1
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Huang D, Li W, Zhao Y, Xie C, Luo X, Wu F, Xu Z, Sun Q, Liu G. Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of 5-(1H-indol-5-yl)isoxazole-3-carboxylic acids as novel xanthine oxidase inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 271:116443. [PMID: 38691887 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
Xanthine oxidase (XO) is a key enzyme for the production of uric acid in the human body. XO inhibitors (XOIs) are clinically used for the treatment of hyperuricemia and gout, as they can effectively inhibit the production of uric acid. Previous studies indicated that both indole and isoxazole derivatives have good inhibitory effects against XO. Here, we designed and synthesized a novel series of N-5-(1H-indol-5-yl)isoxazole-3-carboxylic acids according to bioisosteric replacement and hybridization strategies. Among the obtained target compounds, compound 6c showed the best inhibitory activity against XO with an IC50 value of 0.13 μM, which was 22-fold higher than that of the classical antigout drug allopurinol (IC50 = 2.93 μM). Structure-activity relationship analysis indicated that the hydrophobic group on the nitrogen atom of the indole ring is essential for the inhibitory potencies of target compounds against XO. Enzyme kinetic studies proved that compound 6c acted as a mixed-type XOI. Molecular docking studies showed that the target compound 6c could not only retain the key interactions similar to febuxostat at the XO binding site but also generate some new interactions, such as two hydrogen bonds between the oxygen atom of the isoxazole ring and the amino acid residues Ser876 and Thr1010. These results indicated that 5-(1H-indol-5-yl)isoxazole-3-carboxylic acid might be an efficacious scaffold for designing novel XOIs and compound 6c has the potential to be used as a lead for further the development of novel anti-gout candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongqian Huang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Novel Reactor and Green Chemical Technology, Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, 430205, PR China
| | - Wenye Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Novel Reactor and Green Chemical Technology, Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, 430205, PR China
| | - Yilan Zhao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Novel Reactor and Green Chemical Technology, Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, 430205, PR China
| | - Cheng Xie
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Novel Reactor and Green Chemical Technology, Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, 430205, PR China
| | - Xiaogang Luo
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Novel Reactor and Green Chemical Technology, Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, 430205, PR China; School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, No.100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou City, 450001, Henan Province, PR China
| | - Fengshou Wu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Novel Reactor and Green Chemical Technology, Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, 430205, PR China
| | - Zhiqiang Xu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Novel Reactor and Green Chemical Technology, Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, 430205, PR China
| | - Qi Sun
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Novel Reactor and Green Chemical Technology, Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, 430205, PR China.
| | - Genyan Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Novel Reactor and Green Chemical Technology, Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, 430205, PR China.
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2
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Palafox MA, Belskaya NP, Kostova IP. Study of the Molecular Architectures of 2-(4-Chlorophenyl)-5-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)-2 H-1,2,3-triazole-4-carboxylic Acid Using Their Vibrational Spectra, Quantum Chemical Calculations and Molecular Docking with MMP-2 Receptor. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2686. [PMID: 38140027 PMCID: PMC10747663 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15122686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
1,2,3-triazole skeleton is a valuable building block for the discovery of new promising anticancer agents. In the present work, the molecular structure of the synthesized anticancer drug 2-(4-chlorophenyl)-5-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)-2H-1,2,3-triazole-4-carboxylic acid (1b) and its anionic form (2b) was characterized by means of the B3LYP, M06-2X and MP2 quantum chemical methods, optimizing their monomer, cyclic dimer and stacking forms using the Gaussian16 program package. The molecular structure was found to be slightly out of plane. The good agreement between the IR and Raman bands experimentally observed in the solid state with those calculated theoretically confirms the synthesized structures. All of the bands were accurately assigned according to functional calculations (DFT) in the monomer and dimer forms, together with the polynomic scaling equation procedure (PSE). Therefore, the effect of the substituents on the triazole ring and the effect of the chlorine atom on the molecular structure and on the vibrational spectra were evaluated through comparison with its non-substituted form. Through molecular docking calculations, it was evaluated as to how molecule 1b interacts with few amino acids of the MMP-2 metalloproteinase receptor, using Sybyl-X 2.0 software. Thus, the relevance of triazole scaffolds in established hydrogen bond-type interactions was demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio Alcolea Palafox
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Nataliya P. Belskaya
- Department of Technology for Organic Synthesis, Ural Federal University, 19 Mira Str., 620012 Yekaterinburg, Russia;
| | - Irena P. Kostova
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Sofia, 2 Dunav Str., 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria
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3
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Singh A, Singh K, Sharma A, Kaur K, Chadha R, Singh Bedi PM. Past, present and future of xanthine oxidase inhibitors: design strategies, structural and pharmacological insights, patents and clinical trials. RSC Med Chem 2023; 14:2155-2191. [PMID: 37974965 PMCID: PMC10650961 DOI: 10.1039/d3md00316g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Xanthine oxidase, a molybdo-flavoenzyme, and an isoform of xanthine dehydrogenase both exist as xanthine oxidoreductase and are responsible for purine catabolism. Xanthine oxidase is more involved in pathological conditions when extensively modulated. Elevation of xanthine oxidase is not only the prime cause of gout but is also responsible for various hyperuricemia associated pathological conditions like diabetes, chronic wounds, cardiovascular disorders, Alzheimer's disease, etc. Currently available xanthine oxidase inhibitors in clinical practice (allopurinol, febuxostat and topiroxostat) suffer from fatal side effects that pose a serious problem to the healthcare system, raising global emergency to develop novel, potent and