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Gulati HK, Khanna A, Kumar N, Sharma A, Rupali, Jyoti, Singh J, Bhagat K, Bedi PMS. Triazole derivatives as potential xanthine oxidase inhibitors: Design, enzyme inhibition potential, and docking studies. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2024; 357:e2300296. [PMID: 38196114 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202300296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
Considerable ingenuity has been shown in the recent years in the discovery of novel xanthine oxidase (XO) inhibitors that fall outside the purine scaffold. The triazole nucleus has been the cornerstone for the development of many enzyme inhibitors for the clinical management of several diseases, where hyperuricemia is one of them. Here, we give a critical overview of significant research on triazole-based XO inhibitors, with respect to their design, synthesis, inhibition potential, toxicity, and docking studies, done till now. Based on these literature findings, we can expect a burst of modifications on triazole-based scaffolds in the near future by targeting XO, which will treat hyperuricemics, that is, painful conditions like gout that at present are hard to deal with.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harmandeep Kaur Gulati
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India
- Dasmesh College of Pharmacy, Faridkot, Punjab, India
| | - Aanchal Khanna
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - Nitish Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - Anchal Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - Rupali
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - Jyoti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - Jatindervir Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India
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2
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Singh A, Singh K, Sharma A, Kaur K, Chadha R, Singh Bedi PM. Past, present and future of xanthine oxidase inhibitors: design strategies, structural and pharmacological insights, patents and clinical trials. RSC Med Chem 2023; 14:2155-2191. [PMID: 37974965 PMCID: PMC10650961 DOI: 10.1039/d3md00316g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Xanthine oxidase, a molybdo-flavoenzyme, and an isoform of xanthine dehydrogenase both exist as xanthine oxidoreductase and are responsible for purine catabolism. Xanthine oxidase is more involved in pathological conditions when extensively modulated. Elevation of xanthine oxidase is not only the prime cause of gout but is also responsible for various hyperuricemia associated pathological conditions like diabetes, chronic wounds, cardiovascular disorders, Alzheimer's disease, etc. Currently available xanthine oxidase inhibitors in clinical practice (allopurinol, febuxostat and topiroxostat) suffer from fatal side effects that pose a serious problem to the healthcare system, raising global emergency to develop novel, potent and safer xanthine oxidase inhibitors. This review will provide key and systematic information about: a. design strategies (inspired from both marketed drugs in clinical practice and natural products), structural insights and pharmacological output (xanthine oxidase inhibition and associated activities) of various pre-clinical candidates reported by various research groups across the globe in the past two decades; b. patented xanthine oxidase inhibitors published in the last three decades and c. clinical trials and their outcomes on approved drug candidates. Information generated in this review has suggested fragment-based drug design (FBDD) and molecular hybridization techniques to be most suitable for development of desired xanthine oxidase inhibitors as one provides high selectivity toward the enzyme and the other imparts multifunctional properties to the structure and both may possess capabilities to surpass the limitations of currently available clinical drugs. All in combination will exclusively update researchers working on xanthine oxidase inhibitors and allied areas and potentially help in designing rational, novel, potent and safer xanthine oxidase inhibitors that can effectively tackle xanthine oxidase related disease conditions and disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atamjit Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University Amritsar Punjab 143005 India
| | - Karanvir Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University Amritsar Punjab 143005 India
| | - Aman Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University Amritsar Punjab 143005 India
| | - Kirandeep Kaur
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University Amritsar Punjab 143005 India
| | - Renu Chadha
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University Chandigarh 160014 India
| | - Preet Mohinder Singh Bedi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University Amritsar Punjab 143005 India
- Drug and Pollution Testing Laboratory, Guru Nanak Dev University Amritsar Punjab 143005 India
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3
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Agrawal N, Arya M, Kushwah P. Therapeutic voyage of synthetic and natural xanthine oxidase inhibitors. Chem Biol Drug Des 2023; 102:1293-1307. [PMID: 37550063 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.14319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
Xanthine oxidase (XO) inhibitors are commonly used to treat gout, nephropathy, and renal stone diseases related to hyperuricemia. However, recent research has shown that these inhibitors may also have potential benefits in preventing vascular diseases, including those affecting the cerebrovasculature. This is due to emerging evidence suggesting that serum uric acid is involved in the growth of cardiovascular disease, and XO inhibition can reduce oxidative stress in the vasculature. There is a great interest in the development of new XO inhibitors for the treatment of hyperuricemia and gout. The present review discusses the many synthetic and natural XO inhibitors that have been developed which are found to have greater potency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neetu Agrawal
