1
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Li Z, Liu T, He X, Bai C. The evolution paths of some reprehensive scaffolds of RORγt modulators, a perspective from medicinal chemistry. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 228:113962. [PMID: 34776280 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The ligand binding domain (LBD) of retinoid-related orphan nuclear receptor γt (RORγt) has been exploited as a promising target for the new small molecule therapeutics to cure autoimmune diseases via modulating the IL-17 and IL-22 production by Th17 cells. Diverse chemical scaffolds of these small molecules have been discovered by multiple groups with methods such as high throughput screening (HTS) and virtual screening. These different scaffolds are further developed by medicinal chemists to afford lead compounds the best of which enter clinical trials. In this review, we summarize these chemical scaffolds and their evolution paths according to the groups in which they have been discovered or studied. We combine the data of the chemistry, biological assays and structural biology of each chemical scaffold, in order to afford insight to develop new RORγt modulators with higher potency, less toxicity and elucidated working mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuohao Li
- Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China; Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Antimicrobial Agent and Immunotechnology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China
| | - Tao Liu
- Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China; Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Antimicrobial Agent and Immunotechnology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China
| | - Xixin He
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Chuan Bai
- Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China; Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Antimicrobial Agent and Immunotechnology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China.
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2
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Zou H, Yang N, Zhang X, Chen HW. RORγ is a context-specific master regulator of cholesterol biosynthesis and an emerging therapeutic target in cancer and autoimmune diseases. Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 196:114725. [PMID: 34384758 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Aberrant cholesterol metabolism and homeostasis in the form of elevated cholesterol biosynthesis and dysregulated efflux and metabolism is well recognized as a major feature of metabolic reprogramming in solid tumors. Recent studies have emphasized on major drivers and regulators such as Myc, mutant p53, SREBP2, LXRs and oncogenic signaling pathways that play crucial roles in tumor cholesterol metabolic reprogramming. Therapeutics such as statins targeting the mevalonate pathway were tried at the clinic without showing consistent benefits to cancer patients. Nuclear receptors are prominent regulators of mammalian metabolism. Their de-regulation often drives tumorigenesis. RORγ and its immune cell-specific isoform RORγt play important functions in control of mammalian metabolism, circadian rhythm and immune responses. Although RORγ, together with its closely related members RORα and RORβ were identified initially as orphan receptors, recent studies strongly support the conclusion that specific intermediates and metabolites of cholesterol pathways serve as endogenous ligands of RORγ. More recent studies also reveal a critical role of RORγ in tumorigenesis through major oncogenic pathways including acting a new master-like regulator of tumor cholesterol biosynthesis program. Importantly, an increasing number of RORγ orthosteric and allosteric ligands are being identified that display potent activities in blocking tumor growth and autoimmune disorders in preclinical models. This review summarizes the recent preclinical and clinical progress on RORγ with emphasis on its role in reprogramming tumor cholesterol metabolism and its regulation. It will also discuss RORγ functional mechanisms, context-specificity and its value as a therapeutic target for effective cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongye Zou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California, Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Nianxin Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California, Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Xiong Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California, Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Hong-Wu Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California, Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA; UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California, USA; VA Northern California Health Care System, Mather, California, USA.
