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Palma E, Santos JF, Fernandes C, Paulo A. DNA-Targeted Complexes of Tc and Re for Biomedical Applications. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202303591. [PMID: 38038361 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202303591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Due to their favorable chemical features, Re and Tc complexes have been widely used for the development of new therapeutic agents and imaging probes to solve problems of biomedical relevance. This review provides an update of the most relevant research efforts towards the development of novel cancer theranostic agents using Re and Tc-based compounds interacting with specific DNA structures. This includes a variety of homometallic complexes, namely those containing M(CO)3 (M=Re, Tc) moieties, that exhibit different modes of interaction with DNA, such as covalent binding, intercalation, groove binding or G-quadruplex DNA binding. Additionally, heterometallic complexes, designed to potentiate synergistic effects of different metal centers to improve DNA-targeting, cytotoxicity and fluorescence properties, are also reviewed. Particular attention is also given to 99m Tc- and 188 Re-labeled oligonucleotides that have been widely explored to develop imaging and therapeutic radiopharmaceuticals through the in vivo hybridization with a specific complementary DNA or RNA target sequence to provide useful molecular tools in precision medicine for cancer diagnosis and treatment. Finally, the need for further improvement of DNA-targeted Re and Tc-based compounds as potential therapeutic and diagnostic agents is highlighted, and future directions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Palma
- C2TN - Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias, Nucleares Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Joana F Santos
- C2TN - Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias, Nucleares Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Célia Fernandes
- C2TN - Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias, Nucleares Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal
- DECN - Departamento de Engenharia e Ciências Nucleares, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal
| | - António Paulo
- C2TN - Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias, Nucleares Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal
- DECN - Departamento de Engenharia e Ciências Nucleares, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal
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2
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Teodori L, Omer M, Kjems J. RNA nanostructures for targeted drug delivery and imaging. RNA Biol 2024; 21:1-19. [PMID: 38555519 PMCID: PMC10984137 DOI: 10.1080/15476286.2024.2328440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024] Open
Abstract
The RNA molecule plays a pivotal role in many biological processes by relaying genetic information, regulating gene expression, and serving as molecular machines and catalyzers. This inherent versatility of RNA has fueled significant advancements in the field of RNA nanotechnology, driving the engineering of complex nanoscale architectures toward biomedical applications, including targeted drug delivery and bioimaging. RNA polymers, serving as building blocks, offer programmability and predictability of Watson-Crick base pairing, as well as non-canonical base pairing, for the construction of nanostructures with high precision and stoichiometry. Leveraging the ease of chemical modifications to protect the RNA from degradation, researchers have developed highly functional and biocompatible RNA architectures and integrated them into preclinical studies for the delivery of payloads and imaging agents. This review offers an educational introduction to the use of RNA as a biopolymer in the design of multifunctional nanostructures applied to targeted delivery in vivo, summarizing physical and biological barriers along with strategies to overcome them. Furthermore, we highlight the most recent progress in the development of both small and larger RNA nanostructures, with a particular focus on imaging reagents and targeted cancer therapeutics in pre-clinical models and provide insights into the prospects of this rapidly evolving field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Teodori
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
- Center for Cellular Signal Patterns (CellPAT), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Center for RNA Therapeutics towards Metabolic Diseases (RNA-META), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Marjan Omer
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
- Center for Cellular Signal Patterns (CellPAT), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jørgen Kjems
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
- Center for Cellular Signal Patterns (CellPAT), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Center for RNA Therapeutics towards Metabolic Diseases (RNA-META), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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3
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García Melián MF, Moreno M, Cerecetto H, Calzada V. Aptamer-Based Immunotheranostic Strategies. Cancer Biother Radiopharm 2023; 38:246-255. [PMID: 36603108 DOI: 10.1089/cbr.2022.0064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The escape from immune surveillance is a hallmark of cancer progression. The classic immune checkpoint molecules PD-1, PD-L1, CTLA-4, LAG-3, TIM-3 novel ones are part of a sophisticated system of up- and downmodulation of the immune system, which is unregulated in cancer. In recent years, there have been remarkable advances in the development of targeting strategies, focused principally on immunotherapies aiming at blocking those molecules involved in the evasion of the immune system. However, there are still challenges to predicting their efficacy due to the wide heterogeneity of clinical responses. Thus, there is a need to develop new strategies, and theranostics has much to contribute in this field. Besides that, aptamers have emerged as promising molecules with the potential to generate a huge impact in the immunotheranostic field. They are single-stranded oligonucleotides with a unique self-folding tridimensional structure, with high affinity and specificity for the target. In particular, their small size and physicochemical characteristics make them a versatile tool for designing theranostic strategies. Here, we review the progress in theranostic strategies based on aptamers against immune checkpoints, and highlight the potential of those approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Fernanda García Melián
- Área de Radiofarmacia, Centro de Investigaciones Nucleares, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - María Moreno
- Departamento de Desarrollo Biotecnológico, Instituto de Higiene, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Hugo Cerecetto
- Área de Radiofarmacia, Centro de Investigaciones Nucleares, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Victoria Calzada
- Área de Radiofarmacia, Centro de Investigaciones Nucleares, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
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4
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Edelmann MR. Radiolabelling small and biomolecules for tracking and monitoring. RSC Adv 2022; 12:32383-32400. [PMID: 36425706 PMCID: PMC9650631 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra06236d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiolabelling small molecules with beta-emitters has been intensively explored in the last decades and novel concepts for the introduction of radionuclides continue to be reported regularly. New catalysts that induce carbon/hydrogen activation are able to incorporate isotopes such as deuterium or tritium into small molecules. However, these established labelling approaches have limited applicability for nucleic acid-based drugs, therapeutic antibodies, or peptides, which are typical of the molecules now being investigated as novel therapeutic modalities. These target molecules are usually larger (significantly >1 kDa), mostly multiply charged, and often poorly soluble in organic solvents. However, in preclinical research they often require radiolabelling in order to track and monitor drug candidates in metabolism, biotransformation, or pharmacokinetic studies. Currently, the most established approach to introduce a tritium atom into an oligonucleotide is based on a multistep synthesis, which leads to a low specific activity with a high level of waste and high costs. The most common way of tritiating peptides is using appropriate precursors. The conjugation of a radiolabelled prosthetic compound to a functional group within a protein sequence is a commonly applied way to introduce a radionuclide or a fluorescent tag into large molecules. This review highlights the state-of-the-art in different radiolabelling approaches for oligonucleotides, peptides, and proteins, as well as a critical assessment of the impact of the label on the properties of the modified molecules. Furthermore, applications of radiolabelled antibodies in biodistribution studies of immune complexes and imaging of brain targets are reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin R Edelmann