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University, Mathura, India
| | - Medha Arya
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University, Mathura, India
| | - Priya Kushwah
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University, Mathura, India
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Lin F, Sun M, Gao J, Zhang B, Mao Q, Bao Z, Shen C, Li Q, Wang H, Wang S. Identification of 5-[5-cyano-1-(pyridin-2-ylmethyl)-1H-indole-3-carboxamido] thiazole-4-carboxylic acid as a promising dual inhibitor of urate transporter 1 and xanthine oxidase. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 257:115532. [PMID: 37295161 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In combination with allopurinol, tranilast is used as an urate transporter 1 (URAT1) inhibitor for the treatment of hyperuricemia, but its structure-activity relationship concerning URAT1 inhibitory activity is rarely studied. In this paper, analogs 1-30 were designed and synthesized using scaffold hopping strategy on the basis of tranilast and the privileged scaffold indole. Then, URAT1 activity was evaluated using 14C-uric acid uptake assay with HEK293-URAT1 overexpressing cells. Compared with tranilast (inhibitory rate = 44.9% at 10 μM), most compounds displayed apparent inhibitory effects, ranging from 40.0% to 81.0% at 10 μM on URAT1. Surprisingly, along with the bringing in of a cyano group at the 5-position of indole ring, compounds 26 and 28-30 exerted xanthine oxidase (XO) inhibitory activity. In particular, compound 29 presented potency on URAT1 (48.0% at 10 μM) and XO (IC50 = 1.01 μM). Molecular simulation analysis revealed that the basic structure of compound 29 had an affinity with URAT1, and XO. Furthermore, compound 29 demonstrated a significant hypouricemic effect in a potassium oxonate-induced hyperuricemia rat model at an oral dose of 10 mg/kg during in vivo tests. In summary, tranilast analog 29 was identified as a potent dual-target inhibitor of URAT1 and XO, and a promising lead compound for further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengwei Lin
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Culture Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Ming Sun
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Culture Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Jun Gao
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Culture Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Bing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Culture Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Qing Mao
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Culture Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Ziyang Bao
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Culture Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Chao Shen
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Culture Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Qiuhua Li
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Culture Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Han Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, China.
| | - Shaojie Wang
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Culture Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110016, China.
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Peng W, Liu F, Zhang L, Zhang L, Li J. Design, synthesis, and evaluation of tricyclic compounds containing phenyl-tetrazole as XOR inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 246:114947. [PMID: 36462435 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Based on analyses of the interaction between febuxostat and xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR), tetrazole was used to replace the carboxyl-thiazole fragment of febuxostat using a bioelectronic isosteric strategy. Three series of compounds were designed. The inhibitory activity against XOR of all compounds was evaluated and their structure-activity relationships determined. The inhibitory activity against XOR of compounds I was weak, with a half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) value > 10 μmol, whereas the inhibitory activity of compounds II and III was increased significantly, among which compounds IIIa (IC50 = 26.3 ± 1.21 nM) and IIIc (IC50 = 29.3 ± 0.88 nM) were the best. Molecular docking showed that tetrazole could enter the active cavity instead of a carboxyl group and retain most of the interaction between febuxostat and XOR. For compounds III, the hydrogen bonds with Asn768 and Thr1010 of XOR were absent, but some new interactions were introduced to improve potency. A potassium oxazinate/hypoxanthine-induced model of acute hyperuricemia in mice also showed a significant hypouricemia effect of compounds IIIa, IIIc, and IIIe (P < 0.01), which was consistent with the results of inhibition in vitro. In conclusion, we identified a promising XOR inhibitor and provided new ideas for the design of XOR inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Peng
- MOE International Joint Research Laboratory on Synthetic Biology and Medicines, School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Fuyao Liu
- MOE International Joint Research Laboratory on Synthetic Biology and Medicines, School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Lei Zhang
- MOE International Joint Research Laboratory on Synthetic Biology and Medicines, School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Liying Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Research & Development of Hebei Province, Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengde Medical University, Chengde, 067000, PR China.
| | - Jing Li
- MOE International Joint Research Laboratory on Synthetic Biology and Medicines, School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China.