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3
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Discovery of novel N-sulfonamide-tetrahydroquinolines as potent retinoic acid receptor-related orphan receptor γt inverse agonists for the treatment of autoimmune diseases. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 187:111984. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.111984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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4
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Jetten AM, Cook DN. (Inverse) Agonists of Retinoic Acid-Related Orphan Receptor γ: Regulation of Immune Responses, Inflammation, and Autoimmune Disease. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2019; 60:371-390. [PMID: 31386594 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-010919-023711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Retinoic acid-related orphan receptor γt (RORγt) functions as a ligand-dependent transcription factor that regulates multiple proinflammatory genes and plays a critical role in several inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Various endogenous and synthetic RORγ (inverse) agonists have been identified that regulate RORγ transcriptional activity, including many cholesterol intermediates and oxysterols. Changes in cholesterol biosynthesis and metabolism can therefore have a significant impact on the generation of oxysterol RORγ ligands and, consequently, can control RORγt activity and inflammation. These observations contribute to a growing literature that connects cholesterol metabolism to the regulation of immune responses and autoimmune disease. Loss of RORγ function in knockout mice and in mice treated with RORγ inverse agonists results in reduced production of proinflammatory cytokines, such as IL-17A/F, and increased resistance to autoimmune disease in several experimental rodent models. Thus, RORγt inverse agonists might provide an attractive therapeutic approach to treat a variety of autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton M Jetten
- Cell Biology Section, Immunity, Inflammation, and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA;
| | - Donald N Cook
- Immunogenetics Section, Immunity, Inflammation, and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA
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5
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Kotoku M, Maeba T, Fujioka S, Yokota M, Seki N, Ito K, Suwa Y, Ikenogami T, Hirata K, Hase Y, Katsuda Y, Miyagawa N, Arita K, Asahina K, Noguchi M, Nomura A, Doi S, Adachi T, Crowe P, Tao H, Thacher S, Hashimoto H, Suzuki T, Shiozaki M. Discovery of Second Generation RORγ Inhibitors Composed of an Azole Scaffold. J Med Chem 2019; 62:2837-2842. [PMID: 30776227 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b01567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Starting from a previously reported RORγ inhibitor (1), successive efforts to improve in vivo potency were continued. Introduction of metabolically beneficial motifs in conjunction with scaffold hopping was examined, resulting in discovery of the second generation RORγ inhibitor composed of a 4-(isoxazol-3-yl)butanoic acid scaffold (24). Compound 24 achieved a 10-fold improvement in in vivo potency in a mouse CD3 challenge model along with significant anti-inflammatory effects in a mouse dermatitis model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Kotoku
- Graduate School of Medical Science , Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine , 1-5 Shimogamo-hangi-cho , Sakyo-ku , Kyoto 603-0823 , Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Paul Crowe
- Orphagen Pharmaceuticals , 11558 Sorrento Valley Road, Suite 4 , San Diego , California 92121 , United States
| | - Haiyan Tao
- Orphagen Pharmaceuticals , 11558 Sorrento Valley Road, Suite 4 , San Diego , California 92121 , United States
| | - Scott Thacher
- Orphagen Pharmaceuticals , 11558 Sorrento Valley Road, Suite 4 , San Diego , California 92121 , United States
| | | | - Takayoshi Suzuki
- Graduate School of Medical Science , Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine , 1-5 Shimogamo-hangi-cho , Sakyo-ku , Kyoto 603-0823 , Japan
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6
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Karaś K, Sałkowska A, Walczak-Drzewiecka A, Ryba K, Dastych J, Bachorz RA, Ratajewski M. The cardenolides strophanthidin, digoxigenin and dihydroouabain act as activators of the human RORγ/RORγT receptors. Toxicol Lett 2018; 295:314-324. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2018.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Revised: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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7
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Patouret R, Doebelin C, Garcia-Ordonez RD, Chang MR, Ruiz C, Cameron MD, Griffin PR, Kamenecka TM. Identification of an aminothiazole series of RORβ modulators. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2018; 28:1178-1181. [PMID: 29534930 PMCID: PMC5859951 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2018.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Crystallography has identified stearic acid, ALRT 1550 and ATRA as ligands that bind RORβ, however, none of these molecules represent good starting points to develop optimized small molecule modulators. Recently, Compound 1 was identified as a potent dual RORβ and RORγ inverse agonist with no activity towards RORα (Fig. 1). To our knowledge, this is one of only two small molecule RORβ inverse agonists identified in the primary literature from a tractable chemical series and represents an ideal starting point from which to design RORβ-selective modulators. Herein we describe our SAR optimization efforts that led to a series of potent neutral antagonists of RORβ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rémi Patouret
- The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida, Department of Molecular Medicine, 130 Scripps Way #A2A, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Christelle Doebelin
- The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida, Department of Molecular Medicine, 130 Scripps Way #A2A, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Ruben D Garcia-Ordonez
- The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida, Department of Molecular Medicine, 130 Scripps Way #A2A, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Mi Ra Chang
- The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida, Department of Molecular Medicine, 130 Scripps Way #A2A, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Claudia Ruiz
- The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida, Department of Molecular Medicine, 130 Scripps Way #A2A, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Michael D Cameron
- The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida, Department of Molecular Medicine, 130 Scripps Way #A2A, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Patrick R Griffin
- The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida, Department of Molecular Medicine, 130 Scripps Way #A2A, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Theodore M Kamenecka
- The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida, Department of Molecular Medicine, 130 Scripps Way #A2A, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA.
