1
|
Stern S, Zhang L, Wang M, Wright R, Rosh I, Hussein Y, Stern T, Choudhary A, Tripathi U, Reed P, Sadis H, Nayak R, Shemen A, Agarwal K, Cordeiro D, Peles D, Hang Y, Mendes APD, Baul TD, Roth JG, Coorapati S, Boks MP, McCombie WR, Hulshoff Pol H, Brennand KJ, Réthelyi JM, Kahn RS, Marchetto MC, Gage FH. Monozygotic twins discordant for schizophrenia differ in maturation and synaptic transmission. Mol Psychiatry 2024:10.1038/s41380-024-02561-1. [PMID: 38704507 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-024-02561-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
Schizophrenia affects approximately 1% of the world population. Genetics, epigenetics, and environmental factors are known to play a role in this psychiatric disorder. While there is a high concordance in monozygotic twins, about half of twin pairs are discordant for schizophrenia. To address the question of how and when concordance in monozygotic twins occur, we have obtained fibroblasts from two pairs of schizophrenia discordant twins (one sibling with schizophrenia while the second one is unaffected by schizophrenia) and three pairs of healthy twins (both of the siblings are healthy). We have prepared iPSC models for these 3 groups of patients with schizophrenia, unaffected co-twins, and the healthy twins. When the study started the co-twins were considered healthy and unaffected but both the co-twins were later diagnosed with a depressive disorder. The reprogrammed iPSCs were differentiated into hippocampal neurons to measure the neurophysiological abnormalities in the patients. We found that the neurons derived from the schizophrenia patients were less arborized, were hypoexcitable with immature spike features, and exhibited a significant reduction in synaptic activity with dysregulation in synapse-related genes. Interestingly, the neurons derived from the co-twin siblings who did not have schizophrenia formed another distinct group that was different from the neurons in the group of the affected twin siblings but also different from the neurons in the group of the control twins. Importantly, their synaptic activity was not affected. Our measurements that were obtained from schizophrenia patients and their monozygotic twin and compared also to control healthy twins point to hippocampal synaptic deficits as a central mechanism in schizophrenia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shani Stern
- Sagol Department of Neurobiology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel.
| | - Lei Zhang
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Meiyan Wang
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Rebecca Wright
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Idan Rosh
- Sagol Department of Neurobiology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Yara Hussein
- Sagol Department of Neurobiology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Tchelet Stern
- Sagol Department of Neurobiology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Ashwani Choudhary
- Sagol Department of Neurobiology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Utkarsh Tripathi
- Sagol Department of Neurobiology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Patrick Reed
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Hagit Sadis
- Sagol Department of Neurobiology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Ritu Nayak
- Sagol Department of Neurobiology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Aviram Shemen
- Sagol Department of Neurobiology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Karishma Agarwal
- Sagol Department of Neurobiology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Diogo Cordeiro
- Sagol Department of Neurobiology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - David Peles
- Sagol Department of Neurobiology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Yuqing Hang
- Razavi Newman Integrative Genomics and Bioinformatics Core, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ana P D Mendes
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Tithi D Baul
- Department of Psychiatry at the Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Julien G Roth
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology & Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Shashank Coorapati
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Marco P Boks
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584CX, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Hilleke Hulshoff Pol
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584CX, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 1, 3584CS, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Kristen J Brennand
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Pamela Sklar Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Department of Genetics, Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - János M Réthelyi
- Molecular Psychiatry Research Group and Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - René S Kahn
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center, James J Peters VA Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Maria C Marchetto
- Department of Anthropology, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Fred H Gage
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Donlon J, Kumari P, Varghese SP, Bai M, Florentin OD, Frost ED, Banks J, Vadlapatla N, Kam O, Shad MU, Rahman S, Abulseoud OA, Stone TW, Koola MM. Integrative Pharmacology in the Treatment of Substance Use Disorders. J Dual Diagn 2024; 20:132-177. [PMID: 38117676 DOI: 10.1080/15504263.2023.2293854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
