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Sukumaran SY, Herrscher C, Rasol NE, Othman MA, Liew SY, Ismail NH, Séron K, Litaudon M, Awang K, El Kalamouni C, Apel C, Zahari A. Targeted Isolation of Antiviral Labdane Diterpenes from the Bark of Neo-uvaria foetida (Annonaceae) using LC-MS/MS-Based Molecular Networking. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2024. [PMID: 39028935 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.4c00342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/21/2024]
Abstract
In the search of new inhibitors for human coronavirus (HCoV), we screened extracts of endemic Annonaceae plants on an assay using a cellular model of Huh-7 cells infected with the human alphacoronavirus HCoV-229E. The EtOAc bark extract of the rare Southeast Asian plant Neo-uvaria foetida exhibited inhibition of HCoV-229E and SARS-CoV-2 viruses with IC50 values of 3.8 and 7.8 μg/mL, respectively. Using LC-MS/MS and molecular networking analysis guided isolation, we discovered two new labdane-type diterpenoids, 8-epi-acuminolide (1) and foetidalabdane A (4), and three known labdane diterpenoids, acuminolide (2), 17-O-acetylacuminolide (3), and spiroacuminolide (5). A new norlabdane diterpene, 16-foetinorlabdoic acid (6), was also isolated and identified. Excluding compounds 5 and 6, all other metabolites were active against the virus HCoV-229E. Terpenoids 1 and 4 presented antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2 with IC50 values of 63.3 and 93.5 μM, respectively, indicating lower potency. Additionally, virological assays demonstrated that compounds 1, 2, and 3 exert antiviral effects against Zika virus by specifically interfering with the late stage of its infectious cycle with IC50 values of 76.0, 31.9, and 14.9 μM, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Yaallini Sukumaran
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Charline Herrscher
- Unité Mixte Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical, Université de la Réunion, INSERM U1187, CNRS UMR 9192, IRD UMR 249, Plateforme Technologique CYROI, Sainte Clotilde 94791, France
| | - Nurulfazlina Edayah Rasol
- Atta-ur-Rahman Institute for Natural Product Discovery, Level 9 FF3, Universiti Teknologi MARA Puncak Alam Campus, Bandar Puncak Alam 42300, Malaysia
| | - Muhamad Aqmal Othman
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Sook Yee Liew
- Chemistry Division, Centre for Foundation Studies in Science, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Nor Hadiani Ismail
- Atta-ur-Rahman Institute for Natural Product Discovery, Level 9 FF3, Universiti Teknologi MARA Puncak Alam Campus, Bandar Puncak Alam 42300, Malaysia
| | - Karin Séron
- Université de Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019-UMR9017-Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille (CIIL), Lille F-59000, France
| | - Marc Litaudon
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS, UPR 2301, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette 91198, France
| | - Khalijah Awang
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Chaker El Kalamouni
- Unité Mixte Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical, Université de la Réunion, INSERM U1187, CNRS UMR 9192, IRD UMR 249, Plateforme Technologique CYROI, Sainte Clotilde 94791, France
| | - Cécile Apel
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS, UPR 2301, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette 91198, France
| | - Azeana Zahari
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
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Gonde DP, Bhole BK, Kakad KS. Andrographolide, diterpenoid constituent of Andrographis paniculata: Review on botany, phytochemistry, molecular docking analysis, and pharmacology. ANNALES PHARMACEUTIQUES FRANÇAISES 2024; 82:15-43. [PMID: 37813330 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharma.2023.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
Andrographispaniculata (kalmegh) is also known as "king of bitters", is an herbaceous plant belongs to family Acanthaceae. The therapeutic effect is due to presence of diterpenoid lactone derivatives of A. paniculata mainly andrographolide. The main purpose of this review includes detailed (past and present) study of A. paniculata and its most important component andrographolide a diterpenoid lactone with respect to its botany, phytochemistry, molecular docking analysis and pharmacological effects i.e., therapeutic benefits. In reference to the search, we also compiled variety of dosage forms available, which are made up of A. paniculata extract and Andrographolide such as tablets and capsules. This review also discusses reported methods of extraction of phytoconstituents, pharmacokinetics of main components, their molecular docking analysis data and main therapeutic applications with their proposed mechanism of actions in various diseases. According to data collected, A. paniculata is becoming more and more valuable as a therapeutic herb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipak P Gonde
- Pharmacognosy Department, PES Modern college of Pharmacy, Sector 21, Yamunanagar, Nigdi Pune 411044, Maharashtra, India.
| | - Bhumika K Bhole
- Pharmacognosy Department, PES Modern college of Pharmacy, Sector 21, Yamunanagar, Nigdi Pune 411044, Maharashtra, India.
| | - Kalyani S Kakad
- Pharmacognosy Department, PES Modern college of Pharmacy, Sector 21, Yamunanagar, Nigdi Pune 411044, Maharashtra, India.
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Manna S, Das K, Santra S, Nosova EV, Zyryanov GV, Halder S. Structural and Synthetic Aspects of Small Ring Oxa- and Aza-Heterocyclic Ring Systems as Antiviral Activities. Viruses 2023; 15:1826. [PMID: 37766233 PMCID: PMC10536032 DOI: 10.3390/v15091826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Antiviral properties of different oxa- and aza-heterocycles are identified and properly correlated with their structural features and discussed in this review article. The primary objective is to explore the activity of such ring systems as antiviral agents, as well as their synthetic routes and biological significance. Eventually, the structure-activity relationship (SAR) of the heterocyclic compounds, along with their salient characteristics are exhibited to build a suitable platform for medicinal chemists and biotechnologists. The synergistic conclusions are extremely important for the introduction of a newer tool for the future drug discovery program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sibasish Manna
- Department of Chemistry, Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology, Nagpur 440010, India
| | - Koushik Das
- Department of Chemistry, Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology, Nagpur 440010, India
| | - Sougata Santra
- Department of Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, Chemical Engineering Institute, Ural Federal University, 19 Mira Street, 620002 Yekaterinburg, Russia; (S.S.); (E.V.N.); (G.V.Z.)
| | - Emily V. Nosova
- Department of Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, Chemical Engineering Institute, Ural Federal University, 19 Mira Street, 620002 Yekaterinburg, Russia; (S.S.); (E.V.N.); (G.V.Z.)
- I. Ya. Postovskiy Institute of Organic Synthesis, Ural Division of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 22 S. Kovalevskoy Street, 620219 Yekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Grigory V. Zyryanov
- Department of Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, Chemical Engineering Institute, Ural Federal University, 19 Mira Street, 620002 Yekaterinburg, Russia; (S.S.); (E.V.N.); (G.V.Z.)
- I. Ya. Postovskiy Institute of Organic Synthesis, Ural Division of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 22 S. Kovalevskoy Street, 620219 Yekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Sandipan Halder
- Department of Chemistry, Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology, Nagpur 440010, India
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Van Chien T, Van Loc T, The Anh N, Van Sung T, Phuong Thao TT. Cytotoxic and Anti-Inflammatory Activity of 3,19-Isopropylidene-/Arylidene-Andrographolide Analogs. Chem Biodivers 2023; 20:e202300420. [PMID: 37466261 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202300420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
A series of 3,19-isopropylidene-/or arylidene-andrographolide analogs were synthesized and their structures were confirmed by NMR spectroscopic methodology. Twenty-five analogs were evaluated for their in vitro cytotoxic activity against HT-29, HepG2 and LNCaP cancer cell lines based on the sulforhodamine B (SRB) assay. Analog 2 f exhibited the most potent cytotoxic activity, with IC50 values of 11.14 and 9.25 μM on HepG2 and LNCaP cancer cell lines, respectively. Esterification of hydroxy functional group at position C-14 in andrographolide analogs, 2 a and 2 b, showed somewhat higher cytotoxicity than the precursor. In addition, andrographolide analogs (2 a-2 d, 2 f, 3 a, 4 a and 4 h) were evaluated for the NO inhibitory activity in the LPS stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages. The most active analog 2 a significantly reduced nitric oxide (NO) production from LPS stimulated RAW264.7 cells, with IC50 values of 0.34±0.02 μM providing encouraging results for anti-inflammatory compound development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tran Van Chien
- Institute of Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Road, Cau Giay, Hanoi, 10000, Viet Nam
- Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Road, Cau Giay, Hanoi, 10000, Viet Nam
| | - Tran Van Loc
- Institute of Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Road, Cau Giay, Hanoi, 10000, Viet Nam
| | - Nguyen The Anh
- Institute of Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Road, Cau Giay, Hanoi, 10000, Viet Nam
| | - Tran Van Sung
- Institute of Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Road, Cau Giay, Hanoi, 10000, Viet Nam
| | - Tran Thi Phuong Thao
- Institute of Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Road, Cau Giay, Hanoi, 10000, Viet Nam
- Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Road, Cau Giay, Hanoi, 10000, Viet Nam
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Shanker K, Rangnekar H, Wele A, Soni P, Gaikwad P, Pal A, Bawankule DU, Chanda D. A randomized controlled pilot study of add-on therapy of CIM-MEG19 (standardized Andrographis paniculata formulation) in mild to moderate COVID-19. PHYTOMEDICINE PLUS : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 3:100398. [PMID: 36570418 PMCID: PMC9762910 DOI: 10.1016/j.phyplu.2022.100398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Traditional knowledge and scientific shreds of evidence strongly support the repurpose of Kalmegh (Andrographis paniculata, CIM-MEG19) as an alternate therapy for prophylactic management and treatment of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and associated health disorders. PURPOSE The study aimed to assess the efficacy and safety of the CIM-MEG19 (standardized A. paniculata extract formulation), a proprietary Ayurvedic medicine in the COVID-19 management, clinical recovery, and outcomes in terms of hospitalization days as well as any sign of severity due to drug-drug interaction between CIM-MEG19 TM and standard of care (SoC). METHODS A randomized, parallel-group, active-controlled interventional pilot clinical study was conducted. The Group-A subjects were assigned to CIM-MEG19 add-on to SoC treatment using modern medicine without antiviral drug whereas Group-B patients with SoC treatment using modern medicine and recommended antiviral drug for COVID-19 management. Eighty RTPCR (real-time polymerase chain reaction) positive and eligible COVID-19 patients of age >18 years, having mild or moderate severity, were enrolled. RESULTS Clinical improvement in reduction of symptoms showed significant (p<0.0001) results in the average days in subjects of group-A (Investigational intervention arm) compared to Group B (SoC). The RT-PCR investigation exhibited COVID negative for 50 % in CIM-MEG19 add-on and 47% in SoC treatment after 8-11 days. Similarly, biochemical investigations showed that CIM-MEG19 group-A had a significant (p ≤ 0.05) effect on C-Reactive Protein (CRP) and Interleukin-6 (IL-6) after 14 days of treatment. Additionally, improvement in D-Dimer, ESR, and LDH in CIM-MEG19 add-on therapy was also observed. CONCLUSIONS The study demonstrated an excellent safety profile, declining the severity of the infection and halting the disease advancement/progression. CIM-Meg19 might be used as a potential natural drug for treating COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karuna Shanker
- Analytical Chemistry, Phytochemistry Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CSIR-CIMAP), Lucknow-226015, India
| | | | - Asmita Wele
- Department of Rasashastra and Bhaishajyakalpana, College of Ayurved, Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Pune-411043, India
| | - Pravin Soni
- Pimpri Chinchwad Municipal Corporation's Postgraduate Institute, Yashwantrao Chavan Memorial Hospital, Pimpri, Pune-411018, India
| | - Pranesh Gaikwad
- Panchakarma Department, Dr. D. Y. Patil College of Ayurved and Research Centre, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth Pune (Deemed to be University), Pimpri, Pune-411018, India
| | - Anirban Pal
- Bio-Prospection and Product Development Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow-226015, India
| | - Dnyaneshwar U Bawankule
- Analytical Chemistry, Phytochemistry Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CSIR-CIMAP), Lucknow-226015, India
- Bio-Prospection and Product Development Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow-226015, India
| | - Debabrata Chanda
- Bio-Prospection and Product Development Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow-226015, India
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Tanuja, Parani M. Whole transcriptome analysis identifies full-length genes for neoandrographolide biosynthesis from Andrographis alata, an alternate source for antiviral compounds. Gene 2023; 851:146981. [PMID: 36270458 PMCID: PMC9578972 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2022.146981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Andrographolide and related compounds are effective against several viral diseases, including dengue, COVID-19, influenza, and chikungunya. Andrographis paniculata is the primary source for these compounds, but its availability is limited. A. alata is a potential alternative source, and neoandrographolide (NAG) is the major antiviral compound in this species. Since molecular studies in A. alata are scarce, we sequenced its leaf transcriptome to identify the full-length genes involved in neoandrographolide biosynthesis. We assembled 13.6 Gb RNA-Seq data and generated 81,361 transcripts with 1007 bp average length and 1,810 bp N50. The transcripts were categorized under biological processes (2,707), cellular components (678), and molecular functions (2,036). KEGG analysis mapped 975 transcripts to the secondary metabolite pathways. Among the 420 transcripts mapped to terpenoids and polyketides pathways, 142 transcripts were related to the biosynthesis of andrographolide and its derivatives. After a detailed analysis of these transcripts, we identified 32 full-length genes coding for all the 22 enzymes needed for andrographolide biosynthesis. Among them, 15 full-length genes were identified for the first time from Andrographis species. These full-length genes and the transcripts shall serve as an invaluable resource for the metabolic engineering of andrographolides and neoandrographolide in Andrographis and other species.
