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Umar M, Rehman Y, Ambreen S, Mumtaz SM, Shaququzzaman M, Alam MM, Ali R. Innovative approaches to Alzheimer's therapy: Harnessing the power of heterocycles, oxidative stress management, and nanomaterial drug delivery system. Ageing Res Rev 2024; 97:102298. [PMID: 38604453 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2024.102298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 03/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) presents a complex pathology involving amyloidogenic proteolysis, neuroinflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and cholinergic deficits. Oxidative stress exacerbates AD progression through pathways like macromolecular peroxidation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and metal ion redox potential alteration linked to amyloid-beta (Aβ). Despite limited approved medications, heterocyclic compounds have emerged as promising candidates in AD drug discovery. This review highlights recent advancements in synthetic heterocyclic compounds targeting oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and neuroinflammation in AD. Additionally, it explores the potential of nanomaterial-based drug delivery systems to overcome challenges in AD treatment. Nanoparticles with heterocyclic scaffolds, like polysorbate 80-coated PLGA and Resveratrol-loaded nano-selenium, show improved brain transport and efficacy. Micellar CAPE and Melatonin-loaded nano-capsules exhibit enhanced antioxidant properties, while a tetra hydroacridine derivative (CHDA) combined with nano-radiogold particles demonstrates promising acetylcholinesterase inhibition without toxicity. This comprehensive review underscores the potential of nanotechnology-driven drug delivery for optimizing the therapeutic outcomes of novel synthetic heterocyclic compounds in AD management. Furthermore, the inclusion of various promising heterocyclic compounds with detailed ADMET (Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion, and Toxicity) data provides valuable insights for planning the development of novel drug delivery treatments for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Umar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University, Pushp Vihar, New Delhi 110017, India
| | - Yasir Rehman
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Subiya Ambreen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University, Pushp Vihar, New Delhi 110017, India
| | - Sayed Md Mumtaz
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Mohd Shaququzzaman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Mohammad Mumtaz Alam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Ruhi Ali
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University, Pushp Vihar, New Delhi 110017, India.
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2
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Manen-Freixa L, Moliner-Cubel S, Gamo FJ, Crespo B, Borrell JI, Teixidó J, Estrada-Tejedor R. Exploring the unexplored chemical space: Rational identification of new Tafenoquine analogs with antimalarial properties. Bioorg Chem 2024; 148:107472. [PMID: 38788364 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2024.107472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
Patents tend to define a huge chemical space described by the combinatorial nature of Markush structures. However, the optimization of new principal active ingredient is frequently driven by a simple Free Wilson approach. This procedure leads to a highly focused study on the chemical space near a hit compound leaving many unexplored regions that may present highly biological active reservoirs. This study aims to demonstrate that this unveiled chemical space can hide compounds with interesting potential biological activity that would be worth pursuing. This underlines the value and necessity of broadening an approach beyond conventional strategies. Hence, we advocate for an alternative methodology that may be more efficient in the early drug discovery stages. We have selected the case of Tafenoquine, a single-dose treatment for the radical cure of P. vivax malaria approved by the FDA in 2018, as an example to illustrate the process. Through the deep exploration of the Tafenoquine chemical space, seven compounds with potential antimalarial activity have been rationally identified and synthesized. This small set is representative of the chemical diversity unexplored by the 58 analogs reported to date. After biological assessment, results evidence that our approach for rational design has proven to be a very efficient exploratory methodology suitable for the early drug discovery stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leticia Manen-Freixa
- IQS School of Engineering, Universitat Ramon Llull, Via Augusta, 390, 08017 Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | - Benigno Crespo
- Global Health Medicines R&D, GSK, Severo Ochoa, 2, 28760 Tres Cantos, Spain
| | - José I Borrell
- IQS School of Engineering, Universitat Ramon Llull, Via Augusta, 390, 08017 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Teixidó
- IQS School of Engineering, Universitat Ramon Llull, Via Augusta, 390, 08017 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Roger Estrada-Tejedor
- IQS School of Engineering, Universitat Ramon Llull, Via Augusta, 390, 08017 Barcelona, Spain.
