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Chianelli D, Rucker PV, Roland J, Tully DC, Nelson J, Liu X, Bursulaya B, Hernandez ED, Wu J, Prashad M, Schlama T, Liu Y, Chu A, Schmeits J, Huang DJ, Hill R, Bao D, Zoll J, Kim Y, Groessl T, McNamara P, Liu B, Richmond W, Sancho-Martinez I, Phimister A, Seidel HM, Badman MK, Joseph SB, Laffitte B, Molteni V. Nidufexor (LMB763), a Novel FXR Modulator for the Treatment of Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis. J Med Chem 2020; 63:3868-3880. [PMID: 31940200 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b01621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) agonists are emerging as important potential therapeutics for the treatment of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) patients, as they exert positive effects on multiple aspects of the disease. FXR agonists reduce lipid accumulation in the liver, hepatocellular inflammation, hepatic injury, and fibrosis. While there are currently no approved therapies for NASH, the bile acid-derived FXR agonist obeticholic acid (OCA; 6-ethyl chenodeoxycholic acid) has shown promise in clinical studies. Previously, we described the discovery of tropifexor (LJN452), the most potent non-bile acid FXR agonist currently in clinical investigation. Here, we report the discovery of a novel chemical series of non-bile acid FXR agonists based on a tricyclic dihydrochromenopyrazole core from which emerged nidufexor (LMB763), a compound with partial FXR agonistic activity in vitro and FXR-dependent gene modulation in vivo. Nidufexor has advanced to Phase 2 human clinical trials in patients with NASH and diabetic nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donatella Chianelli
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation (GNF), San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Paul V Rucker
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation (GNF), San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Jason Roland
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation (GNF), San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - David C Tully
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation (GNF), San Diego, California 92121, United States.,Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
| | - John Nelson
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation (GNF), San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Xiaodong Liu
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation (GNF), San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Badry Bursulaya
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation (GNF), San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Eloy D Hernandez
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation (GNF), San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Jane Wu
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation (GNF), San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Mahavir Prashad
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, East Hanover, New Jersey 07936, United States
| | | | - Yugang Liu
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, East Hanover, New Jersey 07936, United States
| | - Alan Chu
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation (GNF), San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - James Schmeits
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation (GNF), San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - David J Huang
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation (GNF), San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Robert Hill
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation (GNF), San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Dingjiu Bao
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation (GNF), San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Jocelyn Zoll
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation (GNF), San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Young Kim
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation (GNF), San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Todd Groessl
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation (GNF), San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Peter McNamara
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation (GNF), San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Bo Liu
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation (GNF), San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Wendy Richmond
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation (GNF), San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Ignacio Sancho-Martinez
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation (GNF), San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Andrew Phimister
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
| | - H Martin Seidel
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation (GNF), San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Michael K Badman
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Sean B Joseph
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation (GNF), San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Bryan Laffitte
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation (GNF), San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Valentina Molteni
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation (GNF), San Diego, California 92121, United States
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Abstract
This corrects the article DOI: 10.1038/nrd.2018.97.
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Tully DC, Rucker PV, Chianelli D, Williams J, Vidal A, Alper PB, Mutnick D, Bursulaya B, Schmeits J, Wu X, Bao D, Zoll J, Kim Y, Groessl T, McNamara P, Seidel HM, Molteni V, Liu B, Phimister A, Joseph SB, Laffitte B. Discovery of Tropifexor (LJN452), a Highly Potent Non-bile Acid FXR Agonist for the Treatment of Cholestatic Liver Diseases and Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis (NASH). J Med Chem 2017; 60:9960-9973. [PMID: 29148806 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b00907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The farnesoid X receptor (FXR) is a nuclear receptor that acts as a master regulator of bile acid metabolism and signaling. Activation of FXR inhibits bile acid synthesis and increases bile acid conjugation, transport, and excretion, thereby protecting the liver from the harmful effects of bile accumulation, leading to considerable interest in FXR as a therapeutic target for the treatment of cholestasis and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. We identified a novel series of highly potent non-bile acid FXR agonists that introduce a bicyclic nortropine-substituted benzothiazole carboxylic acid moiety onto a trisubstituted isoxazole scaffold. Herein, we report the discovery of 1 (tropifexor, LJN452), a novel and highly potent agonist of FXR. Potent in vivo activity was demonstrated in rodent PD models by measuring the induction of FXR target genes in various tissues. Tropifexor has advanced into phase 2 human clinical trials in patients with NASH and PBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C Tully
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation , San Diego, California 92121, United States.,Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research , Emeryville, California 94608, United States
| | - Paul V Rucker
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation , San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Donatella Chianelli
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation , San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Jennifer Williams
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation , San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Agnès Vidal
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation , San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Phil B Alper
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation , San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Daniel Mutnick
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation , San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Badry Bursulaya
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation , San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - James Schmeits
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation , San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Xiangdong Wu
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation , San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Dingjiu Bao
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation , San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Jocelyn Zoll
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation , San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Young Kim
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation , San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Todd Groessl
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation , San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Peter McNamara
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation , San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - H Martin Seidel
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation , San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Valentina Molteni
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation , San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Bo Liu
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation , San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Andrew Phimister
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research , Emeryville, California 94608, United States
| | - Sean B Joseph
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation , San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Bryan Laffitte
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation , San Diego, California 92121, United States
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Chen CW, Beyer C, Liu J, Maier C, Li C, Trinh-Minh T, Xu X, Cole SH, Hsieh MH, Ng N, Althage A, Meeusen S, Pan S, Svensson EC, Seidel HM, Schett G, Gergely P, Harris JL, Distler JHW. Pharmacological inhibition of porcupine induces regression of experimental skin fibrosis by targeting Wnt signalling. Ann Rheum Dis 2017; 76:773-778. [DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2016-210294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Revised: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
ObjectivesWnt signalling has been implicated in activating a fibrogenic programme in fibroblasts in systemic sclerosis (SSc). Porcupine is an O-acyltransferase required for secretion of Wnt proteins in mammals. Here, we aimed to evaluate the antifibrotic effects of pharmacological inhibition of porcupine in preclinical models of SSc.MethodsThe porcupine inhibitor GNF6231 was evaluated in the mouse models of bleomycin-induced skin fibrosis, in tight-skin-1 mice, in murine sclerodermatous chronic-graft-versus-host disease (cGvHD) and in fibrosis induced by a constitutively active transforming growth factor-β-receptor I.ResultsTreatment with pharmacologically relevant and well-tolerated doses of GNF6231 inhibited the activation of Wnt signalling in fibrotic murine skin. GNF6231 ameliorated skin fibrosis in all four models. Treatment with GNF6231 also reduced pulmonary fibrosis associated with murine cGvHD. Most importantly, GNF6231 prevented progression of fibrosis and showed evidence of reversal of established fibrosis.ConclusionsThese data suggest that targeting the Wnt pathway through inhibition of porcupine provides a potential therapeutic approach to fibrosis in SSc. This is of particular interest, as a close analogue of GNF6231 has already demonstrated robust pathway inhibition in humans and could be available for clinical trials.