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A road to contemporary era of hepatitis B virus regimen replacing existing therapeutics exploiting plant secondary metabolites as emerging heroes in exploring drugs: An expedition for a functional cure. GENE REPORTS 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2023.101743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Discovery of dehydroandrographolide derivatives with C19 hindered ether as potent anti-ZIKV agents with inhibitory activities to MTase of ZIKV NS5. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 243:114710. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Saqallah FG, Abbas MA, Wahab HA. Recent advances in natural products as potential inhibitors of dengue virus with a special emphasis on NS2b/NS3 protease. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2022; 202:113362. [PMID: 35948138 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2022.113362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Dengue virus (DENV) is an arbovirus widespread through tropical and subtropical areas. It is transmitted to humans through Aedes mosquitoes. Infections with DENV can lead to a series of complications, including dengue fever, dengue haemorrhagic fever, or dengue shock syndrome, which might manifest through secondary infections because of a vulnerable immune system. To date, only one tetravalent DENV vaccine is approved to be administered to children whom have been previously DENV-infected and between 9 and 16 years of age. One of the key targets in discovering DENV antiviral agents is the NS2b/NS3 protease. This protease is a crucial enzyme complex for the proteolytic and cleavage activities of the translated polyprotein during DENV life cycle. Several studies were conducted to discover potential antivirals from natural sources or synthetic compounds and peptides. In this review, we describe the recent studies from the past five years dealing with isolated natural products as potential inhibitors of DENV with a greater focus on inhibiting the NS2b/NS3 protease. This review describes recent discoveries in anti-DENV potential of isolated phytochemicals belonging to different groups including fatty acids, glucosides, terpenes and terpenoids, flavonoids, phenolics, chalcones, acetamides, and peptides. Curcumin, quercetin, and myricetin were found to act as non-competitive inhibitors for the NS2b/NS3 protease enzyme. In some studies, the molecular targets of some of these compounds are yet to be identified using in-silico and in-vitro approaches. So far, none of the isolated natural products was tested clinically for the management of DENV infections. The discussed studies demonstrate that natural products are a rich source of potential anti-DENV compounds. However, not all of these compounds were studied for their kinetic molecular mechanism and type of inhibition. In-silico studies provided an ample number of phytochemical hits to be tested experimentally as DENV protease inhibitors. In conclusion, derivatives of these natural products can be designed and synthesised, which could enhance their specificity and efficacy towards the protease. Other sources of natural products, such as fungi, bacterial toxins, marine organisms, and animals, should also be explored towards discovering more potential and effective DENV NS2b/NS3 protease inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fadi G Saqallah
- Pharmaceutical Design and Simulation (PhDS) Laboratory, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Penang, Malaysia; Discipline of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Penang, Malaysia.
| | - Manal A Abbas
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Allied Medical Sciences, Al-Ahliyya Amman University, 19328, Amman, Jordan; Pharmacological and Diagnostic Research Lab, Al-Ahliyya Amman University, 19328, Amman, Jordan.
| | - Habibah A Wahab
- Pharmaceutical Design and Simulation (PhDS) Laboratory, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Penang, Malaysia; Discipline of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Penang, Malaysia.
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Synthesis and anti-influenza virus activity evaluation of novel andrographolide derivatives. Med Chem Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-022-02959-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Theerawatanasirikul S, Lueangaramkul V, Thangthamniyom N, Chankeeree P, Semkum P, Lekcharoensuk P. Andrographolide and Deoxyandrographolide Inhibit Protease and IFN-Antagonist Activities of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus 3Cpro. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12151995. [PMID: 35953984 PMCID: PMC9367459 DOI: 10.3390/ani12151995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Foot-and-Mouth disease (FMD) is a re-emerging infectious disease that poses a negative impact on livestock production and economics worldwide. It is also endemic in underdeveloped and developing countries, mostly in tropical areas. The control of this highly contagious disease requires a combination of different strategies, including the culling of infected animals, reducing animal movement, and vaccination. Although vaccination is effective, there remains a non-protective interval after immunization. Antiviral agents that can inhibit FMD virus (FMDV) could reduce the shedding of viruses in terms of quantity and duration, which could assist other control measures to contain FMD spreading. Antiviral activities of plant-based products, including andrographolides, have been demonstrated in several studies. Andrographolides are a group of phytochemical compounds derived from medicinal plants in the genus Andrographis, which are abundant in Asia, a hot spot of FMDV outbreaks. We found that andrographolides could inhibit FMDV replication by targeting a viral protease, namely 3Cpro. FMDV 3Cpro is the main protease essential for the virus life cycle. The 3Cpro also counteracts type I interferon, which is the frontline antiviral cytokine. We also revealed the intracellular mechanisms by which the andrographolides inhibited both protease and IFN antagonist activities of the 3Cpro. Abstract Foot-and mouth-disease (FMD) caused by the FMD virus (FMDV) is highly contagious and negatively affects livestock worldwide. The control of the disease requires a combination of measures, including vaccination; however, there is no specific treatment available. Several studies have shown that plant-derived products with antiviral properties were effective on viral diseases. Herein, antiviral activities of andrographolide (AGL), deoxyandrographolide (DAG), and neoandrographolide (NEO) against FMDV serotype A were investigated using an in vitro cell-based assay. The results showed that AGL and DAG inhibited FMDV in BHK-21 cells. The inhibitory effects of AGL and DAG were evaluated by RT-qPCR and exhibited EC50 values of 52.18 ± 0.01 µM (SI = 2.23) and 36.47 ± 0.07 µM (SI = 9.22), respectively. The intracellular protease assay revealed that AGL and DAG inhibited FMDV 3Cpro with IC50 of 67.43 ± 0.81 and 25.58 ± 1.41 µM, respectively. Additionally, AGL and DAG significantly interfered with interferon (IFN) antagonist activity of the 3Cpro by derepressing interferon-stimulating gene (ISGs) expression. The molecular docking confirmed that the andrographolides preferentially interacted with the 3Cpro active site. However, NEO had no antiviral effect in any of the assays. Conclusively, AGL and DAG inhibited FMDV serotype A by interacting with the 3Cpro and hindered its protease and IFN antagonist activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sirin Theerawatanasirikul
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Varanya Lueangaramkul
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Nattarat Thangthamniyom
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Penpitcha Chankeeree
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Ploypailin Semkum
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Porntippa Lekcharoensuk
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
- Center for Advanced Studies in Agriculture and Food, Kasetsart University Institute for Advanced Studies, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +66-2942-8436
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Intharuksa A, Arunotayanun W, Yooin W, Sirisa-ard P. A Comprehensive Review of Andrographis paniculata (Burm. f.) Nees and Its Constituents as Potential Lead Compounds for COVID-19 Drug Discovery. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27144479. [PMID: 35889352 PMCID: PMC9316804 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27144479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has intensively disrupted global health, economics, and well-being. Andrographis paniculata (Burm. f.) Nees has been used as a complementary treatment for COVID-19 in several Asian countries. This review aimed to summarize the information available regarding A. paniculata and its constituents, to provide critical points relating to its pharmacological properties, safety, and efficacy, revealing its potential to serve as a source of lead compounds for COVID-19 drug discovery. A. paniculata and its active compounds possess favorable antiviral, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, and antipyretic activities that could be beneficial for COVID-19 treatment. Interestingly, recent in silico and in vitro studies have revealed that the active ingredients in A. paniculata showed promising activities against 3CLpro and its virus-specific target protein, human hACE2 protein; they also inhibit infectious virion production. Moreover, existing publications regarding randomized controlled trials demonstrated that the use of A. paniculata alone or in combination was superior to the placebo in reducing the severity of upper respiratory tract infection (URTI) manifestations, especially as part of early treatment, without serious side effects. Taken together, its chemical and biological properties, especially its antiviral activities against SARS-CoV-2, clinical trials on URTI, and the safety of A. paniculata, as discussed in this review, support the argument that A. paniculata is a promising natural source for drug discovery regarding COVID-19 post-infectious treatment, rather than prophylaxis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aekkhaluck Intharuksa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (A.I.); (W.Y.); (P.S.-a.)
| | - Warunya Arunotayanun
- Kanchanabhishek Institute of Medical and Public Health Technology, Praboromarajchanok Institute, Nonthaburi 11150, Thailand
- Correspondence:
| | - Wipawadee Yooin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (A.I.); (W.Y.); (P.S.-a.)
| | - Panee Sirisa-ard
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (A.I.); (W.Y.); (P.S.-a.)
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Sadiea RZ, Sultana S, Chaki BM, Islam T, Dash S, Akter S, Islam MS, Kazi T, Nagata A, Spagnuolo R, Mancina RM, Hossain MG. Phytomedicines to Target Hepatitis B Virus DNA Replication: Current Limitations and Future Approaches. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031617. [PMID: 35163539 PMCID: PMC8836293 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus infection (HBV) is one of the most common causes of hepatitis, and may lead to cirrhosis or hepatocellular carcinoma. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), approximately 296 million people worldwide are carriers of the hepatitis B virus. Various nucleos(t)ide analogs, which specifically suppress viral replication, are the main treatment agents for HBV infection. However, the development of drug-resistant HBV strains due to viral genomic mutations in genes encoding the polymerase protein is a major obstacle to HBV treatment. In addition, adverse effects can occur in patients treated with nucleos(t)ide analogs. Thus, alternative anti-HBV drugs of plant origin are being investigated as they exhibit excellent safety profiles and have few or no side effects. In this study, phytomedicines/phytochemicals exerting significant inhibitory effects on HBV by interfering with its replication were reviewed based on different compound groups. In addition, the chemical structures of these compounds were developed. This will facilitate their commercial synthesis and further investigation of the molecular mechanisms underlying their effects. The limitations of compounds previously screened for their anti-HBV effect, as well as future approaches to anti-HBV research, have also been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahila Zannat Sadiea
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh; (R.Z.S.); (S.S.); (T.I.)
| | - Shahnaj Sultana
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh; (R.Z.S.); (S.S.); (T.I.)
| | - Bijan Mohon Chaki
- Department of Chemistry (Organic Chemistry Division), Begum Rokeya University, Rangpur 5400, Bangladesh;
| | - Tasnim Islam
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh; (R.Z.S.); (S.S.); (T.I.)
| | - Sharmy Dash
- Department of Pharmacology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh;
| | - Sharmin Akter
- Department of Physiology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh;
| | - Md Sayeedul Islam
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Osaka 560-0043, Japan;
| | - Taheruzzaman Kazi
- Department of Regenerative Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan; (T.K.); (A.N.)
| | - Abir Nagata
- Department of Regenerative Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan; (T.K.); (A.N.)
| | - Rocco Spagnuolo
- Experimental and Clinical Medicine Department, Magna Graecia University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy;
| | | | - Md Golzar Hossain
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh; (R.Z.S.); (S.S.); (T.I.)