The detrimental physical, mental, and socioeconomic effects of substance use disorders (SUDs) have been apparent to the medical community for decades. However, it has become increasingly urgent in recent years to develop novel pharmacotherapies to treat SUDs. Currently, practitioners typically rely on monotherapy. Monotherapy has been shown to be superior to no treatment at all for most substance classes. However, many randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have revealed that monotherapy leads to poorer outcomes when compared with combination treatment in all specialties of medicine. The results of RCTs suggest that monotherapy frequently fails since multiple dysregulated pathways, enzymes, neurotransmitters, and receptors are involved in the pathophysiology of SUDs. As such, research is urgently needed to determine how various neurobiological mechanisms can be targeted by novel combination treatments to create increasingly specific yet exceedingly comprehensive approaches to SUD treatment. This article aims to review the neurobiology that integrates many pathophysiologic mechanisms and discuss integrative pharmacology developments that may ultimately improve clinical outcomes for patients with SUDs. Many neurobiological mechanisms are known to be involved in SUDs including dopaminergic, nicotinic, N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA), and kynurenic acid (KYNA) mechanisms. Emerging evidence indicates that KYNA, a tryptophan metabolite, modulates all these major pathophysiologic mechanisms. Therefore, achieving KYNA homeostasis by harmonizing integrative pathophysiology and pharmacology could prove to be a better therapeutic approach for SUDs. We propose KYNA-NMDA-α7nAChRcentric pathophysiology, the "conductor of the orchestra," as a novel approach to treat many SUDs concurrently. KYNA-NMDA-α7nAChR pathophysiology may be the "command center" of neuropsychiatry. To date, extant RCTs have shown equivocal findings across comparison conditions, possibly because investigators targeted single pathophysiologic mechanisms, hit wrong targets in underlying pathophysiologic mechanisms, and tested inadequate monotherapy treatment. We provide examples of potential combination treatments that simultaneously target multiple pathophysiologic mechanisms in addition to KYNA. Kynurenine pathway metabolism demonstrates the greatest potential as a target for neuropsychiatric diseases. The investigational medications with the most evidence include memantine, galantamine, and N-acetylcysteine. Future RCTs are warranted with novel combination treatments for SUDs. Multicenter RCTs with integrative pharmacology offer a promising, potentially fruitful avenue to develop novel therapeutics for the treatment of SUDs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jack Donlon
- Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden, New Jersey, USA
| | - Pooja Kumari
- Community Living Trent Highlands, Peterborough, Canada
| | - Sajoy P Varghese
- Addiction Recovery Treatment Services, Veterans Affairs Northern California Health Care System, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Michael Bai
- Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Ori David Florentin
- Department of Psychiatry, Westchester Medical Center, Valhalla, New York, USA
| | - Emma D Frost
- Department of Neurology, Cooper University Health Care, Camden, New Jersey, USA
| | - John Banks
- Talkiatry Mental Health Clinic, New York, New York, USA
| | - Niyathi Vadlapatla
- Thomas Jefferson High School for Science and Technology, Alexandria, Virginia, USA
| | - Olivia Kam
- Stony Brook University Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Mujeeb U Shad
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA
| | - Shafiqur Rahman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota, USA
| | - Osama A Abulseoud
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Alix School of Medicine at Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Trevor W Stone
- Nuffield Department of Orthopedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences (NDORMS), University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Maju Mathew Koola
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Cooper University Health Care, Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden, New Jersey, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zheng X, Li W, Xiang Q, Wang Y, Qu T, Fang W, Yang H. Memantine Attenuates Cognitive and Emotional Dysfunction in Mice with Sepsis-Associated Encephalopathy. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:40934-40943. [PMID: 37929090 PMCID: PMC10620906 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c06250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Sepsis-associated encephalopathy (SAE) is the most common complication of sepsis, with increased morbidity and mortality. To date, there has still been no established pharmacological therapy. Memantine, as an NMDA (N-methyl-d-aspartate) receptor antagonist, exhibited neuroprotective effects against cognitive and emotional dysfunction in many disorders. We performed cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) inducing sepsis as the ideal animal model of SAE. CLP-induced septic mice were given a memantine treatment through intragastric administration. The novel object recognition test indicated that memantine significantly improved cognitive dysfunction in septic mice. The open field test revealed that the anxiety-like behaviors and locomotion ability of septic mice were relieved by memantine. The pole test further confirmed the protective effects of memantine against immobility. Memantine significantly inhibited the excessive glutamate production and improved impaired neurogenesis on first and seventh day after sepsis, accompanying with reducing proinflammatory cytokines production (tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-1beta (IL-1β), and IL-10) and microglia activation in the brain of SAE. In addition, memantine treatment also reducing sepsis-induced brain blood barrier disruption via inhibiting the expression of metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9). In conclusion, memantine exerted neuro-protective effects against cognitive and emotional defects, which might be considered as a promising therapy for SAE.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- XiaoYu Zheng
- Department
of Critical-Care Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan 250021, China
| | - WenYu Li
