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Flick AC, Leverett CA, Ding HX, McInturff EL, Fink SJ, Mahapatra S, Carney DW, Lindsey EA, DeForest JC, France SP, Berritt S, Bigi-Botterill SV, Gibson TS, Watson RB, Liu Y, O'Donnell CJ. Synthetic Approaches to the New Drugs Approved During 2020. J Med Chem 2022; 65:9607-9661. [PMID: 35833579 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c00710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
New drugs introduced to the market are privileged structures that have affinities for biological targets implicated in human diseases and conditions. These new chemical entities (NCEs), particularly small molecules and antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs), provide insight into molecular recognition and simultaneously function as leads for the design of future medicines. This Review is part of a continuing series presenting the most likely process-scale synthetic approaches to 44 new chemical entities approved for the first time anywhere in the world during 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew C Flick
- Takeda Pharmaceuticals, 9625 Towne Centre Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Carolyn A Leverett
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Hong X Ding
- Pharmacodia (Beijing) Co. Ltd., Beijing 100085, China
| | - Emma L McInturff
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Sarah J Fink
- Takeda Pharmaceuticals, 125 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Subham Mahapatra
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Daniel W Carney
- Takeda Pharmaceuticals, 9625 Towne Centre Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Erick A Lindsey
- Takeda Pharmaceuticals, 9625 Towne Centre Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Jacob C DeForest
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, La Jolla Laboratories, 10777 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Scott P France
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Simon Berritt
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | | | - Tony S Gibson
- Takeda Pharmaceuticals, 9625 Towne Centre Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Rebecca B Watson
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, La Jolla Laboratories, 10777 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Yiyang Liu
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Christopher J O'Donnell
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
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2
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Liman W, Oubahmane M, Hdoufane I, Bjij I, Villemin D, Daoud R, Cherqaoui D, El Allali A. Monte Carlo Method and GA-MLR-Based QSAR Modeling of NS5A Inhibitors against the Hepatitis C Virus. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27092729. [PMID: 35566079 PMCID: PMC9099611 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27092729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a serious disease that threatens human health. Despite consistent efforts to inhibit the virus, it has infected more than 58 million people, with 300,000 deaths per year. The HCV nonstructural protein NS5A plays a critical role in the viral life cycle, as it is a major contributor to the viral replication and assembly processes. Therefore, its importance is evident in all currently approved HCV combination treatments. The present study identifies new potential compounds for possible medical use against HCV using the quantitative structure–activity relationship (QSAR). In this context, a set of 36 NS5A inhibitors was used to build QSAR models using genetic algorithm multiple linear regression (GA-MLR) and Monte Carlo optimization and were implemented in the software CORAL. The Monte Carlo method was used to build QSAR models using SMILES-based optimal descriptors. Four splits were performed and 24 QSAR models were developed and verified through internal and external validation. The model created for split 3 produced a higher value of the determination coefficients using the validation set (R2 = 0.991 and Q2 = 0.943). In addition, this model provides interesting information about the structural features responsible for the increase and decrease of inhibitory activity, which were used to develop eight novel NS5A inhibitors. The constructed GA-MLR model with satisfactory statistical parameters (R2 = 0.915 and Q2 = 0.941) confirmed the predicted inhibitory activity for these compounds. The Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Elimination, and Toxicity (ADMET) predictions showed that the newly designed compounds were nontoxic and exhibited acceptable pharmacological properties. These results could accelerate the process of discovering new drugs against HCV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wissal Liman
- African Genome Center, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Ben Guerir 43150, Morocco; (W.L.); (R.D.)
| | - Mehdi Oubahmane
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, BP 2390, Marrakech 40000, Morocco; (M.O.); (I.H.); (D.C.)
| | - Ismail Hdoufane
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, BP 2390, Marrakech 40000, Morocco; (M.O.); (I.H.); (D.C.)
| | - Imane Bjij
- Institut Supérieur des Professions Infirmières et Techniques de Santé (ISPITS), Dakhla 73000, Morocco;
| | - Didier Villemin
- Ecole Nationale Supérieure d’Ingénieurs (ENSICAEN) Laboratoire de Chimie Moléculaire et Thioorganique, UMR 6507 CNRS, INC3M, FR3038, Labex EMC3, Labex SynOrg ENSICAEN & Université de Caen, 14118 Caen, France;
| | - Rachid Daoud
- African Genome Center, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Ben Guerir 43150, Morocco; (W.L.); (R.D.)
| | - Driss Cherqaoui
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, BP 2390, Marrakech 40000, Morocco; (M.O.); (I.H.); (D.C.)
| | - Achraf El Allali
- African Genome Center, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Ben Guerir 43150, Morocco; (W.L.); (R.D.)