- Correspondence:
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14
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Tan JK, Chen R, Lee RCH, Li F, Dai K, Zhou GC, Chu JJH. Discovery of Novel Andrographolide Derivatives as Antiviral Inhibitors against Human Enterovirus A71. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15020115. [PMID: 35215228 PMCID: PMC8880313 DOI: 10.3390/ph15020115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hand-foot-and-mouth disease (HFMD) caused by human enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) infection has been associated with severe neurological complications. With the lack of an internationally approved antiviral, coupled with a surge in outbreaks globally, EV-A71 has emerged as a neurotropic virus of high clinical importance. Andrographolide has many pharmacological effects including antiviral activity and its derivative, andrographolide sulfonate, has been used in China clinically to treat EV-A71 infections. This study sought to identify novel andrographolide derivatives as EV-A71 inhibitors and elucidate their antiviral mode of action. Using an immunofluorescence-based phenotypic screen, we identified novel EV-A71 inhibitors from a 344-compound library of andrographolide derivatives and validated them with viral plaque assays. Among these hits, ZAF-47, a quinolinoxy-andrographolide, was selected for downstream mechanistic studies. It was found that ZAF-47 acts on EV-A71 post-entry stages and inhibits EV-A71 protein expression. Subsequent luciferase studies confirm that ZAF-47 targets EV-A71 genome RNA replication specifically. Unsuccessful attempts in generating resistant mutants led us to believe a host factor is likely to be involved which coincide with the finding that ZAF-47 exhibits broad-spectrum antiviral activity against other enteroviruses (CV-A16, CV-A6, Echo7, CV-B5, CV-A24 and EV-D68). Furthermore, ZAF-46 and ZAF-47, hits from the screen, were derivatives of the same series containing quinolinoxy and olefin modifications, suggesting that an andrographolide scaffold mounted with these unique moieties could be a potential anti-EV-A71/HFMD strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Kai Tan
- Laboratory of Molecular RNA Virology and Antiviral Strategies, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117545, Singapore; (J.K.T.); (R.C.H.L.)
| | - Ran Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China; (R.C.); (F.L.); (K.D.)
| | - Regina Ching Hua Lee
- Laboratory of Molecular RNA Virology and Antiviral Strategies, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117545, Singapore; (J.K.T.); (R.C.H.L.)
| | - Feng Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China; (R.C.); (F.L.); (K.D.)
| | - Kun Dai
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China; (R.C.); (F.L.); (K.D.)
| | - Guo-Chun Zhou
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China; (R.C.); (F.L.); (K.D.)
- Correspondence: (G.-C.Z.); (J.J.H.C.)
| | - Justin Jang Hann Chu
- Laboratory of Molecular RNA Virology and Antiviral Strategies, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117545, Singapore; (J.K.T.); (R.C.H.L.)
- Infectious Disease Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore
- Collaborative and Translation Unit for HFMD, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 138673, Singapore
- Correspondence: (G.-C.Z.); (J.J.H.C.)
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15
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Chao WW, Kuo YH, Lin BF. Isolation and Identification of Andrographis paniculata ( Chuanxinlian) and Its Biologically Active Constituents Inhibited Enterovirus 71-Induced Cell Apoptosis. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:762285. [PMID: 34955832 PMCID: PMC8692857 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.762285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim:Andrographis paniculata (Burm. f.) Nees (also known as Chuanxinlian in Chinese) of Acanthaceae family is one of the Chinese herbs reputed to be effective in the treatment of inflammation, infection, cold, and fever. Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is one of the most important enteroviruses that cause hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) accompanied with neurological complication. Methods: To explore an anti-infective Chinese herb medicine, pure compounds isolated or synthesized analogues from A. paniculata (AP) ethyl acetate (EtOAc) extract are used to explore their anti-EV71-induced cytotoxicity. The antiviral activity was determined by cytopathic effect (CPE) reduction, and sub-G1 assays were used for measuring lysis and apoptosis of EV71-infected rhabdomyosarcoma (RD) cells. IFNγ-driven luciferase reporter assay was used to evaluate their potential roles in activation of immune responses. Results: Our data showed that EV71-induced sub-G1 phase of RD cells was dose dependently increased. Highly apoptotic EV71-infected RD cells were reduced by AP extract treatment. Ergosterol peroxide (4) has the most anti-apoptotic effect among these seven compounds. In addition, 3,19-O-acetyl-14-deoxy-11,12-didehydroandrographolide (8) synthesized from acetylation of compound 7 showed significantly better antiviral activity and the lowest sub-G1 phase of 6%–18%. Further investigation of IFNγ-inducer activity of these compounds showed that compounds 3, 6, 10, 11, and 12 had significantly higher IFNγ luciferase activities, suggesting their potential to promote IFNγ expression and thus activate immune responses for antivirus function. Conclusion: Our study demonstrated that bioactive compounds of AP and its derivatives either protecting EV71-infected RD cells from sub-G1 arrest or possessing IFNγ-inducer activity might be feasible for the development of anti-EV71 agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Wan Chao
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, Kainan University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yueh-Hsiung Kuo
- Department of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chinese Medicine Resources, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Bi-Fong Lin
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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16
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Malat P, Ekalaksananan T, Heawchaiyaphum C, Suebsasana S, Roytrakul S, Yingchutrakul Y, Pientong C. Andrographolide Inhibits Lytic Reactivation of Epstein-Barr Virus by Modulating Transcription Factors in Gastric Cancer. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9122561. [PMID: 34946164 PMCID: PMC8708910 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9122561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Andrographolide is the principal bioactive chemical constituent of Andrographis paniculata and exhibits activity against several viruses, including Epstein–Barr virus (EBV). However, the particular mechanism by which andrographolide exerts an anti-EBV effect in EBV-associated gastric cancer (EBVaGC) cells remains unclear. We investigated the molecular mechanism by which andrographolide inhibits lytic reactivation of EBV in EBVaGC cells (AGS-EBV cell line) using proteomics and bioinformatics approaches. An andrographolide treatment altered EBV protein-expression patterns in AGS-EBV cells by suppressing the expression of EBV lytic protein. Interestingly cellular transcription factors (TFs), activators for EBV lytic reactivation, such as MEF2D and SP1, were significantly abolished in AGS-EBV cells treated with andrographolide and sodium butyrate (NaB) compared with NaB-treated cells. In contrast, the suppressors of EBV lytic reactivation, such as EZH2 and HDAC6, were significantly up-regulated in cells treated with both andrographolide and NaB compared with NaB treatment alone. In addition, bioinformatics predicted that HDAC6 could interact directly with MEF2D and SP1. Furthermore, andrographolide significantly induced cell cytotoxicity and apoptosis of AGS-EBV cells by induction of apoptosis-related protein expression. Our results suggest that andrographolide inhibits EBV lytic reactivation by inhibition of host TFs, partially through the interaction of HDAC6 with TFs, and induces apoptosis of EBVaGC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Praphatson Malat
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; (P.M.); (T.E.); (C.H.)
- HPV & EBV and Carcinogenesis Research Group, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Tipaya Ekalaksananan
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; (P.M.); (T.E.); (C.H.)
- HPV & EBV and Carcinogenesis Research Group, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Chukkris Heawchaiyaphum
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; (P.M.); (T.E.); (C.H.)
- HPV & EBV and Carcinogenesis Research Group, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Supawadee Suebsasana
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Thammasat University, Bangkok 10200, Thailand;
| | - Sittiruk Roytrakul
- Genome Technology Research Unit, Proteomics Research Laboratory, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand; (S.R.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Yodying Yingchutrakul
- Genome Technology Research Unit, Proteomics Research Laboratory, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand; (S.R.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Chamsai Pientong
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; (P.M.); (T.E.); (C.H.)
- HPV & EBV and Carcinogenesis Research Group, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
- Correspondence:
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17
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Qu J, Liu Q, You G, Ye L, Jin Y, Kong L, Guo W, Xu Q, Sun Y. Advances in ameliorating inflammatory diseases and cancers by andrographolide: Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and perspective. Med Res Rev 2021; 42:1147-1178. [PMID: 34877672 DOI: 10.1002/med.21873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Andrographolide, a well-known natural lactone having a range of pharmacological actions in traditional Chinese medicine. It has long been used to cure a variety of ailments. In this review, we cover the pharmacokinetics and pharmacological activity of andrographolide which supports its further clinical application in cancers and inflammatory diseases. Growing evidence shows a good therapeutic effect in inflammatory diseases, including liver diseases, joint diseases, respiratory system diseases, nervous system diseases, heart diseases, inflammatory bowel diseases, and inflammatory skin diseases. As a result, the effects of andrographolide on immune cells and the processes that underpin them are discussed. The preclinical use of andrographolide to different organs in response to malignancies such as colorectal, liver, gastric, breast, prostate, lung, and oral cancers has also been reviewed. In addition, several clinical trials of andrographolide in inflammatory diseases and cancers have been summarized. This review highlights recent advances in ameliorating inflammatory diseases as well as cancers by andrographolide and its analogs, providing a new perspective for subsequent research of this traditional natural product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qianqian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Guoquan You
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ling Ye
- Biopharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yiguang Jin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Lingdong Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wenjie Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qiang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yang Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
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18
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Mishra A, Shaik HA, Sinha RK, Shah BR. Andrographolide: A Herbal-Chemosynthetic Approach for Enhancing Immunity, Combating Viral Infections, and Its Implication on Human Health. Molecules 2021; 26:7036. [PMID: 34834128 PMCID: PMC8622020 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26227036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants consistently synthesize and accumulate medically valuable secondary metabolites which can be isolated and clinically tested under in vitro conditions. An advancement with such important phytochemical production has been recognized and utilized as herbal drugs. Bioactive andrographolide (AGL; C20H30O5) isolated from Andrographis paniculate (AP) (Kalmegh) is a diterpenoid lactones having multifunctional medicinal properties including anti-manic, anti-inflammatory, liver, and lung protective. AGL is known for its immunostimulant activity against a variety of microbial infections thereby, regulating classical and alternative macrophage activation, Ag-specific antibody production during immune disorder therapy. In vitro studies with AGL found it to be effective against multiple tumors, neuronal disorders, diabetes, pneumonia, fibrosis, and other diverse therapeutic misadventures. Generally, virus-based diseases like ZIKA, influenza A virus subtype (H1NI), Ebola (EBOV), Dengue (DENV), and coronavirus (COVID-19) epidemics have greatly increased scientific interest and demands to develop more effective and economical immunomodulating drugs with minimal side effects. Trials and in vitro pharmacological studies with AGL and medicinally beneficial herbs might contribute to benefit the human population without using chemical-based synthetic drugs. In this review, we have discussed the possible role of AGL as a promising herbal-chemo remedy during human diseases, viral infections and as an immunity booster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Archana Mishra
- South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, Institute of Aquaculture and Protection of Waters, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Na Sádkách 1780, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic;
| | - Haq Abdul Shaik
- Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Science, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic;
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Rakesh Kumar Sinha
- Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 34 Strzeszynska Street, 60-479 Poznan, Poland;
| | - Bakht Ramin Shah
- South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, Institute of Aquaculture and Protection of Waters, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Na Sádkách 1780, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic;
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19
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Su L, Gao Y, Zhang M, Liu Z, Lin Q, Gong L, Guo J, Chen L, An T, Chen J. Andrographolide and Its Derivative Potassium Dehydrographolide Succinate Suppress PRRSV Replication in Primary and Established Cells via Differential Mechanisms of Action. Virol Sin 2021; 36:1626-1643. [PMID: 34704222 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-021-00455-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) continues to cause significant economic loss worldwide and remains a serious threat to the pork industry. Currently, vaccination strategies provide limited protection against PRRSV infection, and consequently, new antiviral strategies are urgently required. Andrographolide (Andro) and its derivative potassium dehydrographolide succinate (PDS) have been used clinically in China and other Asian countries as therapies for inflammation-related diseases, including bacterial and viral infections, for decades. Here, we demonstrate that Andro and PDS exhibit robust activity against PRRSV replication in Marc-145 cells and primary porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs). The two compounds exhibited broad-spectrum inhibitory activities in vitro against clinically circulating type 2 PRRSV GD-HD, XH-GD, and NADC30-like HNhx strains in China. The EC50 values of Andro against three tested PRRSV strain infections in Marc-145 cells ranged from 11.7 to 15.3 μmol/L, with selectivity indexes ranging from 8.3 to 10.8, while the EC50 values of PDS ranged from 57.1 to 85.4 μmol/L, with selectivity indexes ranging from 344 to 515. Mechanistically, the anti-PRRSV activity of the two compounds is closely associated with their potent suppression on NF-κB activation and enhanced oxidative stress induced by PRRSV infection. Further mechanistic investigations revealed that PDS, but not Andro, is able to directly interact with PRRSV particles. Taken together, our findings suggest that Andro and PDS are promising PRRSV inhibitors in vitro and deserves further in vivo studies in swine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizhan Su
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Yarou Gao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Mingxin Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Zexin Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Qisheng Lin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Lang Gong
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Jianying Guo
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Lixia Chen
- Department of Natural Products Chemistry, School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Tongqing An
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150001, China.