- Department
of Critical-Care Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated
to Shandong First Medical University, Shandong
First Medical University, Jinan 250021, China
| | - Qian Xiang
- Department
of Critical-Care Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan 250021, China
| | - YanXue Wang
- Department
of Critical-Care Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated
to Shandong First Medical University, Shandong
First Medical University, Jinan 250021, China
| | - TingYu Qu
- The
Psychiatric Institute, Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1601 West Taylor Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - Wei Fang
- Department
of Critical-Care Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated
to Shandong First Medical University, Shandong
First Medical University, Jinan 250021, China
| | - HongNa Yang
- Department
of Critical-Care Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan 250021, China
- Department
of Critical-Care Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated
to Shandong First Medical University, Shandong
First Medical University, Jinan 250021, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Warma S, Lee Y, Brietzke E, McIntyre RS. Microbiome abnormalities as a possible link between diabetes mellitus and mood disorders: Pathophysiology and implications for treatment. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2022; 137:104640. [PMID: 35353985 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus and mental health disorders create an immense burden on society worldwide. Knowledge of the cellular and biochemical connections linking these two pathologies has broadened and the mechanism for diet-induced shifts in the microbiota has become more refined. However, there remains limited understanding of the mechanism wherein changes in the microbiota affect the development and severity of these diseases and their interconnectedness. This review examines current literature to highlight a potential mechanism that links specific changes in the microbiome to mental health disorders and diabetes mellitus. Novel data indicate that alterations in the abundance and concentration of bacterium in the gut result in an elevated risk for developing mental and metabolic disorders. Through the mechanisms and downstream effects of short-chain fatty acids and the tryptophan metabolizing pathway, the onset of diabetes is shown to directly affect the development of mental health disorders. This paper provides a possible physiological mechanism connecting these two disorders, which could inform future research and policy decisions limiting the global impact of these diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Warma
- Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5S 3J6, Canada
| | - Yena Lee
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Elisa Brietzke
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies (CNS), Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, Queen's University School of Medicine, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Roger S McIntyre
- Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5S 3J6, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Dyck GJB, Maayah ZH, Eurich DT, Dyck JRB. Understanding the Potential Benefits of Cannabidiol for Patients With Schizophrenia: A Narrative Review. SCHIZOPHRENIA BULLETIN OPEN 2022; 3:sgab053. [PMID: 39144756 PMCID: PMC11205871 DOI: 10.1093/schizbullopen/sgab053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/16/2024]
Abstract
Research suggests that cannabis-derived delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol can be linked to the worsening of psychosis and/or other symptoms of schizophrenia. However, studies have shown that another major cannabinoid found in cannabis, cannabidiol (CBD), may be a potential alternative or adjunctive treatment for psychosis and schizophrenia. As such, herein we review the relevant literature relating to the safety and efficacy of CBD treatment in patients with schizophrenia, including the effects of CBD in treating the positive, negative, and cognitive symptoms of the disorder, as well as the molecular mechanisms by which CBD can reduce schizophrenic symptoms. The potential utility of CBD for mitigating cannabis cravings and cannabis withdrawal in this patient population will also be reviewed. Lastly, the dosing, method of drug delivery, length of treatment, and adverse effects of CBD in patients with schizophrenia are discussed. Thus, the goal of this narrative review is to help clinicians and researchers better understand the risks and benefits of this potential therapy for this patient population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Garrison J B Dyck
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Zaid H Maayah
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Dean T Eurich
- School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Jason R B Dyck
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Abstract
Earlier, we have shown the efficacy of racemic (±) CIQ, a positive allosteric modulator of GluN2C/2D receptor against MK-801 induced impairment of prepulse inhibition as well as working memory. The present study investigated the antipsychotic-like profile of different CIQ (±, +, -) isomers against schizophrenia-like symptoms in series of behavioural animal models like apomorphine climbing, social isolation behaviour and NMDA receptor antagonist MK-801 induced cognitive deficits. Further, we also tested CIQ (±, +, -) isomers in neurodevelopmental model against MK-801induced deficits using open field test, Y-maze test and novel object recognition test. CIQ (±, +, -) isomers decreased climbing behaviour, increased social interaction and improved the MK-801 induced deficits in working memory in Y-maze. Further, CIQ (±, +) but not CIQ (-) improved the recognition memory in novel object recognition test as well as reduced hyperlocomotion and stereotyped behaviour. We conclude that CIQ (±, +) but not CIQ (-) exhibit the significant antipsychotic-like profile.