safer xanthine oxidase inhibitors. This review will provide key and systematic information about: a. design strategies (inspired from both marketed drugs in clinical practice and natural products), structural insights and pharmacological output (xanthine oxidase inhibition and associated activities) of various pre-clinical candidates reported by various research groups across the globe in the past two decades; b. patented xanthine oxidase inhibitors published in the last three decades and c. clinical trials and their outcomes on approved drug candidates. Information generated in this review has suggested fragment-based drug design (FBDD) and molecular hybridization techniques to be most suitable for development of desired xanthine oxidase inhibitors as one provides high selectivity toward the enzyme and the other imparts multifunctional properties to the structure and both may possess capabilities to surpass the limitations of currently available clinical drugs. All in combination will exclusively update researchers working on xanthine oxidase inhibitors and allied areas and potentially help in designing rational, novel, potent and safer xanthine oxidase inhibitors that can effectively tackle xanthine oxidase related disease conditions and disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atamjit Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University Amritsar Punjab 143005 India
| | - Karanvir Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University Amritsar Punjab 143005 India
| | - Aman Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University Amritsar Punjab 143005 India
| | - Kirandeep Kaur
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University Amritsar Punjab 143005 India
| | - Renu Chadha
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University Chandigarh 160014 India
| | - Preet Mohinder Singh Bedi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University Amritsar Punjab 143005 India
- Drug and Pollution Testing Laboratory, Guru Nanak Dev University Amritsar Punjab 143005 India
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4
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Synthesis, characterization and inhibitor properties of benzimidazolium salts bearing 4-(methylsulfonyl)benzyl side arms. J Mol Struct 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.134320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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5
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Kaya G, Noma SAA, Barut Celepci D, Bayıl İ, Taskin-Tok T, Gök Y, Ateş B, Aktaş A, Aygün M, Tezcan B. Design, synthesis, spectroscopic characterizations, single crystal X-ray analysis, in vitro xanthine oxidase and acetylcholinesterase inhibitory evaluation as well as in silico evaluation of selenium-based N-heterocyclic carbene compounds. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023; 41:11728-11747. [PMID: 36622368 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2022.2163696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Herein, eight new NHC-based selenourea derivatives were synthesized and characterized by using spectroscopic method (1H, 19F, and 13C NMR, FT-IR), and elemental analysis techniques. These compounds were synthesized by mixing benzimidazolium salts, potassium carbonate, and selenium powder in ethyl alcohol. Additionally, the molecular and crystal structures of the three compounds (1c, 2b, and 2c) were determined using the single-crystal x-ray diffraction (XRD) method. Diffraction analysis demonstrated the partial carbon-selenium double-bond character of these compounds. All compounds were determined to be highly potent inhibitors for AChE and XO enzymes. The IC50 values for the compounds were found in the range of 0.361-0.754 μM for XO and from 0.995 to 1.746 μM for AChE. The DNA binding properties of the compounds were investigated. These compounds did not have a remarkable DNA binding property. Also, DPPH radical scavenging activities of the compounds were also investigated. Compounds (1c), (2a), (3a), and (3b) exhibited more pronounced DPPH radical scavenging activity when compared to other compounds. Docking studies were applied by using AutoDock 4 to determine interaction mechanism of the selected compounds (1a), (1b), and (3b). The compound (1b) has good binding affinity (-9.78 kcal/mol) against AChE, and (-6.86 kcal/mol) for XO target. Drug similarity properties of these compounds compared to positive controls were estimated and evaluated by ADMET analysis. Furthermore, molecular dynamics simulations have been applied to understand the accuracy of docking studies. These findings and the defined compounds could be potential candidates for the discovery and progress of effective medicine(s) for AChE and XO in the future.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gülşen Kaya
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Science, Inonu University, Malatya, Türkiye
| | - Samir Abbas Ali Noma
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Science, Inonu University, Malatya, Türkiye
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Science, Bursa Uludag University, Bursa, Türkiye
| | - Duygu Barut Celepci
- Faculty of Science, Department of Physics, Dokuz Eylül University, Buca, İzmir, Türkiye
| | - İmren Bayıl
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Gaziantep University, Gaziantep, Türkiye
| | - Tugba Taskin-Tok
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Gaziantep University, Gaziantep, Türkiye
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Gaziantep University, Gaziantep, Türkiye
| | - Yetkin Gök
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Science, Inonu University, Malatya, Türkiye
| | - Burhan Ateş
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Science, Inonu University, Malatya, Türkiye
| | - Aydın Aktaş
- Vocational School of Health Service, Inonu University, Malatya, Türkiye
| | - Muhittin Aygün
- Faculty of Science, Department of Physics, Dokuz Eylül University, Buca, İzmir, Türkiye
| | - Burcu Tezcan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Science, Cukurova University, Adana, Türkiye
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6
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Kaur G, Singh A, Arora G, Monga A, Jassal AK, Uppal J, Bedi PMS, Bora KS. Synthetic heterocyclic derivatives as promising xanthine oxidase inhibitors: An overview. Chem Biol Drug Des 2022; 100:443-468. [PMID: 35763448 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.14109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Inhibition of xanthine oxidase is an effective and most prominent therapeutic approach for the management of gout. Discovery of its association in the pathophysiology of diabetes, cardiovascular disorders, etc., widened its therapeutic horizons. Limited drug candidates in clinical practice along with side effects forced researchers to develop more efficacious and safer xanthine oxidase inhibitors for the management of gout and other disorders associated with xanthine oxidase hyperactivity. In this regard, this review focus on: (a) Various drug candidates in clinical practice and under clinical trials, (b) Development of various heterocyclic motifs as xanthine oxidase inhibitors in last two decades and (c) Various patented synthetic xanthine oxidase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gurinder Kaur