| | - Jianxin Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China. .,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
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20
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Linn YH, Ei WW, Myint LMM, Lwin KM. Anti-hepatitis B activities of Myanmar medicinal plants: a narrative review of current evidence. Virusdisease 2021; 32:446-466. [PMID: 34631974 DOI: 10.1007/s13337-021-00714-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B is one of the major burdens for health services and is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality from cirrhosis of liver and hepatocellular carcinoma. Current treatment strategies using nucleos(t)ide analogue reverse-transcriptase inhibitors or interferons are targeted for the long-term suppression of hepatitis B DNA. However, functional cure of hepatitis B infection (HBsAg clearance) was difficult to attain with such treatments. Therefore, new treatment strategies or innovative treatments are urgently needed. The new treatments should focus on the potential therapeutic targets such as covalently closed circular DNA which may be important for the HBsAg clearance. Plant based medicines have been used in different traditional medicine practices and these natural products/compounds serve as a good source of information or clues for use in drug discovery and design. Many natural products were found to be effective against hepatitis B virus and some even have better therapeutic activities than currently used compounds. This review summarizes the current evidence of Myanmar medicinal plants in basic and clinical research which shows promising potential for the development of novel therapeutic agents for the treatment of hepatitis B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Htut Linn
- FAME Pharmaceuticals Industry Co., Ltd., No. 20, Mingyi Mahar Min Gaung Road, Industrial Zone (3), Hlaing Thar Yar City of Industry, Yangon, 11401 Myanmar
| | - Win Win Ei
- FAME Pharmaceuticals Industry Co., Ltd., No. 20, Mingyi Mahar Min Gaung Road, Industrial Zone (3), Hlaing Thar Yar City of Industry, Yangon, 11401 Myanmar
| | - Lwin Mon Mon Myint
- FAME Pharmaceuticals Industry Co., Ltd., No. 20, Mingyi Mahar Min Gaung Road, Industrial Zone (3), Hlaing Thar Yar City of Industry, Yangon, 11401 Myanmar
| | - Khin Maung Lwin
- FAME Pharmaceuticals Industry Co., Ltd., No. 20, Mingyi Mahar Min Gaung Road, Industrial Zone (3), Hlaing Thar Yar City of Industry, Yangon, 11401 Myanmar
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21
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Chamkhi I, Benali T, Aanniz T, El Menyiy N, Guaouguaou FE, El Omari N, El-Shazly M, Zengin G, Bouyahya A. Plant-microbial interaction: The mechanism and the application of microbial elicitor induced secondary metabolites biosynthesis in medicinal plants. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2021; 167:269-295. [PMID: 34391201 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2021.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Plants and microbes interact with each other via different chemical signaling pathways. At the risophere level, the microbes can secrete molecules, called elicitors, which act on their receptors located in plant cells. The so-called elicitor molecules as well as their actions differ according to the mcirobes and induce different bilogical responses in plants such as the synthesis of secondary metabolites. Microbial compounds induced phenotype changes in plants are known as elicitors and signaling pathways which integrate elicitor's signals in plants are called elicitation. In this review, the impact of microbial elicitors on the synthesis and the secretion of secondary metabolites in plants was highlighted. Moreover, biological properties of these bioactive compounds were also highlighted and discussed. Indeed, several bacteria, fungi, and viruses release elicitors which bind to plant cell receptors and mediate signaling pathways involved in secondary metabolites synthesis. Different phytochemical classes such as terpenoids, phenolic acids and flavonoids were synthesized and/or increased in medicinal plants via the action of microbial elicitors. Moreover, these compounds compounds exhibit numerous biological activities and can therefore be explored in drugs discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imane Chamkhi
- Centre GEOPAC, Laboratoire de Geobiodiversite et Patrimoine Naturel, Université Mohammed V de, Institut Scientifique Rabat, Maroc; University Mohammed VI Polytechnic, Agrobiosciences Program, Lot 660, Hay Moulay Rachid, Benguerir, Morocco.
| | - Taoufiq Benali
- Environment and Health Team, Polydisciplinary Faculty of Safi, Cadi Ayyad University, Safi, Morocco
| | - Tarik Aanniz
- Medical Biotechnology Laboratory (MedBiotech), Rabat Medical & Pharmacy School, Mohammed V University in Rabat, 6203 Rabat, Morocco
| | - Naoual El Menyiy
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah, Fez, Morocco
| | - Fatima-Ezzahrae Guaouguaou
- Mohammed V University in Rabat, LPCMIO, Materials Science Center (MSC), Ecole Normale Supérieure, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Nasreddine El Omari
- Laboratory of Histology, Embryology, and Cytogenetic, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Morocco
| | - Mohamed El-Shazly
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain-Shams University, Cairo, 11566, Egypt; Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, German University in Cairo, Cairo, 11835, Egypt
| | - Gokhan Zengin
- Physiology and Biochemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Biology, Science Faculty, Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey.
| | - Abdelhakim Bouyahya
- Laboratory of Human Pathologies Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, and Genomic Center of Human Pathologies, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Morocco.
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22
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Gupta S, Mishra KP, Gupta R, Singh SB. Andrographolide - A prospective remedy for chikungunya fever and viral arthritis. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 99:108045. [PMID: 34435582 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.108045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
AIM Andrographolide, the major bioactive compound of the plant Andrographis paniculata, exerts anti-inflammatory, cyto-, neuro- and hepato-protective effects. Traditional remedies for infectious diseases include A. paniculata for maladies like fever, pain, rashes which are associated with chikungunya and other arboviral diseases. Since andrographolide and A. paniculata have potent antiviral properties, the present review aims to provide a comprehensive report of symptoms and immunological molecules involved in chikungunya virus (CHIKV) infection and the therapeutic role of andrographolide in the mitigation of chikungunya and associated symptoms. MATERIALS AND METHODS Studies on the therapeutic role of A. paniculata and andrographolide in chikungunya and other viral infections published between 1991 and 2021 were searched on various databases. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The havoc created by chikungunya is due to the associated debilitating symptoms including arthralgia and myalgia which sometimes remains for years. The authors reviewed and summarized the various symptoms and immunological molecules related to CHIKV replication and associated inflammation, oxidative and unfolded protein stress, apoptosis and arthritis. Additionally, the authors suggested andrographolide as a remedy for chikungunya and other arboviral infections by highlighting its role in the regulation of molecules involved in unfolded protein response pathway, immunomodulation, inflammation, virus multiplication, oxidative stress, apoptosis and arthritis. CONCLUSION The present review demonstrated the major complications associated with chikungunya and the role of andrographolide in alleviating the chikungunya associated symptoms to encourage further investigations using this promising compound towards early development of an anti-CHIKV drug. Chemical Compound studied: andrographolide (PubChem CID: 5318517).
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati Gupta
- Division of Epidemiology and Communicable Diseases, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), Ansari Nagar, New Delhi 110029, India.
| | - K P Mishra
- Defence Research and Development Organization (DRDO)-HQ, Rajaji Marg, New Delhi 110011, India
| | - Rupali Gupta
- Department of Neurology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - S B Singh
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, India
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23
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Wardana AP, Aminah NS, Rosyda M, Abdjan MI, Kristanti AN, Tun KNW, Choudhary MI, Takaya Y. Potential of diterpene compounds as antivirals, a review. Heliyon 2021; 7:e07777. [PMID: 34405122 PMCID: PMC8359577 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses cause widely transmitted diseases resulting in pandemic conditions. Currently, the world is being hit by the Covid-19 pandemic caused by the SAR-CoV-2 infection. Countries in the world are competing to develop antivirals to overcome this problem. Diterpene compounds derived from natural ingredients (plants, corals, algae, fungi, sponges) and synthesized products have potential as antivirals. This article summarizes the different types of diterpenes such as daphnane, tiglilane, kaurane, abietane, pimarane, labdane, dollabelane, jatrophane, dolastane, prenylated guaiane, tonantzitlolone, casbane, have antivirals activity such as targeting HIV, Coxsackie virus, herpes virus, hepatitis virus, influenza virus, Chikungunya virus, Zika virus, dengue virus, and SARS-CoV. Some compounds such as andrographolide and its derivatives show promising activity in inhibiting the influenza virus. Additionally, compounds such as pineolidic acid, forskolin, sugiol, and many other diterpene compounds showed anti-SAR-CoV activity. The diterpene compound class's high antivirals potential does not rule out the possibility that these compounds can also act as anti-SAR-CoV-2 drugs in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andika Pramudya Wardana
- Ph.D. Student of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas Airlangga, Komplek Kampus C UNAIR, Jl. Mulyorejo, 60115, Surabaya, Indonesia.,Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas Airlangga, Komplek Kampus C UNAIR, Jl. Mulyorejo, 60115, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Nanik Siti Aminah
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas Airlangga, Komplek Kampus C UNAIR, Jl. Mulyorejo, 60115, Surabaya, Indonesia.,Biotechnology of Tropical Medicinal Plants Research Group, Universitas Airlangga, Indonesia
| | - Mila Rosyda
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas Airlangga, Komplek Kampus C UNAIR, Jl. Mulyorejo, 60115, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Muhammad Ikhlas Abdjan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas Airlangga, Komplek Kampus C UNAIR, Jl. Mulyorejo, 60115, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Alfinda Novi Kristanti
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas Airlangga, Komplek Kampus C UNAIR, Jl. Mulyorejo, 60115, Surabaya, Indonesia.,Biotechnology of Tropical Medicinal Plants Research Group, Universitas Airlangga, Indonesia
| | | | - Muhammad Iqbal Choudhary
- H. E. J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan.,Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas Airlangga, Komplek Kampus C UNAIR, Jl. Mulyorejo, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Yoshiaki Takaya
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, 150 Yagotoyama, Tempaku, Nagoya, 468-8503, Japan.,Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas Airlangga, Komplek Kampus C UNAIR, Jl. Mulyorejo, Surabaya, Indonesia
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24
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Abstract
Andrographolide is a labdane diterpenoid extracted and purified from the aerial parts of plants belonging to genus Andrographis (Acanthaceae). The research has shown the plant based compound is low cytotoxic, having antimicrobial, anti-cancer, antiviral and anti-parasitic effects. Andrographolide both prevent spread as well as transmission of virus to neighboring cells by interfering with different cell signaling pathways. In addition to its medicinal value, plant has been found having nutritional value. Therefore being cost effective, easy availability and having nutritional value as a natural supplement, can be used to improve the quality of life in countries having low standard of living. Due to the limited number of effective vaccines, the plant-based antiviral drugs have provided considerable hope for fighting against the viral infections. The plant-derived compound when produced in large quantities is cost effective with low cytotoxic effects. However, much deep insight research at the molecular level is needed to develop the molecules against the viral infection. This paper aims to highlight the antiviral role of Andrographolide that can made significant contributions toward the improvement of human health and will also summarize the current status and future strategies concerning the therapeutic applications of Andrographolide to combat different viral disease in humans.