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3
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Cramer EY, Bartlett J, Chan ER, Gaedigk A, Ratsimbasoa AC, Mehlotra RK, Williams SM, Zimmerman PA. Pharmacogenomic variation in the Malagasy population: implications for the antimalarial drug primaquine metabolism. Pharmacogenomics 2023; 24:583-597. [PMID: 37551613 PMCID: PMC10621762 DOI: 10.2217/pgs-2023-0091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: Antimalarial primaquine (PQ) eliminates liver hypnozoites of Plasmodium vivax. CYP2D6 gene variation contributes to PQ therapeutic failure. Additional gene variation may contribute to PQ efficacy. Information on pharmacogenomic variation in Madagascar, with vivax malaria and a unique population admixture, is scanty. Methods: The authors performed genome-wide genotyping of 55 Malagasy samples and analyzed data with a focus on a set of 28 pharmacogenes most relevant to PQ. Results: Mainly, the study identified 110 coding or splicing variants, including those that, based on previous studies in other populations, may be implicated in PQ response and copy number variation, specifically in chromosomal regions that contain pharmacogenes. Conclusion: With this pilot information, larger genome-wide association analyses with PQ metabolism and response are substantially more feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estee Y Cramer
- Center for Global Health & Diseases, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Department of Biostatistics & Epidemiology, School of Public Health & Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Jacquelaine Bartlett
- Population & Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Ernest R Chan
- Population & Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Cleveland Institute for Computational Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Andrea Gaedigk
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutic Innovation, Children's Mercy Research Institute (CMRI), Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
| | - Arsene C Ratsimbasoa
- University of Fianarantsoa, Fianarantsoa, Madagascar
- Centre National d'Application de Recherche Pharmaceutique (CNARP), Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Rajeev K Mehlotra
- Center for Global Health & Diseases, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Scott M Williams
- Population & Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Peter A Zimmerman
- Center for Global Health & Diseases, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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4
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In vitro and in silico investigation of inhibitory activities of 3-arylcoumarins and 3-phenylazo-4-hydroxycoumarin on MAO isoenzymes. Struct Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11224-022-02092-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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5
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Manen-Freixa L, Borrell JI, Teixidó J, Estrada-Tejedor R. Deconstructing Markush: Improving the R&D Efficiency Using Library Selection in Early Drug Discovery. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15091159. [PMID: 36145380 PMCID: PMC9503783 DOI: 10.3390/ph15091159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Most of the product patents claim a large number of compounds based on a Markush structure. However, the identification and optimization of new principal active ingredients is frequently driven by a simple Free Wilson approach, leading to a highly focused study only involving the chemical space nearby a hit compound. This fact raises the question: do the tested compounds described in patents really reflect the full molecular diversity described in the Markush structure? In this study, we contrast the performance of rational selection to conventional approaches in seven real-case patents, assessing their ability to describe the patent's chemical space. Results demonstrate that the integration of computer-aided library selection methods in the early stages of the drug discovery process would boost the identification of new potential hits across the chemical space.
