1
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Luzet V, Allemand F, Richet C, Dehecq B, Bonet A, Harakat D, Refouvelet B, Martin H, Cardey B, Pudlo M. Synthesis and evaluation of lipoic acid - donepezil hybrids for Alzheimer's disease using a straightforward strategy. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2024; 112:129938. [PMID: 39222891 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2024.129938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2024] [Revised: 08/13/2024] [Accepted: 08/27/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is associated with a progressive loss of neurons and synaptic connections in the cholinergic system. Oxidative stress contributes to neuronal damages and to the development of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. Therefore, antioxidants have been widely studied to mitigate the progression of Alzheimer's disease, and among these, lipoic acid has demonstrated a neuroprotective effect. Here, we present the synthesis, the molecular modelling, and the evaluation of lipoic acid-donepezil hybrids based on O-desmethyldonepezil. As compounds 5 and 6 display a high inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (IC50 = 7.6 nM and 9.1 nM, respectively), selective against butyrylcholinesterase, and a notable neuroprotective effect, slightly better than that of lipoic acid, the present study suggests that O-desmethyldonepezil could serve as a platform for the straightforward design of donepezil hybrids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Luzet
- Université de Franche-Comté, FEMTO-ST, F-25000 Besançon, France.
| | - Florentin Allemand
- Université de Franche-Comté, Chrono-environnement UMR6249, CNRS, F-25000 Besançon, France.
| | - Chloé Richet
- Université de Franche-Comté, Chrono-environnement UMR6249, CNRS, F-25000 Besançon, France.
| | - Barbara Dehecq
- Université de Franche-Comté, UMR RIGHT, EFS, INSERM, F-25000 Besançon, France.
| | - Alexandre Bonet
- Université de Franche-Comté, UMR RIGHT, EFS, INSERM, F-25000 Besançon, France.
| | - Dominique Harakat
- URCATech, ICMR, CNRS UMR 7312, URCA Bât 18, BP 1039, 51687 Reims Cedex 2, France.
| | - Bernard Refouvelet
- Université de Franche-Comté, UMR INSERM 1322 LINC, F-25030 Besançon Cedex, France.
| | - Hélène Martin
- Université de Franche-Comté, UMR RIGHT, EFS, INSERM, F-25000 Besançon, France.
| | - Bruno Cardey
- Université de Franche-Comté, Chrono-environnement UMR6249, CNRS, F-25000 Besançon, France.
| | - Marc Pudlo
- Université de Franche-Comté, UMR RIGHT, EFS, INSERM, F-25000 Besançon, France.
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2
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Mayo P, Pascual J, Crisman E, Domínguez C, López MG, León R. Innovative pathological network-based multitarget approaches for Alzheimer's disease treatment. Med Res Rev 2024. [PMID: 38678582 DOI: 10.1002/med.22045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most prevalent neurodegenerative disease and is a major health threat globally. Its prevalence is forecasted to exponentially increase during the next 30 years due to the global aging population. Currently, approved drugs are merely symptomatic, being ineffective in delaying or blocking the relentless disease advance. Intensive AD research describes this disease as a highly complex multifactorial disease. Disclosure of novel pathological pathways and their interconnections has had a major impact on medicinal chemistry drug development for AD over the last two decades. The complex network of pathological events involved in the onset of the disease has prompted the development of multitarget drugs. These chemical entities combine pharmacological activities toward two or more drug targets of interest. These multitarget-directed ligands are proposed to modify different nodes in the pathological network aiming to delay or even stop disease progression. Here, we review the multitarget drug development strategy for AD during the last decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paloma Mayo
- Departamento de desarrollo preclínico, Fundación Teófilo Hernando, Las Rozas, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Farmacología y Terapéutica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Química Médica, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IQM-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jorge Pascual
- Departamento de desarrollo preclínico, Fundación Teófilo Hernando, Las Rozas, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Química Médica, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IQM-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Enrique Crisman
- Instituto de Química Médica, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IQM-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Domínguez
- Instituto de Química Médica, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IQM-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuela G López
- Departamento de Farmacología y Terapéutica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rafael León
- Instituto de Química Médica, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IQM-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
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3
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Barbosa DB, do Bomfim MR, de Oliveira TA, da Silva AM, Taranto AG, Cruz JN, de Carvalho PB, Campos JM, Santos CBR, Leite FHA. Development of Potential Multi-Target Inhibitors for Human Cholinesterases and Beta-Secretase 1: A Computational Approach. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:1657. [PMID: 38139784 PMCID: PMC10748024 DOI: 10.3390/ph16121657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 11/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease causes chronic neurodegeneration and is the leading cause of dementia in the world. The causes of this disease are not fully understood but seem to involve two essential cerebral pathways: cholinergic and amyloid. The simultaneous inhibition of AChE, BuChE, and BACE-1, essential enzymes involved in those pathways, is a promising therapeutic approach to treat the symptoms and, hopefully, also halt the disease progression. This study sought to identify triple enzymatic inhibitors based on stereo-electronic requirements deduced from molecular modeling of AChE, BuChE, and BACE-1 active sites. A pharmacophore model was built, displaying four hydrophobic centers, three hydrogen bond acceptors, and one positively charged nitrogen, and used to prioritize molecules found in virtual libraries. Compounds showing adequate overlapping rates with the pharmacophore were subjected to molecular docking against the three enzymes and those with an adequate docking score (n = 12) were evaluated for physicochemical and toxicological parameters and commercial availability. The structure exhibiting the greatest inhibitory potential against all three enzymes was subjected to molecular dynamics simulations (100 ns) to assess the stability of the inhibitor-enzyme systems. The results of this in silico approach indicate ZINC1733 can be a potential multi-target inhibitor of AChE, BuChE, and BACE-1, and future enzymatic assays are planned to validate those results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deyse B. Barbosa
- Laboratório de Modelagem Molecular, Departamento de Saúde, Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Feira de Santana 44036-900, BA, Brazil; (D.B.B.); (M.R.d.B.); (F.H.A.L.)
| | - Mayra R. do Bomfim
- Laboratório de Modelagem Molecular, Departamento de Saúde, Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Feira de Santana 44036-900, BA, Brazil; (D.B.B.); (M.R.d.B.); (F.H.A.L.)
| | - Tiago A. de Oliveira
- Departamento de Informática, Gestão e Desenho, Centro Federal de Educação Tecnológica de Minas Gerais, Divinópolis 30575-180, MG, Brazil;
| | - Alisson M. da Silva
- Laboratório de Bioinformática e Desenho de Fármacos, Universidade Federal de São João del-Rei, São João del-Rei 36307-352, MG, Brazil; (A.M.d.S.); (A.G.T.)
| | - Alex G. Taranto
- Laboratório de Bioinformática e Desenho de Fármacos, Universidade Federal de São João del-Rei, São João del-Rei 36307-352, MG, Brazil; (A.M.d.S.); (A.G.T.)
| | - Jorddy N. Cruz
- Laboratório de Modelagem e Química Computacional, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas e de Saúde, Universidade Federal do Amapá, Macapá 68903-419, AP, Brazil;
| | - Paulo B. de Carvalho
- Feik School of Pharmacy, University of the Incarnate Word, San Antonio, TX 78209, USA;
| | - Joaquín M. Campos
- Departamento de Química Orgánica Farmacéutica, Facultad de Farmacia, Campus de la Cartuja, Universidad de Granada, 18012 Granada, Spain;
| | - Cleydson B. R. Santos
- Laboratório de Modelagem e Química Computacional, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas e de Saúde, Universidade Federal do Amapá, Macapá 68903-419, AP, Brazil;
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade e Biotecnologia—Rede BIONORTE, Universidade Federal do Amapá, Macapá 68903-419, AP, Brazil
| | - Franco H. A. Leite
- Laboratório de Modelagem Molecular, Departamento de Saúde, Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Feira de Santana 44036-900, BA, Brazil; (D.B.B.); (M.R.d.B.); (F.H.A.L.)