Collapse
|
7
|
Candidate metabolic biomarkers for schizophrenia in CNS and periphery: Do any possible associations exist? Schizophr Res 2020; 226:95-110. [PMID: 30935700 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2019.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Due to the limitations of analytical techniques and the complicity of schizophrenia, nowadays it is still a challenge to diagnose and stratify schizophrenia patients accurately. Many attempts have been made to identify and validate available biomarkers for schizophrenia from CSF and/or peripheral blood in clinical studies with consideration to disease stages, antipsychotic effects and even gender differences. However, conflicting results handicap the validation and application of biomarkers for schizophrenia. In view of availability and feasibility, peripheral biomarkers have superior advantages over biomarkers in CNS. Meanwhile, schizophrenia is considered to be a devastating neuropsychiatric disease mainly taking place in CNS featured by widespread defects in multiple metabolic pathways whose dynamic interactions, until recently, have been difficult to difficult to investigate. Evidence for these alterations has been collected piecemeal, limiting the potential to inform our understanding of the interactions among relevant biochemical pathways. Taken these points together, it will be interesting to investigate possible associations of biomarkers between CNS and periphery. Numerous studies have suggested putative correlations within peripheral and CNS systems especially for dopaminergic and glutamatergic metabolic biomarkers. In addition, it has been demonstrated that blood concentrations of BDNF protein can also reflect its changes in the nervous system. In turn, BDNF also interacts with glutamatergic, dopaminergic and serotonergic systems. Therefore, this review will summarize metabolic biomarkers identified both in the CNS (brain tissues and CSF) and peripheral blood. Further, more attentions will be paid to discussing possible physical and functional associations between CNS and periphery, especially with respect to BDNF.
Collapse
|
8
|
Bird CW, Barber MJ, Post HR, Jacquez B, Chavez GJ, Faturos NG, Valenzuela CF. Neonatal ethanol exposure triggers apoptosis in the murine retrosplenial cortex: Role of inhibition of NMDA receptor-driven action potential firing. Neuropharmacology 2019; 162:107837. [PMID: 31689422 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2019.107837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to ethanol during the last trimester equivalent of human pregnancy causes apoptotic neurodegeneration in the developing brain, an effect that is thought to be mediated, in part, by inhibition of NMDA receptors. However, NMDA receptors can rapidly adapt to the acute effects of ethanol and are ethanol resistant in some populations of developing neurons. Here, we characterized the effect of ethanol on NMDA and non-NMDA receptor-mediated synaptic transmission in the retrosplenial cortex (RSC), a brain region involved in the integration of different modalities of spatial information that is among the most sensitive regions to ethanol-induced neurodegeneration. A single 4-h exposure to ethanol vapor of 7-day-old transgenic mice that express the Venus fluorescent protein in interneurons triggered extensive apoptosis in the RSC. Slice electrophysiological recordings showed that bath-applied ethanol inhibits NMDA and non-NMDA receptor excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) in pyramidal neurons and interneurons; however, we found no evidence of acute tolerance development to this effect after the 4-h in-vivo ethanol vapor exposure. Acute bath application of ethanol reduced action potential firing evoked by synaptic stimulation to a greater extent in pyramidal neurons than interneurons. Submaximal inhibition of NMDA EPSCs, but not non-NMDA EPSCs, mimicked the acute effect of ethanol on synaptically-evoked action potential firing. These findings indicate that partial inhibition of NMDA receptors by ethanol has sizable effects on the excitability of glutamatergic and GABAergic neurons in the developing RSC, and suggest that positive allosteric modulators of these receptors could ameliorate ethanol intoxication-induced neurodegeneration during late stages of fetal development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Clark W Bird
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Megan J Barber
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Hilary R Post
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Belkis Jacquez