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Synthesis and human monoamine oxidase inhibitory activity of novel C2-, C3- and C4-substituted phthalonitriles. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2022; 74:128917. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2022.128917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Bekircan O, Danış Ö, Şahin ME, Çetin M. Monoamine oxidase A and B inhibitory activities of 3,5-diphenyl-1,2,4-triazole substituted [1,2,4]triazolo[3,4-b][1,3,4]thiadiazole derivatives. Bioorg Chem 2021; 118:105493. [PMID: 34814086 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.105493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Monoamine oxidase (EC 1.4.3.4, MAO) is a flavin adenine dinucleotide-containing flavoenzyme located on the outer mitochondrial membrane and catalyzes the oxidative deamination of monoaminergic neurotransmitters and dietary amines. MAO exists in humans as two isoenzymes, hMAO-A and hMAO-B, which are distinguished by their tertiary structures, preferred substrates and inhibitors, and selective inhibition of these isoenzymes are used in the treatment of different diseases such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's and depression. In the present study, we report the design, synthesis and characterization of 3,5-diphenyl-1,2,4-triazole substituted [1,2,4]triazolo[3,4-b][1,3,4]thiadiazole derivatives as novel and selective inhibitors of hMAO-B. Twenty one compounds (38, 39a-h, 41a-d, 42a-h) were screened for their inhibitory activity against hMAO-A and hMAO-B by using in vitro Amplex Red® reagent based fluorometric method and all compounds were found to be as selective h-MAO-B inhibitors to a different degree. The compound 42e and 42h displayed the highest inhibitory activity against hMAO-B with IC50 values of 2.51 and 2.81 µM, respectively, and more than 25-fold selectivity towards inhibition of hMAO-B. A further kinetic evaluation of the most potent derivative (42e) was also performed and a mixed mode of inhibition of hMAO-B by the compound 42e was determined (Ki = 0,26 µM). According to our findings the [1,2,4]triazolo[3,4-b][1,3,4]thiadiazole emerged as a promising scaffold for the development of novel and selective hMAO-B inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olcay Bekircan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Karadeniz Technical University, 61080 Trabzon, Turkey.
| | - Özkan Danış
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Marmara University, 34722 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Eren Şahin
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Karadeniz Technical University, 61080 Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Mert Çetin
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Marmara University, 34722 Istanbul, Turkey
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Chaurasiya ND, Liu H, Doerksen RJ, Nanayakkara NPD, Walker LA, Tekwani BL. Enantioselective Interactions of Anti-Infective 8-Aminoquinoline Therapeutics with Human Monoamine Oxidases A and B. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14050398. [PMID: 33922294 PMCID: PMC8146505 DOI: 10.3390/ph14050398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
8-Aminoquinolines (8-AQs) are an important class of anti-infective therapeutics. The monoamine oxidases (MAOs) play a key role in metabolism of 8-AQs. A major role for MAO-A in metabolism of primaquine (PQ), the prototypical 8-AQ antimalarial, has been demonstrated. These investigations were further extended to characterize the enantioselective interactions of PQ and NPC1161 (8-[(4-amino-1-methylbutyl) amino]-5-[3, 4-dichlorophenoxy]-6-methoxy-4-methylquinoline) with human MAO-A and -B. NPC1161B, the (R)-(−) enantiomer with outstanding potential for malaria radical cure, treatment of visceral leishmaniasis and pneumocystis pneumonia infections is poised for clinical development. PQ showed moderate inhibition of human MAO-A and -B. Racemic PQ and (R)-(−)-PQ both showed marginally greater (1.2- and 1.6-fold, respectively) inhibition of MAO-A as compared to MAO-B. However, (S)-(+)-PQ showed a reverse selectivity with greater inhibition of MAO-B than MAO-A. Racemic NPC1161 was a strong inhibitor of MAOs with 3.7-fold selectivity against MAO-B compared to MAO-A. The (S)-(+) enantiomer (NPC1161A) was a better inhibitor of MAO-A and -B compared to the (R)-(−) enantiomer (NPC1161B), with more than 10-fold selectivity for inhibition of MAO-B over MAO-A. The enantioselective interaction of NPC1161 and strong binding of NPC1161A with MAO-B was further confirmed by enzyme-inhibitor binding and computational docking analyses. Differential interactions of PQ and NPC1161 enantiomers with human MAOs may contribute to the enantioselective pharmacodynamics and toxicity of anti-infective 8-AQs therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narayan D. Chaurasiya
- Division of Drug Discovery, Department of Infectious Diseases, Southern Research, Birmingham, AL 35205, USA
- Correspondence: (N.D.C.); (B.L.T.); Tel.: +11-205-581-2026 (N.D.C.); +1-1-205-581-2205 (B.L.T.)
| | - Haining Liu
- Department of Bio-Molecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS 38677, USA; (H.L.); (R.J.D.)
| | - Robert J. Doerksen
- Department of Bio-Molecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS 38677, USA; (H.L.); (R.J.D.)
