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Giorgioni G, Del Bello F, Quaglia W, Botticelli L, Cifani C, Micioni Di Bonaventura E, Micioni Di Bonaventura MV, Piergentili A. Advances in the Development of Nonpeptide Small Molecules Targeting Ghrelin Receptor. J Med Chem 2022; 65:3098-3118. [PMID: 35157454 PMCID: PMC8883476 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c02191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Ghrelin is an octanoylated peptide acting by the activation of the growth hormone secretagogue receptor, namely, GHS-R1a. The involvement of ghrelin in several physiological processes, including stimulation of food intake, gastric emptying, body energy balance, glucose homeostasis, reduction of insulin secretion, and lipogenesis validates the considerable interest in GHS-R1a as a promising target for the treatment of numerous disorders. Over the years, several GHS-R1a ligands have been identified and some of them have been extensively studied in clinical trials. The recently resolved structures of GHS-R1a bound to ghrelin or potent ligands have provided useful information for the design of new GHS-R1a drugs. This perspective is focused on the development of recent nonpeptide small molecules acting as GHS-R1a agonists, antagonists, and inverse agonists, bearing classical or new molecular scaffolds, as well as on radiolabeled GHS-R1a ligands developed for imaging. Moreover, the pharmacological effects of the most studied ligands have been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianfabio Giorgioni
- School of Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry Unit, University of Camerino, Via Madonna delle Carceri, 62032 Camerino, Italy
| | - Fabio Del Bello
- School of Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry Unit, University of Camerino, Via Madonna delle Carceri, 62032 Camerino, Italy
| | - Wilma Quaglia
- School of Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry Unit, University of Camerino, Via Madonna delle Carceri, 62032 Camerino, Italy
| | - Luca Botticelli
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacology Unit, University of Camerino, Via Madonna delle Carceri 9, 62032 Camerino, Italy
| | - Carlo Cifani
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacology Unit, University of Camerino, Via Madonna delle Carceri 9, 62032 Camerino, Italy
| | - E Micioni Di Bonaventura
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacology Unit, University of Camerino, Via Madonna delle Carceri 9, 62032 Camerino, Italy
| | - M V Micioni Di Bonaventura
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacology Unit, University of Camerino, Via Madonna delle Carceri 9, 62032 Camerino, Italy
| | - Alessandro Piergentili
- School of Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry Unit, University of Camerino, Via Madonna delle Carceri, 62032 Camerino, Italy
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2
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Molecular mechanism of agonism and inverse agonism in ghrelin receptor. Nat Commun 2022; 13:300. [PMID: 35027551 PMCID: PMC8758724 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-27975-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Much effort has been invested in the investigation of the structural basis of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) activation. Inverse agonists, which can inhibit GPCRs with constitutive activity, are considered useful therapeutic agents, but the molecular mechanism of such ligands remains insufficiently understood. Here, we report a crystal structure of the ghrelin receptor bound to the inverse agonist PF-05190457 and a cryo-electron microscopy structure of the active ghrelin receptor-Go complex bound to the endogenous agonist ghrelin. Our structures reveal a distinct binding mode of the inverse agonist PF-05190457 in the ghrelin receptor, different from the binding mode of agonists and neutral antagonists. Combining the structural comparisons and cellular function assays, we find that a polar network and a notable hydrophobic cluster are required for receptor activation and constitutive activity. Together, our study provides insights into the detailed mechanism of ghrelin receptor binding to agonists and inverse agonists, and paves the way to design specific ligands targeting ghrelin receptors. Ghrelin receptor regulates energy homeostasis through constitutive activity or by the ghrelin. Here the authors report two structures of ghrelin receptor bound to agonist and inverse agonist, providing insights into the mechanism of inverse agonism, which is of interest for specific ligand design.
