development of semi-synthetic bile acid analogues and nonsteroidal compounds that target these receptors. These agents hold promise to become a new class of drugs for the treatment of chronic liver disease, hepatocellular cancer and extrahepatic inflammatory and metabolic diseases. This Review discusses the relevant bile acid receptors, the new drugs that target bile acid signalling and their possible applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank G Schaap
- Department of Surgery, NUTRIM School of Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht University, PO Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Michael Trauner
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter L M Jansen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Academic Medical Centre, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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26
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Merk D, Steinhilber D, Schubert-Zsilavecz M. Characterizing ligands for farnesoid X receptor – availablein vitrotest systems for farnesoid X receptor modulator development. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2013; 9:27-37. [DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2014.860129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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27
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Abstract
NASH is a common liver disease that increases liver-related mortality and reduces survival. The need for optimal management of NASH is therefore a priority for today's practicing hepatologist. The rationale for specific pharmacological therapy for NASH is based on the potential for disease progression and the difficulties that many patients have successfully implementing, in the long term, diet and lifestyle changes. Even in those that succeed, limited evidence exists that severe liver injury in patients with NASH can be reversed by diet and lifestyle measures alone. This Review provides a personal and critical assessment of the histological efficacy and safety of agents tested in randomized trials in patients with NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vlad Ratziu
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Hôpital Pitié Salpêtrière, 47-83 Boulevard de l'Hôpital, CdR Saint-Antoine, Paris 75651, France.
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Asymmetric synthesis of the four diastereoisomers of a novel non-steroidal farnesoid X receptor (FXR) agonist: Role of the chirality on the biological activity. Bioorg Med Chem 2013; 21:3780-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2013.04.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Revised: 04/09/2013] [Accepted: 04/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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29
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Yu DD, Lin W, Chen T, Forman BM. Development of time resolved fluorescence resonance energy transfer-based assay for FXR antagonist discovery. Bioorg Med Chem 2013; 21:4266-78. [PMID: 23688559 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2013.04.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2013] [Revised: 04/17/2013] [Accepted: 04/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
FXR (farnesoid X receptor, NRIH4), a nuclear receptor, plays a major role in the control of cholesterol metabolism. FXR ligands have been investigated in preclinical studies for targeted therapy against metabolic diseases, but have shown limitations. Therefore, there is a need for new agonist or antagonist ligands of FXR, both for potential clinical applications, as well as to further elucidate its biological functions. Here we describe the use of the X-ray crystal structure of FXR complexed with the potent small molecule agonist GW4064 to design and synthesize a novel fluorescent, high-affinity probe (DY246) for time resolved fluorescence resonance energy transfer (TR-FRET) assays. We then used the TR-FRET assay for high throughput screening of a library of over 5000 bioactive compounds. From this library, we identified 13 compounds that act as putative FXR transcriptional antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donna D Yu
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA.
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30