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS 38677, USA; (N.P.D.N.); (L.A.W.)
| | - N. P. Dhammika Nanayakkara
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS 38677, USA; (N.P.D.N.); (L.A.W.)
| | - Larry A. Walker
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS 38677, USA; (N.P.D.N.); (L.A.W.)
| | - Babu L. Tekwani
- Division of Drug Discovery, Department of Infectious Diseases, Southern Research, Birmingham, AL 35205, USA
- Correspondence: (N.D.C.); (B.L.T.); Tel.: +11-205-581-2026 (N.D.C.); +1-1-205-581-2205 (B.L.T.)
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9
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Guo J, Mi Z, Jiang X, Zhang C, Guo Z, Li L, Gu J, Zhou T, Bai R, Xie Y. Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of potential anti-AD hybrids with monoamine oxidase B inhibitory and iron-chelating effects. Bioorg Chem 2020; 108:104564. [PMID: 33353806 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.104564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Revised: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A series of active hybrids combining 3-hydroxypyridin-4(1H)-one and coumarin pharmacophores were designed and synthesized as potential agents for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD). All the compounds exhibited excellent iron-chelating activities (pFe3+ = 14.8-19.2) and showed favorable monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B) inhibitory effects compared to the reference drug Pargyline (IC50 = 86.9 nM). Among them, compound 11 g displayed the best MAO-B inhibitory activity with an IC50 value of 99.3 nM. Molecular docking analysis showed that compound 11 g could enter the entrance cavity and substrate cavity of MAO-B. Furthermore, the compound 11 g had an excellent antioxidant effect and was capable of protecting from the amyloid-β1-42 (Aβ1-42) induced PC12 cell damage. In silico tools were applied for predicting the blood-brain barrier (BBB) penetration and compound 11 g was proved to overcome the brain exposure challenge. In the mice behavioral study, compound 11 g significantly ameliorated cognitive impairment induced by Scopolamine. More importantly, compound 11 g displayed favorable pharmacokinetic profiles in a rat model. In summary, compound 11 g, with both anti-MAO-B and iron-chelating ability, was proved to be a promising potential anti-AD agent for further optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianan Guo
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Zhisheng Mi
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Xiaoying Jiang
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Changjun Zhang
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Zili Guo
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Linzi Li
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Jinping Gu
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Tao Zhou
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Renren Bai
- College of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, PR China; Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines; Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines; Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, PR China.
| | - Yuanyuan Xie
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, PR China; Collaborative Innovation Centre of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, PR China.
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10
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Leven M, Held J, Duffy S, Alves Avelar LA, Meister S, Delves M, Plouffe D, Kuna K, Tschan S, Avery VM, Winzeler EA, Mordmüller B, Kurz T. 8-Aminoquinolines with an Aminoxyalkyl Side Chain Exert in vitro Dual-Stage Antiplasmodial Activity. ChemMedChem 2019; 14:501-511. [PMID: 30605243 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201800691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A series of novel 8-aminoquinolines (8-AQs) with an aminoxyalkyl side chain were synthesized and evaluated for in vitro antiplasmodial properties against asexual blood stages, liver stages, and sexual stages of Plasmodium falciparum. 8-AQs bearing 2-alkoxy and 5-phenoxy substituents on the quinoline ring system were found to be the most promising compounds under study, exhibiting potent blood schizontocidal and moderate tissue schizontocidal in vitro activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Leven
- Institut für Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstrasse 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jana Held
- Institut für Tropenmedizin, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Wilhelmstrasse 27, 72074, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Sandra Duffy
- Eskitis Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane Innovation Park Campus, Nathan, QLD, 4111, Australia
| | - Leandro A Alves Avelar
- Institut für Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstrasse 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Stephan Meister
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Michael Delves
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - David Plouffe
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation Department, Novartis, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Krystina Kuna
- Institut für Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstrasse 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Serena Tschan
- Institut für Tropenmedizin, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Wilhelmstrasse 27, 72074, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Vicky M Avery
- Eskitis Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane Innovation Park Campus, Nathan, QLD, 4111, Australia
| | - Elizabeth A Winzeler
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Benjamin Mordmüller
- Institut für Tropenmedizin, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Wilhelmstrasse 27, 72074, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Thomas Kurz
- Institut für Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstrasse 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
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11