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Cheng D, Liu J, Han D, Zhang G, Gao W, Hsieh MH, Ng N, Kasibhatla S, Tompkins C, Li J, Steffy A, Sun F, Li C, Seidel HM, Harris JL, Pan S. Discovery of Pyridinyl Acetamide Derivatives as Potent, Selective, and Orally Bioavailable Porcupine Inhibitors. ACS Med Chem Lett 2016; 7:676-80. [PMID: 27437076 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.6b00038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Blockade of aberrant Wnt signaling is an attractive therapeutic approach in multiple cancers. We developed and performed a cellular high-throughput screen for inhibitors of Wnt secretion and pathway activation. A lead structure (GNF-1331) was identified from the screen. Further studies identified the molecular target of GNF-1331 as Porcupine, a membrane bound O-acyl transferase. Structure-activity relationship studies led to the discovery of a novel series of potent and selective Porcupine inhibitors. Compound 19, GNF-6231, demonstrated excellent pathway inhibition and induced robust antitumor efficacy in a mouse MMTV-WNT1 xenograft tumor model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dai Cheng
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Jun Liu
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Dong Han
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Guobao Zhang
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Wenqi Gao
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Mindy H. Hsieh
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Nicholas Ng
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Shailaja Kasibhatla
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Celin Tompkins
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Jie Li
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Auzon Steffy
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Fangxian Sun
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Chun Li
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - H. Martin Seidel
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Jennifer L. Harris
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Shifeng Pan
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
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Larson CJ, Osburn DL, Schmitz K, Giampa L, Mong SM, Marschke K, Seidel HM, Rosen J, Negro-Vilar A. Peptide Binding Identifies an ERα Conformation That Generates Selective Activity in Multiple In Vitro Assays. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 10:590-8. [PMID: 16103420 DOI: 10.1177/1087057105275983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Drugs such as tamoxifen, which act at the estrogen receptor (ER), have very different in vitro and in vivo effects from those of the native hormone. Previous research has established that different ligands induce distinct conformational changes in the ER, thus affecting the interactions of the receptor with cell-specific coactivating or corepressing proteins (cofactors) and estrogen response elements (EREs), thus potentially driving differing biological effects. Affinity-selected peptides have been used to probe the conformational changes that occur within the ER upon binding various ligands. In this study, the authors characterize the ability of several peptides to be recruited to liganded ER under cellular conditions. Approximating ER conformation via recruitment of this peptide to the ER is concluded to be a better predictor of the agonist nature of an ER ligand under these different cellular contexts than is a canonical cotransfection transactivation assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Larson
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology and New Leads Discovery Ligand Pharmaceuticals, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
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7
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Pan S, Liu J, Cheng D, Han D, Zhang G, Hsieh M, Ng N, Li C, Kasibhatla S, McNamara P, Seidel HM, Harris J. Abstract IA35: Discovery of porcupine inhibitors targeting Wnt signaling in cancer. Cancer Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.fbcr15-ia35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Wnt signaling is tightly controlled during cellular proliferation, differentiation and embryonic morphogenesis. Aberrant activation of this pathway plays a critical role in a variety of cancers. Blockade of Wnt signaling is therefore an attractive therapeutic approach for anticancer therapy. In this presentation, we will discuss our approach to search for inhibitors of Wnt ligand secretion. We developed and performed a cellular high-throughput screen using a co-culture system. Lead structure (GNF-1331) was identified and further target elucidation revealed Porcupine, a membrane bound O-acyl transferase, as its molecular target. Further structure-activity relationship studies led to the discovery of WNT974, a potent and specific Porcupine inhibitor. Treatment of WNT974 leads to tumor regression in a Wnt dependent MMTV-Wnt1 mouse model at well tolerated doses. WNT974 is currently in Phase 1 clinical trials.
Citation Format: Shifeng Pan, Jun Liu, Dai Cheng, Dong Han, Guobao Zhang, Mindy Hsieh, Nicholas Ng, Chun Li, Shailaja Kasibhatla, Peter McNamara, H. Martin Seidel, Jennifer Harris. Discovery of porcupine inhibitors targeting Wnt signaling in cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Fourth AACR International Conference on Frontiers in Basic Cancer Research; 2015 Oct 23-26; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(3 Suppl):Abstract nr IA35.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shifeng Pan
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA
| | - Jun Liu
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA
| | - Dai Cheng
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA
| | - Dong Han
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA
| | - Guobao Zhang
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA
| | - Mindy Hsieh
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA
| | - Nicholas Ng
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA
| | - Chun Li
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA
| | | | - Peter McNamara
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA
| | - H. Martin Seidel
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA
| | - Jennifer Harris
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA
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8
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Shen W, Taylor B, Jin Q, Nguyen-Tran V, Meeusen S, Zhang YQ, Kamireddy A, Swafford A, Powers AF, Walker J, Lamb J, Bursalaya B, DiDonato M, Harb G, Qiu M, Filippi CM, Deaton L, Turk CN, Suarez-Pinzon WL, Liu Y, Hao X, Mo T, Yan S, Li J, Herman AE, Hering BJ, Wu T, Martin Seidel H, McNamara P, Glynne R, Laffitte B. Inhibition of DYRK1A and GSK3B induces human β-cell proliferation. Nat Commun 2015; 6:8372. [PMID: 26496802 PMCID: PMC4639830 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Insufficient pancreatic β-cell mass or function results in diabetes mellitus. While significant progress has been made in regulating insulin secretion from β-cells in diabetic patients, no pharmacological agents have been described that increase β-cell replication in humans. Here we report aminopyrazine compounds that stimulate robust β-cell proliferation in adult primary islets, most likely as a result of combined inhibition of DYRK1A and GSK3B. Aminopyrazine-treated human islets retain functionality in vitro and after transplantation into diabetic mice. Oral dosing of these compounds in diabetic mice induces β-cell proliferation, increases β-cell mass and insulin content, and improves glycaemic control. Biochemical, genetic and cell biology data point to Dyrk1a as the key molecular target. This study supports the feasibility of treating diabetes with an oral therapy to restore β-cell mass, and highlights a tractable pathway for future drug discovery efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijun Shen
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, USA
| | - Brandon Taylor
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, USA
| | - Qihui Jin
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, USA
| | - Van Nguyen-Tran
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, USA
| | - Shelly Meeusen
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, USA
| | - You-Qing Zhang
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, USA
| | - Anwesh Kamireddy
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, USA
| | - Austin Swafford
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, USA
| | - Andrew F. Powers
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, USA
| | - John Walker
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, USA
| | - John Lamb
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, USA
| | - Badry Bursalaya
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, USA
| | - Michael DiDonato
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, USA
| | - George Harb
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, USA
| | - Minhua Qiu
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, USA
| | - Christophe M. Filippi
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, USA
| | - Lisa Deaton
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, USA
| | - Carolina N. Turk
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, USA
| | - Wilma L. Suarez-Pinzon
- Department of Surgery and Schulze Diabetes Institute, University of Minnesota, 420 Delaware Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - Yahu Liu
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, USA
| | - Xueshi Hao
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, USA
| | - Tingting Mo
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, USA
| | - Shanshan Yan
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, USA
| | - Jing Li
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, USA
| | - Ann E. Herman
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, USA
| | - Bernhard J. Hering
- Department of Surgery and Schulze Diabetes Institute, University of Minnesota, 420 Delaware Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - Tom Wu
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, USA
| | - H. Martin Seidel
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, USA
| | - Peter McNamara
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, USA
| | - Richard Glynne
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, USA
| | - Bryan Laffitte
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, USA
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9
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Miller AT, Dahlberg C, Sandberg ML, Wen BG, Beisner DR, Hoerter JAH, Parker A, Schmedt C, Stinson M, Avis J, Cienfuegos C, McPate M, Tranter P, Gosling M, Groot-Kormelink PJ, Dawson J, Pan S, Tian SS, Seidel HM, Cooke MP. Inhibition of the Inositol Kinase Itpkb Augments Calcium Signaling in Lymphocytes and Reveals a Novel Strategy to Treat Autoimmune Disease. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0131071. [PMID: 26121493 PMCID: PMC4488288 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0131071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Emerging approaches to treat immune disorders target positive regulatory kinases downstream of antigen receptors with small molecule inhibitors. Here we provide evidence for an alternative approach in which inhibition of the negative regulatory inositol kinase Itpkb in mature T lymphocytes results in enhanced intracellular calcium levels following antigen receptor activation leading to T cell death. Using Itpkb conditional knockout mice and LMW Itpkb inhibitors these studies reveal that Itpkb through its product IP4 inhibits the Orai1/Stim1 calcium channel on lymphocytes. Pharmacological inhibition or genetic deletion of Itpkb results in elevated intracellular Ca2+ and induction of FasL and Bim resulting in T cell apoptosis. Deletion of Itpkb or treatment with Itpkb inhibitors blocks T-cell dependent antibody responses in vivo and prevents T cell driven arthritis in rats. These data identify Itpkb as an essential mediator of T cell activation and suggest Itpkb inhibition as a novel approach to treat autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew T. Miller
- The Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation (GNF), San Diego, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Carol Dahlberg