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Discovery of novel 1,2,4-triazole derivatives as xanthine oxidoreductase inhibitors with hypouricemic effects. Bioorg Chem 2022; 129:106162. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2022.106162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Ten Years Milestones in Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitors Discovery: Febuxostat-Based Inhibitors Trends, Bifunctional Derivatives, and Automatized Screening Assays. ORGANICS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/org3040026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Xanthine oxidase (XO) is an enzyme involved in the oxidative process of hypoxanthine and xanthine to uric acid (UA). This process also produces reactive oxygen species (ROS) as byproducts. Both UA and ROS are dangerous for human health, and some health conditions trigger upregulation of XO activity, which results in many diseases (cancer, atherosclerosis, hepatitis, gout, and others) given the worsened scenario of ROS and UA overproduction. So, XO became an attractive target to produce and discover novel selective drugs based on febuxostat, the most recent XO inhibitor out of only two approved by FDA. Under this context, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and capillary electrophoresis (CE) have been successfully applied to rapidly and easily screen for bioactive compounds, isolated or in complex natural matrixes, that act as enzyme inhibitors through the use of an immobilized enzyme reactor (IMER). This article’s goal is to present advances comprising febuxostat-based XO inhibitors as a new trend, bifunctional moieties capable of inhibiting XO and modulating ROS activity, and in-flow techniques employing an IMER in HPLC and CE to screen for synthetic and natural compounds that act as XO inhibitors.
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8
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Kaur G, Singh A, Arora G, Monga A, Jassal AK, Uppal J, Bedi PMS, Bora KS. Synthetic heterocyclic derivatives as promising xanthine oxidase inhibitors: An overview. Chem Biol Drug Des 2022; 100:443-468. [PMID: 35763448 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.14109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Inhibition of xanthine oxidase is an effective and most prominent therapeutic approach for the management of gout. Discovery of its association in the pathophysiology of diabetes, cardiovascular disorders, etc., widened its therapeutic horizons. Limited drug candidates in clinical practice along with side effects forced researchers to develop more efficacious and safer xanthine oxidase inhibitors for the management of gout and other disorders associated with xanthine oxidase hyperactivity. In this regard, this review focus on: (a) Various drug candidates in clinical practice and under clinical trials, (b) Development of various heterocyclic motifs as xanthine oxidase inhibitors in last two decades and (c) Various patented synthetic xanthine oxidase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gurinder Kaur
- University Institute of Pharma. Sciences, Chandigarh University, Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Atamjit Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - Geetakshi Arora
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - Aditi Monga
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - Anupmjot Kaur Jassal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - Jasreen Uppal
- University Institute of Pharma. Sciences, Chandigarh University, Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Preet Mohinder Singh Bedi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India.,Drug and Pollution testing Laboratory, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - Kundan Singh Bora
- University Institute of Pharma. Sciences, Chandigarh University, Mohali, Punjab, India
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Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of N-(4-alkoxy-3-(1H-tetrazol-1-yl)phenyl) heterocyclic aromatic amide derivatives as xanthine oxidase inhibitors. Bioorg Chem 2022; 127:105938. [PMID: 35752100 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2022.105938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Xanthine oxidase (XO) is a flavoprotein that exists in various organisms and can catalyze the uric acid formation in the human body. Based on the amide framework of N-(4-((3-cyanobenzyl)oxy)-3-(1H-tetrazol-1-yl)phenyl)isonicotinamide (compound 1) reported in our previous work, a series of N-(4-alkoxy-3-(1H-tetrazol-1-yl)phenyl) heterocyclic aromatic amide derivatives were designed, synthesized and evaluated as novel amide-based XO inhibitors. Structure-activity relationship campaign identified the most promising compound g25 (IC50 = 0.022 μM), which possesses a special 1H-imidazole-5-carboxamide scaffold and presented comparable XO inhibitory potency to topiroxostat (IC50 = 0.017 μM). Enzyme kinetic studies revealed that compound g25 acted as a mixed-type XO inhibitor. Molecular docking and molecular dynamics indicated that imidazole NH of g25 formed two stable hydrogen bonds with Glu1261 residue of XO that provided a vital contribution for the binding affinity. In addition, in vivo activity evaluation demonstrated that compound g25 exhibited obviously hypouricemic effect on a potassium oxonate induced hyperuricemic rat model.