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8
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Jetten AM, Takeda Y, Slominski A, Kang HS. Retinoic acid-related Orphan Receptor γ (RORγ): connecting sterol metabolism to regulation of the immune system and autoimmune disease. CURRENT OPINION IN TOXICOLOGY 2018; 8:66-80. [PMID: 29568812 DOI: 10.1016/j.cotox.2018.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Cholesterol and its metabolites are bioactive lipids that interact with and regulate the activity of various proteins and signaling pathways that are implicated in the control of a variety of physiological and pathological processes. Recent studies revealed that retinoic acid-related orphan receptors, RORα and γ, members of the ligand-dependent nuclear receptor superfamily, exhibit quite a wide binding specificity for a number of sterols. Several cholesterol intermediates and metabolites function as natural ligands of RORα and RORγ and act as agonists or inverse agonists. Changes in cholesterol homeostasis that alter the level or type of sterol metabolites in cells, can either enhance or inhibit ROR transcriptional activity that subsequently result in changes in the physiological processes regulated by RORs, including various immune responses and metabolic pathways. Consequently, this might negatively or positively impact pathologies, in which RORs are implicated, such as autoimmune disease, inflammation, metabolic syndrome, cancer, and several neurological disorders. Best studied are the links between cholesterol metabolism, RORγt activity, and their regulation of Th17 differentiation and autoimmune disease. The discovery that Th17-dependent inflammation is significantly attenuated in RORγ-deficient mice in several experimental autoimmune disease models, initiated a search for ROR modulators that led to the identification of a number of small molecular weight RORγ inverse agonists. The inverse agonists suppress Th17 differentiation and IL-17 production and protect against autoimmunity. Together, these studies suggest that RORγt may provide an attractive therapeutic target in the management of several (inflammatory) diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton M Jetten
- Cell Biology Section, Immunity, Inflammation, and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Yukimasa Takeda
- Cell Biology Section, Immunity, Inflammation, and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Andrzej Slominski
- Department of Dermatology, Comprehensive Cancer Center Cancer Chemoprevention Program, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35249, USA
| | - Hong Soon Kang
- Cell Biology Section, Immunity, Inflammation, and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
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9
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Lafitte G, Kunihiro K, Bonneaud C, Dréan B, Gaigne F, Parnet V, Pierre R, Raffin C, Vatinel R, Fournier JF, Musicki B, Ouvry G, Bouix-Peter C, Tomas L, Harris CS. A convenient one-pot synthesis of boroxoles from diboronic acid. Tetrahedron Lett 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2017.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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10
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Dong J, Xin S, Wang Y, Pan L, Liu Q. In situ generation and reactions of p-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl electrophiles: an efficient access to p-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl compounds. Chem Commun (Camb) 2017; 53:1668-1671. [PMID: 28101547 DOI: 10.1039/c6cc09268c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A new three-component reaction, namely condensation-anti-Michael addition-aromatization, enabling the construction of benzylic compounds is disclosed. This reaction can not only act as an alternative approach to regioselective Csp2-H trifluoromethylation of arenes through an "aromatic to be" strategy, but also provides a simple, convenient, step-economic, and practical strategy for the in situ generation of electrophilic p-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl species under extremely mild conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhuan Dong
- Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China.