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath Bath BA2 7AY UK
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Therapeutic Modalities, Small Molecule Research, Isotope Synthesis, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd CH-4070 Basel Switzerland
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Liu D, Xia Q, Ding D, Tan W. Radiolabeling of functional oligonucleotides for molecular imaging. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:986412. [PMID: 36091456 PMCID: PMC9449898 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.986412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular imaging has greatly advanced basic biology and translational medicine through visualization and quantification of molecular events in a cellular context and living organisms. Nuclear medicine, including positron emission tomography (PET) and single-photon emission tomography (SPECT), is one of the most representative molecular imaging modalities which is widely used in clinical theranostics. Recently, numerous molecular imaging agents have been developed to improve the quality and expand the applicable diseases of molecular imaging. Based on the choice of specific imaging agents, molecular imaging is capable of studying tumor biological activities, detecting tumor metastasis, and imaging Alzheimer’s disease-related amyloid proteins. Among these imaging agents, functional oligonucleotides-based imaging probes are becoming increasingly important due to their unique features. Antisense oligonucleotides, small interfering RNA, and aptamers are privileged molecular tools in precision medicine for cancer diagnosis and treatment. These chemically synthesized oligonucleotides without batch-to-batch variations are flexible to incorporate with other molecules without affecting their functionalities. Therefore, through the combination of oligonucleotides with radioisotopes, a series of molecular imaging agents were developed in the past decades to achieve highly sensitive and accurate biomedical imaging modalities for clinical theranostic. Due to the nature of oligonucleotides, the strategies of oligonucleotide radiolabeling are different from conventional small molecular tracers, and the radiolabeling strategy with rational design is highly correlated to the imaging quality. In this review, we summarize recent advancements in functional oligonucleotide radiolabeling strategies and respective molecular imaging applications. Meanwhile, challenges and future development insights of functional oligonucleotide-based radiopharmaceuticals are discussed in the end.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dunfang Liu
- Institute of Molecular Medicine (IMM), Renji Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Clinical Nuclear Medicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qian Xia
- Institute of Molecular Medicine (IMM), Renji Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Clinical Nuclear Medicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Ding Ding, ; Qian Xia,
| | - Ding Ding
- Institute of Molecular Medicine (IMM), Renji Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Ding Ding, ; Qian Xia,
| | - Weihong Tan
- Institute of Molecular Medicine (IMM), Renji Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- The Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Hangzhou Institute of Medicine (HIM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory (MBL), State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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Aliouat H, Peng Y, Waseem Z, Wang S, Zhou W. Pure DNA scaffolded drug delivery systems for cancer therapy. Biomaterials 2022; 285:121532. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2022.121532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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7
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Khanali J, Azangou-Khyavy M, Asaadi Y, Jamalkhah M, Kiani J. Nucleic Acid-Based Treatments Against COVID-19: Potential Efficacy of Aptamers and siRNAs. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:758948. [PMID: 34858370 PMCID: PMC8630580 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.758948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite significant efforts, there are currently no approved treatments for COVID-19. However, biotechnological approaches appear to be promising in the treatment of the disease. Accordingly, nucleic acid-based treatments including aptamers and siRNAs are candidates that might be effective in COVID-19 treatment. Aptamers can hamper entry and replication stages of the SARS-CoV-2 infection, while siRNAs can cleave the viral genomic and subgenomic RNAs to inhibit the viral life cycle and reduce viral loads. As a conjugated molecule, aptamer–siRNA chimeras have proven to be dual-functioning antiviral therapy, acting both as virus-neutralizing and replication-interfering agents as well as being a siRNA targeted delivery approach. Previous successful applications of these compounds against various stages of the pathogenesis of diseases and viral infections, besides their advantages over other alternatives, might provide sufficient rationale for the application of these nucleic acid-based drugs against the SARS-CoV-2. However, none of them are devoid of limitations. Here, the literature was reviewed to assess the plausibility of using aptamers, siRNAs, and aptamer–siRNA chimeras against the SARS-CoV-2 based on their previously established effectiveness, and discussing challenges lie in applying these molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javad Khanali
- School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Yasaman Asaadi
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Monire Jamalkhah
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Jafar Kiani
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Vi C, Mandarano G, Shigdar S. Diagnostics and Therapeutics in Targeting HER2 Breast Cancer: A Novel Approach. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:6163. [PMID: 34200484 PMCID: PMC8201268 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22116163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is one of the most commonly occurring cancers in women globally and is the primary cause of cancer mortality in females. BC is highly heterogeneous with various phenotypic expressions. The overexpression of HER2 is responsible for 15-30% of all invasive BC and is strongly associated with malignant behaviours, poor prognosis and decline in overall survival. Molecular imaging offers advantages over conventional imaging modalities, as it provides more sensitive and specific detection of tumours, as these techniques measure the biological and physiological processes at the cellular level to visualise the disease. Early detection and diagnosis of BC is crucial to improving clinical outcomes and prognosis. While HER2-specific antibodies and nanobodies may improve the sensitivity and specificity of molecular imaging, the radioisotope conjugation process may interfere with and may compromise their binding functionalities. Aptamers are single-stranded oligonucleotides capable of targeting biomarkers with remarkable binding specificity and affinity. Aptamers can be functionalised with radioisotopes without compromising target specificity. The attachment of different radioisotopes can determine the aptamer's functionality in the treatment of HER2(+) BC. Several HER2 aptamers and investigations of them have been described and evaluated in this paper. We also provide recommendations for future studies with HER2 aptamers to target HER2(+) BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Vi
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia; (C.V.); (G.M.)
| | - Giovanni Mandarano
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia; (C.V.); (G.M.)
- Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia
| | - Sarah Shigdar
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia; (C.V.); (G.M.)
- Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia
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Filippi L, Bagni O, Nervi C. Aptamer-based technology for radionuclide targeted imaging and therapy: a promising weapon against cancer. Expert Rev Med Devices 2020; 17:751-758. [PMID: 32669004 DOI: 10.1080/17434440.2020.1796633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION aptamers are short artificial, single-strand oligonucleotide sequences (DNA, RNA or modified RNA), capable of binding to biological molecules with high affinity and specificity. Due to their relatively low cost of production and scarce immunogenicity, many efforts have been made to produce aptamers directed against specific molecular targets, such as receptors or transporters overexpressed by malignancies. AREAS COVERED the technological approaches for generating aptamers are reviewed. Furthermore, the applications of radiolabeled aptamers for the in vivo imaging of several oncological biomarkers through single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) or positron emission tomography (PET), are covered. Lastly, targeted therapy based on the utilization of aptamers labeled with radionuclides emitting beta particles is discussed, with particular emphasis to the oncological perspectives. EXPERT OPINION The main limitation of radiolabeled aptamers is represented by their in vivo sensitivity to endogenous nuclease, so that several strategies have been developed to increase the stability of these compounds. Although the applications of aptamers are still in a preliminary and pre-clinical phase, it is reasonable to hypothesize that this technology will play a major role for personalized medicine in the next years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Filippi
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Santa Maria Goretti Hospital , Latina, Italy
| | - Oreste Bagni
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Santa Maria Goretti Hospital , Latina, Italy
| | - Clara Nervi
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Rome "La Sapienza" , Latina, Italy
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Izabella Abreu de Melo M, Rodrigues Correa C, da Silva Cunha P, Miranda de Góes A, Assis Gomes D, Silva Ribeiro de Andrade A. DNA aptamers selection for carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA). Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2020; 30:127278. [PMID: 32527457 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2020.127278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) is a glycoprotein antigen generally used for diagnosis, prognosis and treatment monitoring of several types of tumors, including colorectal cancer. Nucleic acid aptamers are DNA or RNA oligonucleotides capable of binding with high specificity and affinity to a molecular target. The aim of this study was to obtain aptamers specific to CEA for use as radiopharmaceuticals in colorectal cancer diagnosis. Five aptamers were selected through the Systematic Evolution of Ligands by EXponencial Enrichment (SELEX) and tested using T84 (CEA+) and Hela (CEA-) cells. Apta 3 and Apta 5 showed the best results presenting high specificity and affinity for T84 cells, with dissociation constants (Kd) of 60.4 ± 5.7 nM and 37.8 ± 5.8 nM, respectively. These results indicate that Apta 3 and Apta 5 are promising candidates for identifying tumor cells that overexpress CEA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariane Izabella Abreu de Melo
- Centro de Desenvolvimento da Tecnologia Nuclear, Comissão Nacional de Energia Nuclear, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Cristiane Rodrigues Correa
- Centro de Desenvolvimento da Tecnologia Nuclear, Comissão Nacional de Energia Nuclear, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Pricila da Silva Cunha
- Centro de Desenvolvimento da Tecnologia Nuclear, Comissão Nacional de Energia Nuclear, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Alfredo Miranda de Góes
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Dawidson Assis Gomes
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Antero Silva Ribeiro de Andrade
- Centro de Desenvolvimento da Tecnologia Nuclear, Comissão Nacional de Energia Nuclear, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil.
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Evaluation of the specific uptake of radiolabeled Staphylococcus aureus aptamers in the infectious foci. Appl Radiat Isot 2020; 158:109047. [PMID: 31989931 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2020.109047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The specific uptake of 99mTc radiolabeled Staphylococcus aureus aptamers in the infectious foci was evaluated by scintigraphic imaging of infection-bearing mice. The radiotracer uptake was inhibited by non-radiolabeled aptamers in a competition assay. In addition, when a different number of bacterial cells was used to infect mice an increase in the target/non-target ratios of images correlated with the increase of CFU per gram of tissue was verified. These results confirmed that 99mTc-aptamers were specific to bacterial focus and the level of uptake was dependent on the number of bacterial cells.