- Correspondence:
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Pharmacokinetics, safety and tolerability of ravidasvir, with and without danoprevir/ritonavir, in healthy subjects. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2021; 65:e0060021. [PMID: 34252301 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00600-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ravidasvir (RDV) is a novel oral hepatitis C virus NS5A inhibitor. This study aimed to evaluate the pharmacokinetics and safety of RDV and the drug-drug interaction between RDV and ritonavir-boosted danoprevir (DNVr) in healthy adults. In 1st study, healthy volunteers were administered oral single doses of 100, 200 and 300 mg RDV and 200 mg once daily for 7 days. The 2nd study was randomized, double-blind and placebo-controlled sequential design (day 1 for 200 mg RDV alone, day 7 for 100 mg/100 mg DNVr, day 13 for 200 mg RDV plus 100mg/100mg DNVr, followed by RDV 200 mg once daily with DNVr 100mg/100mg twice daily for 10 days). The results showed that RDV exposure increased in a dose-proportional manner following a single dose with no evidence of accumulation with multiple doses. Co-administration with DNVr regimen (100 mg/100 mg, twice daily) resulted in a 2.92- and 1.99-fold increase in minimum plasma concentration at steady state (Cmin,ss) and area under the concentration-time curve at steady state (AUCτ) of RDV. With co-administration of RDV, maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) and area under the concentration curve from zero to 12 h (AUC0-12) of DNV increased 1.71-fold and 2.33-fold, respectively. We did not observe any significant changes in ritonavir exposure. Both single and multiple doses of RDV with or without DNVr were well tolerated. The favorable pharmacokinetic and safety results support ravidasvir's continued clinical development and treatment.
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Kaddah MMY, Talaat W, El Demellawy MA. Determination and structural characterization of ravidasvir metabolites by LC coupled to triple quadrupole linear ion trap MS: Application to pharmacokinetics and phase I metabolism in rats. Biomed Chromatogr 2021; 35:e5146. [PMID: 33893663 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.5146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is an infectious disease that has become a global clinical issue because of its significant morbidity and mortality. Novel anti-hepatitis C drugs are continuously developed to decrease the pervasiveness of the infection globally. A synthetic ravidasvir, benzimidazole-naphthylene-imidazole derivatives, has been used as an anti-HCV drug. This study determined the metabolites of ravidasvir and its pharmacokinetics in rats using information-dependent acquisition and multiple reaction monitoring scanning modes in linear ion trap LC-MS/MS instrument, respectively. Two time-programming linear-gradient chromatographic methods were employed using a Kinetex C18 column (50 × 3 mm, 2.6 μm) and a Luna HILIC column (100 × 4.6 mm, 3 μm) for the qualitative and quantitative determination of ravidasvir and its metabolites, respectively. In silico prediction where sites in a molecule are susceptible to metabolism by cytochrome P450 was implemented, which helped in proposing the metabolic pathway of ravidasvir. The most dominant metabolite in rat liver microsomal samples was oxidative ravidasvir, where one O-demethylated metabolite and eight isomers of the oxidative ravidasvir metabolites were identified. The study provides essential data for proposing the metabolic pathway and successfully applied it to determine the pharmacokinetics of ravidasvir in rat plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Mohamed Yousri Kaddah
- Pharmaceutical and Fermentation Industries Development Center, City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications, New Borg El-Arab, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Wael Talaat
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Damanhour University, Damanhour, Egypt
| | - Maha A El Demellawy
- Center of Excellence for Preclinical Research in Drug Development, City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications, New Borg El-Arab, Alexandria, Egypt