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Hambruch E, Miyazaki-Anzai S, Hahn U, Matysik S, Boettcher A, Perović-Ottstadt S, Schlüter T, Kinzel O, Krol HD, Deuschle U, Burnet M, Levi M, Schmitz G, Miyazaki M, Kremoser C. Synthetic farnesoid X receptor agonists induce high-density lipoprotein-mediated transhepatic cholesterol efflux in mice and monkeys and prevent atherosclerosis in cholesteryl ester transfer protein transgenic low-density lipoprotein receptor (-/-) mice. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2012; 343:556-67. [PMID: 22918042 PMCID: PMC11047796 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.112.196519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2012] [Accepted: 08/22/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Farnesoid X receptor (FXR), a bile acid-activated nuclear hormone receptor, plays an important role in the regulation of cholesterol and more specifically high-density lipoprotein (HDL) homeostasis. Activation of FXR is reported to lead to both pro- and anti-atherosclerotic effects. In the present study we analyzed the impact of different FXR agonists on cholesterol homeostasis, plasma lipoprotein profiles, and transhepatic cholesterol efflux in C57BL/6J mice and cynomolgus monkeys and atherosclerosis development in cholesteryl ester transfer protein transgenic (CETPtg) low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) (-/-) mice. In C57BL/6J mice on a high-fat diet the synthetic FXR agonists isopropyl 3-(3,4-difluorobenzoyl)-1,1-dimethyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydroazepino[4,5-b]indole-5-carboxylate (FXR-450) and 4-[2-[2-chloro-4-[[5-cyclopropyl-3-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)-4-isoxazolyl]methoxy]phenyl]cyclopropyl]benzoic acid (PX20606) demonstrated potent plasma cholesterol-lowering activity that affected all lipoprotein species, whereas 3-[2-[2-chloro-4-[[3-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)-5-(1-methylethyl)-4-isoxazolyl]methoxy]phenyl]ethenyl]benzoic acid (GW4064) and 6-ethyl chenodeoxycholic acid (6-ECDCA) showed only limited effects. In FXR wild-type mice, but not FXR(-/-) mice, the more efficacious FXR agonists increased fecal cholesterol excretion and reduced intestinal cholesterol (re)uptake. In CETPtg-LDLR(-/-) mice PX20606 potently lowered total cholesterol and, despite the observed HDL cholesterol (HDLc) reduction, caused a highly significant decrease in atherosclerotic plaque size. In normolipidemic cynomolgus monkeys PX20606 and 6-ECDCA both reduced total cholesterol, and PX20606 specifically lowered HDL(2c) but not HDL(3c) or apolipoprotein A1. That pharmacological FXR activation specifically affects this cholesterol-rich HDL(2) subclass is a new and highly interesting finding and sheds new light on FXR-dependent HDLc lowering, which has been perceived as a major limitation for the clinical development of FXR agonists.
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FXR controls the tumor suppressor NDRG2 and FXR agonists reduce liver tumor growth and metastasis in an orthotopic mouse xenograft model. PLoS One 2012; 7:e43044. [PMID: 23056173 PMCID: PMC3467263 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0043044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2012] [Accepted: 07/16/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The farnesoid X receptor (FXR) is expressed predominantly in tissues exposed to high levels of bile acids and controls bile acid and lipid homeostasis. FXR−/− mice develop hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and show an increased prevalence for intestinal malignancies, suggesting a role of FXR as a tumor suppressor in enterohepatic tissues. The N-myc downstream-regulated gene 2 (NDRG2) has been recognized as a tumor suppressor gene, which is downregulated in human hepatocellular carcinoma, colorectal carcinoma and many other malignancies. We show reduced NDRG2 mRNA in livers of FXR−/− mice compared to wild type mice and both, FXR and NDRG2 mRNAs, are reduced in human HCC compared to normal liver. Gene reporter assays and Chromatin Immunoprecipitation data support that FXR directly controls NDRG2 transcription via IR1-type element(s) identified in the first introns of the human, mouse and rat NDRG2 genes. NDRG2 mRNA was induced by non-steroidal FXR agonists in livers of mice and the magnitude of induction of NDRG2 mRNA in three different human hepatoma cell lines was increased when ectopically expressing human FXR. Growth and metastasis of SK-Hep-1 cells was strongly reduced by non-steroidal FXR agonists in an orthotopic liver xenograft tumor model. Ectopic expression of FXR in SK-Hep1 cells reduced tumor growth and metastasis potential of corresponding cells and increased the anti-tumor efficacy of FXR agonists, which may be partly mediated via increased NDRG2 expression. FXR agonists may show a potential in the prevention and/or treatment of human hepatocellular carcinoma, a devastating malignancy with increasing prevalence and limited therapeutic options.