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Barbosa MB, Martins EMDN, Teixeira TF, Carvalho RDE, Coelho JP, Resende RR, Oliveira EF, Santos AP, Andrade ASRD, Furtado CA. A carefully designed nanoplatform based on multi walled carbon nanotube wrapped with aptamers. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2018; 175:175-183. [PMID: 30530003 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2018.11.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The interaction between carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and biological molecules of diagnostic and therapeutic interest, as well as the internalization of the CNTs-biomolecules complexes in different types of cell, has been extensively studied due to the potential use of these nanocomplexes as multifunctional nanoplatforms in a great variety of biomedical applications. The effective use of these nanobiotechnologies requires broad multidisciplinary studies of biocompatibility, regarding, for example, the in vitro and in vivo nanotoxicological assays, the capacity to target specific cells and the evaluation of their biomedical potential. However, the first step to be reached is the careful obtainment of the nanoplatform and the understanding of the actual surface composition and structural integrity of the complex system. In this work, we show the detailed construction of a nanoplatform created by the noncovalent interaction between oxidized multi walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and a DNA aptamer targeting tumor cells. The excess free aptamer was removed by successive washes, revealing the actual surface of the nanocomplex. The MWCNT-aptamer interaction by π-stacking was evidenced and shown to contribute in obtaining a stable nanocomplex compatible with aqueous media having good cell viability. The nucleotide sequence of the aptamer remained intact after the functionalization, allowing its use in further studies of specificity and binding affinity and for the construction of functional nanoplatforms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - João Paulo Coelho
- Centro de Desenvolvimento da Tecnologia Nuclear, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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Clinical aspects of radiolabeled aptamers in diagnostic nuclear medicine: A new class of targeted radiopharmaceuticals. Bioorg Med Chem 2018; 27:2282-2291. [PMID: 30502114 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2018.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Targeted radiopharmaceuticals offer the possibility of improved imaging with reduced side effects. Up to now, a variety of biological receptors such as aptamers have been successfully radiolabeled and applied to diagnostic imaging of cancers. The concept of using radio-labeled aptamers for binding to their targets has stimulated an immense body of research in diagnostic nuclear medicine. These biological recognition elements are single-stranded oligonucleotides that interact with their target molecules with high affinity and specificity in unique three-dimensional structures. Because of their high affinity and specificity, the receptor-binding aptamers labeled with gamma emitters such as 99mTc, 64Cu, 111In, 18F and 67Ga can facilitate the visualization of receptor-expressing tissues noninvasively. Compared to the antibody-based radiopharmaceuticals, the radiolabeled aptamers provide a number of advantages for clinical diagnostics including high stability, low cost, and ease of production and modification, low immunogenicity and, especially, superior tissue penetration because of their smaller size. In this review, we present recent progresses and challenges in aptamer-based diagnostic radiopharmaceuticals and highlight some representative applications of aptamers in nuclear medicine.
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Hassanzadeh L, Chen S, Veedu RN. Radiolabeling of Nucleic Acid Aptamers for Highly Sensitive Disease-Specific Molecular Imaging. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2018; 11:E106. [PMID: 30326601 PMCID: PMC6315947 DOI: 10.3390/ph11040106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Revised: 10/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Aptamers are short single-stranded DNA or RNA oligonucleotide ligand molecules with a unique three-dimensional shape, capable of binding to a defined molecular target with high affinity and specificity. Since their discovery, aptamers have been developed for various applications, including molecular imaging, particularly nuclear imaging that holds the highest potential for the clinical translation of aptamer-based molecular imaging probes. Their easy laboratory production without any batch-to-batch variations, their high stability, their small size with no immunogenicity and toxicity, and their flexibility to incorporate various functionalities without compromising the target binding affinity and specificity make aptamers an attractive class of targeted-imaging agents. Aptamer technology has been utilized in nuclear medicine imaging techniques, such as single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and positron emission tomography (PET), as highly sensitive and accurate biomedical imaging modalities towards clinical diagnostic applications. However, for aptamer-targeted PET and SPECT imaging, conjugation of appropriate radionuclides to aptamers is crucial. This review summarizes various strategies to link the radionuclides to chemically modified aptamers to accomplish aptamer-targeted PET and SPECT imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Hassanzadeh
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine, Rajaie Cardiovascular, Medical and Research Center & Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy-International Campus, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1449614535, Iran.
- Centre for Comparative Genomics, Murdoch University, Perth 6150, Australia.
| | - Suxiang Chen
- Centre for Comparative Genomics, Murdoch University, Perth 6150, Australia.
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Perth 6009, Australia.
| | - Rakesh N Veedu
- Centre for Comparative Genomics, Murdoch University, Perth 6150, Australia.
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Perth 6009, Australia.
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e Silva ATM, Maia ALC, de Oliveira Silva J, de Barros ALB, Soares DCF, de Magalhães MTQ, José Alves R, Ramaldes GA. Synthesis of cholesterol-based neoglycoconjugates and their use in the preparation of liposomes for active liver targeting. Carbohydr Res 2018; 465:52-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2018.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2018] [Revised: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Wang Z, Zong S, Wang Y, Li N, Li L, Lu J, Wang Z, Chen B, Cui Y. Screening and multiple detection of cancer exosomes using an SERS-based method. NANOSCALE 2018; 10:9053-9062. [PMID: 29718044 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr09162a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
As a kind of most important cancer biomarker, exosomes are getting more frequently investigated in cancer diagnosis. In this study, we proposed an SERS-based method for the screening and simultaneous multiple detection of exosomes using magnetic substrates and SERS probes. Specifically, the capturing substrates are achieved using gold shell magnetic nanobeads modified by aptamers, which can capture most kinds of exosomes by recognizing the generic surface protein CD63. Moreover, the SERS probes are made of gold nanoparticles decorated with a Raman reporter and a specific aptamer for targeting exosomes. Further, for the simultaneous detection of multiple kinds of exosomes, three kinds of SERS probes were designed using different SERS reporters. While detecting specific kinds of exosomes, the capturing substrates were mixed with these three kinds of SERS probes. When the target exosome is present, an apta-immunocomplex can be formed among the target exosomes, the substrate, and the corresponding kind of SERS probes, and the other non-specific SERS probes remain in the suspension. Hence, an SERS signal with a decreased intensity will be detected in the supernatant, indicating the presence of the target exosomes. Finally, this detection method has also been successfully employed for the detection of exosomes in real blood samples; this proves that the proposed SERS-based method is a promising tool for clinical cancer screening based on exosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhile Wang
- Advanced Photonics Center, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China.