- University Institute of Pharma. Sciences, Chandigarh University, Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Atamjit Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - Geetakshi Arora
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - Aditi Monga
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - Anupmjot Kaur Jassal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - Jasreen Uppal
- University Institute of Pharma. Sciences, Chandigarh University, Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Preet Mohinder Singh Bedi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India.,Drug and Pollution testing Laboratory, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - Kundan Singh Bora
- University Institute of Pharma. Sciences, Chandigarh University, Mohali, Punjab, India
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7
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Wang MX, Qin HW, Liu C, Lv SM, Chen JS, Wang CG, Chen YY, Wang JW, Sun JY, Liao ZX. Synthesis and biological evaluation of thiazolidine-2-thione derivatives as novel xanthine oxidase inhibitors. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0268531. [PMID: 35584139 PMCID: PMC9116648 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0268531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Xanthine oxidase (XO) is a key enzyme in the generation and development of hyperuricemia. Thiazolidine-2-thione, a typical heterocyclic compound, have been widely used in the field of drug synthesis. In this study, a series of novel thiazolidine-2-thione derivatives were synthesized as XO inhibitors, and the XO inhibitory potencies of obtained compounds were evaluated by in vitro enzyme catalysis. The result shown that compound 6k behaved the strongest XO inhibitory activity with an IC50 value of 3.56 μmol/L, which was approximately 2.5-fold more potent than allopurinol. The structure-activity relationship revealed that the phenyl-sulfonamide group was indispensable for thiazolidine-2-thione derivatives to produce XO inhibitory activity. The enzyme inhibition kinetics analyses confirmed that compound 6k exerted a mixed-type XO inhibition. Additionally, the molecular docking results suggested that the 4-fluorophenyl-sulfonyl moiety could interact with Gly260 and Ile264 in the innermost part of the active pocket through 2 hydrogen bonds, while the thiazolidinethione moiety could form two hydrogen bonds with Glu263 and Ser347 in hydrophobic pockets. In summary, the results described above suggested that compound 6k could be a valuable lead compound for the treatment of hyperuricemia as a novel XO inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mu-Xuan Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Biomedical Research, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Hong-Wei Qin
- School of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Jining University, Qufu, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Chao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Novel Food Resources Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing Technology of Shandong Province/Institute of Agro-Food Science and Technology, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China
- * E-mail: (ZXL); (CL); (JYS)
| | - Shen-Ming Lv
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Biomedical Research, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Jia-Shu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Novel Food Resources Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing Technology of Shandong Province/Institute of Agro-Food Science and Technology, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Chun-Gu Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Biomedical Research, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Ying-Ying Chen
- Key Laboratory of Novel Food Resources Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing Technology of Shandong Province/Institute of Agro-Food Science and Technology, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Jia-Wei Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Biomedical Research, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Jin-Yue Sun
- Key Laboratory of Novel Food Resources Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing Technology of Shandong Province/Institute of Agro-Food Science and Technology, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China
- * E-mail: (ZXL); (CL); (JYS)
| | - Zhi-Xin Liao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Biomedical Research, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
- * E-mail: (ZXL); (CL); (JYS)
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8
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Yılmaz Ü, Noma SAA, Taşkın Tok T, Şen B, Gök Y, Aktaş A, Ateş B, Aygün M. A study about excellent xanthine oxidase inhibitory effects of new pyridine salts. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00706-021-02831-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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9
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Tu S, Zhang TJ, Zhang Y, Zhang X, Zhang ZH, Meng FH. N-(3-cyano-1H-indol-5-yl)isonicotinamide and N-(3-cyano-1H-indol-5-yl)-1H-benzo[d]imidazole-5-carboxamide derivatives: Novel amide-based xanthine oxidase inhibitors. Bioorg Chem 2021; 115:105181. [PMID: 34329991 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.105181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Our previous work demonstrated that amide is an efficient linker to explore chemical space of xanthine oxidase (XO) inhibitors that are entirely different from febuxostat and topiroxostat. In this effort, with 3-cyano-1H-indol-5-yl as a key moiety, two series of amide-based XO inhibitors, N-(3-cyano-1H-indol-5-yl)isonicotinamides (2a-w) and N-(3-cyano-1H-indol-5-yl)-1H-benzo[d]imidazole-5-carboxamides (3a-i), were designed and synthesized. The structure-activity relationship investigation identified N-(3-cyano-1-cyclopentyl-1H-indol-5-yl)-1H-benzo[d]imidazole-5-carboxamide (3i, IC50 = 0.62 μM) as the most promising compound, with 14.4-fold higher in vitro inhibitory potency than allopurinol (IC50 = 8.91 μM). Molecular simulations provided reasonable interaction modes for the representative compounds. Furthermore, in vivo activity evaluation demonstrated that compound 3i (oral dose of 12.8 mg/kg) has obviously hypouricemic effect on a potassium oxonate induced hyperuricemic rat model. Cytotoxicity assay and ADME prediction also supported that 3i is an excellent lead for further exploration of amide-based XO inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun Tu
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, 77 Puhe Road, North New Area, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Ting-Jian Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, 77 Puhe Road, North New Area, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, 77 Puhe Road, North New Area, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, 77 Puhe Road, North New Area, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Zhen-Hao Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, 77 Puhe Road, North New Area, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Fan-Hao Meng
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, 77 Puhe Road, North New Area, Shenyang 110122, China.