- The Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation (GNF), San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Mark L. Sandberg
- The Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation (GNF), San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Ben G. Wen
- The Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation (GNF), San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Daniel R. Beisner
- The Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation (GNF), San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - John A. H. Hoerter
- The Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation (GNF), San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Albert Parker
- The Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation (GNF), San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Christian Schmedt
- The Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation (GNF), San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Monique Stinson
- The Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation (GNF), San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Jacqueline Avis
- The Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation (GNF), San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Cynthia Cienfuegos
- The Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation (GNF), San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Mark McPate
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals UK Limited, Respiratory Disease Area, Horsham, West Sussex, United Kingdom
| | - Pamela Tranter
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals UK Limited, Respiratory Disease Area, Horsham, West Sussex, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Gosling
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals UK Limited, Respiratory Disease Area, Horsham, West Sussex, United Kingdom
| | - Paul J. Groot-Kormelink
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Musculoskeletal Disease Area, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Janet Dawson
- Novartis Pharma AG, Novartis Institutes for Biomed. Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Shifeng Pan
- The Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation (GNF), San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Shin-Shay Tian
- The Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation (GNF), San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - H. Martin Seidel
- The Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation (GNF), San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Michael P. Cooke
- The Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation (GNF), San Diego, California, United States of America
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10
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Choi HS, Rucker PV, Wang Z, Fan Y, Albaugh P, Chopiuk G, Gessier F, Sun F, Adrian F, Liu G, Hood T, Li N, Jia Y, Che J, McCormack S, Li A, Li J, Steffy A, Culazzo A, Tompkins C, Phung V, Kreusch A, Lu M, Hu B, Chaudhary A, Prashad M, Tuntland T, Liu B, Harris J, Seidel HM, Loren J, Molteni V. (R)-2-Phenylpyrrolidine Substituted Imidazopyridazines: A New Class of Potent and Selective Pan-TRK Inhibitors. ACS Med Chem Lett 2015; 6:562-7. [PMID: 26005534 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.5b00050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Deregulated kinase activities of tropomyosin receptor kinase (TRK) family members have been shown to be associated with tumorigenesis and poor prognosis in a variety of cancer types. In particular, several chromosomal rearrangements involving TRKA have been reported in colorectal, papillary thyroid, glioblastoma, melanoma, and lung tissue that are believed to be the key oncogenic driver in these tumors. By screening the Novartis compound collection, a novel imidazopyridazine TRK inhibitor was identified that served as a launching point for drug optimization. Structure guided drug design led to the identification of (R)-2-phenylpyrrolidine substituted imidazopyridazines as a series of potent, selective, orally bioavailable pan-TRK inhibitors achieving tumor regression in rats bearing KM12 xenografts. From this work the (R)-2-phenylpyrrolidine has emerged as an ideal moiety to incorporate in bicyclic TRK inhibitors by virtue of its shape complementarity to the hydrophobic pocket of TRKs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ha-Soon Choi
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Paul V. Rucker
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Zhicheng Wang
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Yi Fan
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Pamela Albaugh
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Greg Chopiuk
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Francois Gessier
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Fangxian Sun
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Francisco Adrian
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Guoxun Liu
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Tami Hood
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Nanxin Li
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Yong Jia
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Jianwei Che
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Susan McCormack
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Allen Li
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Jie Li
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Auzon Steffy
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - AnneMarie Culazzo
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Celine Tompkins
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Van Phung
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Andreas Kreusch
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Min Lu
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Bin Hu
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Apurva Chaudhary
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Mahavir Prashad
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Tove Tuntland
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Bo Liu
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Jennifer Harris
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - H. Martin Seidel
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Jon Loren
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Valentina Molteni
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
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11
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Azimioara M, Alper P, Cow C, Mutnick D, Nikulin V, Lelais G, Mecom J, McNeill M, Michellys PY, Wang Z, Reding E, Paliotti M, Li J, Bao D, Zoll J, Kim Y, Zimmerman M, Groessl T, Tuntland T, Joseph SB, McNamara P, Seidel HM, Epple R. Novel tricyclic pyrazolopyrimidines as potent and selective GPR119 agonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:5478-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Revised: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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12
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Alper P, Azimioara M, Cow C, Mutnick D, Nikulin V, Michellys PY, Wang Z, Reding E, Paliotti M, Li J, Bao D, Zoll J, Kim Y, Zimmerman M, Groessel T, Tuntland T, Joseph SB, McNamara P, Seidel HM, Epple R. Discovery of structurally novel, potent and orally efficacious GPR119 agonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:2383-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Revised: 03/06/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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13
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Phillips DP, Gao W, Yang Y, Zhang G, Lerario IK, Lau TL, Jiang J, Wang X, Nguyen DG, Bhat BG, Trotter C, Sullivan H, Welzel G, Landry J, Chen Y, Joseph SB, Li C, Gordon WP, Richmond W, Johnson K, Bretz A, Bursulaya B, Pan S, McNamara P, Seidel HM. Discovery of Trifluoromethyl(pyrimidin-2-yl)azetidine-2-carboxamides as Potent, Orally Bioavailable TGR5 (GPBAR1) Agonists: Structure–Activity Relationships, Lead Optimization, and Chronic In Vivo Efficacy. J Med Chem 2014; 57:3263-82. [DOI: 10.1021/jm401731q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dean P. Phillips
- Departments of †Medicinal
Chemistry, ‡Drug Discovery Biology, §Pharmacology, ∥Pharmacokinetics, and ⊥Structural Biology, Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Wenqi Gao
- Departments of †Medicinal
Chemistry, ‡Drug Discovery Biology, §Pharmacology, ∥Pharmacokinetics, and ⊥Structural Biology, Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Yang Yang
- Departments of †Medicinal
Chemistry, ‡Drug Discovery Biology, §Pharmacology, ∥Pharmacokinetics, and ⊥Structural Biology, Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Guobao Zhang
- Departments of †Medicinal
Chemistry, ‡Drug Discovery Biology, §Pharmacology, ∥Pharmacokinetics, and ⊥Structural Biology, Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Isabelle K. Lerario
- Departments of †Medicinal
Chemistry, ‡Drug Discovery Biology, §Pharmacology, ∥Pharmacokinetics, and ⊥Structural Biology, Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Thomas L. Lau
- Departments of †Medicinal
Chemistry, ‡Drug Discovery Biology, §Pharmacology, ∥Pharmacokinetics, and ⊥Structural Biology, Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Jiqing Jiang
- Departments of †Medicinal
Chemistry, ‡Drug Discovery Biology, §Pharmacology, ∥Pharmacokinetics, and ⊥Structural Biology, Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Xia Wang
- Departments of †Medicinal
Chemistry, ‡Drug Discovery Biology, §Pharmacology, ∥Pharmacokinetics, and ⊥Structural Biology, Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Deborah G. Nguyen
- Departments of †Medicinal
Chemistry, ‡Drug Discovery Biology, §Pharmacology, ∥Pharmacokinetics, and ⊥Structural Biology, Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - B. Ganesh Bhat
- Departments of †Medicinal
Chemistry, ‡Drug Discovery Biology, §Pharmacology, ∥Pharmacokinetics, and ⊥Structural Biology, Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Carol Trotter
- Departments of †Medicinal
Chemistry, ‡Drug Discovery Biology, §Pharmacology, ∥Pharmacokinetics, and ⊥Structural Biology, Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Heather Sullivan
- Departments of †Medicinal
Chemistry, ‡Drug Discovery Biology, §Pharmacology, ∥Pharmacokinetics, and ⊥Structural Biology, Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Gustav Welzel
- Departments of †Medicinal
Chemistry, ‡Drug Discovery Biology, §Pharmacology, ∥Pharmacokinetics, and ⊥Structural Biology, Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Jannine Landry
- Departments of †Medicinal
Chemistry, ‡Drug Discovery Biology, §Pharmacology, ∥Pharmacokinetics, and ⊥Structural Biology, Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Yali Chen
- Departments of †Medicinal
Chemistry, ‡Drug Discovery Biology, §Pharmacology, ∥Pharmacokinetics, and ⊥Structural Biology, Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Sean B. Joseph
- Departments of †Medicinal
Chemistry, ‡Drug Discovery Biology, §Pharmacology, ∥Pharmacokinetics, and ⊥Structural Biology, Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Chun Li
- Departments of †Medicinal
Chemistry, ‡Drug Discovery Biology, §Pharmacology, ∥Pharmacokinetics, and ⊥Structural Biology, Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - W. Perry Gordon
- Departments of †Medicinal
Chemistry, ‡Drug Discovery Biology, §Pharmacology, ∥Pharmacokinetics, and ⊥Structural Biology, Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Wendy Richmond
- Departments of †Medicinal
Chemistry, ‡Drug Discovery Biology, §Pharmacology, ∥Pharmacokinetics, and ⊥Structural Biology, Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Kevin Johnson
- Departments of †Medicinal
Chemistry, ‡Drug Discovery Biology, §Pharmacology, ∥Pharmacokinetics, and ⊥Structural Biology, Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Angela Bretz
- Departments of †Medicinal
Chemistry, ‡Drug Discovery Biology, §Pharmacology, ∥Pharmacokinetics, and ⊥Structural Biology, Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Badry Bursulaya
- Departments of †Medicinal
Chemistry, ‡Drug Discovery Biology, §Pharmacology, ∥Pharmacokinetics, and ⊥Structural Biology, Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Shifeng Pan
- Departments of †Medicinal