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Xiao L, Wu X, Zhang F, Wang J, Xu X, Li L. Changes of inflammatory cytokines/chemokines during ravidasvir plus ritonavir-boosted danoprevir and ribavirin therapy for patients with genotype 1b hepatitis C infection. J Med Virol 2020; 92:3516-3524. [PMID: 32525562 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.26161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the safety and efficacy of ravidasvir (RDV) plus ritonavir-boosted danoprevir (DNVr) and ribavirin (RBV) regimens for treatment-naïve non-cirrhotic patients with hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotype 1b in mainland China. We also gained insight into HCV-host interactions during anti-HCV treatment. 16 patients with HCV and 10 healthy people enrolled the study. Three of 16 patients received 12-weeks' placebo treatment first and served as the placebo controls. All (n = 16) patients received 12-weeks' RDV plus DNVr and RBV treatment. The adverse effects (AEs), viral loads, alanine transaminase, and aspartate aminotransferase were recorded during study. We also performed multianalyte profiling of 48 cytokines/chemokines in 16 patients with HCV and 10 normal controls. Seventy-five percent patients treated with RDV plus DNVr and RBV experienced AEs. No death, treatment-related serious AEs or AEs leading to discontinuation were reported. The serum HCV-RNA levels remained extremely high in 3 placebo controls after treated with placebo. After RDV plus DNVr and RBV treatment, all patients achieved sustained virologic response (SVR) at posttreatment week 12, but 1 patient experienced viral relapse at SVR 24. The cytokine/chemokine expression pattern was markedly altered in patients with HCV as compared with healthy controls. The interferon-inducible protein-10 (IP-10) decreased after anti-HCV treatment, and dramatically increased in one patient with viral relapse. The regimen of RDV and DNVr plus RBV represents a highly safe and effective treatment option for HCV patients in mainland China. The IP-10 has the potential to be an indicator of innate immune viral recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanlan Xiao
- Infections Department, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoxin Wu
- Infections Department, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fen Zhang
- Infections Department, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jie Wang
- Infections Department, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaowei Xu
- Infections Department, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lanjuan Li
- Infections Department, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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6
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Kim BW, Lee H, Keum G, Kim BM. Structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies on the mutagenic properties of 2,7-diaminofluorene and 2,7-diaminocarbazole derivatives. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2020; 31:127662. [PMID: 33227415 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2020.127662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
We discovered that 2,7-diaminofluorene or 2,7-diaminocarbazole moiety can be employed as a core structure of highly effective NS5A inhibitors that are connected through amide bonds to proline-valine-carbamate motifs. Amide bonds can be easily cleaved via various metabolic pathways upon administration into the body, and metabolites containing 2,7-diaminofluorene and 2,7-diaminocarbazole core structures have been known to be strong mutagens. To avoid the mutagenesis issue of these core structures, we examined various functional groups at the C9 or N9 position of 2,7-diaminofluorene or 2,7-diaminocarbazole, respectively, through the Ames test in TA98 and TA100 mutants of Salmonella typhimurium LT-2. We discovered that, through proper alkyl substitution at the C9 or N9 position, 2,7-diaminofluorene and 2,7-diaminocarbazole moieties can be successfully employed in drug discovery without necessarily causing mutagenicity problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byeong Wook Kim
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwa Lee
- Center for Neuro-Medicine, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Hwarangno 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyochang Keum
- Center for Neuro-Medicine, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Hwarangno 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea.
