Design, synthesis and docking study of 5-(substituted benzylidene)thiazolidine-2,4-dione derivatives as inhibitors of protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B

A Combination of Library Screening and Rational Mutagenesis Expands the Available Color Palette of the Smallest Fluorogen-Activating Protein Tag nanoFAST

NanoFAST is the smallest fluorogen-activating protein, consisting of only 98 amino acids, used as a genetically encoded fluorescent tag. Previously, only a single fluorogen with an orange color was revealed for this protein. In the present paper, using rational mutagenesis and in vitro screening of fluorogens libraries, we expanded the color palette of this tag. We discovered that E46Q is one of the key substitutions enabling the range of possible fluorogens to be expanded. The introduction of this and several other substitutions has made it possible to use not only orange but also red and green fluorogens with the modified protein.

Computer-Aided Strategy on 5-(Substituted benzylidene) Thiazolidine-2,4-Diones to Develop New and Potent PTP1B Inhibitors: QSAR Modeling, Molecular Docking, Molecular Dynamics, PASS Predictions, and DFT Investigations

A set of 5-(substituted benzylidene) thiazolidine-2,4-dione derivatives was explored to study the main structural requirement for the design of protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) inhibitors. Utilizing multiple linear regression (MLR) analysis, we constructed a robust quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) model to predict inhibitory activity, resulting in a noteworthy correlation coefficient (R2) of 0.942. Rigorous cross-validation using the leave-one-out (LOO) technique and statistical parameter calculations affirmed the model's reliability, with the QSAR analysis revealing 10 distinct structural patterns influencing PTP1B inhibitory activity. Compound 7e(ref) emerged as the optimal scaffold for drug design. Seven new PTP1B inhibitors were designed based on the QSAR model, followed by molecular docking studies to predict interactions and identify structural features. Pharmacokinetics properties were assessed through drug-likeness and ADMET studies. After that density functional theory (DFT) was conducted to assess the stability and reactivity of potential diabetes mellitus drug candidates. The subsequent dynamic simulation phase provided additional insights into stability and interactions dynamics of the top-ranked compound 11c. This comprehensive approach enhances our understanding of potential drug candidates for treating diabetes mellitus.

New chromone derivatives bearing thiazolidine-2,4-dione moiety as potent PTP1B inhibitors: Synthesis and biological activity evaluation

A series of chromone derivatives bearing thiazolidine-2,4-dione moiety (5 ∼ 37) were synthesized and evaluated for their PTP1B inhibitory activity, interaction analysis and effects on insulin pathway in palmitic acid (PA)-induced HepG2 cells. The results showed that all derivatives presented potential PTP1B inhibitory activity with IC50 values of 1.40 ± 0.04 ∼ 16.83 ± 0.54 μM comparing to that of positive control lithocholic acid (IC50: 9.62 ± 0.14 μM). Among them, compound 9 had the strongest PTP1B inhibitory activity with the IC50 value of 1.40 ± 0.04 μM. Inhibition kinetic study revealed that compound 9 was a reversible mixed-type inhibitor against PTP1B. CD spectra results confirmed that compound 9 changed the secondary structure of PTP1B by their interaction. Molecular docking explained the detailed binding between compound 9 and PTP1B. Compound 9 also showed 19-fold of selectivity for PTP1B over TCPTP. Moreover compound 9 could recovery PA-induced insulin resistance by increasing the phosphorylation of IRSI and AKT. CETSA results showed that compound 9 significantly increased the thermal stability of PTP1B.

Thiazolidin-2,4-Dione Scaffold: An Insight into Recent Advances as Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, and Hypoglycemic Agents

Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen and sulfur, especially those in the thiazole family, have generated special interest in terms of their synthetic chemistry, which is attributable to their ubiquitous existence in pharmacologically dynamic natural products and also as overwhelmingly powerful agrochemicals and pharmaceuticals. The thiazolidin-2,4-dione (TZD) moiety plays a central role in the biological functioning of several essential molecules. The availability of substitutions at the third and fifth positions of the Thiazolidin-2,4-dione (TZD) scaffold makes it a highly utilized and versatile moiety that exhibits a wide range of biological activities. TZD analogues exhibit their hypoglycemic activity by improving insulin resistance through PPAR-γ receptor activation, their antimicrobial action by inhibiting cytoplasmic Mur ligases, and their antioxidant action by scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS). In this manuscript, an effort has been made to review the research on TZD derivatives as potential antimicrobial, antioxidant, and antihyperglycemic agents from the period from 2010 to the present date, along with their molecular mechanisms and the information on patents granted to TZD analogues.