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25
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Murugan NA, Pandian CJ, Jeyakanthan J. Computational investigation on Andrographis paniculata phytochemicals to evaluate their potency against SARS-CoV-2 in comparison to known antiviral compounds in drug trials. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2021; 39:4415-4426. [PMID: 32543978 PMCID: PMC7309306 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2020.1777901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The outbreak due to SARS-CoV-2 (or Covid-19) is spreading alarmingly and number of deaths due to infection is aggressively increasing every day. Due to the rapid human to human transmission of Covid-19, we are in need to find a potent drug at the earliest by ruling-out the traditional time-consuming approach of drug development. This is only possible if we use reliable computational approaches for screening compounds from chemical space or by drug repurposing or by finding the phytochemicals and nutraceuticals from plants as they can be immediately used without the need for carrying out drug-trials to test safety and efficacy. A number of plant products were routinely suggested as drugs in traditional Indian and Chinese medicine. Here using molecular docking approach, and combined molecular dynamics and MM-GBSA based free energy calculations approach, we study the potency of the four selected phytochemicals namely andrographolide (AGP1), 14-deoxy 11,12-didehydro andrographolide (AGP2), neoandrographolide (AGP3) and 14-deoxy andrographolide (AGP4) from A. paniculata plant against the four key targets including three non-structural proteins (3 L main protease (3CLpro), Papain-like proteinase (PLpro) and RNA-directed RNA polymerase (RdRp)) and a structural protein (spike protein (S)) of the virus which are responsible for replication, transcription and host cell recognition. The therapeutic potential of the selected phytochemicals against Covid-19 were also evaluated in comparison with a few commercially available drugs. The binding free energy data suggest that AGP3 could be used as a cost-effective drug-analog for treating covid-19 infection in developing countries.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natarajan Arul Murugan
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry and Biology, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
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26
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He M, Qin Z, Liang X, He X, Zhu B, Lu Z, Wei Q, Zheng L. A pH-responsive mesoporous silica nanoparticles-based drug delivery system with controlled release of andrographolide for OA treatment. Regen Biomater 2021; 8:rbab020. [PMID: 34221446 PMCID: PMC8242227 DOI: 10.1093/rb/rbab020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Andrographolide (AG) has favorable anti-inflammatory and antioxidative capacity. However, it has low bioavailability due to high lipophilicity and can be easily cleared by the synovial fluid after intra-articular injection, leading to low therapeutic efficiency in osteoarthritis (OA). Herein, we designed a nano-sized pH-responsive drug delivery system (DDS) for OA treatment by using modified mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) with pH-responsive polyacrylic acid (PAA) for loading of AG to form AG@MSNs-PAA nanoplatform. The nanoparticles have uniform size (∼120 nm), high drug loading efficiency (22.38 ± 0.71%) and pH-responsive properties, beneficial to sustained release in OA environment. Compared with AG, AG@MSNs-PAA showed enhanced antiarthritic efficacy and chondro-protective capacity based on IL-1β-stimulated chondrocytes and anterior cruciate ligament transection-induced rat OA model, as demonstrated by lower expression of inflammatory factors and better prevention of proteoglycan loss. Therefore, the AG@MSNs-PAA nanoplatform may be developed as a promising OA-specific and on-demand DDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingwei He
- Guangxi Engineering Center in Biomedical Material for Tissue and Organ Regeneration, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, No. 22 Shuangyong Road, Qingxiu District, Nanning 530021, China
- Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomedicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, No. 22 Shuangyong Road, Qingxiu District, Nanning 530021, China
- Department of Orthopaedics Trauma and Hand Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, No. 6 Shuangyong Road, Qingxiu District, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Zainen Qin
- Guangxi Engineering Center in Biomedical Material for Tissue and Organ Regeneration, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, No. 22 Shuangyong Road, Qingxiu District, Nanning 530021, China
- Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomedicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, No. 22 Shuangyong Road, Qingxiu District, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Xiaonan Liang
- Department of Orthopaedics Trauma and Hand Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, No. 6 Shuangyong Road, Qingxiu District, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Xixi He
- Guangxi Engineering Center in Biomedical Material for Tissue and Organ Regeneration, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, No. 22 Shuangyong Road, Qingxiu District, Nanning 530021, China
- Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomedicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, No. 22 Shuangyong Road, Qingxiu District, Nanning 530021, China
- Department of Orthopaedics Trauma and Hand Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, No. 6 Shuangyong Road, Qingxiu District, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Bikang Zhu
- Guangxi Engineering Center in Biomedical Material for Tissue and Organ Regeneration, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, No. 22 Shuangyong Road, Qingxiu District, Nanning 530021, China
- Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomedicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, No. 22 Shuangyong Road, Qingxiu District, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Zhenhui Lu
- Guangxi Engineering Center in Biomedical Material for Tissue and Organ Regeneration, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, No. 22 Shuangyong Road, Qingxiu District, Nanning 530021, China
- Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomedicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, No. 22 Shuangyong Road, Qingxiu District, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Qingjun Wei
- Department of Orthopaedics Trauma and Hand Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, No. 6 Shuangyong Road, Qingxiu District, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Li Zheng
- Guangxi Engineering Center in Biomedical Material for Tissue and Organ Regeneration, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, No. 22 Shuangyong Road, Qingxiu District, Nanning 530021, China
- Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomedicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, No. 22 Shuangyong Road, Qingxiu District, Nanning 530021, China
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27
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Zhang H, Li S, Si Y, Xu H. Andrographolide and its derivatives: Current achievements and future perspectives. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 224:113710. [PMID: 34315039 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Natural product andrographolide isolated from the plant Andrographis paniculata shows a plethora of biological activities, including anti-tumor, anti-bacterial, anti-inflammation, anti-virus, anti-fibrosis, anti-obesity, immunomodulatory and hypoglycemic activities. Based on extensive chemical structural modifications, a series of andrographolide derivatives with improved bioavailability and druggability has been developed. Moreover, greater understanding of their mechanisms of action at the molecular and cellular level has been thoroughly investigated. In this review, we give an outlook for the therapeutical potential of andrographolide and its derivatives in diverse diseases and highlighted the drug design, pharmacokinetic and mechanistic studies for the past ten years, together with a brief overview of the pharmacological effects. Notably, we focused to provide a critical enlightenment of the area of andrographolide and its derivatives with the intent of indicating the future perspectives, challenges and limitations. We believe that this review paper will benefit drug discovery where andrographolide was used as a template, shed light on the identification of drug targets for andrographolide and its analogs, as well as increase our knowledge for using them for therapeutic application, including the treatment for various forms of cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Henan Province for New Drug R&D and Preclinical Safety, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, China
| | - Shufeng Li
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Henan Province for New Drug R&D and Preclinical Safety, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, China
| | - Yongsheng Si
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Henan Province for New Drug R&D and Preclinical Safety, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, China
| | - Haiwei Xu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Henan Province for New Drug R&D and Preclinical Safety, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, China.
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28
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Udomwan P, Pientong C, Tongchai P, Burassakarn A, Sunthamala N, Roytrakul S, Suebsasana S, Ekalaksananan T. Proteomics Analysis of Andrographolide-Induced Apoptosis via the Regulation of Tumor Suppressor p53 Proteolysis in Cervical Cancer-Derived Human Papillomavirus 16-Positive Cell Lines. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22136806. [PMID: 34202736 PMCID: PMC8268713 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22136806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Regardless of the prophylactic vaccine accessibility, persistent infections of high-risk human papillomaviruses (hr-HPVs), recognized as an etiology of cervical cancers, continues to represent a major health problem for the world population. An overexpression of viral early protein 6 (E6) is linked to carcinogenesis. E6 induces anti-apoptosis by degrading tumor suppressor proteins p53 (p53) via E6-E6-associated protein (E6AP)-mediated polyubiquitination. Thus, the restoration of apoptosis by interfering with the E6 function has been proposed as a selective medicinal strategy. This study aimed to determine the activities of andrographolide (Androg) on the disturbance of E6-mediated p53 degradation in cervical cancer cell lines using a proteomic approach. These results demonstrated that Androg could restore the intracellular p53 level, leading to apoptosis-induced cell death in HPV16-positive cervical cancer cell lines, SiHa and CaSki. Mechanistically, the anti-tumor activity of Androg essentially relied on the reduction in host cell proteins, which are associated with ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis pathways, particularly HERC4 and SMURF2. They are gradually suppressed in Androg-treated HPV16-positive cervical cancer cells. Collectively, the restoration of p53 in HPV16-positive cervical cancer cells might be achieved by disruption of E3 ubiquitin ligase activity by Androg, which could be an alternative treatment for HPV-associated epithelial lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pariyakorn Udomwan
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; (P.U.); (C.P.); (P.T.); (A.B.)
- HPV & EBV and Carcinogenesis Research (HEC) Group, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand;
| | - Chamsai Pientong
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; (P.U.); (C.P.); (P.T.); (A.B.)
- HPV & EBV and Carcinogenesis Research (HEC) Group, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand;
| | - Panwad Tongchai
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; (P.U.); (C.P.); (P.T.); (A.B.)
- HPV & EBV and Carcinogenesis Research (HEC) Group, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand;
| | - Ati Burassakarn
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; (P.U.); (C.P.); (P.T.); (A.B.)
- HPV & EBV and Carcinogenesis Research (HEC) Group, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand;
| | - Nuchsupha Sunthamala
- HPV & EBV and Carcinogenesis Research (HEC) Group, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand;
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Mahasarakham University, Mahasarakham 44150, Thailand
| | - Sittiruk Roytrakul
- Functional Ingredients and Food Innovation Research Group, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand;
| | - Supawadee Suebsasana
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Thammasat University (Rangsit campus), Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand;
| | - Tipaya Ekalaksananan
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; (P.U.); (C.P.); (P.T.); (A.B.)
- HPV & EBV and Carcinogenesis Research (HEC) Group, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand;
- Correspondence: ; Tel./Fax: +66-4334-8385
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Jiang M, Sheng F, Zhang Z, Ma X, Gao T, Fu C, Li P. Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.) Nees and its major constituent andrographolide as potential antiviral agents. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 272:113954. [PMID: 33610706 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.113954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.) Nees is widely used all over the world, especially in subtropical regions such as India, Thailand, Vietnam, and China. As a traditional folk Chinese medicine, A. paniculata has been extensively utilized for the treatment of cold, fever, sore throat, cough, carbuncle, and sores, and it is commonly employed for 'clearing heat and resolving toxicity'. Typical symptoms of 'heat and toxicity' include swollen, painful gums, associated with virus-related diseases to a great extent. In vivo and in vitro experiments have demonstrated the potential antiviral properties of A. paniculata and identified its major active constituents against various viruses. AIM OF THE STUDY This review focuses on connecting the traditional 'clearing heat and resolving toxicity' effect to compelling recent research advances on the antiviral effects of A. paniculata, explaining its major antiviral mechanisms, and assessing the shortcomings of existing work. Besides, ethnobotany, ethnopharmacological uses, phytochemicals, and toxicology of A. paniculata have been researched. MATERIALS AND METHODS The information about A. paniculata was collected from various sources including classic books about Chinese herbal medicine, and scientific databases including WEB OF SCIENCE, PubMed, ScienceDirect, Springer, ACS, SCOPUS, CNKI, CSTJ, and WANFANG. RESULTS In this review, the underlying mechanisms of antiviral effect mainly involve the regulation of virus entry, gene replication, and synthesis of functionally mature proteins. Also, A. paniculata is a safe agent without obvious toxicity. Ethnobotany, ethnopharmacological uses, and chemical constituents have been summarized. CONCLUSION Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.) Nees could be used as an imperative complementary medicine for the treatment of diverse virus infection, efforts should be made to gain insights into its antiviral properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maoyuan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, 999078, China.
| | - Feiya Sheng
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, 999078, China.
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Pharmacy College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwest China, Chengdu, 611137, China.
| | - Xiao Ma
- Pharmacy College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwest China, Chengdu, 611137, China.
| | - Tianhui Gao
- Medical College, Qingdao Binhai University, Qingdao, 266555, China.
| | - Chaomei Fu
- Pharmacy College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwest China, Chengdu, 611137, China.
| | - Peng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, 999078, China.