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Glenna J Chavez
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Nicholas G Faturos
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - C Fernando Valenzuela
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Nakano Y, Taniguchi M, Fukusaki E. High-sensitive liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry-based chiral metabolic profiling focusing on amino acids and related metabolites. J Biosci Bioeng 2019; 127:520-527. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2018.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2018] [Revised: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
|
10
|
Nakano Y, Taniguchi M, Umakoshi Y, Watai D, Fukusaki E. High-Throughput LC-MS/MS Method for Chiral Amino Acid Analysis Without Derivatization. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 2030:253-261. [PMID: 31347123 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9639-1_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
D-Amino acids have recently attracted much attention in various research fields including medical, clinical, and food industry due to their important biological functions that differ from L-amino acid. Most chiral amino acid separation techniques require complicated derivatization procedures in order to achieve the desirable chromatographic behavior and detectability. This chapter describes a highly sensitive analytical method for the enantioseparation of chiral amino acids without any derivatization process using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The method allows the simultaneous analysis of 18 D-amino acids with high sensitivity and reproducibility. Additionally, this chapter also focuses on the application of the method to real samples for the quantification of targeted amino acids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Nakano
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Moyu Taniguchi
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yutaka Umakoshi
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Daisuke Watai
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Eiichiro Fukusaki
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Positive Allosteric Modulation as a Potential Therapeutic Strategy in Anti-NMDA Receptor Encephalitis. J Neurosci 2018; 38:3218-3229. [PMID: 29476014 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3377-17.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) are ionotropic glutamate receptors important for synaptic plasticity, memory, and neuropsychiatric health. NMDAR hypofunction contributes to multiple disorders, including anti-NMDAR encephalitis (NMDARE), an autoimmune disease of the CNS associated with GluN1 antibody-mediated NMDAR internalization. Here we characterize the functional/pharmacological consequences of exposure to CSF from female human NMDARE patients on NMDAR function, and we characterize the effects of intervention with recently described positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) of NMDARs. Incubation (48 h) of rat hippocampal neurons of both sexes in confirmed NMDARE patient CSF, but not control CSF, attenuated NMDA-induced current. Residual NMDAR function was characterized by lack of change in channel open probability, indiscriminate loss of synaptic and extrasynaptic NMDARs, and indiscriminate loss of GluN2B-containing and GluN2B-lacking NMDARs. NMDARs tagged with N-terminal pHluorin fluorescence demonstrated loss of surface receptors. Thus, function of residual NMDARs following CSF exposure was indistinguishable from baseline, and deficits appear wholly accounted for by receptor loss. Coapplication of CSF and PAMs of NMDARs (SGE-301 or SGE-550, oxysterol-mimetic) for 24 h restored NMDAR function following 24 h incubation in patient CSF. Curiously, restoration of NMDAR function was observed despite washout of PAMs before electrophysiological recordings. Subsequent experiments suggested that residual allosteric potentiation of NMDAR function explained the persistent rescue. Further studies of the pathogenesis of NMDARE and intervention with PAMs may inform new treatments for NMDARE and other disorders associated with NMDAR hypofunction.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Anti-N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor encephalitis (NMDARE) is increasingly recognized as an important cause of sudden-onset psychosis and other neuropsychiatric symptoms. Current treatment leaves unmet medical need. Here we demonstrate cellular evidence that newly identified positive allosteric modulators of NMDAR function may be a viable therapeutic strategy.