Chemistry, ‡Drug Discovery Biology, §Pharmacology, ∥Pharmacokinetics, and ⊥Structural Biology, Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Peter McNamara
- Departments of †Medicinal
Chemistry, ‡Drug Discovery Biology, §Pharmacology, ∥Pharmacokinetics, and ⊥Structural Biology, Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - H. Martin Seidel
- Departments of †Medicinal
Chemistry, ‡Drug Discovery Biology, §Pharmacology, ∥Pharmacokinetics, and ⊥Structural Biology, Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
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14
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Marsilje TH, Pei W, Chen B, Lu W, Uno T, Jin Y, Jiang T, Kim S, Li N, Warmuth M, Sarkisova Y, Sun F, Steffy A, Pferdekamper AC, Li AG, Joseph SB, Kim Y, Liu B, Tuntland T, Cui X, Gray NS, Steensma R, Wan Y, Jiang J, Chopiuk G, Li J, Gordon WP, Richmond W, Johnson K, Chang J, Groessl T, He YQ, Phimister A, Aycinena A, Lee CC, Bursulaya B, Karanewsky DS, Seidel HM, Harris JL, Michellys PY. Synthesis, Structure–Activity Relationships, and in Vivo Efficacy of the Novel Potent and Selective Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase (ALK) Inhibitor 5-Chloro-N2-(2-isopropoxy-5-methyl-4-(piperidin-4-yl)phenyl)-N4-(2-(isopropylsulfonyl)phenyl)pyrimidine-2,4-diamine (LDK378) Currently in Phase 1 and Phase 2 Clinical Trials. J Med Chem 2013; 56:5675-90. [DOI: 10.1021/jm400402q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 319] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas H. Marsilje
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675
John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Wei Pei
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675
John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Bei Chen
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675
John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Wenshuo Lu
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675
John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Tetsuo Uno
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675
John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Yunho Jin
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675
John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Tao Jiang
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675
John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Sungjoon Kim
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675
John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Nanxin Li
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675
John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Markus Warmuth
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675
John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Yelena Sarkisova
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675
John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Frank Sun
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675
John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Auzon Steffy
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675
John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - AnneMarie C. Pferdekamper
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675
John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Allen G. Li
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675
John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Sean B. Joseph
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675
John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Young Kim
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675
John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Bo Liu
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675
John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Tove Tuntland
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675
John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Xiaoming Cui
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675
John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Nathanael S. Gray
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675
John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Ruo Steensma
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675
John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Yongqin Wan
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675
John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Jiqing Jiang
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675
John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Greg Chopiuk
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675
John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Jie Li
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675
John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - W. Perry Gordon
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675
John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Wendy Richmond
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675
John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Kevin Johnson
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675
John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Jonathan Chang
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675
John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Todd Groessl
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675
John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - You-Qun He
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675
John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Andrew Phimister
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675
John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Alex Aycinena
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675
John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Christian C. Lee
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675
John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Badry Bursulaya
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675
John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Donald S. Karanewsky
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675
John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - H. Martin Seidel
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675
John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Jennifer L. Harris
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675
John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Pierre-Yves Michellys
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675
John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
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15
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Miller A, Dahlberg C, Wen B, Sandberg M, Beisner D, Parker A, Schmedt C, Stinson M, McPate M, Tranter P, Groot-Kormelink P, Gosling M, Dawson-King J, Pan S, Tian SS, Seidel HM, Cooke M. Novel LMW inhibitors of ITPKb block autoimmune disease by promoting calcium-induced T lymphocyte death (P5165). The Journal of Immunology 2013. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.190.supp.68.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Lymphocyte antigen receptor-mediated production of Ins(1,4,5)P3 induces the release of Ca2+ from intracellular stores, resulting in the opening of store-operated Ca2+ (SOC) channels. Mice deficient in inositol(1,4,5)P3-3 kinase B (ITPKb), which converts inositol(1,4,5)P3 (IP3) to inositol(1,3,4,5)P4 (IP4), exhibit a complete block in T cell positive selection. Previous studies demonstrated that IP4 is an inhibitor of SOC channels. To understand the role of ITPKb in mature peripheral lymphocytes, inducible ITPKb-/- mice were generated. Deletion of ITPKb in mature lymphocytes reveals that ITPKb is required for mature T cell function and T-dependent antibody responses. Following antigen receptor activation, the loss of ITPKb leads to enhanced Ca2+ levels and the induction of death effector gene expression resulting in apoptosis. We further demonstrate that IP4 is an inhibitor of open-state Orai1 channels. LMW ITPKb inhibitors were identified using a high-throughput compound screen. Application of ITPKb inhibitors to lymphocytes enhanced Ca2+ responses following antigen receptor stimulation, similar to ITPKb-/- cells. Treatment of mice with ITPKb inhibitors recapitulated the block in T cell development observed in ITPKb-/- mice and inhibited antigen-induced arthritis formation in rats. These data identify ITPKb and IP4 as crucial mediators of lymphocyte development and activation, and suggest that inhibition of ITPKb may provide a novel mechanism to treat autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Miller
- 1Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA
| | - Carol Dahlberg
- 1Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA
| | - Ben Wen
- 1Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA
| | - Mark Sandberg
- 1Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA
| | - Daniel Beisner
- 1Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA
| | - Albert Parker
- 1Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA
| | - Christian Schmedt
- 1Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA
| | - Monique Stinson
- 1Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA
| | - Mark McPate
- 2Novartis Pharmaceuticals UK Limited, Horsham, United Kingdom
| | - Pamela Tranter
- 2Novartis Pharmaceuticals UK Limited, Horsham, United Kingdom
| | | | - Martin Gosling
- 2Novartis Pharmaceuticals UK Limited, Horsham, United Kingdom
| | | | - Shifeng Pan
- 1Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA
| | - Shin-Shay Tian
- 1Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA
| | - H. Martin Seidel
- 1Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA
| | - Michael Cooke
- 1Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA
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16
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Albaugh P, Fan Y, Mi Y, Sun F, Adrian F, Li N, Jia Y, Sarkisova Y, Kreusch A, Hood T, Lu M, Liu G, Huang S, Liu Z, Loren J, Tuntland T, Karanewsky DS, Seidel HM, Molteni V. Discovery of GNF-5837, a Selective TRK Inhibitor with Efficacy in Rodent Cancer Tumor Models. ACS Med Chem Lett 2012; 3:140-5. [PMID: 24900443 DOI: 10.1021/ml200261d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2011] [Accepted: 01/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurotrophins and their receptors (TRKs) play key roles in the development of the nervous system and the maintenance of the neural network. Accumulating evidence points to their role in malignant transformations, chemotaxis, metastasis, and survival signaling and may contribute to the pathogenesis of a variety of tumors of both neural and non-neural origin. By screening the GNF kinase collection, a series of novel oxindole inhibitors of TRKs were identified. Optimization led to the identification of GNF-5837 (22), a potent, selective, and orally bioavailable pan-TRK inhibitor that inhibited tumor growth in a mouse xenograft model derived from RIE cells expressing both TRKA and NGF. The properties of 22 make it a good tool for the elucidation of TRK biology in cancer and other nononcology indications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pam Albaugh
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation
(GNF), 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121,
United States
| | - Yi Fan
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation
(GNF), 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121,
United States
| | - Yuan Mi
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation
(GNF), 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121,
United States
| | - Fangxian Sun
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation
(GNF), 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121,
United States
| | - Francisco Adrian
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation
(GNF), 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121,
United States
| | - Nanxin Li
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation
(GNF), 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121,
United States
| | - Yong Jia
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation
(GNF), 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121,
United States
| | - Yelena Sarkisova
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation
(GNF), 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121,
United States
| | - Andreas Kreusch
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation