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Ferreira IM, de Sousa Lacerda CM, Dos Santos SR, de Barros ALB, Fernandes SO, Cardoso VN, de Andrade ASR. Detection of bacterial infection by a technetium-99m-labeled peptidoglycan aptamer. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 93:931-938. [PMID: 28715874 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear medicine clinicians are still waiting for the optimal scintigraphic imaging agents capable of distinguishing between infection and inflammation, and between fungal and bacterial infections. Aptamers have several properties that make them suitable for molecular imaging. In the present study, a peptidoglycan aptamer (Antibac1) was labeled with 99mTc and evaluated by biodistribution studies and scintigraphic imaging in infection-bearing mice. Labeling with 99mTc was performed by the direct method and the complex stability was evaluated in saline, plasma and in the molar excess of cysteine. The biodistribution and scintigraphic imaging studies with the 99mTc-Antibac1 were carried out in two different experimental infection models: Bacterial-infected mice (S. aureus) and fungal-infected mice (C. albicans). A 99mTc radiolabeled library, consisting of oligonucleotides with random sequences, was used as a control for both models. Radiolabeling yields were superior to 90% and 99mTc-Antibac1 was highly stable in presence of saline, plasma, and cysteine up to 6h. Scintigraphic images of S. aureus infected mice at 1.5 and 3.0h after 99mTc-Antibac1 injection showed target to non-target ratios of 4.7±0.9 and 4.6±0.1, respectively. These values were statistically higher than those achieved for the 99mTc-library at the same time frames (1.6±0.4 and 1.7±0.4, respectively). Noteworthy, 99mTc-Antibac1 and 99mTc-library showed similar low target to non-target ratios in the fungal-infected model: 2.0±0.3 and 2.0±0.6for 99mTc-Antibac1 and 2.1±0.3 and 1.9 ± 0.6 for 99mTc-library, at the same times. These findings suggest that the 99mTc-Antibac1 is a feasible imaging probe to identify a bacterial infection focus. In addition, this radiolabeled aptamer seems to be suitable in distinguishing between bacterial and fungal infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iêda Mendes Ferreira
- Centro de Desenvolvimento da Tecnologia Nuclear (CDTN), Rua Professor Mário Werneck S/N°, Cidade Universitária, Campus da UFMG, 31120-970, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| | - Camila Maria de Sousa Lacerda
- Centro de Desenvolvimento da Tecnologia Nuclear (CDTN), Rua Professor Mário Werneck S/N°, Cidade Universitária, Campus da UFMG, 31120-970, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| | - Sara Roberta Dos Santos
- Centro de Desenvolvimento da Tecnologia Nuclear (CDTN), Rua Professor Mário Werneck S/N°, Cidade Universitária, Campus da UFMG, 31120-970, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| | - André Luís Branco de Barros
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Cidade Universitária, Campus da UFMG, 31270-091, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| | - Simone Odília Fernandes
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Cidade Universitária, Campus da UFMG, 31270-091, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| | - Valbert Nascimento Cardoso
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Cidade Universitária, Campus da UFMG, 31270-091, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| | - Antero Silva Ribeiro de Andrade
- Centro de Desenvolvimento da Tecnologia Nuclear (CDTN), Rua Professor Mário Werneck S/N°, Cidade Universitária, Campus da UFMG, 31120-970, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
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Santos SRD, de Sousa Lacerda CM, Ferreira IM, de Barros ALB, Fernandes SO, Cardoso VN, de Andrade ASR. Scintigraphic imaging of Staphylococcus aureus infection using 99mTc radiolabeled aptamers. Appl Radiat Isot 2017; 128:22-27. [PMID: 28683356 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2017.06.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Revised: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a specie of great medical importance associated with many infections as bacteremia and infective endocarditis as well as osteoarticular, skin and soft tissue, pleuropulmonary, and device related infections. Early identification of infectious foci is crucial for successful treatment. Scintigraphy could contribute to this purpose since specific radiotracers were available. Aptamers due to their high specificity have great potential for radiopharmaceuticals development. In the present study scintigraphic images of S. aureus infectious foci were obtained using specific S. aureus aptamers radiolabeled with 99mTc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Roberta Dos Santos
- Centro de Desenvolvimento da Tecnologia Nuclear (CDTN), Rua Professor Mário Werneck S/No, Cidade Universitária-Campus da UFMG, 31120-970 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| | - Camila Maria de Sousa Lacerda
- Centro de Desenvolvimento da Tecnologia Nuclear (CDTN), Rua Professor Mário Werneck S/No, Cidade Universitária-Campus da UFMG, 31120-970 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| | - Iêda Mendes Ferreira
- Centro de Desenvolvimento da Tecnologia Nuclear (CDTN), Rua Professor Mário Werneck S/No, Cidade Universitária-Campus da UFMG, 31120-970 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| | - André Luís Branco de Barros
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas - Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Cidade Universitária - Campus da UFMG, 31270-091 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| | - Simone Odília Fernandes
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas - Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Cidade Universitária - Campus da UFMG, 31270-091 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| | - Valbert Nascimento Cardoso
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas - Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Cidade Universitária - Campus da UFMG, 31270-091 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| | - Antero Silva Ribeiro de Andrade
- Centro de Desenvolvimento da Tecnologia Nuclear (CDTN), Rua Professor Mário Werneck S/No, Cidade Universitária-Campus da UFMG, 31120-970 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