Mechanistic insight into the interactions between thiazolidinedione derivatives and PTP-1B combining 3D QSAR and molecular docking in the treatment of type 2 diabetes

Protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTP) regulate various cellular processes and represent important targets for therapeutic intervention in various diseases. Studies have shown that partial or total cessation of the PTP-1B gene in normal and diabetic mice has led to resistance to weight gain and improved insulin response. Also, a further study showed that inhibition of PTP-1B or a reduction in its cellular abundance in mice resulted in similar effects and, as such, provided a rationale for the treatment strategy for type 2 diabetes. Thiazolidinedione (TZD) derivatives have been identified as new PTP-1B inhibitors but the mechanism of interaction between TZD derivatives and PTP-1B is still elusive. In this study, a three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship (3D-QSAR) analysis was performed, including multiple linear regression (MLR) and cross-validation, on a set of TZD derivatives as antidiabetic agents. MLR analysis was performed on 23 PTP-1B TZD derivatives to determine the relationships between physicochemical properties and antidiabetic properties of TZD derivatives. The training data set creates a QSAR model with a correlation coefficient (R 2) of 0.8516, a Q 2 (Leave-One-Out) cross-validation factor of 0.6473, r 2 (correlation coefficient) for the external dataset is 0.8367 while r 2 of predicted dataset is 0.8934 by the MLR Method. The MLR model was also validated by the standardization approach. We observed a high correlation between predicted and observed activity (experimental values), thus confirming and proving the high quality of QSAR models. Finally, molecular docking analysis was performed to better understand the interactions between the PTP-1B target and TZD derivatives. The model proposed in this project can be used to design new TZD derivatives with specific PTP-1B inhibitory activity.

A Library of Thiazolidin-4-one Derivatives as Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) Inhibitors: An Attempt To Discover Novel Antidiabetic Agents

Protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) is an important target for the treatment of diabetes. A series of thiazolidin-4-one derivatives 8-22 was designed, synthesized and investigated as PTP1B inhibitors. The new molecules inhibited PTP1B with IC₅₀ values in the micromolar range. 5-(Furan-2-ylmethylene)-2-(4-nitrophenylimino)thiazolidin-4-one (17) exhibited potency with a competitive type of enzyme inhibition. structure-activity relationship studies revealed various structural facets important for the potency of these analogues. The findings revealed a requirement for a nitro group-including hydrophobic heteroaryl ring for PTP1B inhibition. Molecular docking studies afforded good correlation with experimental results. H-bonding and π-π interactions were responsible for optimal binding and effective stabilization of virtual protein-ligand complexes. Furthermore, in-silico pharmacokinetic properties of test compounds predicted their drug-like characteristics for potential oral use as antidiabetic agents.Additionally, a binding site model demonstrating crucial pharmacophoric characteristics influencing potency and binding affinity of inhibitors has been proposed, which can be employed in the design of future potential PTP1B inhibitors.

Synthesis and Hypoglycemic and Anti-inflammatory Activity Screening of Novel Substituted 5-[Morpholino(Phenyl)Methyl]-Thiazolidine-2,4-Diones and Their Molecular Docking Studies

Objectives

The aim was the synthesis of novel substituted 5-[morpholino(phenyl)methyl]-thiazolidine-2,4-diones and screening for their in vivo hypoglycemic activity and in vitro anti-inflammatory activity, as well as molecular docking studies to find out active potential lead molecules.

Materials and Methods

Substituted aromatic aldehydes, thiazolidine-2,4-dione, and morpholine on Mannich reaction gave the title compounds. They were characterized by physical and spectral methods. In vivo hypoglycemic activity was examined in alloxan induced Wistar albino rats by tail tipping method. In vitro anti-inflammatory activity was tested by human red blood cell (HRBC) membrane stabilization and protein denaturation. Using AutoDock, molecular docking studies were carried out to find out the best fit ligands.