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11
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Enyedy IJ, Powell NA, Caravella J, van Vloten K, Chao J, Banerjee D, Marcotte D, Silvian L, McKenzie A, Hong VS, Fontenot JD. Discovery of biaryls as RORγ inverse agonists by using structure-based design. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:2459-2463. [PMID: 27080181 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.03.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Revised: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
RORγ plays a critical role in controlling a pro-inflammatory gene expression program in several lymphocyte lineages including T cells, γδ T cells, and innate lymphoid cells. RORγ-mediated inflammation has been linked to susceptibility to Crohn's disease, arthritis, and psoriasis. Thus inverse agonists of RORγ have the potential of modulating inflammation. Our goal was to optimize two RORγ inverse agonists: T0901317 from literature and 1 that we obtained from internal screening. We used information from internal X-ray structures to design two libraries that led to a new biaryl series.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Jianhua Chao
- Biogen, 250 Binney St., Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Victor Sukbong Hong
- Keimyung University, 1095 Dalgubeoldaero, Dalseo-Gu, Daegu, Republic of Korea
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12
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Hirata K, Kotoku M, Seki N, Maeba T, Maeda K, Hirashima S, Sakai T, Obika S, Hori A, Hase Y, Yamaguchi T, Katsuda Y, Hata T, Miyagawa N, Arita K, Nomura Y, Asahina K, Aratsu Y, Kamada M, Adachi T, Noguchi M, Doi S, Crowe P, Bradley E, Steensma R, Tao H, Fenn M, Babine R, Li X, Thacher S, Hashimoto H, Shiozaki M. SAR Exploration Guided by LE and Fsp(3): Discovery of a Selective and Orally Efficacious RORγ Inhibitor. ACS Med Chem Lett 2016; 7:23-7. [PMID: 26819660 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.5b00253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel series of RORγ inhibitors was identified starting with the HTS hit 1. After SAR investigation based on a prospective consideration of two drug-likeness metrics, ligand efficiency (LE) and fraction of sp(3) carbon atoms (Fsp(3)), significant improvement of metabolic stability as well as reduction of CYP inhibition was observed, which finally led to discovery of a selective and orally efficacious RORγ inhibitor 3z.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Masafumi Kamada
- Pharmaceutical Frontier
Research Laboratories, Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., 1-13-2, Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-0004, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Adachi
- Pharmaceutical Frontier
Research Laboratories, Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., 1-13-2, Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-0004, Japan
| | - Masato Noguchi
- Pharmaceutical Frontier
Research Laboratories, Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., 1-13-2, Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-0004, Japan
| | - Satoki Doi
- Pharmaceutical Frontier
Research Laboratories, Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., 1-13-2, Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-0004, Japan
| | - Paul Crowe
- Orphagen Pharmaceuticals, 11558 Sorrento Valley Road, Suite
4, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Erin Bradley
- Orphagen Pharmaceuticals, 11558 Sorrento Valley Road, Suite
4, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Ruo Steensma
- Orphagen Pharmaceuticals, 11558 Sorrento Valley Road, Suite
4, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Haiyan Tao
- Orphagen Pharmaceuticals, 11558 Sorrento Valley Road, Suite
4, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Morgan Fenn
- Orphagen Pharmaceuticals, 11558 Sorrento Valley Road, Suite
4, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Robert Babine
- Orphagen Pharmaceuticals, 11558 Sorrento Valley Road, Suite
4, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Xiaolin Li
- Orphagen Pharmaceuticals, 11558 Sorrento Valley Road, Suite
4, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Scott Thacher
- Orphagen Pharmaceuticals, 11558 Sorrento Valley Road, Suite
4, San Diego, California 92121, United States
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13
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Cook DN, Kang HS, Jetten AM. Retinoic Acid-Related Orphan Receptors (RORs): Regulatory Functions in Immunity, Development, Circadian Rhythm, and Metabolism. NUCLEAR RECEPTOR RESEARCH 2015; 2. [PMID: 26878025 PMCID: PMC4750502 DOI: 10.11131/2015/101185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In this overview, we provide an update on recent progress made in understanding the mechanisms of action, physiological functions, and roles in disease of retinoic acid related orphan receptors (RORs). We are particularly focusing on their roles in the regulation of adaptive and innate immunity, brain function, retinal development, cancer, glucose and lipid metabolism, circadian rhythm, metabolic and inflammatory diseases and neuropsychiatric disorders. We also summarize the current status of ROR agonists and inverse agonists, including their regulation of ROR activity and their therapeutic potential for management of various diseases in which RORs have been implicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald N Cook