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10
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Wang M, Chen J, Zhang R, Guo X, Chen D, Guo X, Chen Y, Wu Y, Sun J, Liu Y, Liu C. Design, synthesis and bioactive evaluation of geniposide derivatives for antihyperuricemic and nephroprotective effects. Bioorg Chem 2021; 116:105321. [PMID: 34500305 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.105321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hyperuricemia is a principal factor mediating gout and kidney damage, and xanthine oxidase (XOD) is a key enzyme in the pathogenesis of hyperuricemia. In this context, a series of geniposide derivatives were designed and synthesized, and antihyperuricemic and nephroprotective effects of all derivatives was evaluated in vitro and in vivo. Compound 2e emerged as the most potent XOD inhibitor, with an IC50 value of 6.67 ± 0.46 µM. Simultaneously, cell viability, ROS generation, and SOD levels assay showed that compound 2e could repair the damage of HKC cells by inhibiting the oxidative stress response. The results of the study indicated compound 2e significantly decreased uric acid levels by inhibiting the XOD activity, and repaired kidney damage by inhibiting the expression of TLR4/TLR2/MyD88/NF-κB and NALP3/ASC/caspase-1 signaling pathways. Enzyme inhibition kinetics suggested that compound 2e functioned via reversible mixed competitive inhibition. Moreover, a molecular docking study was performed to gain insight into the binding mode of compound 2e with XOD. These results suggest that geniposide derivatives were potential to be developed into a novel medicine to reveal healthy benefits in natural prevention and reduction risk of hyperuricemia and kidney damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muxuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Novel Food Resources Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing Technology of Shandong Province/Institute of Agro-Food Science and Technology, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 202 Gongye North Road, Jinan 250100, PR China
| | - Jiashu Chen
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Clean Production of Fine Chemicals, Shandong Normal University, 88 East Wenhua Road, Jinan 250014, PR China
| | - Ruirui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Novel Food Resources Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing Technology of Shandong Province/Institute of Agro-Food Science and Technology, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 202 Gongye North Road, Jinan 250100, PR China
| | - Xinyan Guo
- Shandong Academy of Pharmaceutical Science, Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceuticals, Jinan 250101, PR China
| | - Daxia Chen
- Chongqing Academy of Chinese Materia Medica, Chongqing 400065, PR China
| | - Xu Guo
- Key Laboratory of Novel Food Resources Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing Technology of Shandong Province/Institute of Agro-Food Science and Technology, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 202 Gongye North Road, Jinan 250100, PR China
| | - Yingying Chen
- Key Laboratory of Novel Food Resources Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing Technology of Shandong Province/Institute of Agro-Food Science and Technology, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 202 Gongye North Road, Jinan 250100, PR China
| | - Yuhao Wu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, PR China
| | - Jinyue Sun
- Key Laboratory of Novel Food Resources Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing Technology of Shandong Province/Institute of Agro-Food Science and Technology, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 202 Gongye North Road, Jinan 250100, PR China.
| | - Yufa Liu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Clean Production of Fine Chemicals, Shandong Normal University, 88 East Wenhua Road, Jinan 250014, PR China.
| | - Chao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Novel Food Resources Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing Technology of Shandong Province/Institute of Agro-Food Science and Technology, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 202 Gongye North Road, Jinan 250100, PR China.
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11
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Oxovanadium(IV) complexes with tetradentate thiosemicarbazones. Synthesis, characterization, anticancer enzyme inhibition and in vitro cytotoxicity on breast cancer cells. Polyhedron 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2021.115192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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12
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Pelipko VV, Gomonov KA. Formation of five- and six-membered nitrogen-containing heterocycles on the basis of hydrazones derived from α-dicarbonyl compounds (microreview). Chem Heterocycl Compd (N Y) 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10593-021-02958-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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13
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Synthesis and biological evaluation of 2-(4-alkoxy-3-cyano)phenylpyrimidine derivatives with 4-amino or 4-hydroxy as a pharmacophore element binding with xanthine oxidase active site. Bioorg Med Chem 2021; 38:116117. [PMID: 33838610 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2021.116117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Xanthine oxidase is the rate-limiting enzyme critical for the synthesis of uric acid, and therefore xanthine oxidase inhibitors are considered as one of the promising therapies for hyperuricemia and gout. In our previous study, series of 2-(4-alkoxy-3-cyano)phenyl-6-oxo-1,6-dihydropyrimidine-5-carboxylic acids and 2-(4-alkoxy-3-cyano)phenyl-6-imino-1,6-dihydropyrimidine-5-carboxylic acids were synthesized that presented excellent in vitro xanthine oxidase inhibitory potency. Interestingly, molecular docking studies revealed that the interaction behavior of these compounds with xanthine oxidase was changed after the conversion from a hydroxy group to amine group. To further investigate the structure-activity relationships of these pyrimidine-containing xanthine oxidase inhibitors and explore the contribution of amino or hydroxy group on xanthine oxidase inhibitory potency, several 2-phenylpyrimidine derivatives with amino or hydroxy functional group were designed and synthesized. Thereafter, the structure-activity research and molecular modeling study proved that hydroxy and amino groups could be used as pharmacophore elements for the design of 2-phenylpyrimidines xanthine oxidase inhibitors. Particularly, the optimized compound, 2-(3-cyano-4-isopentoxy)phenylpyrimidine-4-ol, emerged the strongest xanthine oxidase inhibitor potency, with an IC50 value of 0.046 µM, which was approximately 120-fold more potent than that of allopurinol (IC50 = 5.462 µM). Additionally, Lineweaver-Burk plot analysis revealed that the optimized compound acted as a mixed-type inhibitor. Furthermore, the in vivo hypouricemic effect of the optimized compound was investigated in a hyperuricemia rat model induced by potassium oxonate, and the results showed that the optimized compound could effectively reduce serum uric acid levels at an oral dose of 30 mg/kg.
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The Role of Oxidative Stress in Hyperuricemia and Xanthine Oxidoreductase (XOR) Inhibitors. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:1470380. [PMID: 33854690 PMCID: PMC8019370 DOI: 10.1155/2021/1470380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Uric acid is the end product of purine metabolism in humans. Hyperuricemia is a metabolic disease caused by the increased formation or reduced excretion of serum uric acid (SUA). Alterations in SUA homeostasis have been linked to a number of diseases, and hyperuricemia is the major etiologic factor of gout and has been correlated with metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, hypertension, and renal disease. Oxidative stress is usually defined as an imbalance between free radicals and antioxidants in our body and is considered to be one of the main causes of cell damage and the development of disease. Studies have demonstrated that hyperuricemia is closely related to the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). In the human body, xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR) catalyzes the oxidative hydroxylation of hypoxanthine to xanthine to uric acid, with the accompanying production of ROS. Therefore, XOR is considered a drug target for the treatment of hyperuricemia and gout. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms of uric acid transport and the development of hyperuricemia, emphasizing the role of oxidative stress in the occurrence and development of hyperuricemia. We also summarize recent advances and new discoveries in XOR inhibitors.