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30
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Jadhav AK, Karuppayil SM. Andrographis paniculata (Burm. F) Wall ex Nees: Antiviral properties. Phytother Res 2021; 35:5365-5373. [PMID: 33929758 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Andrographis paniculata is home to a rich variety of molecules especially andrographolide and its derivatives. Clinical properties of the andrographolide are multifarious and include: analgesic, antipyretic, antiretroviral, antiproliferative, antimalarial, antithrombotic, antihyperglycemic, antiurolethial, antilesihmaniasis, hepatoprotective, immune-modulatory, protective against alcohol induced toxicity and cardioproetcive activity and anticancer activity. Andrographolide, neoandrographolide, dehydroandrographolide and several natural and synthetic derivatives of it: 14-deoxy-11,12-didehydroandrographolide and 14-deoxyandrographolide, dehydroandrographolide succinic acid monoester (DAMS), 14-ά-lipoyl andrographolide (AL-1), 14-acetyl-3,9-isopropyl-ideneandrographolide, 14-acetylandrographolide, 3,14,19-triacetylandrographolide, and 3,9-isopropyl-idene andrographolide, are shown to possess significant antiviral activity against HIV, influenza A, HBV, HCV, HPP and HSV. Studies on SARS CoV 2 is restricted to in silico molecular docking studies on viral targets and selected host target proteins. The main targets of andrographolide and its derivatives are fusion and adsorption of virus to the host cell, binding to viral receptor and co-receptor, enzymes involved in DNA/RNA/Genome replication by the virus, translation, post-translation and reverse transcription. Andrographolide as a drug is yet to reach its full therapeutic potential since this molecule shows low bioavailability. Andrographolide therapy is in need of an appropriate delivery system that may increase its bioavailability. Further high-quality studies are needed to firmly establish the clinical efficacy of the plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashwini Khanderao Jadhav
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Centre For Interdisciplinary Research, DY Patil Education Society (Deemed to be University) Kolhapur, Kasaba Bawada, Maharashtra, 416006, India
| | - Sankunny Mohan Karuppayil
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Centre For Interdisciplinary Research, DY Patil Education Society (Deemed to be University) Kolhapur, Kasaba Bawada, Maharashtra, 416006, India
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31
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Cai W, Li J, Chen C, Wu J, Li J, Xue X. Design, synthesis, and anticancer evaluation of novel andrographolide derivatives bearing an α,β-unsaturated ketone moiety. Bioorg Chem 2021; 112:104941. [PMID: 33940445 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.104941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A series of 1,2-didehydro-3-ox-andrographolide derivatives based on two Michael acceptors were designed, synthesized and evaluated for their anticancer activity against two human cancer cell lines (HCT116 and MCF-7). All tested compounds exhibited significant growth inhibitory effect on HCT116 and moderate to good inhibitory effect on MCF-7 cell proliferation. Compound 10b displayed the best inhibitory activities against both HCT116 and MCF-7 cell lines, with IC50 values of 2.49 and 7.80 μM respectively. Preliminary anticancer mechanistic investigation was performed in terms of the cell cycle arrest and cell apoptosis assays of compound 10b against HCT116 using flow cytometry, and the results indicated that 10b blocked the proliferation of HCT116 cells by inducing cell apoptosis in a concentration-dependent manner and arresting cell cycle in G2/M phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Cai
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Jieyi Li
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Cheng Chen
- School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Jiajia Wu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Jiabin Li
- School of Science, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Xiaowen Xue
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China.
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Wang Z, Yang L. Chinese herbal medicine: Fighting SARS-CoV-2 infection on all fronts. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 270:113869. [PMID: 33485973 PMCID: PMC7825841 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.113869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), a highly pathogenic virus that has spread rapidly across the entire world. There is a critical need to develop safe and effective drugs, especially broad-spectrum antiviral and organ protection agents in order to treat and prevent this dangerous disease. It is possible that Chinese herbal medicine may play an essential role in the treatment of patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection. AIM OF THE REVIEW We aim to review the use of Chinese herbal medicine in the treatment of COVID-19 both in vitro and in clinical practice. Our goal was to provide a better understanding of the potential therapeutic effects of Chinese herbal medicine and to establish a "Chinese protocol" for the treatment of COVID-19. MATERIALS AND METHODS We systematically reviewed published research relating to traditional Chinese herbal medicines and the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 from inception to the 6th January 2021 by screening a range of digital databases (Web of Science, bioRxiv, medRxiv, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, X-MOL, Wanfang Data, Google Scholar, PubMed, Elsevier, and other resources) and public platforms relating to the management of clinical trials. We included the active ingredients of Chinese herbal medicines, monomer preparations, crude extracts, and formulas for the treatment of COVID-19. RESULTS In mainland China, a range of Chinese herbal medicines have been recognized as very promising anti-SARS-CoV-2 agents, including active ingredients (quercetagetin, osajin, tetrandrine, proscillaridin A, and dihydromyricetin), monomer preparations (xiyanping injection, matrine-sodium chloride injection, diammonium glycyrrhizinate enteric-coated capsules, and sodium aescinate injection), crude extracts (Scutellariae Radix extract and garlic essential oil), and formulas (Qingfei Paidu decoction, Lianhuaqingwen capsules, and Pudilan Xiaoyan oral liquid). All these agents have potential activity against SARS-CoV-2 and have attracted significant attention due to their activities both in vitro and in clinical practice. CONCLUSIONS As a key component of the COVID-19 treatment regimen, Chinese herbal medicines have played an irreplaceable role in the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection. The "Chinese protocol" has already demonstrated clear clinical importance. The use of Chinese herbal medicines that are capable of inhibiting SARS-Cov-2 infection may help to address this immediate unmet clinical need and may be attractive to other countries that are also seeking new options for effective COVID-19 treatment. Our analyses suggest that countries outside of China should also consider protocols involving Chinese herbal medicines combat this fast-spreading viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhonglei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Green Natural Products and Pharmaceutical Intermediates in Colleges and Universities of Shandong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, 273165, PR China; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, PR China.
| | - Liyan Yang
- School of Physics and Physical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, 273165, PR China.
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33
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Sa-ngiamsuntorn K, Suksatu A, Pewkliang Y, Thongsri P, Kanjanasirirat P, Manopwisedjaroen S, Charoensutthivarakul S, Wongtrakoongate P, Pitiporn S, Chaopreecha J, Kongsomros S, Jearawuttanakul K, Wannalo W, Khemawoot P, Chutipongtanate S, Borwornpinyo S, Thitithanyanont A, Hongeng S. Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Activity of Andrographis paniculata Extract and Its Major Component Andrographolide in Human Lung Epithelial Cells and Cytotoxicity Evaluation in Major Organ Cell Representatives. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2021; 84:1261-1270. [PMID: 33844528 PMCID: PMC8056600 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.0c01324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The coronaviruses disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by a novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) has become a major health problem, affecting more than 50 million people with over one million deaths globally. Effective antivirals are still lacking. Here, we optimized a high-content imaging platform and the plaque assay for viral output study using the legitimate model of human lung epithelial cells, Calu-3, to determine the anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity of Andrographis paniculata extract and its major component, andrographolide. SARS-CoV-2 at 25TCID50 was able to reach the maximal infectivity of 95% in Calu-3 cells. Postinfection treatment of A. paniculata and andrographolide in SARS-CoV-2-infected Calu-3 cells significantly inhibited the production of infectious virions with an IC50 of 0.036 μg/mL and 0.034 μM, respectively, as determined by the plaque assay. The cytotoxicity profile developed over the cell line representatives of major organs, including liver (HepG2 and imHC), kidney (HK-2), intestine (Caco-2), lung (Calu-3), and brain (SH-SY5Y), showed a CC50 of >100 μg/mL for A. paniculata extract and 13.2-81.5 μM for andrographolide, respectively, corresponding to a selectivity index of over 380. In conclusion, this study provided experimental evidence in favor of A. paniculata and andrographolide for further development as a monotherapy or in combination with other effective drugs against SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khanit Sa-ngiamsuntorn
- Department
of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol
University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Ampa Suksatu
- Department
of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol
University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Yongyut Pewkliang
- Section
for Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Piyanoot Thongsri
- Section
for Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Phongthon Kanjanasirirat
- Excellent
Center for Drug Discovery (ECDD), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | | | - Sitthivut Charoensutthivarakul
- Excellent
Center for Drug Discovery (ECDD), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
- School
of Bioinnovation and Bio-Based Product Intelligence, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
- Center
for Neuroscience, Faculty of Science, Mahidol
University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Patompon Wongtrakoongate
- Center
for Neuroscience, Faculty of Science, Mahidol
University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
- Department
of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol
University, Bangkok 10400,Thailand
| | | | - Jarinya Chaopreecha
- Department
of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol
University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Supasek Kongsomros
- Department
of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol
University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Kedchin Jearawuttanakul
- Excellent
Center for Drug Discovery (ECDD), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Warawuth Wannalo
- Excellent
Center for Drug Discovery (ECDD), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Phisit Khemawoot
- Chakri
Naruebodindra Medical Institute, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Samutprakarn 10540, Thailand
| | - Somchai Chutipongtanate
- Chakri
Naruebodindra Medical Institute, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Samutprakarn 10540, Thailand
- Department
of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Suparerk Borwornpinyo
- Excellent
Center for Drug Discovery (ECDD), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
- Department
of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol
University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Arunee Thitithanyanont
- Department
of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol
University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Suradej Hongeng
- Excellent
Center for Drug Discovery (ECDD), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
- Department
of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
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34
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Sa-Ngiamsuntorn K, Suksatu A, Pewkliang Y, Thongsri P, Kanjanasirirat P, Manopwisedjaroen S, Charoensutthivarakul S, Wongtrakoongate P, Pitiporn S, Chaopreecha J, Kongsomros S, Jearawuttanakul K, Wannalo W, Khemawoot P, Chutipongtanate S, Borwornpinyo S, Thitithanyanont A, Hongeng S. Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Activity of Andrographis paniculata Extract and Its Major Component Andrographolide in Human Lung Epithelial Cells and Cytotoxicity Evaluation in Major Organ Cell Representatives. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2021; 84:1261-1270. [PMID: 33844528 DOI: 10.1101/2020.12.08.415836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The coronaviruses disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by a novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) has become a major health problem, affecting more than 50 million people with over one million deaths globally. Effective antivirals are still lacking. Here, we optimized a high-content imaging platform and the plaque assay for viral output study using the legitimate model of human lung epithelial cells, Calu-3, to determine the anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity of Andrographis paniculata extract and its major component, andrographolide. SARS-CoV-2 at 25TCID50 was able to reach the maximal infectivity of 95% in Calu-3 cells. Postinfection treatment of A. paniculata and andrographolide in SARS-CoV-2-infected Calu-3 cells significantly inhibited the production of infectious virions with an IC50 of 0.036 μg/mL and 0.034 μM, respectively, as determined by the plaque assay. The cytotoxicity profile developed over the cell line representatives of major organs, including liver (HepG2 and imHC), kidney (HK-2), intestine (Caco-2), lung (Calu-3), and brain (SH-SY5Y), showed a CC50 of >100 μg/mL for A. paniculata extract and 13.2-81.5 μM for andrographolide, respectively, corresponding to a selectivity index of over 380. In conclusion, this study provided experimental evidence in favor of A. paniculata and andrographolide for further development as a monotherapy or in combination with other effective drugs against SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khanit Sa-Ngiamsuntorn
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Ampa Suksatu
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Yongyut Pewkliang
- Section for Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Piyanoot Thongsri
- Section for Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Phongthon Kanjanasirirat
- Excellent Center for Drug Discovery (ECDD), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | | | - Sitthivut Charoensutthivarakul
- Excellent Center for Drug Discovery (ECDD), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
- School of Bioinnovation and Bio-Based Product Intelligence, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
- Center for Neuroscience, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Patompon Wongtrakoongate
- Center for Neuroscience, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400,Thailand
| | | | - Jarinya Chaopreecha
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Supasek Kongsomros
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Kedchin Jearawuttanakul
- Excellent Center for Drug Discovery (ECDD), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Warawuth Wannalo
- Excellent Center for Drug Discovery (ECDD), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Phisit Khemawoot
- Chakri Naruebodindra Medical Institute, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Samutprakarn 10540, Thailand
| | - Somchai Chutipongtanate
- Chakri Naruebodindra Medical Institute, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Samutprakarn 10540, Thailand
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Suparerk Borwornpinyo
- Excellent Center for Drug Discovery (ECDD), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Arunee Thitithanyanont
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Suradej Hongeng
- Excellent Center for Drug Discovery (ECDD), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
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35
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Hossain S, Urbi Z, Karuniawati H, Mohiuddin RB, Moh Qrimida A, Allzrag AMM, Ming LC, Pagano E, Capasso R. Andrographis paniculata (Burm. f.) Wall. ex Nees: An Updated Review of Phytochemistry, Antimicrobial Pharmacology, and Clinical Safety and Efficacy. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:348. [PMID: 33923529 PMCID: PMC8072717 DOI: 10.3390/life11040348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Infectious disease (ID) is one of the top-most serious threats to human health globally, further aggravated by antimicrobial resistance and lack of novel immunization options. Andrographis paniculata (Burm. f.) Wall. ex Nees and its metabolites have been long used to treat IDs. Andrographolide, derived from A. paniculata, can inhibit invasive microbes virulence factors and regulate the host immunity. Controlled clinical trials revealed that A. paniculata treatment is safe and efficacious for acute respiratory tract infections like common cold and sinusitis. Hence, A. paniculata, mainly andrographolide, could be considered as an excellent candidate for antimicrobial drug development. Considering the importance, medicinal values, and significant role as antimicrobial agents, this study critically evaluated the antimicrobial therapeutic potency of A. paniculata and its metabolites, focusing on the mechanism of action in inhibiting invasive microbes and biofilm formation. A critical evaluation of the secondary metabolites with the aim of identifying pure compounds that possess antimicrobial functions has further added significant values to this study. Notwithstanding that A. paniculata is a promising source of antimicrobial agents and safe treatment for IDs, further empirical research is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanower Hossain
- Department of Biomedical Science, Kulliyyah of Allied Health Sciences, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan 25200, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Zannat Urbi
- Department of Industrial Biotechnology, Faculty of Industrial Sciences & Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Kuantan 26300, Pahang, Malaysia;
| | - Hidayah Karuniawati
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta, Surakarta 57102, Indonesia;
| | - Ramisa Binti Mohiuddin
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Life Science, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Santosh 1902, Tangail, Bangladesh;
| | - Ahmed Moh Qrimida
- Department of Agriculture, Higher Institute of Overall Occupations-Sooq Al Khamees Imsahil, Tripoli 1300, Libya; (A.M.Q.); (A.M.M.A.)