| | - B Moon Kim
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
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7
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Ramdas V, Talwar R, Banerjee M, Joshi AA, Das AK, Walke DS, Borhade P, Dhayagude U, Loriya R, Gote G, Bommakanti A, Sivaram A, Agarwal G, Goswami A, Nigade P, Mehta M, Patil V, Modi D, Kumar H, Mallurwar S, Dash A, Modi F, Kuldharan S, Srivastava P, Singh M, Narasimham L, Gundu J, Sharma S, Kamboj RK, Palle VP. Discovery and Characterization of Potent Pan-Genotypic HCV NS5A Inhibitors Containing Novel Tricyclic Central Core Leading to Clinical Candidate. J Med Chem 2019; 62:10563-10582. [PMID: 31710479 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b01562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The identification of a novel class of potent pan-genotypic NS5A inhibitors with good pharmacokinetic profile suitable for potential use in treating HCV infections is disclosed here. The present series of compounds are with less complex tricyclic central core, identified through a systematic SAR study carried out on biphenyl moiety. The SAR outcome has confirmed the requirement of near planar and linear conformation of the molecule to achieve the best pan-genotypic activity. In addition, SAR with substituted imidazoles on improvement of antiviral activity is disclosed. The newly identified compounds 12, 16, 19-21 have shown desirable pharmacokinetic profiles with a favorable uptake of compounds in liver and maintained a significant concentration for up to 8 h in the liver. In addition, compounds 20 and 21 have shown superior pan-genotypic anti-HCV activity compared to ledipasvir and daclatasvir. Additional characterization and preliminary safety assessment resulted in the identification of compound 20 as a potential clinical candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vidya Ramdas
- Novel Drug Discovery & Development , Lupin Ltd. , Lupin Research Park, Survey No. 46 A/47 A, Village Nande, Taluka Mulshi , Pune 412115 , India
| | - Rashmi Talwar
- Novel Drug Discovery & Development , Lupin Ltd. , Lupin Research Park, Survey No. 46 A/47 A, Village Nande, Taluka Mulshi , Pune 412115 , India
| | - Moloy Banerjee
- Novel Drug Discovery & Development , Lupin Ltd. , Lupin Research Park, Survey No. 46 A/47 A, Village Nande, Taluka Mulshi , Pune 412115 , India
| | - Advait Arun Joshi
- Novel Drug Discovery & Development , Lupin Ltd. , Lupin Research Park, Survey No. 46 A/47 A, Village Nande, Taluka Mulshi , Pune 412115 , India
| | - Amit Kumar Das
- Novel Drug Discovery & Development , Lupin Ltd. , Lupin Research Park, Survey No. 46 A/47 A, Village Nande, Taluka Mulshi , Pune 412115 , India
| | - Deepak Sahebrao Walke
- Novel Drug Discovery & Development , Lupin Ltd. , Lupin Research Park, Survey No. 46 A/47 A, Village Nande, Taluka Mulshi , Pune 412115 , India
| | - Prashant Borhade
- Novel Drug Discovery & Development , Lupin Ltd. , Lupin Research Park, Survey No. 46 A/47 A, Village Nande, Taluka Mulshi , Pune 412115 , India
| | - Usha Dhayagude
- Novel Drug Discovery & Development , Lupin Ltd. , Lupin Research Park, Survey No. 46 A/47 A, Village Nande, Taluka Mulshi , Pune 412115 , India
| | - Rajesh Loriya
- Novel Drug Discovery & Development , Lupin Ltd. , Lupin Research Park, Survey No. 46 A/47 A, Village Nande, Taluka Mulshi , Pune 412115 , India
| | - Ganesh Gote
- Novel Drug Discovery & Development , Lupin Ltd. , Lupin Research Park, Survey No. 46 A/47 A, Village Nande, Taluka Mulshi , Pune 412115 , India
| | - Apparao Bommakanti
- Novel Drug Discovery & Development , Lupin Ltd. , Lupin Research Park, Survey No. 46 A/47 A, Village Nande, Taluka Mulshi , Pune 412115 , India
| | - Aruna Sivaram
- Novel Drug Discovery & Development , Lupin Ltd. , Lupin Research Park, Survey No. 46 A/47 A, Village Nande, Taluka Mulshi , Pune 412115 , India
| | - Gautam Agarwal
- Novel Drug Discovery & Development , Lupin Ltd. , Lupin Research Park, Survey No. 46 A/47 A, Village Nande, Taluka Mulshi , Pune 412115 , India
| | - Arnab Goswami
- Novel Drug Discovery & Development , Lupin Ltd. , Lupin Research Park, Survey No. 46 A/47 A, Village Nande, Taluka Mulshi , Pune 412115 , India
| | - Prashant Nigade
- Novel Drug Discovery & Development , Lupin Ltd. , Lupin Research Park, Survey No. 46 A/47 A, Village Nande, Taluka Mulshi , Pune 412115 , India
| | - Maneesh Mehta
- Novel Drug Discovery & Development , Lupin Ltd. , Lupin Research Park, Survey No. 46 A/47 A, Village Nande, Taluka Mulshi , Pune 412115 , India
| | - Vinod Patil
- Novel Drug Discovery & Development , Lupin Ltd. , Lupin Research Park, Survey No. 46 A/47 A, Village Nande, Taluka Mulshi , Pune 412115 , India
| | - Dipak Modi
- Novel Drug Discovery & Development , Lupin Ltd. , Lupin Research Park, Survey No. 46 A/47 A, Village Nande, Taluka Mulshi , Pune 412115 , India
| | - Hemant Kumar
- Novel Drug Discovery & Development , Lupin Ltd. , Lupin Research Park, Survey No. 46 A/47 A, Village Nande, Taluka Mulshi , Pune 412115 , India
| | - Sadanand Mallurwar
- Novel Drug Discovery & Development , Lupin Ltd. , Lupin Research Park, Survey No. 46 A/47 A, Village Nande, Taluka Mulshi , Pune 412115 , India
| | - Amruta Dash
- Novel Drug Discovery & Development , Lupin Ltd. , Lupin Research Park, Survey No. 46 A/47 A, Village Nande, Taluka Mulshi , Pune 412115 , India
| | - Falguni Modi
- Novel Drug Discovery & Development , Lupin Ltd. , Lupin Research Park, Survey No. 46 A/47 A, Village Nande, Taluka Mulshi , Pune 412115 , India
| | - Sandip Kuldharan