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Tyler JL, Noble A, Aggarwal VK. Strain-Release Driven Spirocyclization of Azabicyclo[1.1.0]butyl Ketones. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:11824-11829. [PMID: 33754432 PMCID: PMC8251566 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202102754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Due to their intrinsic rigidity, three-dimensionality and structural novelty, spirocyclic molecules have become increasingly sought-after moieties in drug discovery. Herein, we report a strain-release driven synthesis of azetidine-containing spirocycles by harnessing the inherent ring strain of the azabicyclo[1.1.0]butane (ABB) fragment. Novel ABB-ketone precursors bearing silyl-protected alcohols were synthesized in a single step and shown to engage in electrophile-induced spirocyclization-desilylation reactions. Primary, secondary and tertiary silyl ethers were effectively transformed into a library of new spiro-azetidines, with a range of substituents and ring sizes. In addition, the products are generated with synthetically useful ketone and protected-amine functional groups, which provides the potential for further elaboration and for this chemistry to be utilized in the rapid assembly of medicinally relevant compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasper L. Tyler
- School of ChemistryUniversity of BristolCantock's CloseBristolBS8 1TSUK
| | - Adam Noble
- School of ChemistryUniversity of BristolCantock's CloseBristolBS8 1TSUK
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4
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Tyler JL, Noble A, Aggarwal VK. Strain‐Release Driven Spirocyclization of Azabicyclo[1.1.0]butyl Ketones. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202102754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jasper L. Tyler
- School of Chemistry University of Bristol Cantock's Close Bristol BS8 1TS UK
| | - Adam Noble
- School of Chemistry University of Bristol Cantock's Close Bristol BS8 1TS UK
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5
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Lee MR, Tapocik JD, Ghareeb M, Schwandt ML, Dias AA, Le AN, Cobbina E, Farinelli LA, Bouhlal S, Farokhnia M, Heilig M, Akhlaghi F, Leggio L. The novel ghrelin receptor inverse agonist PF-5190457 administered with alcohol: preclinical safety experiments and a phase 1b human laboratory study. Mol Psychiatry 2020; 25:461-475. [PMID: 29728704 PMCID: PMC6215751 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-018-0064-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Revised: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Rodent studies indicate that ghrelin receptor blockade reduces alcohol consumption. However, no ghrelin receptor blockers have been administered to heavy alcohol drinking individuals. Therefore, we evaluated the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetic (PK), pharmacodynamic (PD) and behavioral effects of a novel ghrelin receptor inverse agonist, PF-5190457, when co-administered with alcohol. We tested the effects of PF-5190457 combined with alcohol on locomotor activity, loss-of-righting reflex (a measure of alcohol sedative actions), and on blood PF-5190457 concentrations in rats. Then, we performed a single-blind, placebo-controlled, within-subject human study with PF-5190457 (placebo/0 mg b.i.d., 50 mg b.i.d., 100 mg b.i.d.). Twelve heavy drinkers during three identical visits completed an alcohol administration session, subjective assessments, and an alcohol cue-reactivity procedure, and gave blood samples for PK/PD testing. In rats, PF-5190457 did not interact with the effects of alcohol on locomotor activity or loss-of-righting reflex. Alcohol did not affect blood PF-5190457 concentrations. In humans, all adverse events were mild or moderate and did not require discontinuation or dose reductions. Drug dose did not alter alcohol concentration or elimination, alcohol-induced stimulation or sedation, or mood during alcohol administration. Potential PD markers of PF-5190457 were acyl-to-total ghrelin ratio and insulin-like growth factor-1. PF-5190457 (100 mg b.i.d.) reduced alcohol craving during the cue-reactivity procedure. This study provides the first translational evidence of safety and tolerability of the ghrelin receptor inverse agonist PF-5190457 when co-administered with alcohol. PK/PD/behavioral findings support continued research of PF-5190457 as a potential pharmacological agent to treat alcohol use disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary R Lee
- Section on Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism and National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jenica D Tapocik
- Section on Molecular Pathophysiology, Laboratory of Clinical and Translational Studies, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Mwlod Ghareeb
- Clinical Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratory, Department of Biomedical & Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA
| | - Melanie L Schwandt
- Office of the Clinical Director, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Alexandra A Dias
- Section on Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism and National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - April N Le
- Section on Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism and National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Enoch Cobbina
- Clinical Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratory, Department of Biomedical & Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA
| | - Lisa A Farinelli
- Section on Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism and National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sofia Bouhlal
- Section on Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism and National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Mehdi Farokhnia
- Section on Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism and National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Markus Heilig
- Section on Molecular Pathophysiology, Laboratory of Clinical and Translational Studies, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Center for Social and Affective Neuroscience, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Fatemeh Akhlaghi
- Clinical Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratory, Department of Biomedical & Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA
| | - Lorenzo Leggio
- Section on Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism and National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
- Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.