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Li H, Sun X, Yu F, Xu L, Miu J, Xiao P. In Silico Investigation of the Pharmacological Mechanisms of Beneficial Effects of Ginkgo biloba L. on Alzheimer's Disease. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10050589. [PMID: 29747475 PMCID: PMC5986469 DOI: 10.3390/nu10050589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2018] [Revised: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Based on compelling experimental and clinical evidence, Ginkgo biloba L. exerts a beneficial effect in ameliorating mild to moderate dementia in patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and other neurological disorders, although the pharmacological mechanisms remain unknown. In the present study, compounds, their putative target proteins identified using an inverse docking approach, and clinically tested AD-related target proteins were systematically integrated together with applicable bioinformatics methods in silico. The results suggested that the beneficial effects of G. biloba on AD may be contributed by the regulation of hormone sensitivity, improvements in endocrine homeostasis, maintenance of endothelial microvascular integrity, and proteolysis of tau proteins, particularly prior to amyloid β-protein (Aβ) plaque formation. Moreover, we identified six putative protein targets that are significantly related to AD, but have not been researched or have had only preliminary studies conducted on the anti-AD effects of G. biloba. These mechanisms and protein targets are very significant for future scientific research. In addition, the existing mechanisms were also verified, such as the reduction of oxidative stress, anti-apoptotic effects, and protective effects against amyloidogenesis and Aβ aggregation. The discoveries summarized here may provide a macroscopic perspective that will improve our understanding of the molecular mechanism of medicinal plants or dietary supplements, as well as new clues for the future development of therapeutic strategies for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxiang Li
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 151 Malianwa North Road, Beijing 100193, China.
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, 151 Malianwa North Road, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Xiaoyuan Sun
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 151 Malianwa North Road, Beijing 100193, China.
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, 151 Malianwa North Road, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Fan Yu
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 151 Malianwa North Road, Beijing 100193, China.
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, 151 Malianwa North Road, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Lijia Xu
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 151 Malianwa North Road, Beijing 100193, China.
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, 151 Malianwa North Road, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Jianhua Miu
- Guangxi Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Nanning, 189 Changgang Road, Nanning 520023, China.
| | - Peigen Xiao
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 151 Malianwa North Road, Beijing 100193, China.
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, 151 Malianwa North Road, Beijing 100193, China.
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12
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Tripathi AC, Upadhyay S, Paliwal S, Saraf SK. Privileged scaffolds as MAO inhibitors: Retrospect and prospects. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 145:445-497. [PMID: 29335210 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Revised: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 01/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
This review aims to be a comprehensive, authoritative, critical, and readable review of general interest to the medicinal chemistry community because it focuses on the pharmacological, chemical, structural and computational aspects of diverse chemical categories as monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs). Monoamine oxidases (MAOs), namely MAO-A and MAO-B represent an enormously valuable class of neuronal enzymes embodying neurobiological origin and functions, serving as potential therapeutic target in neuronal pharmacotherapy, and hence we have coined the term "Neurozymes" which is being introduced for the first time ever. Nowadays, therapeutic attention on MAOIs engrosses two imperative categories; MAO-A inhibitors, in certain mental disorders such as depression and anxiety, and MAO-B inhibitors, in neurodegenerative disorders like Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD). The use of MAOIs declined due to some potential side effects, food and drug interactions, and introduction of other classes of drugs. However, curiosity in MAOIs is reviving and the recent developments of new generation of highly selective and reversible MAOIs, have renewed the therapeutic prospective of these compounds. The initial section of the review emphasizes on the detailed classification, structural and binding characteristics, therapeutic potential, current status and future challenges of the privileged pharmacophores. However, the chemical prospective of privileged scaffolds such as; aliphatic and aromatic amines, amides, hydrazines, azoles, diazoles, tetrazoles, indoles, azines, diazines, xanthenes, tricyclics, benzopyrones, and more interestingly natural products, along with their conclusive SARs have been discussed in the later segment of review. The last segment of the article encompasses some patents granted in the field of MAOIs, in a simplistic way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avinash C Tripathi
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Babu Banarasi Das Northern India Institute of Technology, Lucknow 226028, UP, India
| | - Savita Upadhyay
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Babu Banarasi Das Northern India Institute of Technology, Lucknow 226028, UP, India
| | - Sarvesh Paliwal
- Pharmacy Department, Banasthali Vidyapith, Banasthali, Tonk 304022, Rajasthan, India
| | - Shailendra K Saraf
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Babu Banarasi Das Northern India Institute of Technology, Lucknow 226028, UP, India.