- Novel Drug Discovery & Development , Lupin Ltd. , Lupin Research Park, Survey No. 46 A/47 A, Village Nande, Taluka Mulshi , Pune 412115 , India
| | - Pratima Srivastava
- Novel Drug Discovery & Development , Lupin Ltd. , Lupin Research Park, Survey No. 46 A/47 A, Village Nande, Taluka Mulshi , Pune 412115 , India
| | - Minakshi Singh
- Novel Drug Discovery & Development , Lupin Ltd. , Lupin Research Park, Survey No. 46 A/47 A, Village Nande, Taluka Mulshi , Pune 412115 , India
| | - Lakshmi Narasimham
- Novel Drug Discovery & Development , Lupin Ltd. , Lupin Research Park, Survey No. 46 A/47 A, Village Nande, Taluka Mulshi , Pune 412115 , India
| | - Jayasagar Gundu
- Novel Drug Discovery & Development , Lupin Ltd. , Lupin Research Park, Survey No. 46 A/47 A, Village Nande, Taluka Mulshi , Pune 412115 , India
| | - Sharad Sharma
- Novel Drug Discovery & Development , Lupin Ltd. , Lupin Research Park, Survey No. 46 A/47 A, Village Nande, Taluka Mulshi , Pune 412115 , India
| | - Rajender Kumar Kamboj
- Novel Drug Discovery & Development , Lupin Ltd. , Lupin Research Park, Survey No. 46 A/47 A, Village Nande, Taluka Mulshi , Pune 412115 , India
| | - Venkata P Palle
- Novel Drug Discovery & Development , Lupin Ltd. , Lupin Research Park, Survey No. 46 A/47 A, Village Nande, Taluka Mulshi , Pune 412115 , India
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8
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Togo T, Sohma Y, Kuninobu Y, Kanai M. Palladium-Catalyzed C–H Heteroarylation of 2,5-Disubstituted Imidazoles. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2019; 67:196-198. [DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c18-00586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takaya Togo
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo
| | - Youhei Sohma
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo
| | - Yoichiro Kuninobu
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University
| | - Motomu Kanai
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo
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9
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Locke GM, Bernhard SSR, Senge MO. Nonconjugated Hydrocarbons as Rigid-Linear Motifs: Isosteres for Material Sciences and Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry. Chemistry 2019; 25:4590-4647. [PMID: 30387906 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201804225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2018] [Revised: 10/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Nonconjugated hydrocarbons, like bicyclo[1.1.1]pentane, bicyclo[2.2.2]octane, triptycene, and cubane are a unique class of rigid linkers. Due to their similarity in size and shape they are useful mimics of classic benzene moieties in drugs, so-called bioisosteres. Moreover, they also fulfill an important role in material sciences as linear linkers, in order to arrange various functionalities in a defined spatial manner. In this Review article, recent developments and usages of these special, rectilinear systems are discussed. Furthermore, we focus on covalently linked, nonconjugated linear arrangements and discuss the physical and chemical properties and differences of individual linkers, as well as their application in material and medicinal sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma M Locke
- School of Chemistry, SFI Tetrapyrrole Laboratory, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin, 2, Ireland
| | - Stefan S R Bernhard
- School of Chemistry, SFI Tetrapyrrole Laboratory, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin, 2, Ireland
| | - Mathias O Senge
- School of Chemistry, SFI Tetrapyrrole Laboratory, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin, 2, Ireland
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10
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Kao JH, Yu ML, Chen CY, Peng CY, Chen MY, Tang H, Chen Q, Wu JJ. Twelve-week ravidasvir plus ritonavir-boosted danoprevir and ribavirin for non-cirrhotic HCV genotype 1 patients: A phase 2 study. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018; 33:1507-1510. [PMID: 29346834 DOI: 10.1111/jgh.14096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2017] [Revised: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM The need for all-oral hepatitis C virus (HCV) treatments with higher response rates, improved tolerability, and lower pill burden compared with interferon-inclusive regimen has led to the development of new direct-acting antiviral agents. Ravidasvir (RDV) is a second-generation, pan-genotypic NS5A inhibitor with high barrier to resistance. The aim of this phase 2 study (EVEREST study) was to assess the efficacy and safety of interferon-free, 12-week RDV plus ritonavir-boosted danoprevir (DNVr) and ribavirin (RBV) regimen for treatment-naïve Asian HCV genotype 1 (GT1) patients without cirrhosis. METHODS A total of 38 treatment-naïve, non-cirrhotic adult HCV GT1 patients were enrolled in this multicenter, open-label, single-arm phase 2 study (NCT03020095). All patients received a combination of RDV 200 mg once daily (q.d.) plus DNVr 100 mg/100 mg twice daily (b.i.d.) and oral RBV 1000/1200 mg/day (body weight < 75/≥ 75 kg) for 12 weeks. The primary endpoint was the rate of sustained virologic response 12 weeks after the end of treatment (SVR12). RESULTS Of 38 patients, all (100%) achieved SVR12. During the study, no treatment-related serious adverse events, no patients discontinued treatment due to adverse events, and no deaths were reported. Six of 37 (16%) patients with available sequences had HCV NS5A resistance-associated variants at baseline. All patients (6/6) with baseline NS5A resistance-associated variants achieved SVR12. CONCLUSIONS Twelve-week RDV and DNVr in combination with RBV for 12 weeks achieves the SVR12 rate of 100% in treatment-naïve non-cirrhotic Asian patients with HCV GT1 infection. This interferon-free regimen is also safe and well tolerated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Horng Kao