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de Almeida CEB, Alves LN, Rocha HF, Cabral-Neto JB, Missailidis S. Aptamer delivery of siRNA, radiopharmaceutics and chemotherapy agents in cancer. Int J Pharm 2017; 525:334-342. [PMID: 28373101 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.03.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Revised: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Aptamers are oligonucleotide reagents with high affinity and specificity, which among other therapeutic and diagnostic applications have the capability of acting as delivery agents. Thus, aptamers are capable of carrying small molecules, nanoparticles, radiopharmaceuticals or fluorescent agents as well as nucleic acid therapeutics specifically to their target cells. In most cases, the molecules may possess interesting therapeutic properties, but their lack of specificity for a particular cell type, or ability to internalise in such a cell, hinders their clinical development, or cause unwanted side effects. Thus, chemotherapy or radiotherapy agents, famous for their side effects, can be coupled to aptamers for specific delivery. Equally, siRNA have great therapeutic potential and specificity, but one of their shortcomings remain the delivery and internalisation into cells. Various methodologies have been proposed to date, including aptamers, to resolve this problem. Therapeutic or imaging reagents benefit from the adaptability and ease of chemical manipulation of aptamers, their high affinity for the specific marker of a cell type, and their internalisation ability via cell mediated endocytosis. In this review paper, we explore the potential of the aptamers as delivery agents and offer an update on current status and latest advancements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos E B de Almeida
- Laboratório de Radiobiologia, Divisão de Física Médica, Instituto de Radioproteção e Dosimetria, Comissão Nacional de Energia Nuclear, Av. Salvador Allende S/N., Rio de Janeiro, RJ, CEP 22783-127, Brazil
| | - Lais Nascimento Alves
- Laboratório de Radiobiologia, Divisão de Física Médica, Instituto de Radioproteção e Dosimetria, Comissão Nacional de Energia Nuclear, Av. Salvador Allende S/N., Rio de Janeiro, RJ, CEP 22783-127, Brazil
| | - Henrique F Rocha
- Laboratório de Anticorpos Monoclonais, Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiológicos (Bio-Manguinhos), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Av. Brasil, 4365-Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, CEP 21040-900, Brazil
| | - Januário Bispo Cabral-Neto
- Laboratório de Radiobiologia, Divisão de Física Médica, Instituto de Radioproteção e Dosimetria, Comissão Nacional de Energia Nuclear, Av. Salvador Allende S/N., Rio de Janeiro, RJ, CEP 22783-127, Brazil; Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Brg. Trompowski-Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, CEP 21044-020, Brazil
| | - Sotiris Missailidis
- Laboratório de Anticorpos Monoclonais, Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiológicos (Bio-Manguinhos), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Av. Brasil, 4365-Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, CEP 21040-900, Brazil.
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Chandola C, Kalme S, Casteleijn MG, Urtti A, Neerathilingam M. Application of aptamers in diagnostics, drug-delivery and imaging. J Biosci 2017; 41:535-61. [PMID: 27581942 DOI: 10.1007/s12038-016-9632-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Aptamers are small, single-stranded oligonucleotides (DNA or RNA) that bind to their target with high specificity and affinity. Although aptamers are analogous to antibodies for a wide range of target recognition and variety of applications, they have significant advantages over antibodies. Since aptamers have recently emerged as a class of biomolecules with an application in a wide array of fields, we need to summarize the latest developments herein. In this review we will discuss about the latest developments in using aptamers in diagnostics, drug delivery and imaging. We begin with diagnostics, discussing the application of aptamers for the detection of infective agents itself, antigens/ toxins (bacteria), biomarkers (cancer), or a combination. The ease of conjugation and labelling of aptamers makes them a potential tool for diagnostics. Also, due to the reduced off-target effects of aptamers, their use as a potential drug delivery tool is emerging rapidly. Hence, we discuss their use in targeted delivery in conjugation with siRNAs, nanoparticles, liposomes, drugs and antibodies. Finally, we discuss about the conjugation strategies applicable for RNA and DNA aptamers for imaging. Their stability and self-assembly after heating makes them superior over protein-based binding molecules in terms of labelling and conjugation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chetan Chandola
- 1Center for Cellular and Molecular Platforms, NCBS-TIFR, Bangalore 560 065, India
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Song G, Zhou H, Gu J, Liu Q, Zhang W, Su H, Su Y, Yao Q, Zhang D. Tumor marker detection using surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy on 3D Au butterfly wings. J Mater Chem B 2017; 5:1594-1600. [PMID: 32263931 DOI: 10.1039/c6tb03026b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Tumor markers are usually over-expressed in human body fluids during the development of cancers. Monitoring tumor markers' level is thus important for early diagnosis and screening of cancers. One way to achieve this is based on the surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) technique that can drastically amplify Raman signals of analytes on a plasmonic metal (e.g., Au, Ag, and Cu) surface. However, this promising method suffers from aggregation of plasmonic nanoparticles. Here we report a stable, reproducible, and facile SERS-based readout method to detect an important tumor marker, carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA). This route utilizes Au butterfly wings with natural three dimensional (3D) hierarchical sub-micrometer structures rather than relying on the aggregates of metal nanoparticles. The Au butterfly wings show excellent SERS property and are temperature (80 °C) and time (6 months) stable on a sub-micrometer scale. Thus, the detecting antibodies and enzyme-linked secondary antibodies that are usually applied in conventional enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) can be replaced by chemically synthesized CEA aptamers, significantly simplifying the whole detection process. We demonstrate the feasibility of this method via quantitative detection of clinical CEA level in human body fluids. This work thus demonstrates a promising tumor marker detection technique based on a hierarchical sub-micrometer SERS structure, which could be useful for the mass screening of early stage cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guofen Song
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
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22