(GNF), 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121,
United States
| | - Tami Hood
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation
(GNF), 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121,
United States
| | - Min Lu
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation
(GNF), 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121,
United States
| | - Guoxun Liu
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation
(GNF), 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121,
United States
| | - Shenlin Huang
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation
(GNF), 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121,
United States
| | - Zuosheng Liu
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation
(GNF), 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121,
United States
| | - Jon Loren
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation
(GNF), 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121,
United States
| | - Tove Tuntland
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation
(GNF), 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121,
United States
| | - Donald S. Karanewsky
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation
(GNF), 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121,
United States
| | - H. Martin Seidel
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation
(GNF), 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121,
United States
| | - Valentina Molteni
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation
(GNF), 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121,
United States
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17
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Jacobson LH, Commerford SR, Gerber SP, Chen YA, Dardik B, Chaperon F, Schwartzkopf C, Nguyen-Tran V, Hollenbeck T, McNamara P, He X, Liu H, Seidel HM, Jaton AL, Gromada J, Teixeira S. Characterization of a novel, brain-penetrating CB1 receptor inverse agonist: metabolic profile in diet-induced obese models and aspects of central activity. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2011; 384:565-81. [PMID: 21947251 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-011-0686-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2010] [Accepted: 08/22/2011] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Pharmacologic antagonism of cannabinoid 1 receptors (CB1 receptors) in the central nervous system (CNS) suppresses food intake, promotes weight loss, and improves the metabolic profile. Since the CB1 receptor is expressed both in the CNS and in peripheral tissues, therapeutic value may be gained with CB1 receptor inverse agonists acting on receptors in both domains. The present report examines the metabolic and CNS actions of a novel CB1 receptor inverse agonist, compound 64, a 1,5,6-trisubstituted pyrazolopyrimidinone. Compound 64 showed similar or superior binding affinity, in vitro potency, and pharmacokinetic profile compared to rimonabant. Both compounds improved the metabolic profile in diet-induced obese (DIO) rats and obese cynomolgus monkeys. Weight loss tended to be greater in compound 64-treated DIO rats compared to pair-fed counterparts, suggesting that compound 64 may have metabolic effects beyond those elicited by weight loss alone. In the CNS, reversal of agonist-induced hypothermia and hypolocomotion indicated that compound 64 possessed an antagonist activity in vivo. Dosed alone, compound 64 suppressed extinction of conditioned freezing (10 mg/kg) and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep (30 mg/kg), consistent with previous reports for rimonabant, although for REM sleep, compound 64 was greater than threefold less potent than for metabolic effects. Together, these data suggested that (1) impairment of extinction learning and REM sleep suppression are classic, centrally mediated responses to CB1 receptor inverse agonists, and (2) some separation may be achievable between central and peripheral effects with brain-penetrating CB1 receptor inverse agonists while maintaining metabolic efficacy. Furthermore, chronic treatment with compound 64 contributes to evidence that peripheral CB1 receptor blockade may yield beneficial outcomes that exceed those elicited by weight loss alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura H Jacobson
- Neuroscience Disease Area, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland.
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18
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Epple R, Cow C, Xie Y, Azimioara M, Russo R, Wang X, Wityak J, Karanewsky DS, Tuntland T, Nguyêñ-Trân VTB, Cuc Ngo C, Huang D, Saez E, Spalding T, Gerken A, Iskandar M, Seidel HM, Tian SS. Novel bisaryl substituted thiazoles and oxazoles as highly potent and selective peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta agonists. J Med Chem 2010; 53:77-105. [PMID: 19928766 DOI: 10.1021/jm9007399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The discovery, synthesis, and optimization of compound 1 from a high-throughput screening hit to highly potent and selective peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta (PPARdelta) agonists are reported. The synthesis and structure-activity relationship in this series are described in detail. On the basis of a general schematic PPAR pharmacophore model, scaffold 1 was divided into headgroup, linker, and tailgroup and successively optimized for PPAR activation using in vitro PPAR transactivation assays. A (2-methylphenoxy)acetic acid headgroup, a flexible linker, and a five-membered heteroaromatic center ring with two hydrophobic aryl substituents were required for efficient and selective PPARdelta activation. The fine-tuning of these aryl substituents led to an array of highly potent and selective compounds such as compound 38c, displaying an excellent pharmacokinetic profile in mouse. In an in vivo acute dosing model, selected members of this array were shown to induce the expression of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase-4 (PDK4) and uncoupling protein-3 (UCP3), genes that are known to be involved in energy homeostasis and regulated by PPARdelta in skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Epple
- Deparment of Chemistry, The Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, USA.
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19
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Alper PB, Marsilje TH, Mutnick D, Lu W, Chatterjee A, Roberts MJ, He Y, Karanewsky DS, Chow D, Lao J, Gerken A, Tuntland T, Liu B, Chang J, Gordon P, Martin Seidel H, Tian SS. Discovery and biological evaluation of benzo[a]carbazole-based small molecule agonists of the thrombopoietin (Tpo) receptor. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2008; 18:5255-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.08.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2008] [Revised: 08/15/2008] [Accepted: 08/18/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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20
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Zhang G, Ren P, Gray NS, Sim T, Liu Y, Wang X, Che J, Tian SS, Sandberg ML, Spalding TA, Romeo R, Iskandar M, Chow D, Martin Seidel H, Karanewsky DS, He Y. Discovery of pyrimidine benzimidazoles as Lck inhibitors: part I. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2008; 18:5618-21. [PMID: 18793846 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.08.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2008] [Revised: 08/22/2008] [Accepted: 08/27/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A series of 4-amino-6-benzimidazole-pyrimidines was designed to target lymphocyte-specific tyrosine kinase (Lck), a member of the Src kinase family. Highly efficient parallel syntheses were devised to prepare analogues for SAR studies. A number of these 4-amino-6-benzimidazole-pyrimidines exhibited single-digit nanomolar IC(50)s against Lck in biochemical and cellular assays. These 4-amino-6-benzimidazole-pyrimidines represent a new class of tyrosine kinase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guobao Zhang
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation (GNF), Medicinal Chemistry, 10715 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA.
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21
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Molteni V, Li X, Nabakka J, Liang F, Wityak J, Koder A, Vargas L, Romeo R, Mitro N, Mak PA, Seidel HM, Haslam JA, Chow D, Tuntland T, Spalding TA, Brock A, Bradley M, Castrillo A, Tontonoz P, Saez E. N-Acylthiadiazolines, a new class of liver X receptor agonists with selectivity for LXRbeta. J Med Chem 2007; 50:4255-9. [PMID: 17665897 DOI: 10.1021/jm070453f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We have identified a novel liver X receptor (LXR) agonist (2) that activates the LXRbeta subtype with selectivity over LXRalpha. LXRbeta selectivity was confirmed using macrophages derived from LXR mutant mice. Despite its selectivity and modest potency, the compound can induce APO-AI-dependent cholesterol efflux from macrophages with full efficacy. Our results indicate that it is possible to achieve significant LXRbeta selectivity in a small molecule while maintaining functional LXR activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Molteni
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, USA.
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22
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Kim MJ, Park SH, Opella SJ, Marsilje TH, Michellys PY, Seidel HM, Tian SS. NMR Structural Studies of Interactions of a Small, Nonpeptidyl Tpo Mimic with the Thrombopoietin Receptor Extracellular Juxtamembrane and Transmembrane Domains. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:14253-61. [PMID: 17369254 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m611616200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Thrombopoietin (Tpo) is a glycoprotein growth factor that supports hematopoietic stem cell survival and expansion and is the principal regulator of megakaryocyte growth and differentiation. Several small, nonpeptidyl molecules have been identified as selective human Tpo receptor (hTpoR) agonists. To understand how the small molecule Tpo mimic SB394725 interacts and activates hTpoR, we performed receptor domain swap and mutagenesis studies. The results suggest that SB394725 interacts specifically with the extracellular juxtamembrane region (JMR) and the transmembrane (TM) domain of hTpoR. Solution and solid-state NMR structural studies using a peptide containing the JMR-TM sequences showed that this region of hTpoR, unexpectedly, consists of two alpha-helices separated by a few nonhelical residues. SB394725 interacts specifically with His-499 in the TM domain and a few distinct residues in the JMR-TM region and affects several specific C-terminal TM domain residues. The unique structural information provided by these studies both sheds light on the distinctive mechanism of action of SB394725 and provides valuable insight into the mechanism of ligand-induced cytokine receptor activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Ju Kim
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
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23
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Epple R, Azimioara M, Russo R, Xie Y, Wang X, Cow C, Wityak J, Karanewsky D, Bursulaya B, Kreusch A, Tuntland T, Gerken A, Iskandar M, Saez E, Martin Seidel H, Tian SS. 3,4,5-Trisubstituted isoxazoles as novel PPARδ agonists. Part 2. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2006; 16:5488-92. [PMID: 16931011 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2006.08.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2006] [Revised: 08/08/2006] [Accepted: 08/09/2006] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
A series of PPARdelta-selective agonists was investigated and optimized for a favorable in vivo pharmacokinetic profile. Isoxazole LCI765 (17d) was found to be a potent and selective PPARdelta agonist with good in vivo PK properties in mouse (C(max)=5.1 microM, t(1/2)=3.1 h). LCI765 regulated expression of genes involved in energy homeostasis in relevant tissues when dosed orally in C57BL6 mice. A co-crystal structure of compound LCI765 and the LBD of PPARdelta is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Epple
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, The Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA.