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Tripathi RKP, M Sasi V, Gupta SK, Krishnamurthy S, Ayyannan SR. Design, synthesis, and pharmacological evaluation of 2-amino-5-nitrothiazole derived semicarbazones as dual inhibitors of monoamine oxidase and cholinesterase: effect of the size of aryl binding site. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2017; 33:37-57. [PMID: 29098902 PMCID: PMC6009888 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2017.1389920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A series of 2-amino-5-nitrothiazole derived semicarbazones were designed, synthesised and investigated for MAO and ChE inhibition properties. Most of the compounds showed preferential inhibition towards MAO-B. Compound 4, (1-(1-(4-Bromophenyl)ethylidene)-4-(5-nitrothiazol-2-yl)semicarbazide) emerged as lead candidate (IC50 = 0.212 µM, SI = 331.04) against MAO-B; whereas compounds 21 1-(5-Bromo-2-oxoindolin-3-ylidene)-4-(5-nitrothiazol-2-yl)semicarbazide (IC50 = 0.264 µM) and 17 1-((4-Chlorophenyl) (phenyl)methylene)-4-(5-nitrothiazol-2-yl)semicarbazide (IC50 = 0.024 µM) emerged as lead AChE and BuChE inhibitors respectively; with activity of compound 21 almost equivalent to tacrine. Kinetic studies indicated that compound 4 exhibited competitive and reversible MAO-B inhibition while compounds 21 and 17 showed mixed-type of AChE and BuChE inhibition respectively. Docking studies revealed that these compounds were well-accommodated within MAO-B and ChE active sites through stable hydrogen bonding and/or hydrophobic interactions. This study revealed the requirement of small heteroaryl ring at amino terminal of semicarbazone template for preferential inhibition and selectivity towards MAO-B. Our results suggest that 5-nitrothiazole derived semicarbazones could be further exploited for its multi-targeted role in development of anti-neurodegenerative agents. [Formula: see text] A library of 2-amino-5-nitrothiazole derived semicarbazones (4-21) was designed, synthesised and evaluated for in vitro MAO and ChE inhibitory activity. Compounds 4, 21 and 17 (shown) have emerged as lead MAO-B (IC50:0.212 µM, competitive and reversible), AChE (IC50:0.264 µM, mixed and reversible) and BuChE (IC50:0.024 µM, mixed and reversible) inhibitor respectively. SAR studies disclosed several structural aspects significant for potency and selectivity and indicated the role of size of aryl binding site in potency and selectivity towards MAO-B. Antioxidant activity and neurotoxicity screening results further suggested their multifunctional potential for the therapy of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rati K P Tripathi
- a Pharmaceutical Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology , Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University) , Varanasi , India
| | - Vishnu M Sasi
- a Pharmaceutical Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology , Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University) , Varanasi , India
| | - Sukesh K Gupta
- b Neurotherapeutics Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology , Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University) , Varanasi , India
| | - Sairam Krishnamurthy
- b Neurotherapeutics Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology , Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University) , Varanasi , India
| | - Senthil R Ayyannan
- a Pharmaceutical Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology , Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University) , Varanasi , India
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14
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Wu WY, Dai YC, Li NG, Dong ZX, Gu T, Shi ZH, Xue X, Tang YP, Duan JA. Novel multitarget-directed tacrine derivatives as potential candidates for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2017; 32:572-587. [PMID: 28133981 PMCID: PMC6009885 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2016.1210139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder, which is complex and progressive; it has not only threatened the health of elderly people, but also burdened the whole social medical and health system. The available therapy for AD is limited and the efficacy remains unsatisfactory. In view of the prevalence and expected increase in the incidence of AD, the design and development of efficacious and safe anti-AD agents has become a hotspot in the field of pharmaceutical research. Due to the multifactorial etiology of AD, the multitarget-directed ligands (MTDLs) approach is promising in search for new drugs for AD. Tacrine, which is the first acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor, has been selected as the ideal active fragment because of its simple structure, clear activity, and its superiority in the structural modification, thus it could be introduced into the overall molecular skeletons of the multi-target-directed anti-AD agents. In this review, we have summarized the recent advances (2012 to the present) in the chemical modification of tacrine, which could provide the reference for the further study of novel multi-target-directed tacrine derivatives to treat AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Yu Wu