| | - Akrm Mohamed Masaud Allzrag
- Department of Agriculture, Higher Institute of Overall Occupations-Sooq Al Khamees Imsahil, Tripoli 1300, Libya; (A.M.Q.); (A.M.M.A.)
| | - Long Chiau Ming
- PAP Rashidah Sa’adatul Bolkiah Institute of Health Sciences, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Jalan Tungku Link, Gadong BE1410, Brunei;
| | - Ester Pagano
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy;
| | - Raffaele Capasso
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80055 Portici, Italy
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36
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Kaushik S, Dar L, Kaushik S, Yadav JP. Identification and characterization of new potent inhibitors of dengue virus NS5 proteinase from Andrographis paniculata supercritical extracts on in animal cell culture and in silico approaches. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 267:113541. [PMID: 33152438 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.113541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2019] [Revised: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE About 2.5 billion peoples are at risk of dengue virus and the majority of people, use traditional plant-based medicines to combat dengue. The whole plant of Andrographis paniculata used traditionally over past decades for health promotion. Andrographolide isolated from Andrographis paniculata is used as natural remedy for the treatment of various diseases in different parts of the world. Andrographolide has been reported to have antiviral activity against hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, herpes simplex virus, influenza virus, chikungunya virus, dengue virus 2 and 4. AIM OF THE STUDY The aim of the present study to isolate the andrographolide from the A. paniculata by supercritical fluid extraction technique and to characterize the isolated compound along with it anti-dengue activity against DENV-2 in vitro and in silico methods. MATERIALS AND METHODS Supercritical extraction condition for A. paniculata was standardised to isolate andrographolide compound at definite temperature and pressure on the basis of previous study. The andrographolide was identified by using Ultraviolet-Visible Spectroscopy (UV-VIS), Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) and High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC) and Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (1HNMR). The maximum non-toxic dose of isolated andrographolide was detected by MTT assay using a micro plate reader at 595 nm. One hundred (100) copies/ml of the DENV-2 virus was used for antiviral assay in C6/36 cells lines and inhibition of virus due to andrographolide was determined by real-time PCR assay. The purity of isolated andrographolide was determined by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC). The dengue NS5 receptor protein was docked with andrographolide and evaluated on the basis of the total energy and binding affinity score by Auto Dock (V4.2.6) software. RESULTS Andrographolide, a diterpene lactone was isolated from the A. paniculata supercritical extract at 40 °C temperature and 15 Mpa pressure. UV spectrophotometer analysis revealed that the curve of andrographolide plant extract was overlapped with reference compound at 228 nm and the similar bands were detected from FT-IR spectroscopy analysis at 3315, 2917, 2849, 1673, 1462 and 1454 cm-1 in isolated and standard andrographolide. HPTLC analysis shows the retention factor (Rf) of A. paniculata extract at 0.74 ± 0.06 as similar to standard andrographolide Rf values. The purity of isolated andrographolide was 99.76%. The maximum non-toxic dose of isolated andrographolide was found as 15.62 μg/ml on the C6/36 cell line calculated by using MTT assay. The andrographolide showed the 97.23% anti-dengue activity against the dengue-2 virus in C6/36 cell lines. Results of molecular docking showed that the interaction between andrographolide and NS5 of dengue protein with the maximum binding energy as -7.35 kcal/mol. CONCLUSIONS It is concluded that isolated andrographolide from the A. paniculata possess anti-dengue activity against dengue-2 virus as revealed from in vitro and in silico method. Due to lack of the vaccine and anti-viral agents, andrographolide extracted from A. paniculata play a major role to inhibit the dengue replication. Hence, it could be a source for drug design and help to reduce the dengue infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sulochana Kaushik
- Department of Genetics, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, 124001, Haryana, India
| | - Lalit Dar
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Samander Kaushik
- Centre for Biotechnology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, 124001, Haryana, India
| | - Jaya Parkash Yadav
- Department of Genetics, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, 124001, Haryana, India.
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37
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Choudhary P, Bhowmik A, Chakdar H, Khan MA, Selvaraj C, Singh SK, Murugan K, Kumar S, Saxena AK. Understanding the biological role of PqqB in Pseudomonas stutzeri using molecular dynamics simulation approach. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2020; 40:4237-4249. [PMID: 33287678 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2020.1854860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Phosphate solubilization is an important and widely studied plant growth promoting trait exhibited by many bacteria. Pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ), a redox cofactor of methanol and glucose dehydrogenases has been well established as essential for phosphate solubilization. PQQ operon has been well studied in growth promoting rhizobacteria like Pseudomonas spp., Gluconobacter oxydans, Klebsiella pneumoniae, etc. However, the role of PqqB is quite ambiguous as its functional role has been contradicted in many studies. In the present study, we selected Pseudomonas stutzeri - a well-known P solubilizing bacterium as a representative species of the Pseudomonas genus on the basis of phylogenetic and statistical analyses of PqqB proteins. A 3 D model was generated for this protein. Docking of PqqB with PQQ showed good interaction with a theoretical binding affinity of -7.4 kcal/mol. On the other hand, docking of PqqC with 3a-(2-amino-2-carboxy-ethyl)-4,5-dioxo-4,5,6,7,8,9-hexahydro-quinoline-7,9-dicarboxylic acid (AHQQ, immediate precursor of PQQ) showed strong interaction (-10.4 kcal/mol) but the same was low with PQQ (-6.4 kcal/mol). Molecular dynamic simulation of both the complexes showed stable conformation. The binding energy of PqqB-PQQ complex (-182.710 ± 16.585 kJ/mol) was greater than PqqC-PQQ complex (-166.114 ± 12.027 kJ/mol). The results clearly indicated that kinetically there is a possibility that after cyclization of AHQQ to PQQ by PqqC, PQQ can be taken up by PqqB and transported to periplasm for the oxidation of glucose. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first attempt to understand the biological role of PqqB on the basis of molecular interactions and dynamics.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prassan Choudhary
- Microbial Technology Unit-II, ICAR-National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Microorganisms, Mau Nath Bhanjan, India
| | - Arpan Bhowmik
- ICAR-Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute (IASRI), New Delhi, India
| | - Hillol Chakdar
- Microbial Technology Unit-II, ICAR-National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Microorganisms, Mau Nath Bhanjan, India
| | | | | | | | - Kumar Murugan
- Microbial Technology Unit-II, ICAR-National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Microorganisms, Mau Nath Bhanjan, India
| | - Sunil Kumar
- Centre for Agricultural Bioinformatics (CABIN), ICAR - Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute (IASRI), New Delhi, India
| | - Anil Kumar Saxena
- Microbial Technology Unit-II, ICAR-National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Microorganisms, Mau Nath Bhanjan, India
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38
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Hao M, Lv M, Xu H. Andrographolide: Synthetic Methods and Biological Activities. Mini Rev Med Chem 2020; 20:1633-1652. [DOI: 10.2174/1389557520666200429100326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 09/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Andrographolide, a labdane diterpenoid, is extracted and isolated from the plants of
Andrographis paniculata. Andrographolide and its derivatives exhibited a wide range of biological
properties, including anticancer activity, antibacterial activity, hepatoprotective activity, antiinflammatory
activity, antiviral activity, antimalarial activity, antidiabetic activity, insecticidal activity,
etc. As a continuation, this review aims at giving an overview of the recent advances (from 2015 to
2018) of andrographolide and its derivatives with regard to bioactivities, mechanisms of action, structural
modifications, and structure-activity relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Hao
- College of Plant Protection/Chemistry and Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Min Lv
- College of Plant Protection/Chemistry and Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Hui Xu
- College of Plant Protection/Chemistry and Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi Province, China
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39
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Song DW, Liu GL, Xue MY, Qiu TX, Wang H, Shan LP, Liu L, Chen J. In vitro and in vivo evaluation of antiviral activity of a phenylpropanoid derivative against spring viraemia of carp virus. Virus Res 2020; 291:198221. [PMID: 33152382 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2020.198221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Phenylpropanoids, common natural compounds, possess many different biological activities such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antiviral. Spring viraemia of carp virus (SVCV) can cause a high mortality in common carp (Cyprinus carpio). However, there are currently no licenced drugs that effectively cure this disease. In this study, we designed and synthesized a phenylpropanoid derivative 4-(4-methoxyphenyl)-3,4-dihydro-2H-chromeno[4,3-d]pyrimidine-2,5(1 H)-dione (E2), and explored the antiviral effect against SVCV in vitro and in vivo. Up to 25 mg/L of E2 significantly inhibited the expression levels of SVCV protein genes in the epithelioma papulosum cyprini (EPC) cell line by a maximum inhibitory rate of >90%. As expected, E2 remarkably declined the apoptotic of SVCV-infected cells and suppressed potential enhancement of the mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm), these data implied that E2 could protect mitochondria from structural damage in response to SVCV. Meanwhile, E2 was added to EPC cells under four different conditions: time-of-addition, time-of-removal, pre-treatment of viruses and pre-treatment of cells indicated that E2 may block the post-entry transport process of the virus. Additionally, the up-regulation of six interferon (IFN)-related genes also demonstrated that E2 indirectly activated IFNs for the clearance of SVCV in common carp. Drug cure effect showed that treatment with E2 at 0.5 d post infection (dpi) is more effective than at 0, 1 or 2 dpi. Most importantly, intraperitoneal therapy of E2 markedly improved common carp survival rate and reduced virus copies in body. Therefore, the E2 has potential to be developed into a novel anti-SVCV agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da-Wei Song
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China; Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Meishan Campus, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315832, China; Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Meishan Campus, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315832, China
| | - Guang-Lu Liu
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou, 466001, China
| | - Ming-Yang Xue
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan, 430223, China
| | - Tian-Xiu Qiu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China; Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Meishan Campus, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315832, China; Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Meishan Campus, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315832, China
| | - Huan Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China; Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Meishan Campus, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315832, China; Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Meishan Campus, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315832, China
| | - Li-Peng Shan
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China; Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Meishan Campus, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315832, China; Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Meishan Campus, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315832, China
| | - Lei Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China; Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Meishan Campus, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315832, China; Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Meishan Campus, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315832, China.
| | - Jiong Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China; Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Meishan Campus, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315832, China; Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Meishan Campus, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315832, China.
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Andrographolide and Its 14-Aryloxy Analogues Inhibit Zika and Dengue Virus Infection. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25215037. [PMID: 33143016 PMCID: PMC7662321 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25215037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Andrographolide is a labdene diterpenoid with potential applications against a number of viruses, including the mosquito-transmitted dengue virus (DENV). In this study, we evaluated the anti-viral activity of three 14-aryloxy analogues (ZAD-1 to ZAD-3) of andrographolide against Zika virus (ZIKV) and DENV. Interestingly, one analogue, ZAD-1, showed better activity against both ZIKV and DENV than the parental andrographolide. A two-dimension (2D) proteomic analysis of human A549 cells treated with ZAD-1 compared to cells treated with andrographolide identified four differentially expressed proteins (heat shock 70 kDa protein 1 (HSPA1A), phosphoglycerate kinase 1 (PGK1), transketolase (TKT) and GTP-binding nuclear protein Ran (Ran)). Western blot analysis confirmed that ZAD-1 treatment downregulated expression of HSPA1A and upregulated expression of PGK1 as compared to andrographolide treatment. These results suggest that 14-aryloxy analogues of andrographolide have the potential for further development as anti-DENV and anti-ZIKV agents.