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24
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Epple R, Russo R, Azimioara M, Cow C, Xie Y, Wang X, Wityak J, Karanewsky D, Gerken A, Iskandar M, Saez E, Martin Seidel H, Tian SS. 3,4,5-Trisubstituted isoxazoles as novel PPARδ agonists: Part 1. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2006; 16:4376-80. [PMID: 16750626 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2006.05.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2006] [Accepted: 05/16/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
We report the identification of a novel series of trisubstituted isoxazoles as PPAR activators from a high-throughput screen. A series of structural optimizations led to improved efficacy and excellent functional receptor selectivity for PPARdelta. The isoxazoles represent a series of agonists which display a scaffold that lies outside the typical PPAR agonist motif.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Epple
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, The Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA 92121, USA.
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25
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Poast J, Seidel HM, Hendricks MD, Haslam JA, Levy HB, Baron S. Poly I:CLC induction of the interferon system in mice: an initial study of four detection methods. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2002; 22:1035-40. [PMID: 12433283 DOI: 10.1089/107999002760624260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Induction of a large number of the components of the interferon (IFN) system (IFN genes, their mRNAs, IFN proteins, IFN receptors, IFN signaling molecules, the IFN response genes, and their effector proteins) has been studied. Less well studied is the comparative induction of these components in vivo. Induction of IFN by double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) treatment mimics certain aspects of viral infection and induces the components of the IFN system. To determine the comparative sensitivity of detection of induction in mice, we initially studied the limiting concentrations of polyribinosinic-polyribocytidylic acid, polylysine complex (poly I:CLC, a synthetic dsRNA preparation), for induction of four representative components of the IFN system: (1) IFN in serum, (2) the IFN response gene mRNA ISG54 in spleen and liver, (3) the IFN-beta mRNA in spleen, and (4) resistance of mice to Banzi viral infection. The results of this initial study showed that resistance to infection was 7-fold more sensitive for detection of the IFN response than was ISG54 mRNA and 70-fold more sensitive than either IFN-beta mRNA or IFN production in serum. In comparison, mouse cells in vitro treated with poly I:CLC were 3-10-fold less sensitive to its antiviral action than is the mouse. The results demonstrate that in the four tests in mice, the most sensitive indicator of poly I:CLC induction of the IFN system was protection against Banzi viral infection, followed by ISG54 mRNA levels, IFN-beta mRNA, and IFN protein levels. It is hypothesized that the highest sensitivity of mouse protection may be due to priming by the initial poly I:CLC-induced IFN of the subsequent Banzi virus-induced IFN, resulting in rapid and high concentrations of IFN at the local site of viral replication. Future studies are needed to study other molecular components of the IFN system to identify those that cause the unanticipated high sensitivity of mice to protection against Banzi virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyce Poast
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-1019, USA
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26
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Seidel HM, Freeman S, Schwalbe CH, Knowles JR. Phosphonate biosynthesis: the stereochemical course of phosphoenolpyruvate mutase. J Am Chem Soc 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/ja00178a045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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27
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Freeman S, Seidel HM, Schwalbe CH, Knowles JR. Phosphonate biosynthesis: the stereochemical course of phosphoenolpyruvate phosphomutase. J Am Chem Soc 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/ja00208a018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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28
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Osburn DL, Shao G, Seidel HM, Schulman IG. Ligand-dependent degradation of retinoid X receptors does not require transcriptional activity or coactivator interactions. Mol Cell Biol 2001; 21:4909-18. [PMID: 11438648 PMCID: PMC87210 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.21.15.4909-4918.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Cells utilize ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis to regulate the activity of numerous proteins involved in signal transduction, cell cycle control, and transcriptional regulation. For a number of transcription factors, there appears to be a direct correlation between transcriptional activity and protein instability, suggesting that cells use targeted destruction as one method to down-regulate or attenuate gene expression. In this report we demonstrate that retinoid X receptors (RXRs) which function as versatile mediators of nuclear hormone-dependent gene expression are marked for destruction upon binding agonist ligands. Interestingly, when RXR serves as a heterodimeric partner for retinoic acid (RAR) or thyroid hormone (TR) receptors, binding of agonists by RAR or TR leads to degradation of both the transcriptionally active RAR or TR subunits as well as the transcriptionally inactive RXR subunit. Furthermore, using a series of mutants in the ligand-dependent activation domain (activation function 2), we demonstrate that agonist-stimulated degradation of RXR does not require corepressor release, coactivator binding, or transcriptional activity. Taken together, the data suggest a model for targeted destruction of transcription factors based on structural or conformational signals as opposed to functional coupling with gene transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- D L Osburn
- Nuclear Receptor Discovery, Ligand Pharmaceuticals, San Diego, California 92121, USA
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29
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Abstract
Many cytokines exert their effect via the JAK/STAT signal transduction pathway. Due to the medical relevance of many of these cytokines, they are being exploited, either directly, or through antagonists, as therapeutics for a variety of serious diseases. Currently, these therapeutics consist almost entirely of protein products, with all of their attendant drawbacks. Delineation of the signaling mechanisms for the cytokines, however, has allowed the design and implementation of a variety of cell-based and biochemical screens for small molecule mimics or antagonists of these cytokines. Several successful assays will be described along with the advantages of each type of assay. Use of assays of this type should make it possible to discover numerous small molecule cytokine modulators with significant utility in the clinic. Oncogene (2000).