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4
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Ashok GC, Prakash Pradhan S, Kumar Karki K, Khadka A, Bhandari A, Prasad Pandey B. Antioxidant and Enzyme Inhibitory Potential of Streptomyces sp. G-18 Grown in Various Media. Int J Microbiol 2023; 2023:6439466. [PMID: 37583475 PMCID: PMC10425256 DOI: 10.1155/2023/6439466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptomyces are bacteria well known for producing bioactive secondary metabolites which are commonly found in diverse habitats. The biosynthesis of metabolites from Streptomyces is influenced by various factors such as the growth medium, environmental conditions, and gene regulation. This study aimed to investigate the influence of different growth media on biomass production and the antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory potential of a crude extract obtained from Streptomyces sp. G-18 isolated from high altitudinal soil of Nepal. The highest dry weight growth was observed in R2YE medium (184 mg/L), followed by R5 (144 mg/L), YEME (38 mg/L), and R5M media (30 mg/L). The crude extract showed notable antioxidant activities against free radicals. The highest alpha-amylase inhibition was observed in the R2YE medium, and worthy lipase and tyrosinase inhibition was observed in the YEME medium. However, only the R2YE medium exhibited inhibitory potential against elastase and acetylcholinesterase, while crude extracts from R5, YEME, and R5 modified did not show any such activity. Overall, our findings suggest that the production of bioactive secondary metabolites in Streptomyces sp. G-18 was significantly influenced by the growth medium. This strain may be a promising source of enzyme inhibitors with potential applications in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. C. Ashok
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Kathmandu University, Dhulikhel, Nepal
| | | | - Krishna Kumar Karki
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Kathmandu University, Dhulikhel, Nepal
| | - Aakriti Khadka
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Kathmandu University, Dhulikhel, Nepal
| | - Aishwarya Bhandari
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Kathmandu University, Dhulikhel, Nepal
| | - Bishnu Prasad Pandey
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Kathmandu University, Dhulikhel, Nepal
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5
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Furlan V, Bren U. Helichrysum italicum: From Extraction, Distillation, and Encapsulation Techniques to Beneficial Health Effects. Foods 2023; 12:foods12040802. [PMID: 36832877 PMCID: PMC9957194 DOI: 10.3390/foods12040802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Helichrysum italicum (family Asteraceae), due to its various beneficial health effects, represents an important plant in the traditional medicine of Mediterranean countries. Currently, there is a renewed interest in this medicinal plant, especially in investigations involving the isolation and identification of its bioactive compounds from extracts and essential oils, as well as in experimental validation of their pharmacological activities. In this paper, we review the current knowledge on the beneficial health effects of Helichrysum italicum extracts, essential oils, and their major bioactive polyphenolic compounds, ranging from antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and anticarcinogenic activities to their antiviral, antimicrobial, insecticidal, and antiparasitic effects. This review also provides an overview of the most promising extraction and distillation techniques for obtaining high-quality extracts and essential oils from Helichrysum italicum, as well as methods for determining their antioxidative, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and anticarcinogenic activities. Finally, new ideas for in silico studies of molecular mechanisms of bioactive polyphenols from Helichrysum italicum, together with novel suggestions for their improved bioavailability through diverse encapsulation techniques, are introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Furlan
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Maribor, Smetanova 17, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Urban Bren
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Maribor, Smetanova 17, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia
- Faculty of Mathematics, Natural Sciences and Information Technologies, University of Primorska, Glagoljaška 8, SI-6000 Koper, Slovenia
- Institute of Environmental Protection and Sensors, Beloruska Ulica 7, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia
- Correspondence:
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6
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Bulut Z, Abul N, Poslu AH, Gülcin İ, Ece A, Erçağ E, Koz Ö, Koz G. Structural Characterization and Biological Evaluation of Uracil-Appended Benzylic Amines as Acetylcholinesterase and Carbonic Anhydrase I and II Inhibitors. J Mol Struct 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2023.135047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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7
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Komatović K, Matošević A, Terzić-Jovanović N, Žunec S, Šegan S, Zlatović M, Maraković N, Bosak A, Opsenica DM. 4-Aminoquinoline-Based Adamantanes as Potential Anticholinesterase Agents in Symptomatic Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:1305. [PMID: 35745878 PMCID: PMC9229919 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14061305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Considering that acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition is the most important mode of action expected of a potential drug used for the treatment of symptoms of Alzheimer's disease (AD), our previous pilot study of 4-aminoquinolines as potential human cholinesterase inhibitors was extended to twenty-two new structurally distinct 4-aminoquinolines bearing an adamantane moiety. Inhibition studies revealed that all of the compounds were very potent inhibitors of AChE and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), with inhibition constants (Ki) ranging between 0.075 and 25 µM. The tested compounds exhibited a modest selectivity between the two cholinesterases; the most selective for BChE was compound 14, which displayed a 10 times higher preference, while compound 19 was a 5.8 times more potent inhibitor of AChE. Most of the compounds were estimated to be able to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) by passive transport. Evaluation of druglikeness singled out fourteen compounds with possible oral route of administration. The tested compounds displayed modest but generally higher antioxidant activity than the structurally similar AD drug tacrine. Compound 19 showed the highest reducing power, comparable to those of standard antioxidants. Considering their simple structure, high inhibition of AChE and BChE, and ability to cross the BBB, 4-aminoquinoline-based adamantanes show promise as structural scaffolds for further design of novel central nervous system drugs. Among them, two compounds stand out: compound 5 as the most potent inhibitor of both cholinesterases with a Ki constant in low nano molar range and the potential to cross the BBB, and compound 8, which met all our requirements, including high cholinesterase inhibition, good oral bioavailability, and antioxidative effect. The QSAR model revealed that AChE and BChE inhibition was mainly influenced by the ring and topological descriptors MCD, Nnum, RP, and RSIpw3, which defined the shape, conformational flexibility, and surface properties of the molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarina Komatović
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (K.K.); (M.Z.)
| | - Ana Matošević
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska cesta 2, HR-10 000 Zagreb, Croatia; (A.M.); (S.Ž.); (N.M.)
| | - Nataša Terzić-Jovanović
- Institute of Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Njegoševa 12, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (N.T.-J.); (S.Š.)
| | - Suzana Žunec
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska cesta 2, HR-10 000 Zagreb, Croatia; (A.M.); (S.Ž.); (N.M.)
| | - Sandra Šegan
- Institute of Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Njegoševa 12, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (N.T.-J.); (S.Š.)
| | - Mario Zlatović
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (K.K.); (M.Z.)
| | - Nikola Maraković
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska cesta 2, HR-10 000 Zagreb, Croatia; (A.M.); (S.Ž.); (N.M.)
| | - Anita Bosak
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska cesta 2, HR-10 000 Zagreb, Croatia; (A.M.); (S.Ž.); (N.M.)
| | - Dejan M. Opsenica
- Institute of Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Njegoševa 12, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (N.T.-J.); (S.Š.)