- Immunogenetics Section, Immunity, Inflammation and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Hong Soon Kang
- Cell Biology Section, Immunity, Inflammation and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Anton M Jetten
- Cell Biology Section, Immunity, Inflammation and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
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14
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Fauber BP, Gobbi A, Savy P, Burton B, Deng Y, Everett C, La H, Johnson AR, Lockey P, Norman M, Wong H. Identification of N-sulfonyl-tetrahydroquinolines as RORc inverse agonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 25:4109-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Revised: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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15
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Discovery of N -(4-aryl-5-aryloxy-thiazol-2-yl)-amides as potent RORγt inverse agonists. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:5293-302. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.07.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Revised: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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16
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Wang T, Banerjee D, Bohnert T, Chao J, Enyedy I, Fontenot J, Guertin K, Jones H, Lin EY, Marcotte D, Talreja T, Van Vloten K. Discovery of novel pyrazole-containing benzamides as potent RORγ inverse agonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 25:2985-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2015] [Revised: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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17
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Chao J, Enyedy I, Van Vloten K, Marcotte D, Guertin K, Hutchings R, Powell N, Jones H, Bohnert T, Peng CC, Silvian L, Hong VS, Little K, Banerjee D, Peng L, Taveras A, Viney JL, Fontenot J. Discovery of biaryl carboxylamides as potent RORγ inverse agonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 25:2991-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Revised: 05/10/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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18
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Wang Y, Cai W, Cheng Y, Yang T, Liu Q, Zhang G, Meng Q, Han F, Huang Y, Zhou L, Xiang Z, Zhao YG, Xu Y, Cheng Z, Lu S, Wu Q, Xiang JN, Elliott JD, Leung S, Ren F, Lin X. Discovery of Biaryl Amides as Potent, Orally Bioavailable, and CNS Penetrant RORγt Inhibitors. ACS Med Chem Lett 2015; 6:787-92. [PMID: 26191367 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.5b00122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel series of biaryl amides was identified as RORγt inhibitors through core replacement of a starting hit 1. Structure-activity relationship exploration on the biaryl moiety led to discovery of potent RORγt inhibitors with good oral bioavailability and CNS penetration. Compounds 9a and 9g demonstrated excellent in vivo efficacy in EAE mice dose dependently with once daily oral administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghui Wang
- School
of Pharmacy, Fudan University, 826 Zhangheng Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Wei Cai
- Research
and Development, GlaxoSmithKline, No. 3 Building, 898 Halei Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yaobang Cheng
- Research
and Development, GlaxoSmithKline, No. 3 Building, 898 Halei Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Ting Yang
- Research
and Development, GlaxoSmithKline, No. 3 Building, 898 Halei Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Qian Liu
- Research
and Development, GlaxoSmithKline, No. 3 Building, 898 Halei Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Guifeng Zhang
- Research
and Development, GlaxoSmithKline, No. 3 Building, 898 Halei Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Qinghua Meng
- Research
and Development, GlaxoSmithKline, No. 3 Building, 898 Halei Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Fangbin Han
- Research
and Development, GlaxoSmithKline, No. 3 Building, 898 Halei Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yafei Huang
- School
of Pharmacy, Fudan University, 826 Zhangheng Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Ling Zhou
- Research
and Development, GlaxoSmithKline, No. 3 Building, 898 Halei Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Zhijun Xiang
- Research
and Development, GlaxoSmithKline, No. 3 Building, 898 Halei Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yong-Gang Zhao
- Research
and Development, GlaxoSmithKline, No. 3 Building, 898 Halei Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yan Xu
- Research
and Development, GlaxoSmithKline, No. 3 Building, 898 Halei Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Ziqiang Cheng
- Research
and Development, GlaxoSmithKline, No. 3 Building, 898 Halei Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Sijie Lu
- Research
and Development, GlaxoSmithKline, No. 3 Building, 898 Halei Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Qianqian Wu
- Research
and Development, GlaxoSmithKline, No. 3 Building, 898 Halei Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jia-Ning Xiang
- Research
and Development, GlaxoSmithKline, No. 3 Building, 898 Halei Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - John D. Elliott