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Affiliation(s)
- H M Seidel
- Ligand Pharmaceuticals, 10275 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California, CA 92121, USA
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30
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Milocco LH, Haslam JA, Rosen J, Seidel HM. Design of conditionally active STATs: insights into STAT activation and gene regulatory function. Mol Cell Biol 1999; 19:2913-20. [PMID: 10082558 PMCID: PMC84085 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.19.4.2913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The STAT (signal transducer and activator of transcription) signaling pathway is activated by a large number of cytokines and growth factors. We sought to design a conditionally active STAT that could not only provide insight into basic questions about STAT function but also serve as a powerful tool to determine the precise biological role of STATs. To this end, we have developed a conditionally active STAT by fusing STATs with the ligand-binding domain of the estrogen receptor (ER). We have demonstrated that the resulting STAT-ER chimeras are estrogen-inducible transcription factors that retain the functional and biochemical characteristics of the cognate wild-type STATs. In addition, these tools have allowed us to evaluate separately the contribution of tyrosine phosphorylation and dimerization to STAT function. We have for the first time provided experimental data supporting the model that the only apparent role of STAT tyrosine phosphorylation is to drive dimerization, as dimerization alone is sufficient to unmask a latent STAT nuclear localization sequence and induce nuclear translocation, sequence-specific DNA binding, and transcriptional activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- L H Milocco
- Ligand Pharmaceuticals Inc., San Diego, California 92121, USA
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31
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Serwint JR, Wilson ME, Vogelhut JW, Repke JT, Seidel HM. A randomized controlled trial of prenatal pediatric visits for urban, low-income families. Pediatrics 1996; 98:1069-75. [PMID: 8951255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prenatal pediatric visits have been recommended by the American Academy of Pediatrics to allow the pediatrician to counsel parents on infant care issues, establish a supportive relationship, and provide pediatric practice information to parents. We hypothesized that prenatal pediatric visits would have an impact on breastfeeding decisions, health care behaviors, health care utilization, and the doctor-patient relationship. METHODS We conducted a randomized controlled trial of prenatal pediatric visits for urban, low-income families to measure the impact on breastfeeding decisions, infant car safety seat use, circumcision, health maintenance, and emergency room visits and the pediatrician's perception that he/she would know the mother better. Pregnant women were recruited prenatally from the obstetrics clinic. Outcomes were measured by maternal interview prenatally and when the infant was 2 months old, in addition to review of the nursery record. Physicians were interviewed after the 2-month visit. Health care utilization was measured by chart review at 7 months. RESULTS A total of 156 pregnant women were enrolled and randomized, 81 to the intervention group and 75 to the control group. Of mothers who breastfed, 45% in the intervention group changed their mind in favor of breastfeeding after enrollment compared with 14% in the control group. Mothers in the intervention group compared with the control group were more likely to make fewer emergency room visits, 0.58 compared with 1.0. Pediatricians were more likely to think that they knew mothers in the intervention group well, 54% versus 29% in the control group, yet 67% of mothers in both groups agreed their pediatrician knew them well. There were no differences between groups in initiation or duration of breastfeeding at 30 or 60 days, infant car safety seat use, circumcision, or health maintenance visits. CONCLUSIONS Prenatal pediatric visits have potential impact on a variety of health care outcomes. Among urban, low-income mothers, we found beneficial effects on breastfeeding decisions, a decrease in emergency department visits, and an initial impact on the doctor-patient relationship. We suggest urban practices actively promote prenatal pediatric visits.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Serwint
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins Children's Center, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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32
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Lamb P, Seidel HM, Haslam J, Milocco L, Kessler LV, Stein RB, Rosen J. STAT protein complexes activated by interferon-gamma and gp130 signaling molecules differ in their sequence preferences and transcriptional induction properties. Nucleic Acids Res 1995; 23:3283-9. [PMID: 7667105 PMCID: PMC307189 DOI: 10.1093/nar/23.16.3283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Activation of members of the STAT (signal transducers and activators of transcription) family of latent transcription factors is an early event following the binding of many cytokines to their cognate receptors. Although the patterns of STATs activated by different cytokines are well described, the consequences of differential STAT activation are less well studied. We show by mutational analysis that STAT binding elements (SBEs) exist that discriminate between STAT complexes containing STAT1 alpha, STAT3 or both, and that these elements show altered cytokine responsiveness. We also show that in the context of a minimal promoter, single and multiple SBEs exhibit strikingly different patterns of transcriptional activation in response to IFN-gamma, IL-6, OSM or LIF. These differences in transcriptional activation are correlated with the differential ability of these cytokines to activate STAT1 alpha, STAT3 or both. Our results show that the pattern of STATs activated by a cytokine and the arrangement and sequence of the SBEs in the responding promoter have a profound effect on the ability of the cytokine to elicit a transcriptional response.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Lamb
- Ligand Pharmaceuticals, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
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Seidel HM, Milocco LH, Lamb P, Darnell JE, Stein RB, Rosen J. Spacing of palindromic half sites as a determinant of selective STAT (signal transducers and activators of transcription) DNA binding and transcriptional activity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1995; 92:3041-5. [PMID: 7708771 PMCID: PMC42355 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.92.7.3041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 335] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT proteins) bind to palindromic sequence elements related to interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) activation sites, which were first identified in the promoters of IFN-gamma-inducible genes. Although the sequences of the natural palindromic STAT-binding elements vary considerably, they conform to the general structure TT(N)5AA. We have systematically examined the effects of the spacing between the TT and AA core half sites on the binding of the STAT complexes activated by IFN-gamma, interleukin (IL) 6, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, and IL-4. We show that (i) as suggested earlier, a core palindromic TT--AA motif with a 5-bp spacing displays general STAT binding, (ii) a palindromic motif with a spacing of 4 bp selectively binds to complexes containing Stat3, and (iii) a motif with a 6-bp spacing selectively binds the STAT complexes activated by IL-4. We have examined natural elements in the promoters of cytokine-responsive genes that differ in half-site spacing and found that they display binding properties predicted from the synthetic binding sites. Furthermore, the observed differential selective binding characteristics for the most part correlate with the ability to mediate transcriptional activation of transfected test genes in response to the cytokines tested. Our results thus demonstrate that the specificity of STAT-directed transcription in response to particular cytokines or cytokine families depends in part on the spacing of half sites within the conserved response element sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- H M Seidel
- Ligand Pharmaceuticals Inc., San Diego, CA 92121, USA
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Lamb P, Haslam J, Kessler L, Seidel HM, Stein RB, Rosen J. Rapid activation of the interferon-gamma signal transduction pathway by inhibitors of tyrosine phosphatases. J Interferon Res 1994; 14:365-73. [PMID: 7897256 DOI: 10.1089/jir.1994.14.365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Induction of gene expression by interferon-gamma involves the activation of a latent cytoplasmic transcription factor, p91, by phosphorylation on a single tyrosyl residue. This phosphorylation triggers dimerization, nuclear translocation, and the binding of p91 to interferon-gamma response elements present in the promoters of induced genes. Phosphorylation of p91 requires the activation of two tyrosine kinases, JAK1 and JAK2, that themselves become phosphorylated on tyrosyl residues shortly after interferon-gamma binds to its receptor. The importance of tyrosine phosphorylation in this pathway prompted us to investigate the role of protein tyrosine phosphatases in the regulation of the pathway. We find that in the absence of interferon-gamma, treatment of cells with an inhibitor of tyrosine phosphatases causes a rapid and potent activation of the components of the interferon-gamma signal transduction pathway and induces an interferon-gamma-responsive gene. This suggests that tyrosine phosphatases act both to repress the interferon-gamma signal transduction pathway in the absence of interferon-gamma and to downregulate the pathway after interferon-gamma induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Lamb
- Ligand Pharmaceuticals, San Diego, California
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Seidel HM, Cohen J. Medical education: broadening the agenda for change. Acad Med 1994; 69:894-895. [PMID: 7945685 DOI: 10.1097/00001888-199411000-00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- H M Seidel
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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Tian SS, Lamb P, Seidel HM, Stein RB, Rosen J. Rapid activation of the STAT3 transcription factor by granulocyte colony-stimulating factor. Blood 1994; 84:1760-4. [PMID: 7521688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) is a glycoprotein that stimulates proliferation and differentiation of progenitor cells of neutrophils by signaling through its receptor (G-CSFR). Although the G-CSFR belongs to the cytokine receptor superfamily, which lacks an intracellular kinase domain, G-CSF-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of cellular proteins is critical for its biologic activities. We report here that JAK1 and JAK2 tyrosine kinases are tyrosine phosphorylated in response to G-CSF induction. We also demonstrate that the DNA-binding protein STAT3 (also called the acute-phase response factor [APRF], activated by interleukin-6) is an early target of G-CSF-induced tyrosine phosphorylation. G-CSF induces two DNA-binding complexes; the major complex contains tyrosine phosphorylated STAT3 protein and the minor complex appears to be a heterodimer of the STAT1 (previously p91, a component of DNA-binding complexes activated by interferons) and STAT3 proteins. Antiphosphotyrosine antibody interferes with the DNA binding activity of activated STAT3, indicating that tyrosine phosphorylation of STAT3 is important for the DNA binding activity. These results identify a signal transduction pathway activated in response to G-CSF and provide a mechanism for the rapid modulation of gene expression by G-CSF.