- Centre of Excellence in Environmental Chemistry and Engineering, ICTM, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
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8
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Huang X, An Z, Yu Y, Feng X, Wang Y. Synthesis and Evaluation of Novel Ferulic Amide Derivatives and the Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202200650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xian‐Feng Huang
- School of Pharmacy & School of Medicine Changzhou University Changzhou Jiangsu, 213164 PR China
| | - Zhe An
- School of Pharmacy & School of Medicine Changzhou University Changzhou Jiangsu, 213164 PR China
| | - Ying‐Cong Yu
- School of Pharmacy & School of Medicine Changzhou University Changzhou Jiangsu, 213164 PR China
| | - Xiao‐Qing Feng
- School of Pharmacy & School of Medicine Changzhou University Changzhou Jiangsu, 213164 PR China
- School of Pharmacy & School of Medicine Changzhou University Changzhou Jiangsu, 213164 PR China
| | - Ya‐Jing Wang
- School of Pharmacy & School of Medicine Changzhou University Changzhou Jiangsu, 213164 PR China
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9
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Moreira NCDS, Lima JEBDF, Marchiori MF, Carvalho I, Sakamoto-Hojo ET. Neuroprotective Effects of Cholinesterase Inhibitors: Current Scenario in Therapies for Alzheimer's Disease and Future Perspectives. J Alzheimers Dis Rep 2022; 6:177-193. [PMID: 35591949 PMCID: PMC9108627 DOI: 10.3233/adr-210061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a slowly progressive neurodegenerative disease conceptualized as a continuous process, ranging from mild cognitive impairment (MCI), to the mild, moderate, and severe clinical stages of AD dementia. AD is considered a complex multifactorial disease. Currently, the use of cholinesterase inhibitors (ChEI), such as tacrine, donepezil, rivastigmine, and galantamine, has been the main treatment for AD patients. Interestingly, there is evidence that ChEI also promotes neuroprotective effects, bringing some benefits to AD patients. The mechanisms by which the ChEI act have been investigated in AD. ChEI can modulate the PI3K/AKT pathway, which is an important signaling cascade that is capable of causing a significant functional impact on neurons by activating cell survival pathways to promote neuroprotective effects. However, there is still a huge challenge in the field of neuroprotection, but in the context of unravelling the details of the PI3K/AKT pathway, a new scenario has emerged for the development of more efficient drugs that act on multiple protein targets. Thus, the mechanisms by which ChEI can promote neuroprotective effects and prospects for the development of new drug candidates for the treatment of AD are discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marcelo Fiori Marchiori
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Ivone Carvalho
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Elza Tiemi Sakamoto-Hojo
- Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences and Letters at Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
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10
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Przybyłowska M, Dzierzbicka K, Kowalski S, Demkowicz S, Daśko M, Inkielewicz-Stepniak I. Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of novel N-phosphorylated and O-phosphorylated tacrine derivatives as potential drugs against Alzheimer's disease. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2022; 37:1012-1022. [PMID: 35361039 PMCID: PMC8979514 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2022.2045591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, we designed, synthesised and biologically investigated a novel series of 14 N- and O-phosphorylated tacrine derivatives as potential anti-Alzheimer’s disease agents. In the reaction of 9-chlorotacrine and corresponding diamines/aminoalkylalcohol we obtained diamino and aminoalkylhydroxy tacrine derivatives. Next, the compounds were acid to give final products 6–13 and 16–21 that were characterised by 1H, 13 C, 31 P NMR and MS. The results of the docking studies revealed that the designed phosphorus hybrids, in theory can bind to AChE and BChE. All compounds exhibited significantly lower AutoDock Vina scores compared to tacrine. The inhibitory potency evaluation was performed using the Ellman’s method. The most inhibitory activity against AChE exhibited compound 8 with an IC50 value of 6.11 nM and against BChE 13 with an IC50 value of 1.97 nM and they were 6- and 12-fold potent than tacrine. Compound 19 showed the lack of hepatocytotoxicity in MTT assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Przybyłowska
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Krystyna Dzierzbicka
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Szymon Kowalski
- Department of Pharmaceutical Pathophysiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Sebastian Demkowicz
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Mateusz Daśko
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Iwona Inkielewicz-Stepniak
- Department of Pharmaceutical Pathophysiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
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11
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Biyiklioglu Z, Baş H, Sahin H. Non‐aggregated and water soluble axially disubstituted silicon phthalocyanines: Synthesis and inhibitory effect on acetylcholinesterase enzyme. Appl Organomet Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.6668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zekeriya Biyiklioglu
- Karadeniz Technical University, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry Trabzon Turkey
| | - Huseyin Baş
- Karadeniz Technical University, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry Trabzon Turkey
| | - Huseyin Sahin
- Giresun University, Espiye Vocational School Giresun Turkey
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12
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Tamilthendral V, Ramesh R, Malecki JG. New ruthenium( ii) catalysts enable the synthesis of 2-amino-4 H-chromenes using primary alcohols via acceptorless dehydrogenative coupling. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2nj03268f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Direct access to a diverse range of 2-amino-4H-chromenes was established in excellent yields through a one-pot multicomponent ADC reaction of benzyl alcohols catalysed by p-cymene Ru(ii) complexes under additive/promotor-free conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veerappan Tamilthendral
- Centre for Organometallic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli-620 024, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Rengan Ramesh
- Centre for Organometallic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli-620 024, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Jan Grzegorz Malecki
- Department of Crystallography, Institute of Chemistry, University of Silesia, 40-006 Katowice, Poland
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13
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Verma A, Kumar Waiker D, Bhardwaj B, Saraf P, Shrivastava SK. The molecular mechanism, targets, and novel molecules in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Bioorg Chem 2021; 119:105562. [PMID: 34952243 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.105562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurological illness that causes dementia mainly in the elderly. The challenging obstacles related to AD has freaked global healthcare system to encourage scientists in developing novel therapeutic startegies to overcome with the fatal disease. The current treatment therapy of AD provides only symptomatic relief and to some extent disease-modifying effects. The current approach for AD treatment involves designing of cholinergic inhibitors, Aβ disaggregation inducing agents, tau inhibitors and several antioxidants. Hence, extensive research on AD therapy urgently requires a deep understanding of its pathophysiology and exploration of various chemical scaffolds to design and develop a potential drug candidate for the treatment. Various issues linked between disease and therapy need to be considered such as BBB penetration capability, clinical failure and multifaceted pathophisiology requires a proper attention to develop a lead candidate. This review article covers all probable mechanisms including one of the recent areas for investigation i.e., lipid dyshomeostasis, pathogenic involvement of P. gingivalis and neurovascular dysfunction, recently reported molecules and drugs under clinical investigations and approved by FDA for AD treatment. Our summarized information on AD will attract the researchers to understand and explore current status and structural modifications of the recently reported heterocyclic derivatives in drug development for AD therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akash Verma
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, India
| | - Digambar Kumar Waiker
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, India
| | - Bhagwati Bhardwaj
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, India
| | - Poorvi Saraf
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, India
| | - Sushant K Shrivastava
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, India.