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine and Hepatitis Research Center, National Taiwan University College of Medicine and Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Min-Lung Yu
- Division of Hepatobiliary, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Yi Chen
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chia-Yi Christian Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Yuan Peng
- Division of Hepatogastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Yao Chen
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei Medical University Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | | | - Jinzi J Wu
- Ascletis BioScience Co., Ltd., Hangzhou, China
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Zhong M, Peng E, Huang N, Huang Q, Huq A, Lau M, Colonno R, Li L. Discovery of novel potent HCV NS5B polymerase non-nucleoside inhibitors bearing a fused benzofuran scaffold. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2018; 28:963-968. [PMID: 29422387 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2018.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Revised: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
This letter describes the discovery of a fused benzofuran scaffold viable for preparing a series of novel potent HCV NS5B polymerase non-nucleoside inhibitors. Designed on the basis of the functionalized benzofuran derivative nesbuvir (HCV-796), these compounds presumably bind similarly to the allosteric binding site in the "palm" domain of HCV NS5B protein. SAR of each potential hydrogen-bonding interaction site of this novel scaffold is discussed along with some preliminary genotypic profile and PK data of several advanced compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhong
- Presidio Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 1700 Owens Street, Suite 184, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
| | - Eric Peng
- Presidio Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 1700 Owens Street, Suite 184, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Ningwu Huang
- Presidio Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 1700 Owens Street, Suite 184, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Qi Huang
- Presidio Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 1700 Owens Street, Suite 184, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Anja Huq
- Presidio Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 1700 Owens Street, Suite 184, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Meiyen Lau
- Presidio Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 1700 Owens Street, Suite 184, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Richard Colonno
- Presidio Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 1700 Owens Street, Suite 184, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Leping Li
- Presidio Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 1700 Owens Street, Suite 184, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
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12
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Current therapy for chronic hepatitis C: The role of direct-acting antivirals. Antiviral Res 2017; 142:83-122. [PMID: 28238877 PMCID: PMC7172984 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2017.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Revised: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
One of the most exciting developments in antiviral research has been the discovery of the direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) that effectively cure chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections. Based on more than 100 clinical trials and real-world studies, we provide a comprehensive overview of FDA-approved therapies and newly discovered anti-HCV agents with a special focus on drug efficacy, mechanisms of action, and safety. We show that HCV drug development has advanced in multiple aspects: (i) interferon-based regimens were replaced by interferon-free regimens; (ii) genotype-specific drugs evolved to drugs for all HCV genotypes; (iii) therapies based upon multiple pills per day were simplified to a single pill per day; (iv) drug potency increased from moderate (∼60%) to high (>90%) levels of sustained virologic responses; (v) treatment durations were shortened from 48 to 12 or 8 weeks; and (vi) therapies could be administered orally regardless of prior treatment history and cirrhotic status. However, despite these remarkable achievements made in HCV drug discovery, challenges remain in the management of difficult-to-treat patients. HCV genotype-specific drugs evolve to pan-genotypic drugs. Drug potency increases from moderate (∼60%) to high (>90%) levels of sustained virologic response. Treatment durations are shortened from a 48-week to 12-week or 8-week period. HCV therapies based upon multiple pills per day are simplified to a single pill per day. HCV therapies are administered orally regardless of prior treatment history and cirrhotic status.