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Benarous K, Bou-Salah L, Linani A, Yousfi M, Kostova I, Saso L. Lanthanide (III) complexes of bis-coumarins as strong inhibitors of bovine xanthine oxidase - molecular docking and SAR studies. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2020; 40:2733-2739. [PMID: 33146077 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2020.1842247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The gout disease is spreading worldwide and its drug target is the human xanthine oxidase. Through this work, we investigated the inhibitory effect of the ten lanthanide(III) complexes of biologically active bis-coumarins on xanthine oxidase. We achieved molecular docking studies using GOLD software to study the formed interactions in the enzyme-inhibitor complex. The results confirm the inhibitory effect of the lanthanide complexes showing the best Nd(III) complex with IC50 of 12.91 nM. The docking results confirm this inhibition. We saved nearly the same interactions between the two inhibitors allopurinol and the Nd(III) complex according to the docking results. No further studies have been found in this context. The ADMET analysis show that the three complexes are nontoxic.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khedidja Benarous
- Laboratoire des sciences fondamentales, Université Amar Telidji, Laghouat, Algérie
| | - Leila Bou-Salah
- Laboratoire des sciences fondamentales, Université Amar Telidji, Laghouat, Algérie
| | - Abderrahmane Linani
- Laboratoire des sciences fondamentales, Université Amar Telidji, Laghouat, Algérie
| | - Mohamed Yousfi
- Laboratoire des sciences fondamentales, Université Amar Telidji, Laghouat, Algérie
| | - Irena Kostova
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Chemistry, Medical University, Bulgaria
| | - Luciano Saso
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "Vittorio Erspamer", Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
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Gao J, Liu X, Zhang B, Mao Q, Zhang Z, Zou Q, Dai X, Wang S. Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of 1-alkyl-5/6-(5-oxo-4,5-dihydro-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-1H-indole-3-carbonitriles as novel xanthine oxidase inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 190:112077. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 01/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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17
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From Xanthine Oxidase Inhibition to In Vivo Hypouricemic Effect: An Integrated Overview of In Vitro and In Vivo Studies with Focus on Natural Molecules and Analogues. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2020; 2020:9531725. [PMID: 32184901 PMCID: PMC7060854 DOI: 10.1155/2020/9531725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Hyperuricemia is characterized by elevated uric acid (UA) levels on blood, which can lead to gout, a common pathology. These high UA levels are associated with increased purine ingestion and metabolization and/or its decreased excretion. In this field, xanthine oxidase (XO), by converting hypoxanthine and xanthine to UA, plays an important role in hyperuricemia control. Based on limitations and adverse effects associated with the use of allopurinol and febuxostat, the most known approved drugs with XO inhibitory effect, the search for new molecules with XO activity is growing. However, despite the high number of studies, it was found that the majority of tested products with relevant XO inhibition were left out, and no further pharmacological evaluation was performed. Thus, in the present review, available information published in the past six years concerning isolated molecules with in vitro XO inhibition complemented with cytotoxicity evaluation as well as other relevant studies, including in vivo hypouricemic effect, and pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic profile was compiled. Interestingly, the analysis of data collected demonstrated that molecules from natural sources or their mimetics and semisynthetic derivatives constitute the majority of compounds being explored at the moment by means of in vitro and in vivo animal studies. Therefore, several of these molecules can be useful as lead compounds and some of them can even have the potential to be considered in the future clinical candidates for the treatment of hyperuricemia.
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Novel 3-[4-alkoxy-3-(1H-tetrazol-1-yl) phenyl]-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5(4H)-ones as promising xanthine oxidase inhibitors: Design, synthesis and biological evaluation. Bioorg Chem 2020; 95:103564. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2019.103564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Almeer RS, Hammad SF, Leheta OF, Abdel Moneim AE, Amin HK. Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Hyperuricemic Functions of Two Synthetic Hybrid Drugs with Dual Biological Active Sites. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20225635. [PMID: 31718011 PMCID: PMC6888696 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20225635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to test the anti-inflammatory and xanthine oxidase inhibitory activities of two synthesized molecules and compare them to routinely prescribed nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), such as diclofenac and the serum urate-lowering drug, allopurinol. The anti-inflammatory effects of the designed compounds (A and B) were evaluated in carrageenan (CAR)-induced paw edema in mice. The levels of nitric oxide and myeloperoxidase activity were measured in paw skin using biochemical methods. Additionally, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), C-reactive protein (CRP), cyclooxygenase-2 (Cox-2), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα), interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-2 and IL-10, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP1) were assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The expression of inflammation-related genes was confirmed by real-time qPCR. The expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) were estimated using immunohistochemistry, and xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity was evaluated using an in vitro assay. The results revealed that compounds A and B decreased inflammation, as was observed by a reduction in the elevation of all the tested markers. In addition, the tested compounds markedly decreased paw swelling, mobilization of inflammatory cells, iNOS-, and NF-κB-immunoreactive cells in a mouse model of paw edema. Interestingly, both compounds were potent xanthine oxidase inhibitors as well as Cox inhibitors with higher activity in favor of compound B providing potential dual acting series of anti-hyperuricemic and anti-inflammatory therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafa S. Almeer
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sherif F. Hammad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, Cairo 11795, Egypt;
| | - Ola F. Leheta
- Clinical Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismalia 41522, Egypt
| | - Ahmed E. Abdel Moneim
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Cairo 11795, Egypt
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +20-11-5332-2079