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6
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Dubois MAJ, Lazaridou A, Choi C, Mousseau JJ, Bull JA. Synthesis of 3-Aryl-3-Sulfanyl Azetidines by Iron-Catalyzed Thiol Alkylation with N-Cbz Azetidinols. J Org Chem 2019; 84:5943-5956. [PMID: 30973723 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b00613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
New small-ring derivatives can provide valuable motifs in new chemical space for drug design. 3-Aryl-3-sulfanyl azetidines are synthesized directly from azetidine-3-ols in excellent yield by a mild Fe-catalyzed thiol alkylation. A broad range of thiols and azetidinols bearing electron-donating aromatics are successful, proceeding via an azetidine carbocation. The N-carboxybenzyl group is a requirement for good reactivity and enables the NH-azetidine to be revealed. Further reactions of the azetidine sulfides demonstrate their potential for incorporation in drug discovery programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryne A J Dubois
- Department of Chemistry , Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, White City Campus , Wood Lane , London W12 0BZ , U.K
| | - Anna Lazaridou
- Department of Chemistry , Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, White City Campus , Wood Lane , London W12 0BZ , U.K
| | - Chulho Choi
- Pfizer Medicinal Sciences , 445 Eastern Point Road , Groton , Connecticut 06340 , United States
| | - James J Mousseau
- Pfizer Medicinal Sciences , 445 Eastern Point Road , Groton , Connecticut 06340 , United States
| | - James A Bull
- Department of Chemistry , Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, White City Campus , Wood Lane , London W12 0BZ , U.K
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7
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Martinez-Alsina LA, Murray JC, Buzon LM, Bundesmann MW, Young JM, O'Neill BT. Spiropiperidine Sultam and Lactam Templates: Diastereoselective Overman Rearrangement and Metathesis followed by NH Arylation. J Org Chem 2017; 82:12246-12256. [PMID: 29096057 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b02096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
We report the diastereoselective synthesis of novel spiropiperidine templates for use in SAR studies of β-secretase (BACE) inhibitors and also as versatile ligands for other receptor types. The overall synthetic approach stems from chiral starting material benzyl (S)-2-methyl-4-oxopiperidine-1-carboxylate and employs an Overman rearrangement to control the stereochemistry at the quaternary center. This process is followed by a Grubbs metathesis to close a five-membered "top" ring to form an α,β-unsaturated lactam or an α,β-unsaturated sultam. We also demonstrate that this chemistry can accommodate additional substituents on the lactam/sultam ring and allows late stage sequential functionalization of the amine and amide nitrogens to rapidly produce diverse analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis A Martinez-Alsina
- Medicine Design, Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development , 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - John C Murray
- Medicine Design, Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development , 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Leanne M Buzon
- Medicine Design, Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development , 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Mark W Bundesmann
- Medicine Design, Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development , 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Joseph M Young
- Novartis Institute for BioMedical Research , 5300 Chiron Way, Emeryville, California 94608-2916, United States
| | - Brian T O'Neill
- Medicine Design, Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development , 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
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8
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Reilly SW, Bryan NW, Mach RH. Pd-catalyzed arylation of linear and angular spirodiamine salts under aerobic conditions. Tetrahedron Lett 2017; 58:466-469. [PMID: 31762498 PMCID: PMC6874415 DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2016.12.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Application of Buchwald-Hartwig catalysis for development of biologically relevant arylspirodiamine compounds is reported. This synthetic methodology requires no inert atmosphere and affords yields up to 93% in just 20 min. Linear and sterically hindered angular spirodiamines in salt and free-base form are coupled with electron-rich and -withdrawing aryl chlorides, demonstrating a broad scope and applicability of this protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean W. Reilly
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 231 S. 34th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Nikaela W. Bryan
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, 421 Curie Blvd., Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Robert H. Mach
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 231 S. 34th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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9
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Antermite D, Degennaro L, Luisi R. Recent advances in the chemistry of metallated azetidines. Org Biomol Chem 2017; 15:34-50. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ob01665k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The almost unexplored four-membered azetidines represent a particularly interesting class of molecules, among the family of saturated nitrogen heterocycles. This review reports recent developments in direct metal-based functionalization of the azetidine ring, focusing on the regio- and stereoselectivity of these reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Antermite
- Department of Pharmacy – Drug Sciences
- University of Bari
- Bari 70125
- Italy
| | | | - Renzo Luisi
- Department of Pharmacy – Drug Sciences
- University of Bari
- Bari 70125
- Italy