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14
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New silver Nheterocyclic carbenes complexes: Synthesis, molecular docking study and biological activities evaluation as cholinesterase inhibitors and antimicrobials. J Mol Struct 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.130399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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15
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Phadke AV, Tayade AA, Khambete MP. Therapeutic potential of ferulic acid and its derivatives in Alzheimer's disease-A systematic review. Chem Biol Drug Des 2021; 98:713-721. [PMID: 34240555 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.13922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder primarily caused by accumulation of amyloid-beta (Aβ) peptide extracellularly and neurofibrillary tangles intracellularly. Recently, it has been shown that oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysregulation play an important role in pathology of AD. Therefore, modulating various targets such as Aβ aggregation, neuro-inflammation, and oxidative stress, genetic factors such as Apolipoprotein E gene (ApoE) are some of the ways to manage AD. Studying the natural products which can act as multifunctional agents could be key toward discovering new therapeutics. Ferulic acid (FA) represents one such natural product, which has exhibited great potential in this regard. Found in the plant cell walls, FA is an antioxidant, free radical scavenger with anti-inflammatory activity. Taking this into consideration, over the years, various derivatives have been reported as anti-AD molecules based on structure of FA. The present review explores the role of FA and its derivatives as therapeutic agents in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apoorva V Phadke
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai, India
| | - Apurva A Tayade
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai, India
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16
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Wang K, Na L, Duan M. The Pathogenesis Mechanism, Structure Properties, Potential Drugs and Therapeutic Nanoparticles against the Small Oligomers of Amyloid-β. Curr Top Med Chem 2021; 21:151-167. [PMID: 32938351 DOI: 10.2174/1568026620666200916123000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 08/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is a devastating neurodegenerative disease that affects millions of people in the world. The abnormal aggregation of amyloid β protein (Aβ) is regarded as the key event in AD onset. Meanwhile, the Aβ oligomers are believed to be the most toxic species of Aβ. Recent studies show that the Aβ dimers, which are the smallest form of Aβ oligomers, also have the neurotoxicity in the absence of other oligomers in physiological conditions. In this review, we focus on the pathogenesis, structure and potential therapeutic molecules against small Aβ oligomers, as well as the nanoparticles (NPs) in the treatment of AD. In this review, we firstly focus on the pathogenic mechanism of Aβ oligomers, especially the Aβ dimers. The toxicity of Aβ dimer or oligomers, which attributes to the interactions with various receptors and the disruption of membrane or intracellular environments, were introduced. Then the structure properties of Aβ dimers and oligomers are summarized. Although some structural information such as the secondary structure content is characterized by experimental technologies, detailed structures are still absent. Following that, the small molecules targeting Aβ dimers or oligomers are collected; nevertheless, all of these ligands have failed to come into the market due to the rising controversy of the Aβ-related "amyloid cascade hypothesis". At last, the recent progress about the nanoparticles as the potential drugs or the drug delivery for the Aβ oligomers are present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Wang
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Liu Na
- School of Biological and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
| | - Mojie Duan
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
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17
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Singh YP, Rai H, Singh G, Singh GK, Mishra S, Kumar S, Srikrishna S, Modi G. A review on ferulic acid and analogs based scaffolds for the management of Alzheimer's disease. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 215:113278. [PMID: 33662757 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an age-related multifactorial neurodegenerative disorder characterized by severe central cholinergic neuronal loss, gradually contributing to cognitive dysfunction and impaired motor activity, resulting in the brain's cell death at the later stages of AD. Although the etiology of AD is not well understood, however, several factors such as oxidative stress, deposition of amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides to form Aβ plaques, intraneuronal accumulation of hyperphosphorylated tau protein, and low level of acetylcholine are thought to play a major role in the pathogenesis of AD. There is practically no drug for AD treatment that can address the basic factors responsible for the neurodegeneration and slow down the disease progression. The currently available therapies for AD in the market focus on providing only symptomatic relief without addressing the aforesaid basic factors responsible for the neurodegeneration. Ferulic acid (FA) is a phenol derivative from natural sources and serves as a potential pharmacophore that exerts multiple pharmacological properties such as antioxidant, neuroprotection, Aβ aggregation modulation, and anti-inflammatory. Several FA based hybrid analogs are under investigation as a multi-target directed ligand (MTDLs) to develop novel hybrid compounds for the treatment of AD. In the present review article, we are focused on the critical pathogenic factors responsible for the onset of AD followed by the developments of FA pharmacophore-based hybrids compounds as a novel multifunctional therapeutic agent to address the limitations associated with available treatment for AD. The rationale behind the development of these compounds and their pharmacological activities in particular to their ChE inhibition (ChEI), neuroprotection, antioxidant property, Aβ aggregation modulation, and metal chelation ability, are discussed in detail. We have also discussed the discovery of caffeic and cinnamic acids based MTDLs for AD. This review paper provides an in-depth insight into the research progress and current status of these novel therapeutics in AD and prospects for developing a druggable molecule with desired pharmacological affinity and reduced toxicity for the management of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yash Pal Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Himanshu Rai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Gourav Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Gireesh Kumar Singh
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Science, Central University of South Bihar Gaya, 824236, India
| | - Sunil Mishra
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Saroj Kumar
- Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - S Srikrishna
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Gyan Modi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, 221005, India.
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18
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The Cholinesterase Inhibitory Properties of Stephaniae Tetrandrae Radix. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25245914. [PMID: 33327436 PMCID: PMC7764916 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25245914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Stephaniae tetrandrae radix (STR) is a commonly used traditional Chinese medicine in alleviating edema by inducing diuresis. In the clinic, STR extracts or its components are widely used in the treatment of edema, dysuria, and rheumatism for the regulation of water metabolism. Furthermore, STR has been used in treating emotional problems for years by combining with other Chinese herbs. However, the material basis and mechanism of STR on the nervous system have not been revealed. Here, the main components of STR extracts with different extracting solvents were identified, including three major alkaloids, i.e., cyclanoline, fangchinoline, and tetrandrine. The cholinesterase inhibitory activity of STR extracts and its alkaloids was determined using the Ellman assay. Both cyclanoline and fangchinoline showed acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitory activity, demonstrating noncompetitive enzyme inhibition. In contrast, tetrandrine did not show enzymatic inhibition. The synergism of STR alkaloids with huperzine A or donepezil was calculated by the median-effect principle. The drug combination of fangchinoline–huperzine A or donepezil synergistically inhibited AChE, having a combination index (CI) < 1 at Fa = 0.5. Furthermore, the molecular docking results showed that fangchinoline bound with AChE residues in the peripheral anionic site, and cyclanoline bound with AChE residues in the peripheral anionic site, anionic site, and catalytic site. In parallel, cyclanoline bound with butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) residues in the anionic site, catalytic site, and aromatic site. The results support that fangchinoline and cyclanoline, alkaloids derived from STR, could account for the anti-AChE function of STR. Thus, STR extract or its alkaloids may potentially be developed as a therapeutic strategy for Alzheimer’s patients.
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Haghighijoo Z, Akrami S, Saeedi M, Zonouzi A, Iraji A, Larijani B, Fakherzadeh H, Sharifi F, Arzaghi SM, Mahdavi M, Edraki N. N-Cyclohexylimidazo[1,2-a]pyridine derivatives as multi-target-directed ligands for treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Bioorg Chem 2020; 103:104146. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.104146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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20
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Phenethyl Esters and Amide of Ferulic Acid, Hydroferulic Acid, Homovanillic Acid, and Vanillic Acid: Synthesis, Free Radicals Scavenging Activity, and Molecular Modeling as Potential Cholinesterases Inhibitors. MOLBANK 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/m1151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
As ferulic acid was reported to be involved in novel potential mechanisms associated with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) therapy, five closely related phenethyl esters and amide of this natural product were synthesized and screened for their free radicals scavenging activity. Ferulic acid and its analogue′s absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) properties were predicted. All compounds obey Lipinski′s rules. Moreover, all evaluated compounds seem to present a high oral bioavailability and blood–brain barrier (BBB) permeation which is crucial for Alzheimer′s disease drug candidates. Molecular docking of analogues 4 and 8 with acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) showed interactions with the residues of the catalytic triad of AChE and BChE. In addition to their interactions with the anionic subsite, hydroferulic acid phenethyl ester 4 and homovanillic acid phenethyl ester 8 may have potential as inhibitors of AChE and BChE, respectively.