| | - Hatem K. Amin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, Cairo 11795, Egypt;
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Thiazole-5-carboxylic acid derivatives as potent xanthine oxidase inhibitors: design, synthesis, in vitro evaluation, and molecular modeling studies. Med Chem Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-019-02461-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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21
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Zhang TJ, Zhang Y, Tu S, Wu YH, Zhang ZH, Meng FH. Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of N-(3-(1H-tetrazol-1-yl)phenyl)isonicotinamide derivatives as novel xanthine oxidase inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 183:111717. [PMID: 31557611 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.111717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In our previous study, we reported a series of N-phenylisonicotinamide derivatives as novel xanthine oxidase (XO) inhibitors and identified N-(3-cyano-4-((2-cyanobenzyl)oxy)phenyl)isonicotinamide (compound 1) as the most potent one with an IC50 value of 0.312 μM. To further optimize the structure and improve the potency, a structure-based drug design (SBDD) strategy was performed to construct the missing H-bond between the small molecule and the Asn768 residue of XO. We introduced a tetrazole moiety at the 3'-position of the phenyl to serve as an H-bond acceptor and obtained a series of N-(3-(1H-tetrazol-1-yl)phenyl)isonicotinamide derivatives (2a-t and 6-8). Besides, to investigate the influence of the amide-reversal, some N-(pyridin-4-yl)-3-(1H-tetrazol-1-yl)benzamide derivatives (3c, 3e, 3i, 3k and 3u) were also synthesized and evaluated. Biological evaluation and structure-activity relationship analysis demonstrated that the 3'-(1H-tetrazol-1-yl) moiety was an excellent fragment for the N-phenylisonicotinamide scaffold; a substituted benzyloxy, especially, an m-cyanobenzyloxy (e.g., 2s), linking at the 4'-position was welcome for the potency; and the amide-reversal could damage the potency, so maintenance of the N-phenylisonicotinamide scaffold was essential. In summary, starting from compound 1, the SBDD effort successfully identified a promising XO inhibitor 2s (IC50 = 0.031 μM), with a 10-fold gain in potency. Its potency was very close to the positive control topiroxostat (IC50 = 0.021 μM). A Lineweaver-Burk plot indicated that compound 2s acted as a mixed-type XO inhibitor. Molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations revealed that the tetrazole moiety could occupy the Asn768-sub-pocket with N-4 atom accepting an H-bond from the Asn768 residue, as expected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Jian Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, 77 Puhe Road, North New Area, Shenyang, 110122, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, 77 Puhe Road, North New Area, Shenyang, 110122, China
| | - Shun Tu
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, 77 Puhe Road, North New Area, Shenyang, 110122, China
| | - Yu-Hang Wu
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, 77 Puhe Road, North New Area, Shenyang, 110122, China
| | - Zhen-Hao Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, 77 Puhe Road, North New Area, Shenyang, 110122, China
| | - Fan-Hao Meng
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, 77 Puhe Road, North New Area, Shenyang, 110122, China.
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22
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Xu W, Chen Y, Wang A, Liu Y. Benzofurazan N-Oxides as Mild Reagents for the Generation of α-Imino Gold Carbenes: Synthesis of Functionalized 7-Nitroindoles. Org Lett 2019; 21:7613-7618. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b02893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yulong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ali Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuanhong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, People’s Republic of China
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23
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Mao Q, Dai X, Xu G, Su Y, Zhang B, Liu D, Wang S. Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of 2-(4-alkoxy-3-cyano)phenyl-6-oxo-1,6-dihydropyrimidine-5-carboxylic acid derivatives as novel xanthine oxidase inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 181:111558. [PMID: 31369933 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.07.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 07/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
In our previous study, we reported a series of 1-hydroxy-2-phenyl-1H-imidazole-5-carboxylic acid derivatives that presented excellent in vitro xanthine oxidase (XO) inhibitory potency. To further investigate the structure-activity relationships of these compounds, the imidazole ring was transformed to a pyrimidine ring to design 2-(4-alkoxy-3-cyano)phenyl-6-oxo-1,6-dihydropyrimidine-5-carboxylic acids (8a-8j), 2-(4-alkoxy-3-cyano)phenyl-4-methyl-6-oxo-1,6-dihydropyrimidine-5-carboxylic acids (9c, 9e, 9j, 9l) and 2-(4-alkoxy-3-cyano)phenyl-6-imino-1,6-dihydropyrimidine-5-carboxylic acids (10c, 10e, 10j, 10l). These compounds exhibited remarkable in vitro XO inhibitory potency with IC50 values ranging from 0.0181 μM to 0.5677 μM. Specifically, compounds 10c and 10e, with IC50 values of 0.0240 μM and 0.0181 μM, respectively, emerged as the most potent XO inhibitors, and their potencies were comparable to that of febuxostat. Structure-activity relationship analysis revealed that the methyl group at 4-position of pyrimidine ring could damage the potency, and the XO inhibitory potency was maintained when carbonyl group was changed to an imino group. Lineweaver-Burk plot analysis revealed that the representative compound 10c acted as a mixed-type inhibitor. A potassium oxonate induced hyperuricemia model in rats was chosen to further confirm the hypouricemic effect of compound 10c, and the results showed that compound 10c (5 mg/kg) was able to significantly lower the serum uric acid level. Furthermore, in acute oral toxicity study, no sign of toxicity was observed when the mice were administered with a single 2000 mg/kg oral dose of compound 10c. These results suggested that compound 10c was a potent and promising uric acid-lowing agent for the treatment of hyperuricemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Mao
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Culture Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Xiwen Dai
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Culture Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Gaoyang Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, No.103 Culture Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110016, China
| | - Yu Su
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, No.103 Culture Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110016, China
| | - Bing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Culture Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Dan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Culture Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Shaojie Wang
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Culture Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110016, China.