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10
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Smith AC, Cabral S, Kung DW, Rose CR, Southers JA, García-Irizarry CN, Damon DB, Bagley SW, Griffith DA. The Synthesis of Methyl-Substituted Spirocyclic Piperidine-Azetidine (2,7-Diazaspiro[3.5]nonane) and Spirocyclic Piperidine-Pyrrolidine (2,8-Diazaspiro[4.5]decane) Ring Systems. J Org Chem 2016; 81:3509-19. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.5b02890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Aaron C. Smith
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Shawn Cabral
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Daniel W. Kung
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Colin R. Rose
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - James A. Southers
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Carmen N. García-Irizarry
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - David B. Damon
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Scott W. Bagley
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - David A. Griffith
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
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11
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Orr STM, Beveridge R, Bhattacharya SK, Cameron KO, Coffey S, Fernando D, Hepworth D, Jackson MV, Khot V, Kosa R, Lapham K, Loria PM, McClure KF, Patel J, Rose C, Saenz J, Stock IA, Storer G, von Volkenburg M, Vrieze D, Wang G, Xiao J, Zhang Y. Evaluation and synthesis of polar aryl- and heteroaryl spiroazetidine-piperidine acetamides as ghrelin inverse agonists. ACS Med Chem Lett 2015; 6:156-61. [PMID: 25699143 DOI: 10.1021/ml500414n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Several polar heteroaromatic acetic acids and their piperidine amides were synthesized and evaluated as ghrelin or type 1a growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHS-R1a) inverse agonists. Efforts to improve pharmacokinetic and safety profile was achieved by modulating physicochemical properties and, more specifically, emphasizing increased polarity of our chemical series. ortho-Carboxamide containing compounds provided optimal physicochemical, pharmacologic, and safety profile. pH-dependent chemical stability was also assessed with our series.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suvi T. M. Orr
- Worldwide
Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Global Research and Development, 10770
Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Ramsay Beveridge
- Worldwide
Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Global Research and Development, 550
Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Samit K. Bhattacharya
- Worldwide
Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Global Research and Development, 610
Main St., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Kimberly O. Cameron
- Worldwide
Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Global Research and Development, 610
Main St., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Steven Coffey
- Worldwide
Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Global Research and Development, 550
Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Dilinie Fernando
- Worldwide
Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Global Research and Development, 550
Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - David Hepworth
- Worldwide
Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Global Research and Development, 610
Main St., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Margaret V. Jackson
- Cardiovascular
and Metabolic Research Unit, Pfizer Global Research and Development, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Vishal Khot
- Worldwide
Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Global Research and Development, 550
Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Rachel Kosa
- Pharmacokinetics,
Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Global Research and Development, 550
Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Kimberly Lapham
- Pharmacokinetics,
Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Global Research and Development, 550
Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Paula M. Loria
- Primary
Pharmacology Group, Pfizer Global Research and Development, 550
Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Kim F. McClure
- Worldwide
Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Global Research and Development, 610
Main St., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Jigna Patel
- Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Pfizer Global Research and Development, 550 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Colin Rose
- Worldwide
Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Global Research and Development, 610
Main St., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - James Saenz
- Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Pfizer Global Research and Development, 550 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Ingrid A. Stock
- Primary
Pharmacology Group, Pfizer Global Research and Development, 550
Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Gregory Storer
- Worldwide
Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Global Research and Development, 550
Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Maria von Volkenburg
- Cardiovascular
and Metabolic Research Unit, Pfizer Global Research and Development, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Derek Vrieze
- Worldwide
Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Global Research and Development, 550
Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Guoqiang Wang
- Worldwide
Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Global Research and Development, 550
Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Jun Xiao
- Worldwide
Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Global Research and Development, 550
Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Yingxin Zhang
- Worldwide
Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Global Research and Development, 550
Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
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12
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Callaghan B, Furness JB. Novel and Conventional Receptors for Ghrelin, Desacyl-Ghrelin, and Pharmacologically Related Compounds. Pharmacol Rev 2014; 66:984-1001. [DOI: 10.1124/pr.113.008433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
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13
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Cameron KO, Bhattacharya SK, Loomis AK. Small Molecule Ghrelin Receptor Inverse Agonists and Antagonists. J Med Chem 2014; 57:8671-91. [DOI: 10.1021/jm5003183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly O. Cameron
- Worldwide
Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 610
Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Samit K. Bhattacharya
- Worldwide
Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 610
Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - A. Katrina Loomis
- Pharmatherapeutics
Precision Medicine, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Eastern
Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
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14
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The use of spirocyclic scaffolds in drug discovery. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:3673-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.06.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 564] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Revised: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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15
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Over the past 3 years, several patents appeared dealing with the discovery of compounds able to modulate ghrelin actions: agonists for the treatment of cachexia, as diagnostic agents for GH deficiency or for the increase in gastrointestinal motility, antagonists and inverse agonists as anorexigenic agents for the treatment of obesity and type 2 diabetes. This research has been conducted by several pharmaceutical companies and some compounds have entered clinical trials, but, to date, compounds acting on the ghrelin receptor do not represent clinical options yet. AREAS COVERED A comprehensive description and categorization of patents related to each type of compounds is provided, together with data related to these compounds that appeared in the scientific literature. EXPERT OPINION Ghrelin appears to mediate a myriad of actions, and some of these appear to be due to unknown mechanisms (a second putative ghrelin receptor, putative receptors for unacylated ghrelin); several agonists, antagonists and inverse agonists at ghrelin receptor have been developed but their mechanism of action into CNS is poorly understood. The therapeutic potential of compounds acting on ghrelin receptor is still to be fully assessed, but the results obtained to date are encouraging for the successful clinical translation of compounds able to treat several pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Costantino
- University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita , Via Campi 183, 41100 Modena , Italy +39 059 2055749 ; +39 059 2055131 ;
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16
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McCoull W, Barton P, Brown AJH, Bowker SS, Cameron J, Clarke DS, Davies RDM, Dossetter AG, Ertan A, Fenwick M, Green C, Holmes JL, Martin N, Masters D, Moore JE, Newcombe NJ, Newton C, Pointon H, Robb GR, Sheldon C, Stokes S, Morgan D. Identification, Optimization, and Pharmacology of Acylurea GHS-R1a Inverse Agonists. J Med Chem 2014; 57:6128-40. [DOI: 10.1021/jm500610n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- William McCoull
- AstraZeneca, Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield SK10 4TG, U.K
| | - Peter Barton
- AstraZeneca, Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield SK10 4TG, U.K
| | | | | | - Jennifer Cameron
- AstraZeneca, Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield SK10 4TG, U.K
| | - David S. Clarke
- AstraZeneca, Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield SK10 4TG, U.K
| | | | | | - Anne Ertan
- AstraZeneca, Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield SK10 4TG, U.K
| | - Mark Fenwick
- AstraZeneca, Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield SK10 4TG, U.K
| | - Clive Green
- AstraZeneca, Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield SK10 4TG, U.K
| | - Jane L. Holmes
- AstraZeneca, Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield SK10 4TG, U.K
| | - Nathaniel Martin
- AstraZeneca, Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield SK10 4TG, U.K
| | - David Masters
- AstraZeneca, Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield SK10 4TG, U.K
| | - Jane E. Moore
- AstraZeneca, Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield SK10 4TG, U.K
| | | | - Claire Newton
- AstraZeneca, Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield SK10 4TG, U.K
| | - Helen Pointon
- AstraZeneca, Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield SK10 4TG, U.K
| | - Graeme R. Robb
- AstraZeneca, Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield SK10 4TG, U.K
| | | | - Stephen Stokes
- AstraZeneca, Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield SK10 4TG, U.K
| | - David Morgan
- AstraZeneca, Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield SK10 4TG, U.K
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17