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32
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Sardella R, Marinozzi M, Ianni F, Lisanti A, Natalini B. Simultaneous diastereo- and enantioseparation of farnesoid X receptor (FXR) agonists with a quinine carbamate-based chiral stationary phase. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012; 405:847-62. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-6348-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2012] [Revised: 07/24/2012] [Accepted: 08/09/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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33
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Marinozzi M, Carotti A, Sansone E, Macchiarulo A, Rosatelli E, Sardella R, Natalini B, Rizzo G, Adorini L, Passeri D, De Franco F, Pruzanski M, Pellicciari R. Pyrazole[3,4-e][1,4]thiazepin-7-one derivatives as a novel class of Farnesoid X Receptor (FXR) agonists. Bioorg Med Chem 2012; 20:3429-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2012.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2012] [Revised: 04/02/2012] [Accepted: 04/07/2012] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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34
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Adorini L, Pruzanski M, Shapiro D. Farnesoid X receptor targeting to treat nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Drug Discov Today 2012; 17:988-97. [PMID: 22652341 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2012.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2012] [Revised: 04/11/2012] [Accepted: 05/21/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a highly prevalent chronic liver condition evolving in a proportion of patients into nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), an aggressive form of NAFLD associated with increased cardiovascular mortality and significant risk of progressive liver disease, including fibrosis, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. At present, no specific therapies for NASH exist. In this review, we examine the evidence supporting activation of the farnesoid X receptor (FXR), a nuclear hormone receptor regulated by bile acids (BAs), for the treatment of NASH. We also discuss the potential of the semi-synthetic BA derivative obeticholic acid (OCA), a first-in-class FXR agonist, as a safe and effective drug to address this significant unmet medical need.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciano Adorini
- Intercept Pharmaceuticals, 18 Desbrosses Street, New York, NY 10013, USA.
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35
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Medicinal chemistry of farnesoid X receptor ligands: from agonists and antagonists to modulators. Future Med Chem 2012; 4:1015-36. [DOI: 10.4155/fmc.12.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The nuclear receptor farnesoid X receptor (FXR) has emerged as a highly promising target in preclinical development in recent years. A significant amount of research has been conducted and, although none has reached clinical use, many synthetic ligands of FXR have been described. This review outlines the available knowledge regarding the medicinal chemistry and SAR of these FXR ligands, and discusses the molecular interactions of the compounds with the FXR ligand-binding domain by interpreting the existing co-crystal structures.
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36
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Porez G, Prawitt J, Gross B, Staels B. Bile acid receptors as targets for the treatment of dyslipidemia and cardiovascular disease. J Lipid Res 2012; 53:1723-37. [PMID: 22550135 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.r024794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Dyslipidemia is an important risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD) and atherosclerosis. When dyslipidemia coincides with other metabolic disorders such as obesity, hypertension, and glucose intolerance, defined as the metabolic syndrome (MS), individuals present an elevated risk to develop type 2 diabetes (T2D) as well as CVD. Because the MS epidemic represents a growing public health problem worldwide, the development of therapies remains a major challenge. Alterations of bile acid pool regulation in T2D have revealed a link between bile acid and metabolic homeostasis. The bile acid receptors farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and TGR5 both regulate lipid, glucose, and energy metabolism, rendering them potential pharmacological targets for MS therapy. This review discusses the mechanisms of metabolic regulation by FXR and TGR5 and the utility relevance of natural and synthetic modulators of FXR and TGR5 activity, including bile acid sequestrants, in the treatment of the MS.
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37
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Sepe V, Ummarino R, D'Auria MV, Chini MG, Bifulco G, Renga B, D'Amore C, Debitus C, Fiorucci S, Zampella A. Conicasterol E, a small heterodimer partner sparing farnesoid X receptor modulator endowed with a pregnane X receptor agonistic activity, from the marine sponge Theonella swinhoei. J Med Chem 2011; 55:84-93. [PMID: 22126372 DOI: 10.1021/jm201004p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We report the isolation and pharmacological characterization of conicasterol E isolated from the marine sponge Theonella swinhoei. Pharmacological characterization of this steroid in comparison to CDCA, a natural FXR ligand, and 6-ECDCA, a synthetic FXR agonist generated by an improved synthetic strategy, and rifaximin, a potent PXR agonist, demonstrated that conicasterol E is an FXR modulator endowed with PXR agonistic activity. Conicasterol E induces the expression of genes involved in bile acids detoxification without effect on the expression of small heterodimer partner (SHP), thus sparing the expression of genes involved in bile acids biosynthesis. The relative positioning in the ligand binding domain of FXR, explored through docking calculations, demonstrated a different spatial arrangement for conicasterol E and pointed to the presence of simultaneous and efficient interactions with the receptor. In summary, conicasterol E represents a FXR modulator and PXR agonist that might hold utility in treatment of liver disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Sepe
- Dipartimento di Chimica delle Sostanze Naturali, Università di Napoli "Federico II", Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy
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38
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Schuster D, Markt P, Grienke U, Mihaly-Bison J, Binder M, Noha SM, Rollinger JM, Stuppner H, Bochkov VN, Wolber G. Pharmacophore-based discovery of FXR agonists. Part I: Model development and experimental validation. Bioorg Med Chem 2011; 19:7168-80. [PMID: 22018919 PMCID: PMC3254253 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2011.09.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2011] [Revised: 09/26/2011] [Accepted: 09/28/2011] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The farnesoid X receptor (FXR) is involved in glucose and lipid metabolism regulation, which makes it an attractive target for the metabolic syndrome, dyslipidemia, atherosclerosis, and type 2 diabetes. In order to find novel FXR agonists, a structure-based pharmacophore model collection was developed and theoretically evaluated against virtual databases including the ChEMBL database. The most suitable models were used to screen the National Cancer Institute (NCI) database. Biological evaluation of virtual hits led to the discovery of a novel FXR agonist with a piperazine scaffold (compound 19) that shows comparable activity as the endogenous FXR agonist chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA, compound 2).