- a Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine , Nanjing , Jiangsu , China.,b Department of Medicinal Chemistry , Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine , Nanjing , Jiangsu , China
| | - Yu-Chen Dai
- a Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine , Nanjing , Jiangsu , China.,b Department of Medicinal Chemistry , Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine , Nanjing , Jiangsu , China
| | - Nian-Guang Li
- a Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine , Nanjing , Jiangsu , China.,b Department of Medicinal Chemistry , Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine , Nanjing , Jiangsu , China
| | - Ze-Xi Dong
- a Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine , Nanjing , Jiangsu , China.,b Department of Medicinal Chemistry , Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine , Nanjing , Jiangsu , China
| | - Ting Gu
- a Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine , Nanjing , Jiangsu , China.,b Department of Medicinal Chemistry , Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine , Nanjing , Jiangsu , China
| | - Zhi-Hao Shi
- a Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine , Nanjing , Jiangsu , China.,c Department of Organic Chemistry , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , Jiangsu , China
| | - Xin Xue
- a Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine , Nanjing , Jiangsu , China.,b Department of Medicinal Chemistry , Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine , Nanjing , Jiangsu , China
| | - Yu-Ping Tang
- a Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine , Nanjing , Jiangsu , China.,b Department of Medicinal Chemistry , Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine , Nanjing , Jiangsu , China
| | - Jin-Ao Duan
- a Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine , Nanjing , Jiangsu , China.,b Department of Medicinal Chemistry , Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine , Nanjing , Jiangsu , China
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Kumar B, Sheetal S, Mantha AK, Kumar V. Recent developments on the structure–activity relationship studies of MAO inhibitors and their role in different neurological disorders. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra00302h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of MAO inhibitors as effective drug candidates for the management and/or treatment of different neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhupinder Kumar
- Laboratory of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry
- Centre for Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products
- Central University of Punjab
- Bathinda
- India-151001
| | - Sheetal Sheetal
- Laboratory of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry
- Centre for Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products
- Central University of Punjab
- Bathinda
- India-151001
| | - Anil K. Mantha
- Centre for Animal Sciences
- School of Basic and Applied Sciences
- Central University of Punjab
- Bathinda
- India
| | - Vinod Kumar
- Laboratory of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry
- Centre for Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products
- Central University of Punjab
- Bathinda
- India-151001
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16
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Xie S, Chen J, Li X, Su T, Wang Y, Wang Z, Huang L, Li X. Synthesis and evaluation of selegiline derivatives as monoamine oxidase inhibitor, antioxidant and metal chelator against Alzheimer's disease. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:3722-9. [PMID: 25934229 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Revised: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