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24
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Tang H, Zhao D. Studies of febuxostat analogues as xanthine oxidase inhibitors through 3D-QSAR, Topomer CoMFA and molecular modeling. JOURNAL OF THE IRANIAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s13738-019-01726-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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25
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Design, synthesis and bioevaluation of 3-oxo-6-aryl-2,3-dihydropyridazine-4-carbohydrazide derivatives as novel xanthine oxidase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2019; 27:1818-1823. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2019.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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26
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Novel palladium (II) complexes with tetradentate thiosemicarbazones. Synthesis, characterization, in vitro cytotoxicity and xanthine oxidase inhibition. Invest New Drugs 2019; 37:1187-1197. [PMID: 30874940 DOI: 10.1007/s10637-019-00751-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
In vitro cytotoxicity and xanthine oxidase inhibition capabilities were investigated for five palladium (II) chelate complexes. The palladium complexes were synthesized by starting from S-alkyl-thiosemicarbazones where the alkyl component is methyl, ethyl, propyl or butyl. The solid complexes are characterized by elemental analysis and spectroscopic techniques (UV-visible, IR and 1H NMR). In order to be able to verify the N2O2-type thiosemicarbazidato ligand (L2-) structure in the square planar geometry, complex 1 has been studied as a representative by using single crystal X-ray crystallography. The in vitro cytotoxic activity measurements were carried out in HepG2 and Hep3B hepatocellular carcinomas, HCT116 colorectal carcinoma, and 3 T3 mouse fibroblast cell lines. The palladium complexes exhibited notable cytotoxic activities in all cell lines at lower μM concentrations compared to the standard chemicals, cisplatin and allopurinol. IC50 values were determined between 0.42 ± 0.01 and 12.01 ± 0.37 μg/ml in examining the antixanthine oxidase abilities of the complexes. Two complexes with S-methyl group exhibited a high inhibition activity on the xanthine oxidase. The results indicated that these complexes could be used as active pharmaceutical ingredients.
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27
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Luna G, Dolzhenko AV, Mancera RL. Inhibitors of Xanthine Oxidase: Scaffold Diversity and Structure-Based Drug Design. ChemMedChem 2019; 14:714-743. [PMID: 30740924 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201900034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Xanthine oxidase (XO) is the enzyme responsible for the catabolism of purines and their conversion into uric acid. XO is thus the target for the treatment of hyperuricemia and gout. For more than 50 years the only XO inhibitor drug available on the market was the purine analogue allopurinol. In the last decade there has been a resurgence in the search for new inhibitors of XO, as the activity of XO and hyperuricemia have also been associated with a variety of conditions such as diabetes, hypertension, and other cardiovascular diseases. In recent years the non-purine inhibitor febuxostat was approved in Europe and the USA for the treatment of hyperuricemia. This drug was followed by another XO inhibitor called topiroxostat. This review discusses the molecular structures and activities of the multiple classes of inhibitors that have been developed since the discovery of allopurinol, with a brief review of the molecular interactions between inhibitors and XO active site residues for the most important molecules. The challenges ahead for the discovery of new inhibitors of XO with novel chemical structures are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Luna
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences and Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, WA, 6845, Australia
| | - Anton V Dolzhenko
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, Selangor Darul Ehsan, 47500, Malaysia
| | - Ricardo L Mancera
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences and Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, WA, 6845, Australia
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28
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Sun J, Mei H. Quantitative Prediction of Thiazole Derivatives as Potent Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitors. ChemistrySelect 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201801977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiaying Sun
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Sichuan University of Arts and Science; Sichuan Dazhou 635000, China
| | - Hu Mei
- College of Bioengineering; Chongqing University; Chongqing 400044 China
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Choudhary DK, Mishra A. In vitro and in silico interaction of faba bean ( Vicia faba L.) seed extract with xanthine oxidase and evaluation of antioxidant activity as a therapeutic potential. Nat Prod Res 2018; 33:2689-2693. [PMID: 29671349 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2018.1460831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Acetone extract of faba bean (Vicia faba L.) was found to be highest total phenol and flavonoid content among all extracts. Antioxidant activity for inhibition percentage (free radical scavenging activity) had 86.47% for acetone extract, and 97.36% for ascorbic acid respectively. IC50 value of ascorbic acid and acetone extact were found to be 9 μg/mL ± 0.20 and 30 μg/mL ± 0.21. Faba bean seeds had catechin, epicatechin, gallic acid and ellagic acid which on molecular docking study revealed that it binds effectively with xanthine oxidase by binding energy of -7.78, -6.11, -6.39, -5.78 kcal/mol respectively compared to allopurinol drug having binding energy of -4.94 kcal/mol. Gallic acid, ellagic acid, catechin, epicatechin (polyphenols) and allopurinol bind other than catalytic residues (Glu-1261) of xanthine oxidase. In vitro and in silico analysis recommended that mode of enzyme inhibition was mixed type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhiraj Kumar Choudhary
- a School of Biochemical Engineering , Indian Institute of Technology (BHU) , Varanasi , India
| | - Abha Mishra
- a School of Biochemical Engineering , Indian Institute of Technology (BHU) , Varanasi , India
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Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of S-Substituted Perhalo-2-nitrobuta-1,3-dienes as Novel Xanthine Oxidase, Tyrosinase, Elastase, and Neuraminidase Inhibitors. J CHEM-NY 2018. [DOI: 10.1155/2018/4386031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
S-substituted perhalo-2-nitrobuta-1,3-dienes 3a, b were synthesized by the reaction of polyhalo-2-nitrobuta-1,3-dienes 1a, b with allyl mercaptan. 1-(2,3-Dibromopropanethio)-4-bromo-1,3,4-trichloro-2-nitrobuta-1,3-diene 4 was obtained from the addition of bromine to S-substituted polyhalo-2-nitrobuta-1,3-diene 3b in carbon tetrachloride. Sulfoxides 5a, b, and 6 were obtained from the reaction of thiosubstituted polyhalonitrobutadienes 3a, b, and 4 with m-CPBA in CHCl3. The structures of the new compounds were determined by spectroscopic data (FTIR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, MS). These compounds exhibited antixanthine oxidase, antityrosinase, antielastase, and antineuraminidase activities.