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21
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Iraji A, Khoshneviszadeh M, Firuzi O, Khoshneviszadeh M, Edraki N. Novel small molecule therapeutic agents for Alzheimer disease: Focusing on BACE1 and multi-target directed ligands. Bioorg Chem 2020; 97:103649. [PMID: 32101780 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.103649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2019] [Revised: 01/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that effects 50 million people worldwide. In this review, AD pathology and the development of novel therapeutic agents targeting AD were fully discussed. In particular, common approaches to prevent Aβ production and/or accumulation in the brain including α-secretase activators, specific γ-secretase modulators and small molecules BACE1 inhibitors were reviewed. Additionally, natural-origin bioactive compounds that provide AD therapeutic advances have been introduced. Considering AD is a multifactorial disease, the therapeutic potential of diverse multi target-directed ligands (MTDLs) that combine the efficacy of cholinesterase (ChE) inhibitors, MAO (monoamine oxidase) inhibitors, BACE1 inhibitors, phosphodiesterase 4D (PDE4D) inhibitors, for the treatment of AD are also reviewed. This article also highlights descriptions on the regulator of serotonin receptor (5-HT), metal chelators, anti-aggregants, antioxidants and neuroprotective agents targeting AD. Finally, current computational methods for evaluating the structure-activity relationships (SAR) and virtual screening (VS) of AD drugs are discussed and evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aida Iraji
- Medicinal and Natural Products Chemistry Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mahsima Khoshneviszadeh
- Medicinal and Natural Products Chemistry Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Omidreza Firuzi
- Medicinal and Natural Products Chemistry Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mehdi Khoshneviszadeh
- Medicinal and Natural Products Chemistry Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Najmeh Edraki
- Medicinal and Natural Products Chemistry Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
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22
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Lan JS, Zeng RF, Jiang XY, Hou JW, Liu Y, Hu ZH, Li HX, Li Y, Xie SS, Ding Y, Zhang T. Design, synthesis and evaluation of novel ferulic acid derivatives as multi-target-directed ligands for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. Bioorg Chem 2020; 94:103413. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2019.103413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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23
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Cavdar H, Senturk M, Guney M, Durdagi S, Kayik G, Supuran CT, Ekinci D. Inhibition of acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase with uracil derivatives: kinetic and computational studies. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2019; 34:429-437. [PMID: 30734597 PMCID: PMC6327988 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2018.1543288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Revised: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and Butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) inhibitors are interesting compounds for different therapeutic applications, among which Alzheimer's disease. Here, we investigated the inhibition of these cholinesterases with uracil derivatives. The mechanism of inhibition of these enzymes was observed to be due to obstruction of the active site entrance by the inhibitors scaffold. Molecular docking and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations demonstrated the possible key interactions between the studied ligands and amino acid residues at different regions of the active sites of AChE and BuChE. Being diverse of the classical AChE and BuChE inhibitors, the investigated uracil derivatives may be used as lead molecules for designing new therapeutically effective enzyme inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huseyin Cavdar
- Department of Mathematics and Science Education, Education Faculty, Dumlupınar University, Kutahya, Turkey
| | - Murat Senturk
- Department of Basic Sciences of Pharmacy, Pharmacy Faculty, Agri Ibrahim Cecen University, Agri, Turkey
| | - Murat Guney
- Department of Chemistry, Science and Art Faculty, Agri Ibrahim Cecen University, Agri, Turkey
| | - Serdar Durdagi
- Department of Biophysics, Computational Biology and Molecular Simulations Laboratory, Bahcesehir University, School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Gulru Kayik
- Department of Biophysics, Computational Biology and Molecular Simulations Laboratory, Bahcesehir University, School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Claudiu T. Supuran
- Department of Neurofarba, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino (Firenze), Italy
| | - Deniz Ekinci
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Agriculture Faculty, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey
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24
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Wang N, Qiu P, Cui W, Yan X, Zhang B, He S. Recent Advances in Multi-target Anti-Alzheimer Disease Compounds (2013 Up to the Present). Curr Med Chem 2019; 26:5684-5710. [DOI: 10.2174/0929867326666181203124102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 11/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
:
Since the last century, when scientists proposed the lock-and-key model, the discovery of
drugs has focused on the development of drugs acting on single target. However, single-target drug
therapies are not effective to complex diseases with multi-factorial pathogenesis. Moreover, the
combination of single-target drugs readily causes drug resistance and side effects. In recent years,
multi-target drugs have increasingly been represented among FDA-approved drugs. Alzheimer’s
Disease (AD) is a complex and multi-factorial disease for which the precise molecular mechanisms
are still not fully understood. In recent years, rational multi-target drug design methods, which combine
the pharmacophores of multiple drugs, have been increasingly applied in the development of
anti-AD drugs. In this review, we give a brief description of the pathogenesis of AD and provide
detailed discussions about the recent development of chemical structures of anti-AD agents (2013 up
to present) that have multiple targets, such as amyloid-β peptide, Tau protein, cholinesterases,
monoamine oxidase, β-site amyloid-precursor protein-cleaving enzyme 1, free radicals, metal ions
(Fe2+, Cu2+, Zn2+) and so on. In this paper, we also added some novel targets or possible pathogenesis
which have been reported in recent years for AD therapy. We hope that these findings may provide
new perspectives for the pharmacological treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Wang
- Li Dak Sum Yip Yio Chin Kenneth Li Marine Biopharmaceutical Research Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Panpan Qiu
- Li Dak Sum Yip Yio Chin Kenneth Li Marine Biopharmaceutical Research Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Wei Cui
- Li Dak Sum Yip Yio Chin Kenneth Li Marine Biopharmaceutical Research Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Xiaojun Yan
- Li Dak Sum Yip Yio Chin Kenneth Li Marine Biopharmaceutical Research Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Li Dak Sum Yip Yio Chin Kenneth Li Marine Biopharmaceutical Research Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Shan He
- Li Dak Sum Yip Yio Chin Kenneth Li Marine Biopharmaceutical Research Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
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25
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Design, synthesis and molecular modeling of isothiochromanone derivatives as acetylcholinesterase inhibitors. Future Med Chem 2019; 11:2687-2699. [PMID: 31596141 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2019-0125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: A series of novel isothio- and isoselenochromanone derivatives bearing N-benzyl pyridinium moiety were designed, synthesized and evaluated as acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors. Results: Most of the target compounds exhibited potent anti-AChE activities with IC50 values in nanomolar ranges. Among them, compound 15a exhibited the most potent anti-AChE activity (IC50 = 2.7 nM), moderate antioxidant activity and low neurotoxicity. Moreover, the kinetic and docking studies revealed that compound 15a was a mixed-type inhibitor, which bounds to peripheral anionic site and catalytic active site of AChE. Conclusion: Those results suggested that compound 15a might be a potential candidate for AD treatment.