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Bhattacharya SK, Andrews K, Beveridge R, Cameron KO, Chen C, Dunn M, Fernando D, Gao H, Hepworth D, Jackson VM, Khot V, Kong J, Kosa RE, Lapham K, Loria PM, Londregan AT, McClure KF, Orr STM, Patel J, Rose C, Saenz J, Stock IA, Storer G, VanVolkenburg M, Vrieze D, Wang G, Xiao J, Zhang Y. Discovery of PF-5190457, a Potent, Selective, and Orally Bioavailable Ghrelin Receptor Inverse Agonist Clinical Candidate. ACS Med Chem Lett 2014; 5:474-9. [PMID: 24900864 DOI: 10.1021/ml400473x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The identification of potent, highly selective orally bioavailable ghrelin receptor inverse agonists from a spiro-azetidino-piperidine series is described. Examples from this series have promising in vivo pharmacokinetics and increase glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in human whole and dispersed islets. A physicochemistry-based strategy to increase lipophilic efficiency for ghrelin receptor potency and retain low clearance and satisfactory permeability while reducing off-target pharmacology led to the discovery of 16h. Compound 16h has a superior balance of ghrelin receptor pharmacology and off-target selectivity. On the basis of its promising pharmacological and safety profile, 16h was advanced to human clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samit K. Bhattacharya
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Cardiovascular and
Metabolic Research Unit, §Pharmacokinetics,
Dynamics, and Metabolism, ∥Primary Pharmacology Group, and ⊥Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pfizer Global Research and Development, 620 Memorial Drive, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Kim Andrews
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Cardiovascular and
Metabolic Research Unit, §Pharmacokinetics,
Dynamics, and Metabolism, ∥Primary Pharmacology Group, and ⊥Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pfizer Global Research and Development, 620 Memorial Drive, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Ramsay Beveridge
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Cardiovascular and
Metabolic Research Unit, §Pharmacokinetics,
Dynamics, and Metabolism, ∥Primary Pharmacology Group, and ⊥Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pfizer Global Research and Development, 620 Memorial Drive, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Kimberly O. Cameron
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Cardiovascular and
Metabolic Research Unit, §Pharmacokinetics,
Dynamics, and Metabolism, ∥Primary Pharmacology Group, and ⊥Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pfizer Global Research and Development, 620 Memorial Drive, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Chiliu Chen
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Cardiovascular and
Metabolic Research Unit, §Pharmacokinetics,
Dynamics, and Metabolism, ∥Primary Pharmacology Group, and ⊥Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pfizer Global Research and Development, 620 Memorial Drive, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Matthew Dunn
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Cardiovascular and
Metabolic Research Unit, §Pharmacokinetics,
Dynamics, and Metabolism, ∥Primary Pharmacology Group, and ⊥Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pfizer Global Research and Development, 620 Memorial Drive, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Dilinie Fernando
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Cardiovascular and
Metabolic Research Unit, §Pharmacokinetics,
Dynamics, and Metabolism, ∥Primary Pharmacology Group, and ⊥Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pfizer Global Research and Development, 620 Memorial Drive, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Hua Gao
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Cardiovascular and
Metabolic Research Unit, §Pharmacokinetics,
Dynamics, and Metabolism, ∥Primary Pharmacology Group, and ⊥Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pfizer Global Research and Development, 620 Memorial Drive, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - David Hepworth
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Cardiovascular and
Metabolic Research Unit, §Pharmacokinetics,
Dynamics, and Metabolism, ∥Primary Pharmacology Group, and ⊥Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pfizer Global Research and Development, 620 Memorial Drive, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - V. Margaret Jackson
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Cardiovascular and
Metabolic Research Unit, §Pharmacokinetics,
Dynamics, and Metabolism, ∥Primary Pharmacology Group, and ⊥Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pfizer Global Research and Development, 620 Memorial Drive, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Vishal Khot
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Cardiovascular and
Metabolic Research Unit, §Pharmacokinetics,
Dynamics, and Metabolism, ∥Primary Pharmacology Group, and ⊥Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pfizer Global Research and Development, 620 Memorial Drive, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Jimmy Kong
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Cardiovascular and
Metabolic Research Unit, §Pharmacokinetics,
Dynamics, and Metabolism, ∥Primary Pharmacology Group, and ⊥Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pfizer Global Research and Development, 620 Memorial Drive, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Rachel E. Kosa
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Cardiovascular and
Metabolic Research Unit, §Pharmacokinetics,
Dynamics, and Metabolism, ∥Primary Pharmacology Group, and ⊥Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pfizer Global Research and Development, 620 Memorial Drive, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Kimberly Lapham
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Cardiovascular and
Metabolic Research Unit, §Pharmacokinetics,
Dynamics, and Metabolism, ∥Primary Pharmacology Group, and ⊥Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pfizer Global Research and Development, 620 Memorial Drive, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Paula M. Loria
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Cardiovascular and
Metabolic Research Unit, §Pharmacokinetics,
Dynamics, and Metabolism, ∥Primary Pharmacology Group, and ⊥Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pfizer Global Research and Development, 620 Memorial Drive, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Allyn T. Londregan