A series of compounds with monoamine oxidase inhibition and biometal chelation activities were designed, synthesised and evaluated as agents against Alzheimer's disease. The in vitro assay shows that most target compounds exhibit good MAO-B activities with submicromolar IC50 values and antioxidant activity (1.49-5.67 ORAC-FL values). The selected compounds were used to determine the biometal chelating ability using UV-vis spectrometry and high-resolution mass spectrometry, which confirm that they can effectively interact with copper(II), iron(II) and zinc(II). The ThT fluorescence binding assay indicates that the synthetic compounds can inhibit Cu(II)-induced Aβ1-42 aggregation. The parallel artificial membrane permeation assay shows that most target compounds can cross the BBB. Based on these results, compound 8a was selected as a potential multifunctional agent for the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shishun Xie
- Institute of Drug Synthesis and Pharmaceutical Process, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jie Chen
- Institute of Drug Synthesis and Pharmaceutical Process, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xiruo Li
- Institute of Drug Synthesis and Pharmaceutical Process, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Tao Su
- Institute of Drug Synthesis and Pharmaceutical Process, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yali Wang
- Institute of Drug Synthesis and Pharmaceutical Process, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Zhiren Wang
- Institute of Drug Synthesis and Pharmaceutical Process, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Ling Huang
- Institute of Drug Synthesis and Pharmaceutical Process, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Xingshu Li
- Institute of Drug Synthesis and Pharmaceutical Process, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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17
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Patil PO, Bari SB. Nitrogen heterocycles as potential monoamine oxidase inhibitors: Synthetic aspects. ARAB J CHEM 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2012.12.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
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18
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Rane RA, Napahde S, Bangalore PK, Sahu NU, Shah N, Kulkarni YA, Barve K, Lokare L, Karpoormath R. Synthesis and evaluation of novel marine bromopyrrole alkaloid-based derivatives as potential antidepressant agents. Chem Biol Drug Des 2014; 84:593-602. [PMID: 24797717 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.12352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2013] [Revised: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we report synthesis and screening of a series of twenty derivatives of bromopyrrole alkaloids with aroyl hydrazone feature for antidepressant activity by forced swim test (FST), tail suspension test (TST), and actophotometer method. The molecules were further evaluated for in vitro human MAO's inhibitory activities. The tested compounds exhibited moderate to good antidepressant activity compared with standard fluoxetine. Among these, most promising antidepressant derivatives 5b (%DID = 60.48), 5e (%DID = 59), and 5j (%DID = 74.86) reduced immobility duration of 50-70% at 30 mg/kg dose levels in FST. Further, derivative 5b, 5e, and 5j displayed good antidepressant activity with %DID value of 47.50, 46.62, and 52.49, respectively, in TST compared with standard fluoxetine (66.56% DID). Compound 5b showed high in vitro MAO-A potency and selectivity (Ki MAO-A (μM) = 2.4 ± 0.99, SI = 0.06) with promising pharmacological activity recognizing its potential as antidepressant lead candidate for further drug development. Study revealed that the presence of halogen atoms such as chlorine and fluorine at ortho- and/or para-position of phenyl ring and N-alkylation of pyrrole core is favored features for antidepressant activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh A Rane
- Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4001, South Africa
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Muscia GC, Hautmann S, Buldain GY, Asís SE, Gütschow M. Synthesis and evaluation of 2-(1H-indol-3-yl)-4-phenylquinolines as inhibitors of cholesterol esterase. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:1545-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.01.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2014] [Revised: 01/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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20
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Lu C, Zhou Q, Yan J, Du Z, Huang L, Li X. A novel series of tacrine–selegiline hybrids with cholinesterase and monoamine oxidase inhibition activities for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Eur J Med Chem 2013; 62:745-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2013.01.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2012] [Revised: 01/24/2013] [Accepted: 01/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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