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Przybyłowska M, Kowalski S, Dzierzbicka K, Inkielewicz-Stepniak I. Therapeutic Potential of Multifunctional Tacrine Analogues. Curr Neuropharmacol 2019; 17:472-490. [PMID: 29651948 PMCID: PMC6520589 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x16666180412091908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2018] [Revised: 03/25/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract: Tacrine is a potent inhibitor of cholinesterases (acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase) that shows limiting clinical application by liver toxicity. In spite of this, analogues of tacrine are considered as a model inhibitor of cholinesterases in the therapy of Alzheimer’s disease. The interest in these compounds is mainly related to a high variety of their structure and biological properties. In the present review, we have described the role of cholinergic transmission and treatment strategies in Alzheimer’s disease as well as the synthesis and biological activity of several recently developed classes of multifunctional tacrine analogues and hybrids, which consist of a new paradigm to treat Alzheimer’s disease. We have also reported potential of these analogues in the treatment of Alzheimer’s diseases in various experimental systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Przybyłowska
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, 11/12 G. Narutowicza Street, 80-233, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Szymon Kowalski
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, Debinki 1 Street, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Krystyna Dzierzbicka
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, 11/12 G. Narutowicza Street, 80-233, Gdansk, Poland
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Girek M, Szymański P. Phyto‐Tacrine Hybrids as Promising Drugs to Treat Alzheimer's Disease. ChemistrySelect 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201803672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Girek
- Department of Pharmaceutical ChemistryDrug Analyses and RadiopharmacyMedical University of Lodz 90-151 Lodz, ul. Muszynskiego 1 Poland
| | - Paweł Szymański
- Department of Pharmaceutical ChemistryDrug Analyses and RadiopharmacyMedical University of Lodz 90-151 Lodz, ul. Muszynskiego 1 Poland
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Sestito S, Wang S, Chen Q, Lu J, Bertini S, Pomelli C, Chiellini G, He X, Pi R, Rapposelli S. Multi-targeted ChEI-copper chelating molecules as neuroprotective agents. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 174:216-225. [PMID: 31042617 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.04.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The identification of a valid therapeutic treatment for Alzheimer's disease (AD) represents nowadays an urgent and still unmet medical need, since currently available anti-AD drugs only relieve symptoms and show a modest efficacy. Recent evidence indicates that multi-target-directed ligands (MTDLs) can potentially provide an effective strategy to develop innovative therapies directed towards the onset and progression of this multifactorial neurodegenerative disorder. In this work we designed, synthesized and evaluated a new series of MTDLs bearing the rivastigmine skeleton (ChE-inhibitor) linked to known metal-chelating moieties with linkers of different length. For all the novel derivatives, AChE/BuChE inhibitory activity, ROS scavenging activity and potential cytotoxicity have been assessed. For the best compound (4), copper chelating properties and neuroprotective effects were also evaluated. Our data demonstrated that hybrid derivative 4 is able to effectively inhibit AChE and BuChE and to chelate copper, showing a protective action on neurons. These results, although preliminary, indicate that compound 4 can be considered as a possible hit molecule for the development of new anti-AD MTDLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Sestito
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno, 6, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Shengnan Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Qiuhe Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Junfeng Lu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Simone Bertini
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno, 6, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Christian Pomelli
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno, 6, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Xixin He
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Rongbiao Pi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Simona Rapposelli
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno, 6, 56126, Pisa, Italy; Interdepartmental Research Center for Biology and Pathology of Aging, University of Pisa, 56126, Pisa, Italy.
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Jeyakumar M, Sathya S, Gandhi S, Tharra P, Suryanarayanan V, Singh SK, Baire B, Pandima Devi K. α-bisabolol β-D-fucopyranoside as a potential modulator of β-amyloid peptide induced neurotoxicity: An in vitro &in silico study. Bioorg Chem 2019; 88:102935. [PMID: 31030060 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2019.102935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a multifaceted neurodegenerative disorder affecting the elderly people. For the AD treatment, there is inefficiency in the existing medication, as these drugs reduce only the symptoms of the disease. Since multiple pathological proteins are involved in the development of AD, searching for a single molecule targeting multiple AD proteins will be a new strategy for the management of AD. In view of this, the present study was designed to synthesize and evaluate the multifunctional neuroprotective ability of the sesquiterpene glycoside α-bisabolol β-D-fucopyranoside (ABFP) against multiple targets like acetylcholinesterase, oxidative stress and β-amyloid peptide aggregation induced cytotoxicity. In silico computational docking and simulation studies of ABFP with acetylcholinesterase (AChE) showed that it can interact with Asp74 and Thr75 residues of the enzyme. The in vitro studies showed that the compound possess significant ability to inhibit the AChE enzyme apart from exhibiting antioxidant, anti-aggregation and disaggregation properties. In addition, molecular dynamics simulation studies proved that the interacting residue between Aβ peptide and ABFP was found to be involved in Leu34 and Ile31. Furthermore, the compound was able to protect the Neuro2 a cells against Aβ25-35 peptide induced toxicity. Overall, the present study evidently proved ABFP as a neuroprotective agent, which might act as a multi-target compound for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahalingam Jeyakumar
- Department of Biotechnology, Alagappa University, Karaikudi 630003, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sethuraman Sathya
- Department of Biotechnology, Alagappa University, Karaikudi 630003, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Soniya Gandhi
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Prabhakarrao Tharra
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Venkatesan Suryanarayanan
- Computer Aided Drug Design and Molecular Modeling Lab, Department of Bioinformatics, Alagappa University, Karaikudi 630003, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sanjeev Kumar Singh
- Computer Aided Drug Design and Molecular Modeling Lab, Department of Bioinformatics, Alagappa University, Karaikudi 630003, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Beeraiah Baire
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Kasi Pandima Devi
- Department of Biotechnology, Alagappa University, Karaikudi 630003, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Mishra P, Kumar A, Panda G. Anti-cholinesterase hybrids as multi-target-directed ligands against Alzheimer’s disease (1998–2018). Bioorg Med Chem 2019; 27:895-930. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2019.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Sharma A, Pachauri V, Flora SJS. Advances in Multi-Functional Ligands and the Need for Metal-Related Pharmacology for the Management of Alzheimer Disease. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:1247. [PMID: 30498443 PMCID: PMC6249274 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.01247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the age linked neurodegenerative disorder with no disease modifying therapy currently available. The available therapy only offers short term symptomatic relief. Several hypotheses have been suggested for the pathogenesis of the disease while the molecules developed as possible therapeutic agent in the last decade, largely failed in the clinical trials. Several factors like tau protein hyperphosphorylation, amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide aggregation, decline in acetyl cholinesterase and oxidative stress might be contributing toward the pathogenesis of AD. Additionally, biometals dyshomeostasis (Iron, Copper, and Zinc) in the brain are also reported to be involved in the pathogenesis of AD. Thus, targeting these metal ions may be an effective strategy for the development of a drug to treat AD. Chelation therapy is currently employed for the metal intoxication but we lack a safe and effective chelating agents with additional biological properties for their possible use as multi target directed ligands for a complex disease like AD. Chelating agents possess the ability to disaggregate Aβ aggregation, dissolve amyloid plaques, and delay the cognitive impairment. Thus there is an urgent need to develop disease modifying therapeutic molecules with multiple beneficial features like targeting more than one factor responsible of the disease. These molecules, as disease modifying therapeutic agents for AD, should possess the potential to inhibit Aβ-metal interactions, the formation of toxic Aβ aggregates; and the capacity to reinstate metal homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abha Sharma
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Raebareli, India
| | - Vidhu Pachauri
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Raebareli, India
| | - S J S Flora
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Raebareli, India
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Savelieff MG, Nam G, Kang J, Lee HJ, Lee M, Lim MH. Development of Multifunctional Molecules as Potential Therapeutic Candidates for Alzheimer’s Disease, Parkinson’s Disease, and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis in the Last Decade. Chem Rev 2018; 119:1221-1322. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 270] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masha G. Savelieff
- SciGency Science Communications, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48104, United States
| | - Geewoo Nam
- Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Juhye Kang
- Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyuck Jin Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Misun Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi Hee Lim
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
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33
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Ulicna K, Bednarikova Z, Hsu WT, Holztragerova M, Wu JW, Hamulakova S, Wang SSS, Gazova Z. Lysozyme amyloid fibrillization in presence of tacrine/acridone-coumarin heterodimers. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2018; 166:108-118. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2018.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Revised: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Zhang X, He X, Chen Q, Lu J, Rapposelli S, Pi R. A review on the hybrids of hydroxycinnamic acid as multi-target-directed ligands against Alzheimer’s disease. Bioorg Med Chem 2018; 26:543-550. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2017.12.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Revised: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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Molecular Docking and PLIF Studies of Novel Tacrine-Naphtoquinone Hybrids Based on Multi-Target-Directed Ligand Approach for Alzheimer’s Disease. Jundishapur J Nat Pharm Prod 2017. [DOI: 10.5812/jjnpp.65048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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36
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Wang J, Wang C, Wu Z, Li X, Xu S, Liu J, Lan Q, Zhu Z, Xu J. Design, synthesis, biological evaluation, and docking study of 4-isochromanone hybrids bearing N
-benzyl pyridinium moiety as dual binding site acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (part II). Chem Biol Drug Des 2017; 91:756-762. [DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.13136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2017] [Revised: 09/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jia Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Department of Medicinal Chemistry; China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing China
| | - Chaolei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Department of Medicinal Chemistry; China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing China
| | - Zheng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Department of Medicinal Chemistry; China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing China
| | - Xinnan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Department of Medicinal Chemistry; China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing China
| | - Shengtao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Department of Medicinal Chemistry; China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing China
| | - Jie Liu
- Department of Organic Chemistry; China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing China
| | - Qinying Lan
- Life Science and Technique Base; Department of Life Science; Nanjing Agricultural University; Nanjing China
| | - Zheying Zhu
- Division of Molecular Therapeutics and Formulation; School of Pharmacy; The University of Nottingham, University Park Campus; Nottingham UK
| | - Jinyi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Department of Medicinal Chemistry; China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing China
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Nesi G, Chen Q, Sestito S, Digiacomo M, Yang X, Wang S, Pi R, Rapposelli S. Nature-based molecules combined with rivastigmine: A symbiotic approach for the synthesis of new agents against Alzheimer's disease. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 141:232-239. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Revised: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Advances toward multifunctional cholinesterase and β-amyloid aggregation inhibitors. Future Med Chem 2017; 9:1835-1854. [PMID: 28925729 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2017-0094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of a multitarget design approach in the development of new potential anti-Alzheimer's disease agents has resulted in the discovery of many multifunctional compounds focusing on various targets. Among them the largest group comprises inhibitors of both cholinesterases, with additional anti-β-amyloid aggregation activity. This review describes recent advances in this research area and presents the most interesting compounds reported over a 2-year span (2015-2016). The majority of hybrids possess heterodimeric structures obtained by linking structurally active fragments interacting with different targets. Multipotent cholinesterase inhibitors with β-amyloid antiaggregating activity may additionally possess antioxidative, neuroprotective or metal-chelating properties or less common features such as anti-β-secretase or τ-antiaggregation activity.