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Cardiovascular and
Metabolic Research Unit, §Pharmacokinetics,
Dynamics, and Metabolism, ∥Primary Pharmacology Group, and ⊥Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pfizer Global Research and Development, 620 Memorial Drive, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Kim F. McClure
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Cardiovascular and
Metabolic Research Unit, §Pharmacokinetics,
Dynamics, and Metabolism, ∥Primary Pharmacology Group, and ⊥Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pfizer Global Research and Development, 620 Memorial Drive, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Suvi T. M. Orr
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Cardiovascular and
Metabolic Research Unit, §Pharmacokinetics,
Dynamics, and Metabolism, ∥Primary Pharmacology Group, and ⊥Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pfizer Global Research and Development, 620 Memorial Drive, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Jigna Patel
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Cardiovascular and
Metabolic Research Unit, §Pharmacokinetics,
Dynamics, and Metabolism, ∥Primary Pharmacology Group, and ⊥Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pfizer Global Research and Development, 620 Memorial Drive, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Colin Rose
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Cardiovascular and
Metabolic Research Unit, §Pharmacokinetics,
Dynamics, and Metabolism, ∥Primary Pharmacology Group, and ⊥Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pfizer Global Research and Development, 620 Memorial Drive, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - James Saenz
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Cardiovascular and
Metabolic Research Unit, §Pharmacokinetics,
Dynamics, and Metabolism, ∥Primary Pharmacology Group, and ⊥Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pfizer Global Research and Development, 620 Memorial Drive, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Ingrid A. Stock
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Cardiovascular and
Metabolic Research Unit, §Pharmacokinetics,
Dynamics, and Metabolism, ∥Primary Pharmacology Group, and ⊥Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pfizer Global Research and Development, 620 Memorial Drive, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Gregory Storer
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Cardiovascular and
Metabolic Research Unit, §Pharmacokinetics,
Dynamics, and Metabolism, ∥Primary Pharmacology Group, and ⊥Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pfizer Global Research and Development, 620 Memorial Drive, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Maria VanVolkenburg
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Cardiovascular and
Metabolic Research Unit, §Pharmacokinetics,
Dynamics, and Metabolism, ∥Primary Pharmacology Group, and ⊥Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pfizer Global Research and Development, 620 Memorial Drive, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Derek Vrieze
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Cardiovascular and
Metabolic Research Unit, §Pharmacokinetics,
Dynamics, and Metabolism, ∥Primary Pharmacology Group, and ⊥Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pfizer Global Research and Development, 620 Memorial Drive, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Guoqiang Wang
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Cardiovascular and
Metabolic Research Unit, §Pharmacokinetics,
Dynamics, and Metabolism, ∥Primary Pharmacology Group, and ⊥Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pfizer Global Research and Development, 620 Memorial Drive, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Jun Xiao
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Cardiovascular and
Metabolic Research Unit, §Pharmacokinetics,
Dynamics, and Metabolism, ∥Primary Pharmacology Group, and ⊥Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pfizer Global Research and Development, 620 Memorial Drive, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Yingxin Zhang
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Cardiovascular and
Metabolic Research Unit, §Pharmacokinetics,
Dynamics, and Metabolism, ∥Primary Pharmacology Group, and ⊥Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pfizer Global Research and Development, 620 Memorial Drive, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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18
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McClure KF, Jackson M, Cameron KO, Kung DW, Perry DA, Orr STM, Zhang Y, Kohrt J, Tu M, Gao H, Fernando D, Jones R, Erasga N, Wang G, Polivkova J, Jiao W, Swartz R, Ueno H, Bhattacharya SK, Stock IA, Varma S, Bagdasarian V, Perez S, Kelly-Sullivan D, Wang R, Kong J, Cornelius P, Michael L, Lee E, Janssen A, Steyn SJ, Lapham K, Goosen T. Identification of potent, selective, CNS-targeted inverse agonists of the ghrelin receptor. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:5410-4. [PMID: 23953189 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.07.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2013] [Revised: 07/14/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The optimization for selectivity and central receptor occupancy for a series of spirocyclic azetidine-piperidine inverse agonists of the ghrelin receptor is described. Decreased mAChR muscarinic M2 binding was achieved by use of a chiral indane in place of a substituted benzylic group. Compounds with desirable balance of human in vitro clearance and ex vivo central receptor occupancy were discovered by incorporation of heterocycles. Specifically, heteroaryl rings with nitrogen(s) vicinal to the indane linkage provided the most attractive overall properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim F McClure
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, Discovery Biology, Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, CT 06340, United States.