Collapse
|
12
|
Yadav M, Parle M, Jindal DK, Sharma N. Potential effect of spermidine on GABA, dopamine, acetylcholinesterase, oxidative stress and proinflammatory cytokines to diminish ketamine-induced psychotic symptoms in rats. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 98:207-213. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2017] [Revised: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
|
13
|
Potential drug targets and treatment of schizophrenia. Inflammopharmacology 2017; 25:277-292. [DOI: 10.1007/s10787-017-0340-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
|
14
|
GRIN3B missense mutation as an inherited risk factor for schizophrenia: whole-exome sequencing in a family with a familiar history of psychotic disorders. Genet Res (Camb) 2017; 99:e1. [PMID: 28132660 PMCID: PMC6865172 DOI: 10.1017/s0016672316000148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutamate is the most important excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain. The N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor is a glutamate-gated ionotropic cation channel that is composed of several subunits and modulated by a glycine binding site. Many forms of synaptic plasticity depend on the influx of calcium ions through NMDA receptors, and NMDA receptor dysfunction has been linked to a number of neuropsychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia. Whole-exome sequencing was performed in a family with a strong history of psychotic disorders over three generations. We used an iterative strategy to obtain condense and meaningful variants. In this highly affected family, we found a frameshift mutation (rs10666583) in the GRIN3B gene, which codes for the GluN3B subunit of the NMDA receptor in all family members with a psychotic disorder, but not in the healthy relatives. Matsuno et al., also reported this null variant as a risk factor for schizophrenia in 2015. In a broader sample of 22 patients with psychosis, the allele frequency of the rs10666583 mutation variant was increased compared to those of healthy population samples and unaffected relatives. Compared to the 1000 Genomes Project population, we found a significant increase of this variant with a large effect size among patients. The amino acid shift degrades the S1/S2 glycine binding domain of the dominant modulatory GluN3B subunit of the NMDA receptor, which subsequently affects the permeability of the channel pore to calcium ions. A decreased glycine affinity for the GluN3B subunit might cause impaired functional capability of the NMDA receptor and could be an important risk factor for the pathogenesis of psychotic disorders.
Collapse
|
15
|
Development of a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for quantitative analysis of trace d-amino acids. J Biosci Bioeng 2017; 123:134-138. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2016.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Revised: 06/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
|
16
|
Tonin FS, Wiens A, Fernandez-Llimos F, Pontarolo R. Iloperidone in the treatment of schizophrenia: an evidence-based review of its place in therapy. CORE EVIDENCE 2016; 11:49-61. [PMID: 28008301 PMCID: PMC5167526 DOI: 10.2147/ce.s114094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Schizophrenia is a chronic and debilitating mental disorder that affects the patient’s and their family’s quality of life, as well as financial costs and health care settings. Despite the variety of available antipsychotics, optimal treatment outcomes are not always achieved. Novel drugs, such as iloperidone, can provide more effective, tolerable and safer strategies. Aim To review the evidence for the clinical impact of iloperidone on the treatment of patients with schizophrenia. Evidence review Clinical trials, observational studies and meta-analyses reached a common consensus that iloperidone is as effective as haloperidol, risperidone and ziprasidone in reducing schizophrenia symptoms. Similar amounts of adverse events and discontinuations were observed with iloperidone compared to placebo and active treatments. Common adverse events are mild and include dizziness, hypotension, dry mouth and weight gain. Iloperidone can induce extension of QTc interval, and clinicians should be aware of its contraindications. In long-term trials, iloperidone also showed promising safety and tolerability profiles. The low propensity to cause akathisia, extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS), increased prolactin levels or changes to metabolic laboratory parameters support its use in practice. Results showed that iloperidone prevents relapse in stabilized patients, with a time to relapse superior to placebo and similar to haloperidol. Patients using a prior antipsychotic (eg, risperidone and aripiprazole) can easily switch to iloperidone with no serious impact on safety or efficacy. However, the acquisition costs of iloperidone may hamper its use. Further evidence comparing iloperidone with other antipsychotics, and pharmacoeconomic studies would be welcome. Place in therapy Considering just the clinical profile of iloperidone, it represents a promising drug for treating schizophrenia, particularly in patients who are intolerant to previous antipsychotics, as well as being suitable as first-line therapy. Cost-effectiveness comparisons are needed to justify its use in clinical practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Astrid Wiens