Results

Series of substituted 5-[morpholino(phenyl)methyl]-thiazolidine-2,4-diones were synthesized and chemically they were confirmed by spectral techniques. Acute toxic studies of in vivo hypoglycemic activity results revealed that compounds 4c, 4h, and 4n exhibited good activity at 35 mg/kg body weight. Chronic toxic study results indicated that compounds 4h and 4n exhibited good activity at 70 mg/kg body weight. Anti-inflammatory activity results indicated the highest inhibition was shown by compounds 4k and 4f at 500 μg/mL in HRBC membrane stabilization. In protein denaturation, the highest inhibition was shown by compound 4k at 500 μg/mL. In molecular docking studies, compounds 4h and 4n exhibited higher binding affinity at PPARγ receptor protein and compound 4k exhibited higher binding affinity at COX-1 and COX-2 actives sites.

Conclusion

Microwave irradiation produced high yield in short reaction times. The presence of electron releasing groups at the para position of the phenyl ring may give the ability to produce hypoglycemic activity and the presence of electron withdrawing groups at the para position of the phenyl ring causes anti-inflammatory activity. The results showed that some compounds exhibited good hypoglycemic and anti-inflammatory activities. Compounds 4h and 4n exhibited higher binding affinity at PPARγ receptor protein and compound 4k exhibited higher binding affinity at COX isoenzymes' active sites in molecular docking studies.

The antidiabetic drug lobeglitazone has the potential to inhibit PTP1B activity

Protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) is considered a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), since this enzyme plays a significant role to down-regulate insulin and leptin signalling and its over expression has been implicated in the development of insulin resistance, T2DM and obesity. Some thiazolidinediones (TZD) derivatives have been reported as promising PTP1B inhibitors with anti hyperglycemic effects. Recently, lobeglitazone, a new TZD, was described as an antidiabetic drug that targets the PPAR-γ (peroxisome γ proliferator-activated receptor) pathway, but no information on its effects on PTP1B have been reported to date. We investigated the effects of lobeglitazone on PTP1B activity in vitro. Surprisingly, lobeglitazone led to moderate inhibition on PTP1B (IC₅₀ 42.8 ± 3.8 µM) activity and to a non-competitive reversible mechanism of action. As lobeglitazone inhibits PTP1B activity in vitro, we speculate that it could also target PTP1B signalling pathway in vivo and thus contribute to potentiate its antidiabetic effects.

Anti-diabetic drugs recent approaches and advancements

Diabetes is one of the major diseases worldwide and is the third leading cause of death in the United States. Anti-diabetic drugs are used in the treatment of diabetes mellitus to control glucose levels in the blood. Most of the drugs are administered orally, except for a few of them, such as insulin, exenatide, and pramlintide. In this review, we are going to discuss seven major types of anti-diabetic drugs: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) agonist, protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) inhibitors, aldose reductase inhibitors, α-glucosidase inhibitors, dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-4) inhibitors, G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) agonists and sodium-glucose co-transporter (SGLT) inhibitors. Here, we are also discussing some of the recently reported anti-diabetic agents with its multi-target pharmacological actions. This review summarises recent approaches and advancement in anti-diabetes treatment concerning characteristics, structure-activity relationships, functional mechanisms, expression regulation, and applications in medicine.

2,4-Thiazolidinediones as PTP 1B Inhibitors: A Mini Review (2012-2018)

2,4-thiazolidinedione (TZD) scaffold is a synthetic versatile scaffold explored by medicinal chemists for the discovery of novel molecules for the target-specific approach to treat or manage number of deadly ailments. PTP 1B is the negative regulator of insulin signaling cascade, and its diminished activity results in abolishment of insulin resistance associated with T2DM. The present review focused on the seven years journey (2012-2018) of TZDs as PTP 1B inhibitors with the insight into the amendments in the structural framework of TZD scaffold in order to optimize/design potential PTP 1B inhibitors. We have investigated the synthesized molecules based on TZD scaffold with potential activity profile against PTP 1B. Based on the SAR studies, the combined essential pharmacophoric features of selective and potent TZDs have been mapped and presented herewith for further design and synthesis of novel inhibitors of PTP 1B. Compound 46 bearing TZD scaffold with N-methyl benzoic acid and 5-(3-methoxy-4-phenethoxy) benzylidene exhibited the most potent activity (IC50 1.1 µM). Imidazolidine-2,4-dione, isosteric analogue of TZD, substituted with 1-(2,4-dichlorobenzyl)-5-(3-(2,4- dichlorobenzyloxy)benzylidene) (Compound 15) also endowed with very good PTP inhibitory activity profile (IC50 0.57 µM). It is noteworthy that Z-configuration is essential in structural framework around the double bond of arylidene for the designing of bi-dentate ligands with optimum activity.