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Wang MX, Qin HW, Liu C, Lv SM, Chen JS, Wang CG, Chen YY, Wang JW, Sun JY, Liao ZX. Synthesis and biological evaluation of thiazolidine-2-thione derivatives as novel xanthine oxidase inhibitors. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0268531. [PMID: 35584139 PMCID: PMC9116648 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0268531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Xanthine oxidase (XO) is a key enzyme in the generation and development of hyperuricemia. Thiazolidine-2-thione, a typical heterocyclic compound, have been widely used in the field of drug synthesis. In this study, a series of novel thiazolidine-2-thione derivatives were synthesized as XO inhibitors, and the XO inhibitory potencies of obtained compounds were evaluated by in vitro enzyme catalysis. The result shown that compound 6k behaved the strongest XO inhibitory activity with an IC50 value of 3.56 μmol/L, which was approximately 2.5-fold more potent than allopurinol. The structure-activity relationship revealed that the phenyl-sulfonamide group was indispensable for thiazolidine-2-thione derivatives to produce XO inhibitory activity. The enzyme inhibition kinetics analyses confirmed that compound 6k exerted a mixed-type XO inhibition. Additionally, the molecular docking results suggested that the 4-fluorophenyl-sulfonyl moiety could interact with Gly260 and Ile264 in the innermost part of the active pocket through 2 hydrogen bonds, while the thiazolidinethione moiety could form two hydrogen bonds with Glu263 and Ser347 in hydrophobic pockets. In summary, the results described above suggested that compound 6k could be a valuable lead compound for the treatment of hyperuricemia as a novel XO inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mu-Xuan Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Biomedical Research, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Hong-Wei Qin
- School of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Jining University, Qufu, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Chao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Novel Food Resources Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing Technology of Shandong Province/Institute of Agro-Food Science and Technology, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China
- * E-mail: (ZXL); (CL); (JYS)
| | - Shen-Ming Lv
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Biomedical Research, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Jia-Shu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Novel Food Resources Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing Technology of Shandong Province/Institute of Agro-Food Science and Technology, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Chun-Gu Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Biomedical Research, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Ying-Ying Chen
- Key Laboratory of Novel Food Resources Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing Technology of Shandong Province/Institute of Agro-Food Science and Technology, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Jia-Wei Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Biomedical Research, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Jin-Yue Sun
- Key Laboratory of Novel Food Resources Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing Technology of Shandong Province/Institute of Agro-Food Science and Technology, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China
- * E-mail: (ZXL); (CL); (JYS)
| | - Zhi-Xin Liao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Biomedical Research, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
- * E-mail: (ZXL); (CL); (JYS)
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11
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Tan A, Kizilkaya S, Noma SAA, Ates B, Kara Y. Novel hybrid isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione compounds containing a 1H-tetrazole moiety: Synthesis, biological evaluation, and molecular docking studies. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2022; 36:e23015. [PMID: 35257437 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.23015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In this study, novel hybrid isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione compounds (10 and 11) carrying a 1H-tetrazole moiety were synthesized, characterized and their inhibitory properties against xanthine oxidase (XO) and carbonic anhydrase isoenzymes (hCA I and hCA II) were investigated. Allopurinol for XO and acetazolamide for carbonic anhydrase isoenzymes were used as positive standards in inhibition studies. In addition, compounds 8 and 9, which were obtained in the intermediate step, were also investigated for their inhibition effects against the three enzymes. According to the enzyme inhibition results, hybrid isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione derivatives 10 and 11 showed significant inhibitory effects against all three enzymes. Surprisingly, compound 8, containing a SCN functional group, exhibited a greater inhibitory effect than the other compounds against hCA I and hCA II. The IC50 values of compound 8 against hCA I and hCA II were found to be 3.698 ± 0.079 and 3.147 ± 0.083 µM, respectively. Compound 8 (IC50 = 4.261 ± 0.034 μM) showed higher activity than allopurinol (IC50 = 4.678 ± 0.029 μM) and the other compounds against XO, as well. These results clearly show the effect of the SCN group on the inhibition. In addition, in silico molecular docking studies were performed to understand the molecular interactions between each compound and enzymes, and the results were evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayse Tan