- Department of Pharmacy, Federal University of Parana, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Fernando Fernandez-Llimos
- Department of Social Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Roberto Pontarolo
- Department of Pharmacy, Federal University of Parana, Curitiba, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Sun MY, Linsenbardt AJ, Emnett CM, Eisenman LN, Izumi Y, Zorumski CF, Mennerick S. 24(S)-Hydroxycholesterol as a Modulator of Neuronal Signaling and Survival. Neuroscientist 2016; 22:132-44. [PMID: 25628343 PMCID: PMC4821654 DOI: 10.1177/1073858414568122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The major cholesterol metabolite in brain, 24(S)-hydroxycholesterol (24S-HC), serves as a vehicle for cholesterol removal. Its effects on neuronal function, however, have only recently begun to be investigated. Here, we review that nascent work. Our own studies have demonstrated that 24S-HC has potent positive modulatory effects on N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor (NMDAR) function. This could have implications not only for brain plasticity but also for pathological NMDAR overuse. Other work has demonstrated effects of 24S-HC on neuronal survival and as a possible biomarker of neurodegenerative disease. Depending on circumstances, both upregulation/mimicry of 24S-HC signaling and down-regulation/antagonism may have therapeutic potential. We are interested in the possibility that synthetic analogues of 24S-HC with positive effects at NMDARs may hold neurotherapeutic promise, given the role of NMDA receptor hypofunction in certain neuropsychiatric disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Min-Yu Sun
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Andrew J Linsenbardt
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Christine M Emnett
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Lawrence N Eisenman
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Yukitoshi Izumi
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Charles F Zorumski
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA Taylor Family Institute for Innovative Psychiatric Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Steve Mennerick
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA Taylor Family Institute for Innovative Psychiatric Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Pohanka M. Toxicology and the biological role of methanol and ethanol: Current view. Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub 2015; 160:54-63. [PMID: 26006090 DOI: 10.5507/bp.2015.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alcohol variants such as ethanol and methanol are simple organic compounds widely used in foods, pharmaceuticals, chemical synthesis, etc. Both are becoming an emerging health problem; abuse of ethanol containing beverages can lead to disparate health problems and methanol is highly toxic and unfit for consumption. METHODS AND RESULTS This review summarizes the basic knowledge about ethanol and methanol toxicity, the effect mechanism on the body, the current care of poisoned individuals and the implication of alcohols in the development of diseases. Alcohol related dementia, stroke, metabolic syndrome and hepatitis are discussed as well. Besides ethanol, methanol toxicity and its biodegradation pathways are addressed. CONCLUSIONS The impact of ethanol and methanol on the body is shown as case reports, along with a discussion on the possible implication of alcohol in Alzheimer's disease and antidotal therapy for methanol poisoning. The role of ethanol in cancer and degenerative disorders seems to be underestimated given the current knowledge. Treatment in case of poisoning is another issue that remains unresolved even though effective protocols and drugs exist.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miroslav Pohanka
- Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defense, Trebesska 1575, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Wijtenburg SA, Yang S, Fischer BA, Rowland LM. In vivo assessment of neurotransmitters and modulators with magnetic resonance spectroscopy: application to schizophrenia. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2015; 51:276-95. [PMID: 25614132 PMCID: PMC4427237 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Revised: 01/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
In vivo measurement of neurotransmitters and modulators is now feasible with advanced proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy ((1)H MRS) techniques. This review provides a basic tutorial of MRS, describes the methods available to measure brain glutamate, glutamine, γ-aminobutyric acid, glutathione, N-acetylaspartylglutamate, glycine, and serine at magnetic field strengths of 3T or higher, and summarizes the neurochemical findings in schizophrenia. Overall, (1)H MRS holds great promise for producing biomarkers that can serve as treatment targets, prediction of disease onset, or illness exacerbation in schizophrenia and other brain diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Andrea Wijtenburg
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, PO Box 21247, Baltimore, MD 21228, USA.