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Key Words
- 6-ecdca, 6-ethylchenodeoxycholic acid
- af, activation function
- bsep, bile salt export pump
- ca, cholic acid
- cdca, chenodeoxycholic acid
- dca, deoxycholic acid
- dmem, dulbecco’s modified eagle’s medium
- ef, enrichment factor
- fbs, fetal bovine serum
- fxr, farnesoid x receptor
- h-bond, hydrogen bond
- hek-293, human embryonic kidney-293
- ibabp, intestinal bile acid-binding protein
- lca, lithocholic acid
- lrh-1, liver receptor homolog 1
- lxr, liver x receptor
- nci, national cancer institute
- pdb, protein data bank
- rxr, 9-cis-retionic acid receptor
- sd file, structure-data file
- shp-1, small heterodimer partner 1
- wdi, world drug index
- farnesoid x receptor
- molecular modeling
- virtual screening
- lead identification
- fxr agonist
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Schuster
- Computer-Aided Molecular Design Group, Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck - CMBI, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 52c, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
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39
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Grienke U, Mihály-Bison J, Schuster D, Afonyushkin T, Binder M, Guan SH, Cheng CR, Wolber G, Stuppner H, Guo DA, Bochkov VN, Rollinger JM. Pharmacophore-based discovery of FXR-agonists. Part II: identification of bioactive triterpenes from Ganoderma lucidum. Bioorg Med Chem 2011; 19:6779-91. [PMID: 22014750 PMCID: PMC3254236 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2011.09.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2011] [Revised: 09/15/2011] [Accepted: 09/21/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The farnesoid X receptor (FXR) belonging to the metabolic subfamily of nuclear receptors is a ligand-induced transcriptional activator. Its central function is the physiological maintenance of bile acid homeostasis including the regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism. Accessible structural information about its ligand-binding domain renders FXR an attractive target for in silico approaches. Integrated to natural product research these computational tools assist to find novel bioactive compounds showing beneficial effects in prevention and treatment of, for example, the metabolic syndrome, dyslipidemia, atherosclerosis, and type 2 diabetes. Virtual screening experiments of our in-house Chinese Herbal Medicine database with structure-based pharmacophore models, previously generated and validated, revealed mainly lanostane-type triterpenes of the TCM fungus Ganoderma lucidum Karst. as putative FXR ligands. To verify the prediction of the in silico approach, two Ganoderma fruit body extracts and compounds isolated thereof were pharmacologically investigated. Pronounced FXR-inducing effects were observed for the extracts at a concentration of 100 μg/mL. Intriguingly, five lanostanes out of 25 secondary metabolites from G. lucidum, that is, ergosterol peroxide (2), lucidumol A (11), ganoderic acid TR (12), ganodermanontriol (13), and ganoderiol F (14), dose-dependently induced FXR in the low micromolar range in a reporter gene assay. To rationalize the binding interactions, additional pharmacophore profiling and molecular docking studies were performed, which allowed establishing a first structure-activity relationship of the investigated triterpenes.