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Wang J, Cai P, Yang XL, Li F, Wu JJ, Kong LY, Wang XB. Novel cinnamamide-dibenzylamine hybrids: Potent neurogenic agents with antioxidant, cholinergic, and neuroprotective properties as innovative drugs for Alzheimer's disease. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 139:68-83. [PMID: 28800459 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.07.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Revised: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
By using fragments endowed with interesting and complementary properties for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD), a novel series of cinnamamide-dibenzylamine hybrids have been designed, synthesized, and evaluated biologically. In vitro assay indicated that most of the target compounds exhibited a significant ability to inhibit ChEs, strong potency inhibitory of self-induced β-amyloid (Aβ) aggregation and to act as potential antioxidants and biometal chelators. A Lineweaver-Burk plot and molecular modeling study showed that compound 7f targeted both the CAS and PAS of AChE. In addition, compound 7f could chelate metal ions, reduce PC12 cells death induced by oxidative stress and penetrate the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Overall, all of these outstanding in vitro results in combination with promising in vivo outcomes highlighted derivative 7f as the lead structure worthy of further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Pei Cai
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue-Lian Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Fan Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia-Jia Wu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Ling-Yi Kong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiao-Bing Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China.
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40
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New tacrine dimers with antioxidant linkers as dual drugs: Anti-Alzheimer's and antiproliferative agents. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 138:761-773. [PMID: 28728108 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.06.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Revised: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
We have designed a series of tacrine-based homo- and heterodimers that incorporate an antioxidant tether (selenoureido, chalcogenide) as new dual compounds: for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease and as antiproliferative agents. Symmetrical homodimers bearing a dichalcogenide or selenide-based tether, the best compounds in the series, were found to be strong and highly selective electric eel AChE inhibitors, with inhibition constants within the low nanomolar range. This high inhibitory activity was confirmed on recombinant human AChE for the most interesting derivatives. The three most promising homodimers also showed a good inhibitory activity towards amyloid-β self aggregation. The symmetric disulfide derivative bis[5-(1',2',3',4'-tetrahydroacridin-9'-ylamino)pentyl]disulfide (19) showed the best multipotent profile and was not neurotoxic on immortalized mouse cortical neurons even at 50 μM concentration. These results represent an improvement in activity and selectivity compared to parent tacrine, the first marketed drug against Alzheimer's disease. Title compounds also exhibited excellent in vitro antiproliferative activities against a panel of 6 human tumor cell lines, with GI50 values within the submicromolar range for the most potent derivatives (0.12-0.95 μM); such values represent a spectacular increase compared to currently-used chemotherapeutic agents, such as 5-FU (up to 306-fold) and cisplatin (up to 162-fold). Cell cycle experiments indicated the accumulation of cells in the G1 phase of the cycle, a different mechanism than the reported for cisplatin. The breast cancer cell lines turned out to be the most sensitive one of the panel tested.
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41
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Spilovska K, Korabecny J, Sepsova V, Jun D, Hrabinova M, Jost P, Muckova L, Soukup O, Janockova J, Kucera T, Dolezal R, Mezeiova E, Kaping D, Kuca K. Novel Tacrine-Scutellarin Hybrids as Multipotent Anti-Alzheimer's Agents: Design, Synthesis and Biological Evaluation. Molecules 2017; 22:E1006. [PMID: 28621747 PMCID: PMC6152717 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22061006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Revised: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel series of 6-chlorotacrine-scutellarin hybrids was designed, synthesized and the biological activity as potential anti-Alzheimer's agents was assessed. Their inhibitory activity towards human acetylcholinesterase (hAChE) and human butyrylcholinesterase (hBChE), antioxidant activity, ability to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and hepatotoxic profile were evaluated in vitro. Among these compounds, hybrid K1383, bearing two methylene tether between two basic scaffolds, was found to be very potent hAChE inhibitor (IC50 = 1.63 nM). Unfortunately, none of the hybrids displayed any antioxidant activity (EC50 ≥ 500 μM). Preliminary data also suggests a comparable hepatotoxic profile with 6-Cl-THA (established on a HepG2 cell line). Kinetic studies performed on hAChE with the most active compound in the study, K1383, pointed out to a mixed, non-competitive enzyme inhibition. These findings were further corroborated by docking studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarina Spilovska
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, Trebesska 1575, 500 01 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
- National Institute of Mental Health, Topolova 748, 250 67 Klecany, Czech Republic.
| | - Jan Korabecny
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, Trebesska 1575, 500 01 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
| | - Vendula Sepsova
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, Trebesska 1575, 500 01 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
| | - Daniel Jun
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, Trebesska 1575, 500 01 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
| | - Martina Hrabinova
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, Trebesska 1575, 500 01 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
| | - Petr Jost
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, Trebesska 1575, 500 01 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
| | - Lubica Muckova
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, Trebesska 1575, 500 01 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
| | - Ondrej Soukup
- National Institute of Mental Health, Topolova 748, 250 67 Klecany, Czech Republic.
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
| | - Jana Janockova
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
| | - Tomas Kucera
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, Trebesska 1575, 500 01 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
| | - Rafael Dolezal
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
| | - Eva Mezeiova
- National Institute of Mental Health, Topolova 748, 250 67 Klecany, Czech Republic.