- Research
and Development, GlaxoSmithKline, No. 3 Building, 898 Halei Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Stewart Leung
- Research
and Development, GlaxoSmithKline, No. 3 Building, 898 Halei Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Feng Ren
- Research
and Development, GlaxoSmithKline, No. 3 Building, 898 Halei Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xichen Lin
- Research
and Development, GlaxoSmithKline, No. 3 Building, 898 Halei Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201203, China
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19
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Fauber BP, René O, Deng Y, DeVoss J, Eidenschenk C, Everett C, Ganguli A, Gobbi A, Hawkins J, Johnson AR, La H, Lesch J, Lockey P, Norman M, Ouyang W, Summerhill S, Wong H. Discovery of 1-{4-[3-fluoro-4-((3s,6r)-3-methyl-1,1-dioxo-6-phenyl-[1,2]thiazinan-2-ylmethyl)-phenyl]-piperazin-1-yl}-ethanone (GNE-3500): a potent, selective, and orally bioavailable retinoic acid receptor-related orphan receptor C (RORc or RORγ) inverse agonist. J Med Chem 2015; 58:5308-22. [PMID: 26061388 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b00597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Retinoic acid receptor-related orphan receptor C (RORc, RORγ, or NR1F3) is a nuclear receptor that plays a major role in the production of interleukin (IL)-17. Considerable efforts have been directed toward the discovery of selective RORc inverse agonists as potential treatments of inflammatory diseases such as psoriasis and rheumatoid arthritis. Using the previously reported tertiary sulfonamide 1 as a starting point, we engineered structural modifications that significantly improved human and rat metabolic stabilities while maintaining a potent and highly selective RORc inverse agonist profile. The most advanced δ-sultam compound, GNE-3500 (27, 1-{4-[3-fluoro-4-((3S,6R)-3-methyl-1,1-dioxo-6-phenyl-[1,2]thiazinan-2-ylmethyl)-phenyl]-piperazin-1-yl}-ethanone), possessed favorable RORc cellular potency with 75-fold selectivity for RORc over other ROR family members and >200-fold selectivity over 25 additional nuclear receptors in a cell assay panel. The favorable potency, selectivity, in vitro ADME properties, in vivo PK, and dose-dependent inhibition of IL-17 in a PK/PD model support the evaluation of 27 in preclinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Arunima Ganguli
- ⊥Discovery Biology, Argenta, Units 7-9 Spire Green Centre, Flex Meadow, Harlow, Essex CM19 5TR, U.K
| | | | - Julie Hawkins
- ⊥Discovery Biology, Argenta, Units 7-9 Spire Green Centre, Flex Meadow, Harlow, Essex CM19 5TR, U.K
| | | | | | | | - Peter Lockey
- ⊥Discovery Biology, Argenta, Units 7-9 Spire Green Centre, Flex Meadow, Harlow, Essex CM19 5TR, U.K
| | - Maxine Norman
- ⊥Discovery Biology, Argenta, Units 7-9 Spire Green Centre, Flex Meadow, Harlow, Essex CM19 5TR, U.K
| | | | - Susan Summerhill
- ⊥Discovery Biology, Argenta, Units 7-9 Spire Green Centre, Flex Meadow, Harlow, Essex CM19 5TR, U.K
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20
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Fauber BP, Gobbi A, Robarge K, Zhou A, Barnard A, Cao J, Deng Y, Eidenschenk C, Everett C, Ganguli A, Hawkins J, Johnson AR, La H, Norman M, Salmon G, Summerhill S, Ouyang W, Tang W, Wong H. Discovery of imidazo[1,5-a]pyridines and -pyrimidines as potent and selective RORc inverse agonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 25:2907-12. [PMID: 26048793 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.05.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Revised: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The nuclear receptor (NR) retinoic acid receptor-related orphan receptor gamma (RORγ, RORc, or NR1F3) is a promising target for the treatment of autoimmune diseases. RORc is a critical regulator in the production of the pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-17. We discovered a series of potent and selective imidazo[1,5-a]pyridine and -pyrimidine RORc inverse agonists. The most potent compounds displayed >300-fold selectivity for RORc over the other ROR family members, PPARγ, and NRs in our cellular selectivity panel. The favorable potency, selectivity, and physiochemical properties of GNE-0946 (9) and GNE-6468 (28), in addition to their potent suppression of IL-17 production in human primary cells, support their use as chemical biology tools to further explore the role of RORc in human biology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alberto Gobbi
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Kirk Robarge
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Aihe Zhou
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Adrian Barnard
- Argenta, Units 7-9 Spire Green Centre, Flex Meadow, Harlow, Essex CM19 5TR, UK
| | - Jianhua Cao
- ChemPartner, No. 5 Building, 998 Halei Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park Pudong New Area, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yuzhong Deng
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | | | | | - Arunima Ganguli
- Argenta, Units 7-9 Spire Green Centre, Flex Meadow, Harlow, Essex CM19 5TR, UK
| | - Julie Hawkins
- Argenta, Units 7-9 Spire Green Centre, Flex Meadow, Harlow, Essex CM19 5TR, UK
| | - Adam R Johnson
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Hank La
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Maxine Norman