- Department of Food Processing, Vocational School of Technical Sciences, Mus Alparslan University, Mus, Turkey
| | - Serap Kizilkaya
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Mus Alparslan University, Mus, Turkey
| | - Samir A A Noma
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey.,Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Science, Bursa Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Burhan Ates
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Yunus Kara
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
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12
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Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of N-(3-cyano-1H-indol-5/6-yl)-6-oxo-1,6-dihydropyrimidine-4-carboxamides and 5-(6-oxo-1,6-dihydropyrimidin-2-yl)-1H-indole-3-carbonitriles as novel xanthine oxidase inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 227:113928. [PMID: 34688012 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Xanthine oxidase (XO) has been an important target for the treatment of hyperuricemia and gout. The analysis of potential interactions of pyrimidinone and 3-cyano indole pharmacophores present in the corresponding reported XO inhibitors with parts of the XO active pocket indicated that they both can be used as effective fragments for the fragment-based design of nonpurine XO inhibitors. In this paper, we adopted the fragment-based drug design strategy to link the two fragments with an amide bond to design the type 1 compounds 13a-13w,14c, 14d, 14f, 14g, 14j, 14k, and 15g. Compound 13g displayed an evident XO inhibitory potency (IC50 = 0.16 μM), which was 52.3-fold higher than that of allopurinol (IC50 = 8.37 μM). For comparison, type 2 compounds 5-(6-oxo-1,6-dihydropyrimidin-2-yl)-1H-indole-3-carbonitriles (25c-25g) were also designed by linking the two fragments with a single bond directly. The results showed that compound 25c from the latter series displayed the best inhibitory potency (IC50 = 0.085 μM), and it was 98.5-fold stronger than that of allopurinol (IC50 = 8.37 μM). These results suggested that amide and single bonds were applicable for linking the two fragments together to obtain potent nonpurine XO inhibitors. The structure-activity relationship results revealed that hydrophobic groups at N-atom of the indole moiety were indispensable for the improvement of the inhibitory potency in vitro against XO. In addition, enzyme kinetics studies suggested that compounds 13g and 25c, as the most promising XO inhibitors for the two types of target compounds, acted as mixed-type inhibitors for XO. Moreover, molecular modeling studies suggested that the pyrimidinone and indole moieties of the target compounds could interact well with key amino acid residues in the active pocket of XO. Furthermore, in vivo hypouricemic effect demonstrated that compounds 13g and 25c could effectively reduce serum uric acid levels at an oral dose of 10 mg/kg. Therefore, compounds 13g and 25c could be potential and efficacious agents for the treatment of hyperuricemia and gout.
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13
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Amide-based xanthine oxidase inhibitors bearing an N-(1-alkyl-3-cyano-1H-indol-5-yl) moiety: Design, synthesis and structure-activity relationship investigation. Bioorg Chem 2021; 117:105417. [PMID: 34673452 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.105417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Our previous work identified a promising isonicotinamide based xanthine oxidase (XO) inhibitor, N-(3-cyano-4-((2-cyanobenzyl)oxy)phenyl)isonicotinamide (1), and concluded that amide is an effective linker in exploring the XO inhibitor chemical space that is completely different from the five-membered ring framework of febuxostat and topiroxostat. Indole, an endogenous bioactive substance and a popular drug construction fragment, was involved in the structural optimization campaign of the present effort. After the installation of some functional groups, N-(1-alkyl-3-cyano-1H-indol-5-yl) was generated and employed to mend the missing H-bond interaction between the 3'-cyano of 1 and Asn768 residue of XO by shortening their distance. In this context, eight kinds of heterocyclic aromatic amide chemotypes were rationally designed and synthesized to investigate the structure-activity relationship (SAR) of amide-based XO inhibitors. The optimized compound a6 (IC50 = 0.018 μM) exhibits 17.2-fold improved potency than the initial compound 1 (IC50 = 0.31 μM). Its potency is comparable to that of topiroxostat (IC50 = 0.013 μM). Molecular docking and molecular dynamics studies proved the existence of the stable H-bond between the cyano group and the Asn768 residue. Moreover, oral administration of a6 (11.8 mg/kg) could effectively reduce serum uric acid levels in an acute hyperuricemia rat model. Liver microsomal stability assay illustrated that compound a6 possesses well metabolic stability in rat liver microsomes. However, the in vivo potency of a6 was much lower than that of topiroxostat, which may be explained by the poor absorption found in the parallel artificial membrane permeability assay (PAMPA). In addition, 6a has non-cytotoxicity against normal cell lines MCF10A and 16HBE. Taken together, this work culminated in the identification of compound 6a as an excellent lead for further exploration of amide-based XO inhibitors.