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de Sousa Lacerda CM, Ferreira IM, Dos Santos SR, de Barros ALB, Fernandes SO, Cardoso VN, de Andrade ASR. (1→3)-β-D-glucan aptamers labeled with technetium-99m: Biodistribution and imaging in experimental models of bacterial and fungal infection. Nucl Med Biol 2016; 46:19-24. [PMID: 27951452 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2016.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Revised: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Acid nucleic aptamers are RNA or DNA oligonucleotides capable of binding to a target molecule with high affinity and selectivity. These molecules are promising tools in nuclear medicine. Many aptamers have been used as targeting molecule of radiopharmaceuticals in preclinical studies. (1→3)-β-D-glucans are the main structural cell wall components of fungi and some bacteria. In the present study two radiolabeled (1→3)-β-D-glucan aptamers (seq6 and seq30) were evaluated to identity infectious foci caused by fungal or bacterial cells. METHODS Aptamer labeling with 99mTc was performed by the direct method and biodistribution studies were accomplished in Swiss mice (n=6) infected in the right thigh muscle with Staphylococcus aureus or Candida albicans. A 99mTc radiolabeled library consisting of oligonucleotides with random sequences was used as control. RESULTS There was a higher uptake of 99mTc radiolabeled aptamers in the infected thigh than in the left thigh muscle (non-infected) in the S. aureus infected animals. The target/non-target ratios were 3.17±0.22 for seq6 and 2.66±0.10 for seq30. These ratios were statistically higher than the value (1.54±0.05) found for the radiolabeled library (control). With regard to biodistribution, no statistical difference was verified between aptamers and control uptakes in the infection foci in the C. albicans infected animals. The target/non-target ratios were 1.53±0.03, 1.64±0.12 and 1.08±0.02 for radiolabeled library, seq6 and seq30, respectively. Scintigraphic imaging of infected foci using radiolabeled aptamers was possible only for S. aureus infected mice. CONCLUSIONS Seq6 and seq30 aptamers proved to be inefficient for diagnosis of C. albicans infection. Nevertheless, their applicability for diagnosis of S. aureus and other bacterial infections by scintigraphy should be further explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Maria de Sousa Lacerda
- Centro de Desenvolvimento da Tecnologia Nuclear (CDTN), Rua Professor Mário Werneck S/N°, Cidade Universitária-Campus da UFMG, Belo Horizonte, MG 31120-970, Brazil.
| | - Iêda Mendes Ferreira
- Centro de Desenvolvimento da Tecnologia Nuclear (CDTN), Rua Professor Mário Werneck S/N°, Cidade Universitária-Campus da UFMG, Belo Horizonte, MG 31120-970, Brazil.
| | - Sara Roberta Dos Santos
- Centro de Desenvolvimento da Tecnologia Nuclear (CDTN), Rua Professor Mário Werneck S/N°, Cidade Universitária-Campus da UFMG, Belo Horizonte, MG 31120-970, Brazil.
| | - André Luís Branco de Barros
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas-Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Cidade Universitária-Campus da UFMG, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-091, Brazil.
| | - Simone Odília Fernandes
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas-Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Cidade Universitária-Campus da UFMG, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-091, Brazil.
| | - Valbert Nascimento Cardoso
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas-Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Cidade Universitária-Campus da UFMG, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-091, Brazil.
| | - Antero Silva Ribeiro de Andrade
- Centro de Desenvolvimento da Tecnologia Nuclear (CDTN), Rua Professor Mário Werneck S/N°, Cidade Universitária-Campus da UFMG, Belo Horizonte, MG 31120-970, Brazil.
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Hassan EM, Willmore WG, DeRosa MC. Aptamers: Promising Tools for the Detection of Circulating Tumor Cells. Nucleic Acid Ther 2016; 26:335-347. [PMID: 27736306 DOI: 10.1089/nat.2016.0632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are cells that shed from a primary tumor and freely circulate in the blood, retaining the ability to initiate metastasis and form a secondary tumor in distant organs in the body. CTCs reflect the molecular profile of the primary tumor, therefore studying CTCs can allow for an understanding of the mechanism of metastasis, and an opportunity to monitor the prognosis of cancer. Unfortunately, the detection of CTCs is a considerable challenge due to their low abundance in the bloodstream and the lack of consistent markers present to recognize these cells. The aim of this review is to summarize some of the aptamer-based affinity methods for the detection of CTCs. The basic biological concept of how metastasis occurs and the role of CTCs in this process are presented. Some methods of CTC detection employing antibodies or peptides are mentioned here for comparison. The review of present literature suggests that aptamers are emerging as competitive technology in the detection of CTCs, especially due to their unique properties, but there still remain several challenges to be met, including the need to improve the throughput and sensitivity of such methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eman M Hassan
- 1 Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique-Energie, Materiaux Telecommunication , Quebec, Canada .,2 Department of Chemistry, Carleton University , Ottawa, Canada
| | | | - Maria C DeRosa
- 2 Department of Chemistry, Carleton University , Ottawa, Canada .,3 Institute of Biochemistry, Carleton University , Ottawa, Canada
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Tobi M, Thomas P, Ezekwudo D. Avoiding hepatic metastasis naturally: Lessons from the cotton top tamarin (Saguinus oedipus). World J Gastroenterol 2016; 22:5479-94. [PMID: 27350726 PMCID: PMC4917608 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v22.i24.5479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Revised: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Much has been written about hepatic metastasis and animal models abound. In terms of the human experience, progress in treating this final common pathway, a terminal event of many human malignancies has been relatively slow. The current thinking is that primary prevention is best served by early detection of cancer and eradication of early stage cancers by screening. Some cancers spread early in their course and the role of screening may be limited. Until relatively recently there has not been a pathfinder model that makes the evasion of this unfortunate event a reality. This review discusses such an animal model and attempts to relate it to human disease in terms of intervention. Concrete proposals are also offered on how scientists may be able to intervene to prevent this deadly progression of the cancer process.