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Key Words
- cdca, chenodeoxycholic acid
- chm, 3d structural database of chinese herbal medicine
- dmem, dulbecco’s modified eagle’s medium
- fbs, fetal bovine serum
- fxr, farnesoid x receptor
- hek-293, human embryonic kidney-293
- pdb, protein data bank
- rxr, 9-cis-retionic acid receptor
- shp-1, small heterodimer partner 1
- vh, virtual hit
- farnesoid x receptor
- ganoderma lucidum
- lanostane triterpenes
- ganoderic acids
- molecular modeling
- virtual screening
- natural products
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Grienke
- Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmacognosy and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 52c, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Judit Mihály-Bison
- Center of Biomolecular Medicine and Pharmacology, Department of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Medical University of Vienna, Schwarzspanierstraße 17, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniela Schuster
- Computer-Aided Molecular Design Group, Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 52c, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Taras Afonyushkin
- Center of Biomolecular Medicine and Pharmacology, Department of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Medical University of Vienna, Schwarzspanierstraße 17, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Markus Binder
- Center of Biomolecular Medicine and Pharmacology, Department of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Medical University of Vienna, Schwarzspanierstraße 17, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Shu-hong Guan
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Zhang Jiang Hi-Tech Park, Pudong, 201203 Shanghai, China
| | - Chun-ru Cheng
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Zhang Jiang Hi-Tech Park, Pudong, 201203 Shanghai, China
| | - Gerhard Wolber
- Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 2+4, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Hermann Stuppner
- Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmacognosy and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 52c, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - De-an Guo
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Zhang Jiang Hi-Tech Park, Pudong, 201203 Shanghai, China
| | - Valery N. Bochkov
- Center of Biomolecular Medicine and Pharmacology, Department of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Medical University of Vienna, Schwarzspanierstraße 17, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Judith M. Rollinger
- Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmacognosy and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 52c, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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40
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Conformationally constrained farnesoid X receptor (FXR) agonists: Alternative replacements of the stilbene. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:6154-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2011] [Revised: 08/01/2011] [Accepted: 08/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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41
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Meng Z, Liu N, Fu X, Wang X, Wang YD, Chen WD, Zhang L, Forman BM, Huang W. Insufficient bile acid signaling impairs liver repair in CYP27(-/-) mice. J Hepatol 2011; 55:885-95. [PMID: 21334403 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2010.12.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2010] [Revised: 12/17/2010] [Accepted: 12/18/2010] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Previous studies indicate that bile acids (BAs) promote normal liver regeneration and repair after injury. However, the impact of insufficient BA signaling, which is observed in patients with BA sequestrant medication or cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis (CTX) disease, on liver injury is still unknown. Our aim is to determine the outcomes of reduced BA levels upon liver injury. METHODS Seventy percent partial hepatectomy (PH) and carbon tetrachloride (CCl(4)) treatment were performed using CYP27(-/-) mice, a genetic animal model with low BA levels. The liver repair of CYP27(-/-) mice after the treatments was characterized by histological staining, chemical analysis, and quantitative real-time PCR. RESULTS CYP27(-/-) mice exhibited enhanced CCl(4)-induce liver injury, and defective liver regeneration and prolonged steatosis after 70% PH. Due to the insufficient BA signaling, farnesoid X receptor (FXR) activities were significantly reduced in CYP27(-/-) livers after 70% PH. Activation of FXR by either 0.2% cholic acid feeding or oral infusion of an FXR agonist greatly promoted liver regeneration in CYP27(-/-) mice. CONCLUSIONS Normal physiological levels of BAs are required for liver repair. Patients with BA sequestrant medications or CTX disease due to CYP27 gene mutations may have an increased risk of liver failure, and treatment with FXR ligands can promote liver regeneration of patients with low BA levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhipeng Meng
- Division of Gene Regulation and Drug Discovery, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
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Gioiello A, Macchiarulo A, Carotti A, Filipponi P, Costantino G, Rizzo G, Adorini L, Pellicciari R. Extending SAR of bile acids as FXR ligands: Discovery of 23-N-(carbocinnamyloxy)-3α,7α-dihydroxy-6α-ethyl-24-nor-5β-cholan-23-amine. Bioorg Med Chem 2011; 19:2650-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2011.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2011] [Revised: 02/28/2011] [Accepted: 03/03/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Conformationally constrained farnesoid X receptor (FXR) agonists: Heteroaryl replacements of the naphthalene. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:1206-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.12.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2010] [Revised: 12/15/2010] [Accepted: 12/16/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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