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
| | - Daniel Kaping
- National Institute of Mental Health, Topolova 748, 250 67 Klecany, Czech Republic.
| | - Kamil Kuca
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
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Wu WY, Dai YC, Li NG, Dong ZX, Gu T, Shi ZH, Xue X, Tang YP, Duan JA. Novel multitarget-directed tacrine derivatives as potential candidates for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2017; 32:572-587. [PMID: 28133981 PMCID: PMC6009885 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2016.1210139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder, which is complex and progressive; it has not only threatened the health of elderly people, but also burdened the whole social medical and health system. The available therapy for AD is limited and the efficacy remains unsatisfactory. In view of the prevalence and expected increase in the incidence of AD, the design and development of efficacious and safe anti-AD agents has become a hotspot in the field of pharmaceutical research. Due to the multifactorial etiology of AD, the multitarget-directed ligands (MTDLs) approach is promising in search for new drugs for AD. Tacrine, which is the first acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor, has been selected as the ideal active fragment because of its simple structure, clear activity, and its superiority in the structural modification, thus it could be introduced into the overall molecular skeletons of the multi-target-directed anti-AD agents. In this review, we have summarized the recent advances (2012 to the present) in the chemical modification of tacrine, which could provide the reference for the further study of novel multi-target-directed tacrine derivatives to treat AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Yu Wu
- a Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine , Nanjing , Jiangsu , China.,b Department of Medicinal Chemistry , Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine , Nanjing , Jiangsu , China
| | - Yu-Chen Dai
- a Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine , Nanjing , Jiangsu , China.,b Department of Medicinal Chemistry , Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine , Nanjing , Jiangsu , China
| | - Nian-Guang Li
- a Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine , Nanjing , Jiangsu , China.,b Department of Medicinal Chemistry , Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine , Nanjing , Jiangsu , China
| | - Ze-Xi Dong
- a Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine , Nanjing , Jiangsu , China.,b Department of Medicinal Chemistry , Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine , Nanjing , Jiangsu , China
| | - Ting Gu
- a Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine , Nanjing , Jiangsu , China.,b Department of Medicinal Chemistry , Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine , Nanjing , Jiangsu , China
| | - Zhi-Hao Shi
- a Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine , Nanjing , Jiangsu , China.,c Department of Organic Chemistry , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , Jiangsu , China
| | - Xin Xue
- a Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine , Nanjing , Jiangsu , China.,b Department of Medicinal Chemistry , Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine , Nanjing , Jiangsu , China
| | - Yu-Ping Tang
- a Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine , Nanjing , Jiangsu , China.,b Department of Medicinal Chemistry , Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine , Nanjing , Jiangsu , China
| | - Jin-Ao Duan
- a Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine , Nanjing , Jiangsu , China.,b Department of Medicinal Chemistry , Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine , Nanjing , Jiangsu , China
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Chen Y, Lin H, Zhu J, Gu K, Li Q, He S, Lu X, Tan R, Pei Y, Wu L, Bian Y, Sun H. Design, synthesis, in vitro and in vivo evaluation of tacrine–cinnamic acid hybrids as multi-target acetyl- and butyrylcholinesterase inhibitors against Alzheimer's disease. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra04385f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
A series of tacrine–cinnamic acid hybrids are synthesized as multi-target cholinesterase inhibitors against Alzheimer's disease.
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44
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Discovery of novel rivastigmine-hydroxycinnamic acid hybrids as multi-targeted agents for Alzheimer's disease. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 125:784-792. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.09.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Revised: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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45
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46
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Recent progress in repositioning Alzheimer's disease drugs based on a multitarget strategy. Future Med Chem 2016; 8:2113-2142. [PMID: 27774814 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2016-0103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a serious progressive neurological disorder, characterized by impaired cognition and profound irreversible memory loss. The multifactorial nature of AD and the absence of a cure so far have stimulated medicinal chemists worldwide to follow multitarget drug-design strategies based on repositioning approved drugs. This review describes a summary of recently published works focused on tailoring new derivatives of US FDA-approved acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, in addition to huperzine (a drug approved in China), either by hybridization with other pharmacophore elements (to hit more AD targets), or by combination of two FDA-approved drugs. Besides the capacity for improving the cholinergic activity, these polyfunctional derivatives are also able to tackle other important neuroprotective properties, such as anti-β-amyloid aggregation, scavenging of radical oxygen species, modulation of redox-active metals or inhibition of monoamine oxidase, thereby resulting in potentially novel and more effective therapeutics for the treatment of AD.
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Design, Synthesis and Evaluation of Novel Tacrine-Ferulic Acid Hybrids as Multifunctional Drug Candidates against Alzheimer's Disease. Molecules 2016; 21:molecules21101338. [PMID: 27727187 PMCID: PMC6273353 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21101338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Revised: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Five novel tacrine-ferulic acid hybrid compounds (8a-e) were synthesized and their structures were identified on the basis of a detailed spectroscopic analysis. The activities of inhibiting acetyl cholinesterase (AChE) and butyryl cholinesterase (BuChE), reducing self-induced β-amyloid (Aβ) aggregation and chelating Cu2+ were evaluated in vitro. Among them, 8c and 8d displayed the higher selectivity in inhibiting AChE over BuChE. Moreover, 8d also showed dramatic inhibition of self-Aβ aggregation, activity of chelating Cu2+ and activity against Aβ-induced neurotoxicity in Neuro-2A cells.
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Wang J, Wang ZM, Li XM, Li F, Wu JJ, Kong LY, Wang XB. Synthesis and evaluation of multi-target-directed ligands for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease based on the fusion of donepezil and melatonin. Bioorg Med Chem 2016; 24:4324-4338. [PMID: 27460699 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2016.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Revised: 06/26/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A novel series of compounds obtained by fusing the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor donepezil and the antioxidant melatonin were designed as multi-target-directed ligands for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD). In vitro assay indicated that most of the target compounds exhibited a significant ability to inhibit acetylcholinesterase (eeAChE and hAChE), butyrylcholinesterase (eqBuChE and hBuChE), and β-amyloid (Aβ) aggregation, and to act as potential antioxidants and biometal chelators. Especially, 4u displayed a good inhibition of AChE (IC50 value of 193nM for eeAChE and 273nM for hAChE), strong inhibition of BuChE (IC50 value of 73nM for eqBuChE and 56nM for hBuChE), moderate inhibition of Aβ aggregation (56.3% at 20μM) and good antioxidant activity (3.28trolox equivalent by ORAC assay). Molecular modeling studies in combination with kinetic analysis revealed that 4u was a mixed-type inhibitor, binding simultaneously to catalytic anionic site (CAS) and the peripheral anionic site (PAS) of AChE. In addition, 4u could chelate metal ions, reduce PC12 cells death induced by oxidative stress and penetrate the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Taken together, these results strongly indicated the hybridization approach is an efficient strategy to identify novel scaffolds with desired bioactivities, and further optimization of 4u may be helpful to develop more potent lead compound for AD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Min Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue-Mei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Fan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia-Jia Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Ling-Yi Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiao-Bing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China.
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Design, synthesis and evaluation of novel ferulic acid-memoquin hybrids as potential multifunctional agents for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:2539-2543. [PMID: 27072909 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.03.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2015] [Revised: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/25/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
A novel series of ferulic acid-memoquin hybrids were designed, synthesized and evaluated as multifunctional agents for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The in vitro studies showed that most of the compounds exhibited a significant ability to inhibit acetylcholinesterase (AChE) (IC50 of 3.2-34.7μM) and self-induced β-amyloid (Aβ1-42) aggregation (30.8-39.1%, 25μM), to act as potential antioxidants (ORAC-FL value of 0.9-1.3). In particular, compound 17d had the greatest ability to inhibit AChE (IC50=3.2μM), and Aβ1-42 aggregation (30.8%) was also an excellent antioxidant and neuroprotectant. Moreover, it is capable of disaggregating self-induced Aβ aggregation. Furthermore, 17d could cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) in vitro. The results showed that compound 17d is a potential multifunctional agent for the treatment of AD.
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