- Argenta, Units 7-9 Spire Green Centre, Flex Meadow, Harlow, Essex CM19 5TR, UK
| | - Gary Salmon
- Argenta, Units 7-9 Spire Green Centre, Flex Meadow, Harlow, Essex CM19 5TR, UK
| | - Susan Summerhill
- Argenta, Units 7-9 Spire Green Centre, Flex Meadow, Harlow, Essex CM19 5TR, UK
| | - Wenjun Ouyang
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Wei Tang
- ChemPartner, No. 5 Building, 998 Halei Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park Pudong New Area, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Harvey Wong
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
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21
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Discovery of 1,3-dihydro-2,1,3-benzothiadiazole 2,2-dioxide analogs as new RORC modulators. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 25:1892-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.03.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Revised: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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22
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René O, Fauber B, Boenig GL, Burton B, Eidenschenk C, Everett C, Gobbi A, Hymowitz SG, Johnson AR, Kiefer JR, Liimatta M, Lockey P, Norman M, Ouyang W, Wallweber HA, Wong H. Minor Structural Change to Tertiary Sulfonamide RORc Ligands Led to Opposite Mechanisms of Action. ACS Med Chem Lett 2015; 6:276-81. [PMID: 25815138 PMCID: PMC4360161 DOI: 10.1021/ml500420y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A minor structural change to tertiary sulfonamide RORc ligands led to distinct mechanisms of action. Co-crystal structures of two compounds revealed mechanistically consistent protein conformational changes. Optimized phenylsulfonamides were identified as RORc agonists while benzylsulfonamides exhibited potent inverse agonist activity. Compounds behaving as agonists in our biochemical assay also gave rise to an increased production of IL-17 in human PBMCs whereas inverse agonists led to significant suppression of IL-17 under the same assay conditions. The most potent inverse agonist compound showed >180-fold selectivity over the ROR isoforms as well as all other nuclear receptors that were profiled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier René
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA
Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Benjamin
P. Fauber
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA
Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | | | - Brenda Burton
- Argenta, Early
Discovery, Charles River, 7-9 Spire
Green Centre, Flex Meadow, Harlow, Essex CM19 5TR, U.K.
| | - Céline Eidenschenk
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA
Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Christine Everett
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA
Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Alberto Gobbi
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA
Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Sarah G. Hymowitz
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA
Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Adam R. Johnson
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA
Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - James R. Kiefer
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA
Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Marya Liimatta
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA
Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Peter Lockey
- Argenta, Early
Discovery, Charles River, 7-9 Spire
Green Centre, Flex Meadow, Harlow, Essex CM19 5TR, U.K.
| | - Maxine Norman
- Argenta, Early
Discovery, Charles River, 7-9 Spire
Green Centre, Flex Meadow, Harlow, Essex CM19 5TR, U.K.
| | - Wenjun Ouyang
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA
Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Heidi A. Wallweber
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA
Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Harvey Wong
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA
Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
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23
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ROR nuclear receptors: structures, related diseases, and drug discovery. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2015; 36:71-87. [PMID: 25500868 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2014.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear receptors (NRs) are ligand-regulated transcription factors that regulate metabolism, development and immunity. The NR superfamily is one of the major classes of drug targets for human diseases. Retinoic acid receptor-related orphan receptor (ROR) α, β and γ belong to the NR superfamily, and these receptors are still considered as 'orphan' receptors because the identification of their endogenous ligands has been controversial. Recent studies have demonstrated that these receptors are regulated by synthetic ligands, thus emerge as important drug targets for the treatment of multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, etc. Studying the structural basis and ligand development of RORs will pave the way for a better understanding of the roles of these receptors in human diseases. Here, we review the structural basis, disease relevance, strategies for ligand identification, and current status of development of therapeutic ligands for RORs.