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Asselah T, Moreno C, Sarrazin C, Gschwantler M, Foster GR, Craxí A, Buggisch P, Sanai F, Bicer C, Lenz O, Van Dooren G, Nalpas C, Lonjon-Domanec I, Schlag M, Buti M. Efficacy of a 12-Week Simeprevir Plus Peginterferon/Ribavirin (PR) Regimen in Treatment-Naïve Patients with Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) Genotype 4 (GT4) Infection and Mild-To-Moderate Fibrosis Displaying Early On-Treatment Virologic Response. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0168713. [PMID: 28056030 PMCID: PMC5215882 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0168713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND HCV GT4 accounts for up to 20% of HCV infections worldwide. Simeprevir, given for 12 weeks as part of a 24- or 48-week combination regimen with PR is approved for the treatment of chronic HCV GT4 infection. Primary study objectives were assessment of efficacy and safety of simeprevir plus PR in treatment-naïve patients with HCV GT4 treated for 12 weeks. Primary efficacy outcome was sustained virologic response 12 weeks post-treatment (SVR12). Additional objectives included investigation of potential associations of rapid virologic response and baseline factors with SVR12. METHODS This multicentre, open-label, single-arm study (NCT01846832) evaluated efficacy and safety of simeprevir plus PR in 67 patients with HCV GT4 infection. Patients were treatment-naïve, aged 18-70 years with METAVIR F0-F2 fibrosis. Patients with early virologic response (HCV RNA <25 IU/mL [detectable/undetectable in IL28B CC patients or undetectable in IL28B CT/TT patients] at Week 2 and undetectable at Weeks 4 and 8) were eligible to stop all treatment at the end of Week 12, otherwise PR therapy was continued to Week 24. RESULTS Of 67 patients treated, 34 (51%) qualified for 12-week treatment including all but one patient with IL28B CC genotype (14/15). All patients in the 12-week group had undetectable HCV RNA at end of treatment, and 97% (33/34) achieved SVR12. No new safety signals with simeprevir plus PR were identified. The proportion of patients experiencing Grade 3-4 adverse events was lower in the 12-week group than in the 24-week group. CONCLUSIONS Our findings on simeprevir plus PR therapy shortened to 12 weeks in patients with HCV GT4 infection with favourable baseline characteristics and displaying early on-treatment virologic response are encouraging. No new safety signals were associated with simeprevir plus PR in this study. TRIAL REGISTRATION NCT01846832.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarik Asselah
- Hepatology Department, Beaujon Hospital, University of Paris, Paris, France
| | - Christophe Moreno
- CUB Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Christoph Sarrazin
- Johann Wolfgang Goethe University Hospital, Medizinische Klinik 1, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | | | - Graham R. Foster
- Queen Mary Hospital, University of London, Barts Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Antonio Craxí
- Sezione di Gastroenterologia & Epatologia, Di.Bi.M.I.S., University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Peter Buggisch
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Medicine at the Asklepios Klinik St. Georg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Faisal Sanai
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ceyhun Bicer
- Janssen Infectious Diseases BVBA, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Oliver Lenz
- Janssen Infectious Diseases BVBA, Beerse, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | | - Maria Buti
- Liver Unit, Hospital Valle Hebron and Ciberehd del Institut Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain
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