Design, synthesis, biological evaluation and molecular docking studies of novel 3-substituted-5-[(indol-3-yl)methylene]-thiazolidine-2,4-dione derivatives

Various thiazolidine-2,4-dione derivatives 3a-l possessing indole moiety were designed, synthesized using appropriate conventional heating as well as microwave irradiation methods. All the synthesized compounds were characterized physically and spectrally. The compounds were evaluated for in vitro antibacterial activity, in vitro antioxidant activity and in vivo hypoglycemic activity in relation to the standard drugs. Most of the new compounds exhibited moderate activity and some showed considerable activity. Molecular docking studies were carried out using AutoDock software and revealed that compound 3b has significant binding interaction with PPARγ receptor compared with the standard ligand Rosiglitazone.

Thiazolidinediones as antidiabetic agents: A critical review

Thiazolidinediones (TZDs) or Glitazones are an important class of insulin sensitizers used in the treatment of Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). TZDs were reported for their antidiabetic effect through antihyperglycemic, hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic agents. In time, these drugs were known to act by increasing the transactivation activity of Peroxisome Proliferators Activated Receptors (PPARs). The clinically used TZDs that suffered from several serious side effects and hence withdrawn/updated later, were full agonists of PPAR-γ and potent insulin sensitizers. These drugs were developed at a time when limited data were available on the structure and mechanism of PPARs. In recent years, however, PPAR-α/γ, PPAR-α/δ and PPAR-δ/γ dual agonists, PPAR pan agonists, selective PPAR-γ modulators and partial agonists have been investigated. In addition to these, several non PPAR protein alternatives of TZDs such as FFAR1 agonism, GPR40 agonism and ALR2, PTP1B and α-glucosidase inhibition have been investigated to address the problems associated with the TZDs. Using these rationalized approaches, several investigations have been carried out in recent years to develop newer TZDs devoid of side effects. This report critically reviews TZDs, their history, chemistry, mechanism mediated through PPAR, recent advances and future prospects.

Design, synthesis, in silico and in vitro evaluation of thiophene derivatives: A potent tyrosine phosphatase 1B inhibitor and anticancer activity

A series of novel methyl 4-(4-amidoaryl)-3-methoxythiophene-2-carboxylate derivatives were designed against the active site of protein tyrosine phosphatise 1B (PTP1B) enzyme using MOE.2008.10. These molecules are also subjected for in silico toxicity prediction studies and considering their corresponding drug scores, it implied that, the molecules are promising as anticancer agents. The designed compounds were synthesized by using suitable methods and characterized. They were subjected to inhibitory activity against PTP1B and in vitro anticancer activity by MTT assay. Most of the tested compounds showed potent inhibitory activity against PTP1B, among the compounds tested, compound 5b exhibited the highest activity (IC₅₀=5.25µM) and remarkable cytotoxic activity at 0.09µM of IC₅₀ against the MCF-7 cell line. In addition to this, compound 5c also showed potential anticancer activity at 2.22µM of IC₅₀ against MCF-7 and 0.72µM against HepG2 cell lines as well as PTP1B inhibitory activity at IC₅₀ of 6.37µM.

Recent advances in the development of protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B inhibitors for Type 2 diabetes

Diabetes mellitus is the most serious and prevalent metabolic disorders worldwide, complications of which can decrease significantly the quality of life and contribute to premature death. Resistance to insulin is a predominant pathophysiological factor of Type 2 diabetes (T2D). Protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) is an important negative factor of insulin signal and a potent therapeutic target in T2D patients. This review highlights recent advances (2012-2015) in research related to the role of PTP1B in signal transduction processes implicated in pathophysiology of T2D, and novel PTP1B inhibitors with an emphasis on their chemical structures and modes of action.

Discovery of novel cinnamylidene-thiazolidinedione derivatives as PTP-1B inhibitors for the management of type 2 diabetes

Synthesis, biological evaluation,in silicobinding affinity prediction and 3D-QSAR studies of cinnamylidene-thiazolidinedione derivatives was performed as inhibitors of PTP-1B.

Molecular docking assisted 3D-QSAR study of benzylidene-2,4-thiazolidinedione derivatives as PTP-1B inhibitors for the management of Type-2 diabetes mellitus

An integrated molecular docking assisted 3D-QSAR study was performed on benzylidene-2,4-thiazolidinediones to identify spatial fingerprints for designing PTP-1B inhibitors.