| | - Shaolin Yang
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1601 W. Taylor Street, Suite 512, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; Department of Radiology, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1601 W. Taylor Street, Suite 512, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1601 W. Taylor Street, Suite 512, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Bernard A Fischer
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, PO Box 21247, Baltimore, MD 21228, USA; Veterans Affairs Capital Network (VISN 5) Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Department of Veterans Affairs, 10 N. Greene Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Laura M Rowland
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, PO Box 21247, Baltimore, MD 21228, USA; Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA; Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21228, USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Matsuno H, Ohi K, Hashimoto R, Yamamori H, Yasuda Y, Fujimoto M, Yano-Umeda S, Saneyoshi T, Takeda M, Hayashi Y. A naturally occurring null variant of the NMDA type glutamate receptor NR3B subunit is a risk factor of schizophrenia. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0116319. [PMID: 25768306 PMCID: PMC4358936 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0116319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypofunction of the N-methyl-D-aspartate type glutamate receptor (NMDAR) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. Here, we investigated the significance of a common human genetic variation of the NMDAR NR3B subunit that inserts 4 bases within the coding region (insCGTT) in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. The cDNA carrying this polymorphism generates a truncated protein, which is electrophysiologically non-functional in heterologous expression systems. Among 586 schizophrenia patients and 754 healthy controls, insCGTT was significantly overrepresented in patients compared to controls (odds ratio = 1.37, p = 0.035). Among 121 schizophrenia patients and 372 healthy controls, genetic analyses of normal individuals revealed that those carrying insCGTT have a predisposition to schizotypal personality traits (F1,356 = 4.69, p = 0.031). Furthermore, pre-pulse inhibition, a neurobiological trait disturbed in patients with schizophrenia, was significantly impaired in patients carrying insCGTT compared with those with the major allele (F1,116 = 5.72, p = 0.018, F1,238 = 4.46, p = 0.036, respectively). These results indicate that a naturally occurring null variant in NR3B could be a risk factor of schizophrenia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hitomi Matsuno
- Brain Science Institute, RIKEN, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Kazutaka Ohi
- Department of Psychiatry, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Ryota Hashimoto
- Department of Psychiatry, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
- Molecular Research Center for Children's Mental Development, United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
- * E-mail: (YH); (RH)
| | - Hidenaga Yamamori
- Department of Psychiatry, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
- Department of Molecular Neuropsychiatry, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yuka Yasuda
- Department of Psychiatry, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Michiko Fujimoto
- Department of Psychiatry, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Satomi Yano-Umeda
- Department of Molecular Neuropsychiatry, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Takeo Saneyoshi
- Brain Science Institute, RIKEN, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Takeda
- Department of Psychiatry, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yasunori Hayashi
- Brain Science Institute, RIKEN, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
- Saitama University Brain Science Institute, Saitama University, Saitama, 338-8570, Japan
- * E-mail: (YH); (RH)
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Prenatal administration of lipopolysaccharide induces sex-dependent changes in glutamic acid decarboxylase and parvalbumin in the adult rat brain. Neuroscience 2015; 287:78-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2014] [Revised: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
22
|
Samsom JN, Wong AHC. Schizophrenia and Depression Co-Morbidity: What We have Learned from Animal Models. Front Psychiatry 2015; 6:13. [PMID: 25762938 PMCID: PMC4332163 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2015.00013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 01/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with schizophrenia are at an increased risk for the development of depression. Overlap in the symptoms and genetic risk factors between the two disorders suggests a common etiological mechanism may underlie the presentation of comorbid depression in schizophrenia. Understanding these shared mechanisms will be important in informing the development of new treatments. Rodent models are powerful tools for understanding gene function as it relates to behavior. Examining rodent models relevant to both schizophrenia and depression reveals a number of common mechanisms. Current models which demonstrate endophenotypes of both schizophrenia and depression are reviewed here, including models of CUB and SUSHI multiple domains 1, PDZ and LIM domain 5, glutamate Delta 1 receptor, diabetic db/db mice, neuropeptide Y, disrupted in schizophrenia 1, and its interacting partners, reelin, maternal immune activation, and social isolation. Neurotransmission, brain connectivity, the immune system, the environment, and metabolism emerge as potential common mechanisms linking these models and potentially explaining comorbid depression in schizophrenia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James N Samsom
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute , Toronto, ON , Canada ; Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto , Toronto, ON , Canada
| | - Albert H C Wong
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute , Toronto, ON , Canada ; Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto , Toronto, ON , Canada ; Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto , Toronto, ON , Canada
| |
Collapse
|