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Affiliation(s)
- S S Tian
- Ligand Pharmaceuticals, San Diego, CA 92121
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Cohen J, Dannefer EF, Seidel HM, Weisman CS, Wexler P, Brown TM, Brieger GH, Margolis S, Ross LR, Kunitz SJ. Medical education change: a detailed study of six medical schools. Med Educ 1994; 28:350-360. [PMID: 7845253 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2923.1994.tb02545.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
This article reports a comparative case study of six selected USA medical schools, undertaken to identify factors that facilitate or obstruct innovation in medical education. The findings suggest that the culture of each medical school results from a combination of intra-institutional and external factors. Together these forces influence substantially the fate of educational innovations. The institutional culture influences critical elements such as educational philosophy, leadership and resources provided in support of innovation. Equally important, the culture shapes the level and type of change a school considers and implements. The findings also suggest that the availability of resources and the creative impetus present in schools giving priority to research can benefit the educational goals and facilitate educational change.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Cohen
- University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, New York
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Seidel HM, Knowles JR. Interaction of inhibitors with phosphoenolpyruvate mutase: implications for the reaction mechanism and the nature of the active site. Biochemistry 1994; 33:5641-6. [PMID: 8180189 DOI: 10.1021/bi00184a037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The active site and mechanism of action of the enzyme phosphoenolpyruvate mutase have been probed using substrate and intermediate analogues as inhibitors of the mutase-catalyzed reaction. Smaller anions (e.g. sulfite, nitrate, phosphinate, and bicarbonate) are noncompetitive inhibitors of the mutase, while larger anions in the complementary series (sulfate, phosphonate, phosphate) inhibit competitively. Combining oxalate, an intermediate analogue that is a potent inhibitor of the mutase (Ki = 25 microM), with small, noncompetitive inhibitor anions results in synergistic inhibition of the mutase, suggesting that the combined presence of oxalate and anion creates a "bimolecular transition-state analogue". The phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) mutase genes from Tetrahymena and Streptomyces are known, and these enzymes share significant amino acid sequence similarity to the isocitrate lyase gene from Ricinus. Despite their seeming structural unrelatedness to the substrates of PEP mutase, several isocitrate analogues are good inhibitors, suggesting that isocitrate lyase and PEP mutase are evolutionarily related. An active-site model has been developed that is in accord with the data presented, which are consistent with a mechanism involving the intermediacy of a phosphoenzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- H M Seidel
- Department of Chemistry, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138
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Lamb P, Kessler LV, Suto C, Levy DE, Seidel HM, Stein RB, Rosen J. Rapid activation of proteins that interact with the interferon gamma activation site in response to multiple cytokines. Blood 1994; 83:2063-71. [PMID: 8161777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Many cytokines and growth factors trigger rapid changes in gene expression upon binding to their receptors. In many cases, the mechanism by which these changes are affected is unknown. In this report, we show that interleukin-2 (IL-2), IL-3, IL-4, IL-6, leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), erythropoietin (Epo), and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) treatment of cells causes rapid activation of DNA-binding activities that recognize a DNA sequence element previously implicated in regulation of gene expression by interferon gamma (IFN gamma). The IL-4-, IL-6-, and GM-CSF-induced complexes can be distinguished from the recently characterized IFN gamma-activated protein p91 on the basis of mobility in polyacrylamide gels, sequence preferences, and lack of reactivity with an anti-p91 antiserum. The IL-4- and GM-CSF-induced complexes react with antiphosphotyrosine antibodies, demonstrating the presence of phosphotyrosine-containing proteins in these DNA-binding complexes. Transcriptional activation of a reporter gene linked to a synthetic IFN gamma-responsive promoter is observed in response to IFN gamma, IL-6, and LIF. These data suggest a pathway by which cytokines induce rapid changes in gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Lamb
- Ligand Pharmaceuticals, San Diego, CA 92121
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Affiliation(s)
- H M Seidel
- Department of Chemistry, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
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Affiliation(s)
- H M Seidel
- Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
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Seidel HM, Pompliano DL, Knowles JR. Phosphonate biosynthesis: molecular cloning of the gene for phosphoenolpyruvate mutase from Tetrahymena pyriformis and overexpression of the gene product in Escherichia coli. Biochemistry 1992; 31:2598-608. [PMID: 1547241 DOI: 10.1021/bi00124a021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The phosphoenolpyruvate mutase gene from Tetrahymena pyriformis has been cloned and overexpressed in Escherichia coli. To our knowledge, this is the first Tetrahymena gene to be expressed in E. coli, a task made more complicated by the idiosyncratic codon usage by Tetrahymena. The N-terminal amino acid sequence of phosphoenolpyruvate mutase purified from T. pyriformis has been used to generate a precise oligonucleotide probe for the gene, using in vitro amplification from total genomic DNA by the polymerase chain reaction. Use of this precise probe and oligo(T) as primers for in vitro amplification from a T. pyriformis cDNA library has allowed the cloning of the mutase gene. A similar amplification strategy from genomic DNA yielded the genomic sequence, which contains three introns. The sequence of the DNA that encodes 10 amino acids upstream of the N-terminal sequence of the isolated protein was found by oligonucleotide hybridization to a subgenomic library. These 10 N-terminal amino acids are cleanly removed in Tetrahymena in vivo. The full mutase gene sequence codes for a protein of 300 amino acids, and it includes two amber (TAG) codons in the open reading frame. In Tetrahymena, TAG codes for glutamine. When the two amber codons are each changed to a glutamine codon (CAG) that is recognized by E. coli and the gene is placed behind a promoter driven by the T7 RNA polymerase, expression in E. coli is observed. The mutase gene also contains a large number of arginine AGA codons, a codon that is very rarely used by E. coli. Cotransformation with a plasmid carrying the dnaY gene [which encodes tRNA(Arg)(AGA)] results in more than 4-fold higher expression. The mutase then comprises about 25% of the total soluble cell protein in E. coli transformants. The mutase gene bears significant similarity to one other gene in the available data bases, that of carboxyphosphonoenolpyruvate mutase from Streptomyces hygroscopicus, an enzyme that catalyzes a closely related transformation. Due to the large evolutionary distance between Tetrahymena and Streptomyces, this similarity can be interpreted as the first persuasive evidence that the biosynthesis of phosphonates is an ancient metabolic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- H M Seidel
- Department of Chemistry, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138
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Rahman MD, Seidel HM, Pascal RA. Synthesis of 24-heteroatom-substituted cholestanols. J Lipid Res 1988; 29:1543-8. [PMID: 2853719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Short syntheses of 24-thia-5 alpha,20 xi-cholestan-3 beta-ol, 24-methyl-24-aza-5 alpha,20 xi-cholestan-3 beta-ol, and 24-nor-5 alpha,20 xi-cholan-3 beta-ol from 3 beta-hydroxy-5 alpha-pregnan-20-one are described. The products and synthetic intermediates have been fully characterized by the results of proton NMR, infrared, and high and low resolution mass spectral studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Rahman
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, NJ 08544
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Seidel HM, Freeman S, Seto H, Knowles JR. Phosphonate biosynthesis: isolation of the enzyme responsible for the formation of a carbon-phosphorus bond. Nature 1988; 335:457-8. [PMID: 3138545 DOI: 10.1038/335457a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The first isolation of a naturally occurring phosphonate in 1959 led rapidly to the discovery of a variety of metabolites containing a phosphorus-carbon bond. Phosphonates have been found in bacteria, fungi, and higher organisms such as the snail schistosome vector Biomphalaria. The biosynthetic path to the P-C bond has, however, remained undefined. Thus although it was shown twenty years ago that the isotope label from [14C]glucose or from [32P]phosphoenolpyruvate is incorporated into 2-aminoethylphosphonate by the protozoan Tetrahymena pyriformis, the presumed stoichiometric transformation of phosphoenolpyruvate to phosphonopyruvate has never been demonstrated. Low conversions of phosphoenolpyruvate into 2-aminoethylphosphonate and the trapping of phosphonopyruvate from phosphoenolpyruvate have been reported, but these reactions have not proved reproducible, and the existence of the critical enzyme, phosphoenolpyruvate phosphonomutase, has remained notional. We now report experiments that resolve this enigma, and describe the isolation and characterization of the pure mutase from T. pyriformis.
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Affiliation(s)
- H M Seidel
- Department of Chemistry, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138
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Dorst JP, Seidel HM. Eagle-Barrett syndrome. Pediatrics 1982; 69:504. [PMID: 7070906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
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Seidel HM. Legal change for child health: report on a conference. Pediatrics 1977; 60:251-3. [PMID: 887343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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Abstract
A university-related prepaid group practice was established in Columbia, Maryland, in 1969, by the Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions with the cooperation of the Connecticut General Life Insurance Company. Objectives were based on the traditional triad of service, teaching and research. The effort continues. There has been visible success in the achievement of each of the objectives. It is evident, however, that the development of the Columbia Medical Plan would have been facilitated if there had been a larger population base in which to market membership in the Plan, if marketing had been under the direction of the health-care provider, and if the burden of the building and running of a hospital had not been assumed. Overall, the experience suggests that the Health Maintenance Organization movement has only modest ultimate potential as an option in health-care delivery in the current economic milieu of American medicine.
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Levine DM, Weisman CS, Seidel HM. Career decisions of unaccepted applicants to Medical School. JAMA 1975; 232:1141-3. [PMID: 1173616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the admissions process to medical school and the post-rejection behavior of unaccepted applicants, a national sample of the 16,837 such applicants to the entering medical school class of 1971-1972 was studied in 1973. The majority of the 1,933 respondents had reapplied to medical school following rejection, and 27% had gained entrance to either US or foreign schools by the time of study. Of those still unaccepted, about half were studying or working in health-related fields of study or occupations at least 2 1/2 years following the initial rejection. We conclude that unaccepted applicants demonstrate considerable variance in postrejection behavior, which is associated with both personal and institutional factors.
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