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Onul N, Ertik O, Mermer N, Yanardag R. Synthesis and antioxidant, antixanthine oxidase, and antielastase activities of novel N,S-substituted polyhalogenated nitrobutadiene derivatives. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2017; 32. [DOI: 10.1002/jbt.22021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Revised: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nihal Onul
- Organic Chemistry Division, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering; Istanbul University; Avcılar İstanbul 34320 Turkey
| | - Onur Ertik
- Biochemistry Division, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering; Istanbul University; Avcılar İstanbul 34320 Turkey
| | - Nese Mermer
- Organic Chemistry Division, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering; Istanbul University; Avcılar İstanbul 34320 Turkey
| | - Refiye Yanardag
- Biochemistry Division, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering; Istanbul University; Avcılar İstanbul 34320 Turkey
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Ouyang H, Hou K, Peng W, Liu Z, Deng H. Antioxidant and xanthine oxidase inhibitory activities of total polyphenols from onion. Saudi J Biol Sci 2017; 25:1509-1513. [PMID: 30505202 PMCID: PMC6252007 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2017.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Revised: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Onions (Allium cepa L.) comprise a valuable vegetable crop in many countries. Modern scientific research has shown that onions possess many biological activities, including antibacterial, anticancer, hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic, antiplatelet aggregation, and antioxidant activities. The goal of this study was to investigate the impact of total onion polyphenols on antioxidant and xanthine oxidase (XO) inhibitory activities. Total onion polyphenols showed significant antioxidant activity in DPPH, FRAP, and OH-assays (IC50 [µg/mL]), 43.24, 560.61, and 12.97, respectively). In a X/XO system, antioxidant properties of these polyphenols significantly inhibited XO activity (IC50 [µg/mL], 17.36). These results indicated that total onion polyphenols showed promising antioxidant and anti-gout properties and might be used as potential, natural drugs against oxidative diseases after successful studies in vivo as well as clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Ouyang
- Hunan Engineering Laboratory for Analyse and Drugs Development of Ethnomedicine in Wuling Mountains, and Key Laboratory of Hunan Forest Products and Chemical Industry Engineering, Jishou University, Jishou 416000, China
| | - Kun Hou
- Hunan Engineering Laboratory for Analyse and Drugs Development of Ethnomedicine in Wuling Mountains, and Key Laboratory of Hunan Forest Products and Chemical Industry Engineering, Jishou University, Jishou 416000, China
| | - Wanxi Peng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
| | - Zhenling Liu
- School of Management, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Heping Deng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
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Xanthine oxidase inhibitors beyond allopurinol and febuxostat; an overview and selection of potential leads based on in silico calculated physico-chemical properties, predicted pharmacokinetics and toxicity. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 135:491-516. [PMID: 28478180 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Revised: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Xanthine oxidase (XO), a versatile metalloflavoprotein enzyme, catalyzes the oxidative hydroxylation of hypoxanthine and xanthine to uric acid in purine catabolism while simultaneously producing reactive oxygen species. Both lead to the gout-causing hyperuricemia and oxidative damage of the tissues where overactivity of XO is present. Over the past years, significant progress and efforts towards the discovery and development of new XO inhibitors have been made and we believe that not only experts in the field, but also general readership would benefit from a review that addresses this topic. Accordingly, the aim of this article was to overview and select the most potent recently reported XO inhibitors and to compare their structures, mechanisms of action, potency and effectiveness of their inhibitory activity, in silico calculated physico-chemical properties as well as predicted pharmacokinetics and toxicity. Derivatives of imidazole, 1,3-thiazole and pyrimidine proved to be more potent than febuxostat while also displaying/possessing favorable predicted physico-chemical, pharmacokinetic and toxicological properties. Although being structurally similar to febuxostat, these optimized inhibitors bear some structural freshness and could be adopted as hits for hit-to-lead development and further evaluation by in vivo studies towards novel drug candidates, and represent valuable model structures for design of novel XO inhibitors.
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Ojha R, Singh J, Ojha A, Singh H, Sharma S, Nepali K. An updated patent review: xanthine oxidase inhibitors for the treatment of hyperuricemia and gout (2011-2015). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2016; 27:311-345. [DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2017.1261111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ritu Ojha
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, India
| | - Jagjeet Singh
- Department of Pharmacy, Rayat-Bahara group of Institutes, Hoshiarpur, India
| | - Anu Ojha
- Department of Pharmacy, DIT University, Dehradun, India
| | - Harbinder Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, India
| | - Sahil Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, India
| | - Kunal Nepali
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, India
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Yin L, Cheng F, Li Q, Liu W, Liu X, Cao Z, Shi D. Synthesis and biological evaluation of novel C1-glycosyl thiazole derivatives as acetylcholinesterase inhibitors. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL RESEARCH 2016. [DOI: 10.3184/174751916x14711768865726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
A new series of C1-glycosyl thiazole derivatives was synthesised by the reaction of 1-(1,3,4,6-tetra- O-acetyl-2-deoxy-β-D-glucopyranos-2-yl)thiourea with 2-bromoacetophenone derivatives. Subsequent removal of the acetyl groups were conducted using NaOMe–MeOH. The structures of all new products were confirmed by IR, 1H NMR and HRMS (ESI). The acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activities of these new compounds were tested. Among them, N-(2-acetamido-3,4,6-tri- O-acetyl-2-deoxy-β-D-glucopyranosyl)-4-(4-nitrophenyl)-1,3-thiazole-2-amine showed the best activity with an inhibition rate of 43.21%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Yin
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Huaihai Institute of Technology, Lianyungang 222005, P.R. China
| | - Feng–Chang Cheng
- China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, P.R. China
| | - Qu–Xiang Li
- China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, P.R. China
| | - Wei–Wei Liu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Huaihai Institute of Technology, Lianyungang 222005, P.R. China
- Jiangsu Institute of Marine Resources, Lianyungang 222005, P.R. China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening, Huaihai Institute of Technology, Lianyungang 222005, P.R. China
| | - Xiu–Jian Liu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Huaihai Institute of Technology, Lianyungang 222005, P.R. China
| | - Zhi–Ling Cao
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Huaihai Institute of Technology, Lianyungang 222005, P.R. China
- Jiangsu Institute of Marine Resources, Lianyungang 222005, P.R. China
| | - Da–Hua Shi
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Huaihai Institute of Technology, Lianyungang 222005, P.R. China
- Jiangsu Institute of Marine Resources, Lianyungang 222005, P.R. China
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