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24
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van Niel MB, Fauber BP, Cartwright M, Gaines S, Killen JC, René O, Ward SI, de Leon Boenig G, Deng Y, Eidenschenk C, Everett C, Gancia E, Ganguli A, Gobbi A, Hawkins J, Johnson AR, Kiefer JR, La H, Lockey P, Norman M, Ouyang W, Qin A, Wakes N, Waszkowycz B, Wong H. A reversed sulfonamide series of selective RORc inverse agonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:5769-5776. [PMID: 25453817 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.10.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Revised: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The identification of a new series of RORc inverse agonists is described. Comprehensive structure-activity relationship studies of this reversed sulfonamide series identified potent RORc inverse agonists in biochemical and cellular assays which were also selective against a panel of nuclear receptors. Our work has contributed a compound that may serve as a useful in vitro tool to delineate the complex biological pathways involved in signalling through RORc. An X-ray co-crystal structure of an analogue with RORc has also provided useful insights into the binding interactions of the new series.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monique B van Niel
- Argenta, Early Discovery, Charles River, 7-9 Spire Green Centre, Flex Meadow, Harlow, Essex CM19 5TR, United Kingdom.
| | | | - Matthew Cartwright
- Argenta, Early Discovery, Charles River, 7-9 Spire Green Centre, Flex Meadow, Harlow, Essex CM19 5TR, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Gaines
- Argenta, Early Discovery, Charles River, 7-9 Spire Green Centre, Flex Meadow, Harlow, Essex CM19 5TR, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan C Killen
- Argenta, Early Discovery, Charles River, 7-9 Spire Green Centre, Flex Meadow, Harlow, Essex CM19 5TR, United Kingdom
| | - Olivier René
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Stuart I Ward
- Argenta, Early Discovery, Charles River, 7-9 Spire Green Centre, Flex Meadow, Harlow, Essex CM19 5TR, United Kingdom
| | | | - Yuzhong Deng
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | | | | | - Emanuela Gancia
- Argenta, Early Discovery, Charles River, 7-9 Spire Green Centre, Flex Meadow, Harlow, Essex CM19 5TR, United Kingdom
| | - Arunima Ganguli
- Argenta, Early Discovery, Charles River, 7-9 Spire Green Centre, Flex Meadow, Harlow, Essex CM19 5TR, United Kingdom
| | - Alberto Gobbi
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Julie Hawkins
- Argenta, Early Discovery, Charles River, 7-9 Spire Green Centre, Flex Meadow, Harlow, Essex CM19 5TR, United Kingdom
| | - Adam R Johnson
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - James R Kiefer
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Hank La
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Peter Lockey
- Argenta, Early Discovery, Charles River, 7-9 Spire Green Centre, Flex Meadow, Harlow, Essex CM19 5TR, United Kingdom
| | - Maxine Norman
- Argenta, Early Discovery, Charles River, 7-9 Spire Green Centre, Flex Meadow, Harlow, Essex CM19 5TR, United Kingdom
| | - Wenjun Ouyang
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Ann Qin
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Nicole Wakes
- Argenta, Early Discovery, Charles River, 7-9 Spire Green Centre, Flex Meadow, Harlow, Essex CM19 5TR, United Kingdom
| | - Bohdan Waszkowycz
- Argenta, Early Discovery, Charles River, 7-9 Spire Green Centre, Flex Meadow, Harlow, Essex CM19 5TR, United Kingdom
| | - Harvey Wong
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
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25
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Fauber BP, René O, de Leon Boenig G, Burton B, Deng Y, Eidenschenk C, Everett C, Gobbi A, Hymowitz SG, Johnson AR, La H, Liimatta M, Lockey P, Norman M, Ouyang W, Wang W, Wong H. Reduction in lipophilicity improved the solubility, plasma–protein binding, and permeability of tertiary sulfonamide RORc inverse agonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:3891-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.06.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Revised: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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