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Gijs M, Aerts A, Impens N, Baatout S, Luxen A. Aptamers as radiopharmaceuticals for nuclear imaging and therapy. Nucl Med Biol 2015; 43:253-71. [PMID: 26746572 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2015.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Revised: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Today, radiopharmaceuticals belong to the standard instrumentation of nuclear medicine, both in the context of diagnosis and therapy. The majority of radiopharmaceuticals consist of targeting biomolecules which are designed to interact with a disease-related molecular target. A plethora of targeting biomolecules of radiopharmaceuticals exists, including antibodies, antibody fragments, proteins, peptides and nucleic acids. Nucleic acids have some significant advantages relative to proteinaceous biomolecules in terms of size, production, modifications, possible targets and immunogenicity. In particular, aptamers (non-coding, synthetic, single-stranded DNA or RNA oligonucleotides) are of interest because they can bind a molecular target with high affinity and specificity. At present, few aptamers have been investigated preclinically for imaging and therapeutic applications. In this review, we describe the use of aptamers as targeting biomolecules of radiopharmaceuticals. We also discuss the chemical modifications which are needed to turn aptamers into valuable (radio-)pharmaceuticals, as well as the different radiolabeling strategies that can be used to radiolabel oligonucleotides and, in particular, aptamers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlies Gijs
- Radiobiology Unit, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre (SCK·CEN), Mol, Belgium; Cyclotron Research Centre, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - An Aerts
- Radiobiology Unit, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre (SCK·CEN), Mol, Belgium
| | - Nathalie Impens
- Radiobiology Unit, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre (SCK·CEN), Mol, Belgium
| | - Sarah Baatout
- Radiobiology Unit, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre (SCK·CEN), Mol, Belgium
| | - André Luxen
- Cyclotron Research Centre, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium.
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Vectors for the delivery of radiopharmaceuticals in cancer therapeutics. Ther Deliv 2015; 5:893-912. [PMID: 25337647 DOI: 10.4155/tde.14.57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Internal radiation using radiopharmaceuticals promises efficient cancer therapeutics. The specificity and selectivity required for screening and pinpointing tumor cells for cell-kill has been made possible by targeted ligands based on 'magic bullet' and tracer principle- theories nearing a century. Overexpression of certain receptors has been exploited using biomolecules for targeting. The pragmatic analysis, however, is not as promising compared with the theoretical knowledge of available gamut of vectors and targets. The complex interplay of in vitro and in vivo parameters, and the effect of radionuclides involve a systematic assessment of radiopharmaceuticals as diagnostic and therapeutic agent. This review presents different vectors with their pros and cons, present status and recent design variations followed by a future perspective based on novel approaches.
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dos Santos SR, Rodrigues Corrêa C, Branco de Barros AL, Serakides R, Fernandes SO, Cardoso VN, de Andrade ASR. Identification of Staphylococcus aureus infection by aptamers directly radiolabeled with technetium-99m. Nucl Med Biol 2014; 42:292-8. [PMID: 25533762 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2014.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Revised: 11/20/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Aptamers are oligonucleotides that have high affinity and specificity for their molecular targets which are emerging as a new class of molecules for radiopharmaceuticals development. In this study, aptamers selected to Staphylococcus aureus were evaluated for bacterial infection identification. METHODS Anti S. aureus aptamers were labeled with (99m)Tc by the direct method. The radiolabel yield and complex stability were assessed by thin-layer chromatography (TLC). Three groups of Swiss mice containing 6 animals each were used. The first group was infected intramuscularly in the right thigh with S. aureus. The second group was infected in the same way with C. albicans and the third group was injected with zymosan to induce aseptic inflammation. After 24 h, radiolabeled aptamers (22.2 MBq) were injected by the tail vein. The mice were euthanized 4 h post injection and tissue sample activities measured in a gamma counter. RESULTS The (99m)Tc labeled aptamers were stable in saline, plasma and cystein excess. Radiolabeled aptamers showed increased uptake in the kidneys for all groups indicating a main renal excretion, which is consistent with the hydrophilic nature and small size of aptamers. The radiopharmaceutical showed rapid blood clearance indicated by a reduced dose (% ID/g) in the blood. The biodistribution showed that aptamers were able to identify the infection foci caused by S. aureus displaying a target/non-target ratio of 4.0±0.5. This ratio for mice infected with C. albicans was 2.0±0.4 while for mice with aseptic inflammation was 1.2±0.2. Histology confirmed the presence of infection in groups 1 and 2, and inflammation in group 3. CONCLUSIONS The biodistibution study demonstrated a statistically higher uptake in the S. aureus foci relative to inflammation and C. albicans infected areas. These results highlight the potential of aptamers labeled directly with (99m)Tc for bacterial infection diagnosis by scintigraphy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Roberta dos Santos
- Centro de Desenvolvimento da Tecnologia Nuclear (CDTN), Rua Professor Mário Werneck S/N°, Cidade Universitária, Campus da UFMG, 31120-970, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil.
| | - Cristiane Rodrigues Corrêa
- Centro de Desenvolvimento da Tecnologia Nuclear (CDTN), Rua Professor Mário Werneck S/N°, Cidade Universitária, Campus da UFMG, 31120-970, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil.
| | - André Luís Branco de Barros
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Cidade Universitária, Campus da UFMG, 31270-091, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| | - Rogéria Serakides
- Departamento de Clinica e Cirurgia, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Cidade Universitária, Campus da UFMG, 31270-091, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| | - Simone Odília Fernandes
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Cidade Universitária, Campus da UFMG, 31270-091, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| | - Valbert Nascimento Cardoso
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Cidade Universitária, Campus da UFMG, 31270-091, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| | - Antero Silva Ribeiro de Andrade
- Centro de Desenvolvimento da Tecnologia Nuclear (CDTN), Rua Professor Mário Werneck S/N°, Cidade Universitária, Campus da UFMG, 31120-970, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil.
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