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19
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Fung JNT, Jeffery PL, Lee JD, Seim I, Roche D, Obermair A, Chopin LK, Chen C. Silencing of ghrelin receptor expression inhibits endometrial cancer cell growth in vitro and in vivo. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2013; 305:E305-13. [PMID: 23736537 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00156.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Ghrelin is a 28-amino acid peptide hormone produced predominantly in the stomach but also in a range of normal cell types and tumors, where it has endocrine, paracrine, and autocrine roles. Previously, we have demonstrated that ghrelin has proliferative and antiapoptotic effects in endometrial cancer cell lines, suggesting a potential role in promoting tumor growth. In the present study, we investigated the effect of ghrelin receptor, GHSR, and gene silencing in vitro and in vivo and characterized ghrelin and GHSR1a protein expression in human endometrial tumors. GHSR gene silencing was achieved in the Ishikawa and KLE endometrial cancer cell lines, using a lentiviral short-hairpin RNA targeting GHSR. The effects of GHSR1a knockdown were further analyzed in vivo using the Ishikawa cell line in a NOD/SCID xenograft model. Cell proliferation was reduced in cultured GHSR1a knockdown Ishikawa and KLE cells compared with scrambled controls in the absence of exogenously applied ghrelin and in response to exogenous ghrelin (1,000 nM). The tumor volumes were reduced significantly in GHSR1a knockdown Ishikawa mouse xenograft tumors compared with scrambled control tumours. Using immunohistochemistry, we demonstrated that ghrelin and GHSR1a are expressed in benign and cancerous glands in human endometrial tissue specimens, although there was no correlation between the intensity of staining and cancer grade. These data indicate that downregulation of GHSR expression significantly inhibits endometrial cancer cell line and mouse xenograft tumour growth. This is the first preclinical evidence that downregulation of GHSR may be therapeutic in endometrial cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny N T Fung
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
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20
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Kalgutkar AS, Ryder TF, Walker GS, Orr STM, Cabral S, Goosen TC, Lapham K, Eng H. Reactive Metabolite Trapping Studies on Imidazo- and 2-Methylimidazo[2,1-b]thiazole-Based Inverse Agonists of the Ghrelin Receptor. Drug Metab Dispos 2013; 41:1375-88. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.113.051839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
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21
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McCoull W, Barton P, Broo A, Brown AJH, Clarke DS, Coope G, Davies RDM, Dossetter AG, Kelly EE, Knerr L, MacFaul P, Holmes JL, Martin N, Moore JE, Morgan D, Newton C, Österlund K, Robb GR, Rosevere E, Selmi N, Stokes S, Svensson TS, Ullah VBK, Williams EJ. Identification of pyrazolo-pyrimidinones as GHS-R1a antagonists and inverse agonists for the treatment of obesity. MEDCHEMCOMM 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c2md20340e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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22
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Spiroazetidine–piperidine bromoindane as a key modular template to access a variety of compounds via C–C and C–N bond-forming reactions. Tetrahedron Lett 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2012.09.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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