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Banerjee A, Czinn SJ, Reiter RJ, Blanchard TG. Crosstalk between endoplasmic reticulum stress and anti-viral activities: A novel therapeutic target for COVID-19. Life Sci 2020; 255:117842. [PMID: 32454157 PMCID: PMC7245231 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The outbreak of COVID-19 caused by 2019–nCov/SARS-CoV-2 has become a pandemic with an urgent need for understanding the mechanisms and identifying a treatment. Viral infections including SARS-CoV are associated with increased levels of reactive oxygen species, disturbances of Ca++ caused by unfolded protein response (UPR) mediated by endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and is due to the exploitation of virus's own protein i.e., viroporins into the host cells. Several clinical trials are on-going including testing Remdesivir (anti-viral), Chloroquine and Hydroxychloroquine derivatives (anti-malarial drugs) etc. Unfortunately, each drug has specific limitations. Herein, we review the viral protein involvement to activate ER stress transducers (IRE-1, PERK, ATF-6) and their downstream signals; and evaluate combination therapies for COVID-19 mediated ER stress alterations. Melatonin is an immunoregulator, anti-pyretic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and ER stress modulator during viral infections. It enhances protective mechanisms for respiratory tract disorders. Andrographolide, isolated from Andrographis paniculata, has versatile biological activities including immunomodulation and determining SARS-CoV-2 binding site. Considering the properties of both compounds in terms of anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-pyrogenic, anti-viral and ER stress modulation and computational approaches revealing andrographolide docks with the SARS-CoV2 binding site, we predict that this combination therapy may have potential utility against COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditi Banerjee
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
| | - Steven J Czinn
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Russel J Reiter
- Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Thomas G Blanchard
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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Li X, Wang JW, Huang B, Peng ZX, Zhang YY, Zhao SY. Synthesis of 3,15-Disuccinate-12-Coumarin Substituted Andrographolide Derivatives and Their Antiplatelet Aggregation Activities In Vitro. Nat Prod Commun 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x20910863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to develop a series of novel compounds with antiplatelet aggregation activities, 3,15-disuccinate-12-coumarin substituted derivatives were designed and synthesized based on the natural product andrographolide. In vitro antiplatelet aggregation activities were evaluated by the turbidimetric method with thrombin, adenosine diphosphate (ADP), arachidonic acid (AA), and collagen as inducers. The biological evaluation revealed that compound 11k showed significant inhibition activity for thrombin, AA, and collagen-induced platelet aggregation at the same time and exhibited a dose-dependent behavior. Compound 11c showed the highest antiplatelet aggregation activity induced by ADP. Most of the derivatives had no significant cytotoxicity. Therefore, our work proved that 3,15-disuccinate-12-coumarin substituted andrographolide derivatives had the potential to become a novel candidate structure for antiplatelet aggregation and deserved further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Li
- Drug Research Center, Jiangxi Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, P. R. China
| | - Jiang-Wei Wang
- Drug Research Center, Jiangxi Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, P. R. China
| | - Bin Huang
- Drug Research Center, Jiangxi Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, P. R. China
| | - Zhi-Xiang Peng
- Drug Research Center, Jiangxi Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, P. R. China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Zhang
- Drug Research Center, Jiangxi Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, P. R. China
| | - Shi-Yun Zhao
- Drug Research Center, Jiangxi Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, P. R. China
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Cheng CR, Zheng Z, Liang RM, Li XF, Jiang QQ, Yue L, Wang Q, Ding J, Liu Y. Preparation and Cytotoxic Activity of 3,19-Analogues of 12-Thioether Andrographolide. Chem Nat Compd 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10600-020-03003-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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44
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Li F, Lee EM, Sun X, Wang D, Tang H, Zhou GC. Design, synthesis and discovery of andrographolide derivatives against Zika virus infection. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 187:111925. [PMID: 31838328 PMCID: PMC6980694 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.111925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The Zika endemic established by imported and local transmission is of significant concern and effective anti-ZIKV drugs remain an urgent unmet need. As andrographolide was identified to be an inhibitor of DENV and CHIKV and the importance of quinoline structure against infectious diseases was considered, we are interested in studying its andrographolide derivatives with quinoline moiety against Zika virus infection. In addition to screening eight in-house derivatives of andrographolide, sixteen new derivatives were designed, synthesized and tested against Zika virus infection. Among these compounds, two most potent anti-Zika compounds of 19-acetylated 14α-(5',7'-dichloro-8'-quinolyloxy) derivative 17b and 14β-(8'-quinolyloxy)-3,19- diol derivative 3 with the highest selectivity were discovered. The SAR analysis indicates that rational and optimal combined modification/s at 3-, 14-, or 19-positions can make derivatives less toxic and more potent against Zika infection, and both of 3 and 17b are suitable as leads for designing new generation of andrographolide derivatives with quinoline or its structure- and property-related moieties against Zika virus and other arboviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211800, China
| | - Emily M Lee
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, 32306, USA
| | - Xia Sun
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211800, China
| | - Decai Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211800, China
| | - Hengli Tang
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, 32306, USA.
| | - Guo-Chun Zhou
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211800, China.
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45
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Andrographolide: Chemical modification and its effect on biological activities. Bioorg Chem 2020; 95:103511. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2019.103511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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Zhao Y, Sridhar S, Guo L, Lau SKP, Xu Y, Woo PCY. Successful treatment of plantar warts using topical Zijinding, a traditional Chinese medicine preparation: A case series. J Cosmet Dermatol 2019; 19:946-950. [PMID: 31479180 PMCID: PMC7155113 DOI: 10.1111/jocd.13102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Revised: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Plantar warts are associated with high transmissibility and morbidity. Among the available therapeutic options, none is uniformly effective or virucidal. Salicylic acid is the first‐line therapy but approximately one‐third of lesions could not resolve and become recalcitrant despite repeated treatment. Cryotherapy is widely accessible with low cost but may be complicated by pain, blister formation, hemorrhage, infection, excessive granulation tissue formation, and hyper‐/hypo‐pigmentation. Hence, alternative treatment modalities are essential. Methods Three patients with debilitating plantar warts refractory or intolerant to cryotherapy were treated with a course of Zijinding (a traditional Chinese medicine preparation) paste prepared with white vinegar. Results All three patients showed excellent clinical response with Zijinding application with evolution of lesions to scabs and subsequently healthy skin within 1.5 to 5 months of treatment. Treatment was well tolerated and had no significant side effects with excellent compliance recorded for all three patients. There was no relapse for at least 10 months after stopping the treatment. Conclusion Topical Zijinding could be a promising alternative modality for the treatment of plantar warts. Further clinical trials on the comparison of Zijinding and other treatment modalities of plantar warts are warranted. Further studies are required to investigate the mechanism of action of Zijinding and to isolate the active ingredient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for Mechanisms Research and Precision Diagnosis of Invasive Fungal Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Siddharth Sridhar
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Research Centre of Infection and Immunology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Lina Guo
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for Mechanisms Research and Precision Diagnosis of Invasive Fungal Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Susanna K P Lau
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Research Centre of Infection and Immunology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yingchun Xu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for Mechanisms Research and Precision Diagnosis of Invasive Fungal Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Patrick C Y Woo
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Research Centre of Infection and Immunology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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Kandanur SGS, Tamang N, Golakoti NR, Nanduri S. Andrographolide: A natural product template for the generation of structurally and biologically diverse diterpenes. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 176:513-533. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Mokenapelli S, Gutam M, Govu R, Pasala VK, Yerrabelly JR, Chitneni PR. De novo consecutive chemo/regioselective IBX mediated oxidation of andrographolide and its derivatives. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/00397911.2019.1587775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sudhakar Mokenapelli
- Natural Products Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Osmania University, Hyderabad, Telangana State, India
| | - Madhu Gutam
- Natural Products Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Osmania University, Hyderabad, Telangana State, India
| | - Ramana Govu
- Natural Products Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Osmania University, Hyderabad, Telangana State, India
| | - Vijay Kumar Pasala
- Natural Products Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Osmania University, Hyderabad, Telangana State, India
| | - Jayaprakash Rao Yerrabelly
- Natural Products Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Osmania University, Hyderabad, Telangana State, India
| | - Prasad Rao Chitneni
- Natural Products Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Osmania University, Hyderabad, Telangana State, India
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Dighe SN, Ekwudu O, Dua K, Chellappan DK, Katavic PL, Collet TA. Recent update on anti-dengue drug discovery. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 176:431-455. [PMID: 31128447 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Dengue is the most important arthropod-borne viral disease of humans, with more than half of the global population living in at-risk areas. Despite the negative impact on public health, there are no antiviral therapies available, and the only licensed vaccine, Dengvaxia®, has been contraindicated in children below nine years of age. In an effort to combat dengue, several small molecules have entered into human clinical trials. Here, we review anti-DENV molecules and their drug targets that have been published within the past five years (2014-2018). Further, we discuss their probable mechanisms of action and describe a role for classes of clinically approved drugs and also an unclassified class of anti-DENV agents. This review aims to enhance our understanding of novel agents and their cognate targets in furthering innovations in the use of small molecules for dengue drug therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satish N Dighe
- Innovative Medicines Group, Institute of Health & Biomedical Innovation, School of Clinical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia.
| | - O'mezie Ekwudu
- Innovative Medicines Group, Institute of Health & Biomedical Innovation, School of Clinical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Kamal Dua
- Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, Australia
| | - Dinesh Kumar Chellappan
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Pharmacy, International Medical University (IMU), Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur, 57000, Malaysia
| | - Peter L Katavic
- Innovative Medicines Group, Institute of Health & Biomedical Innovation, School of Clinical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Trudi A Collet
- Innovative Medicines Group, Institute of Health & Biomedical Innovation, School of Clinical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
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50
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Zhao Z, Song H, Xie J, Liu T, Zhao X, Chen X, He X, Wu S, Zhang Y, Zheng X. Research progress in the biological activities of 3,4,5-trimethoxycinnamic acid (TMCA) derivatives. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 173:213-227. [PMID: 31009908 PMCID: PMC7115657 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
TMCA (3,4,5-trimethoxycinnamic acid) ester and amide are privileged structural scaffolds in drug discovery which are widely distributed in natural products and consequently produced diverse therapeutically relevant pharmacological functions. Owing to the potential of TMCA ester and amide analogues as therapeutic agents, researches on chemical syntheses and modifications have been carried out to drug-like candidates with broad range of medicinal properties such as antitumor, antiviral, CNS (central nervous system) agents, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and hematologic agents for a long time. At the same time, SAR (structure-activity relationship) studies have draw greater attention among medicinal chemists, and many of the lead compounds were derived for various disease targets. However, there is an urgent need for the medicinal chemists to further exploit the precursor in developing chemical entities with promising bioactivity and druggability. This review concisely summarizes the synthesis and biological activity for TMCA ester and amide analogues. It also comprehensively reveals the relationship of significant biological activities along with SAR studies. 3,4,5-Trimethoxycinnamic acid (TMCA) derivatives show applications in different pathophysiological conditions due to its privileged structural scaffolds. Natural derived TMCA analogues and chemically modified TMCA ester and amide analogues and their bioactivities are focused in this review. Additionally, it also comprehensively summarized the relationship of significant biological activities along with SAR studies of synthetic TMCA derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zefeng Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Northwest University, 229 Taibai Road, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Huanhuan Song
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Northwest University, 229 Taibai Road, Xi'an, 710069, China; Biomedicine Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710069, China
| | - Jing Xie
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Northwest University, 229 Taibai Road, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Tian Liu
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Northwest University, 229 Taibai Road, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Xue Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Northwest University, 229 Taibai Road, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Xufei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Northwest University, 229 Taibai Road, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Xirui He
- Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710054, China
| | - Shaoping Wu
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Northwest University, 229 Taibai Road, Xi'an, 710069, China; Biomedicine Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710069, China.
| | - Yongmin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Northwest University, 229 Taibai Road, Xi'an, 710069, China; Biomedicine Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710069, China; Sorbonne Université, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire, CNRS UMR 8232, 4 place Jussieu, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Xiaohui Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Northwest University, 229 Taibai Road, Xi'an, 710069, China.
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