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Tu S, Zhang TJ, Zhang Y, Zhang X, Zhang ZH, Meng FH. N-(3-cyano-1H-indol-5-yl)isonicotinamide and N-(3-cyano-1H-indol-5-yl)-1H-benzo[d]imidazole-5-carboxamide derivatives: Novel amide-based xanthine oxidase inhibitors. Bioorg Chem 2021; 115:105181. [PMID: 34329991 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.105181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Our previous work demonstrated that amide is an efficient linker to explore chemical space of xanthine oxidase (XO) inhibitors that are entirely different from febuxostat and topiroxostat. In this effort, with 3-cyano-1H-indol-5-yl as a key moiety, two series of amide-based XO inhibitors, N-(3-cyano-1H-indol-5-yl)isonicotinamides (2a-w) and N-(3-cyano-1H-indol-5-yl)-1H-benzo[d]imidazole-5-carboxamides (3a-i), were designed and synthesized. The structure-activity relationship investigation identified N-(3-cyano-1-cyclopentyl-1H-indol-5-yl)-1H-benzo[d]imidazole-5-carboxamide (3i, IC50 = 0.62 μM) as the most promising compound, with 14.4-fold higher in vitro inhibitory potency than allopurinol (IC50 = 8.91 μM). Molecular simulations provided reasonable interaction modes for the representative compounds. Furthermore, in vivo activity evaluation demonstrated that compound 3i (oral dose of 12.8 mg/kg) has obviously hypouricemic effect on a potassium oxonate induced hyperuricemic rat model. Cytotoxicity assay and ADME prediction also supported that 3i is an excellent lead for further exploration of amide-based XO inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun Tu
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, 77 Puhe Road, North New Area, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Ting-Jian Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, 77 Puhe Road, North New Area, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, 77 Puhe Road, North New Area, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, 77 Puhe Road, North New Area, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Zhen-Hao Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, 77 Puhe Road, North New Area, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Fan-Hao Meng
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, 77 Puhe Road, North New Area, Shenyang 110122, China.
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Wang M, Chen J, Zhang R, Guo X, Chen D, Guo X, Chen Y, Wu Y, Sun J, Liu Y, Liu C. Design, synthesis and bioactive evaluation of geniposide derivatives for antihyperuricemic and nephroprotective effects. Bioorg Chem 2021; 116:105321. [PMID: 34500305 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.105321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hyperuricemia is a principal factor mediating gout and kidney damage, and xanthine oxidase (XOD) is a key enzyme in the pathogenesis of hyperuricemia. In this context, a series of geniposide derivatives were designed and synthesized, and antihyperuricemic and nephroprotective effects of all derivatives was evaluated in vitro and in vivo. Compound 2e emerged as the most potent XOD inhibitor, with an IC50 value of 6.67 ± 0.46 µM. Simultaneously, cell viability, ROS generation, and SOD levels assay showed that compound 2e could repair the damage of HKC cells by inhibiting the oxidative stress response. The results of the study indicated compound 2e significantly decreased uric acid levels by inhibiting the XOD activity, and repaired kidney damage by inhibiting the expression of TLR4/TLR2/MyD88/NF-κB and NALP3/ASC/caspase-1 signaling pathways. Enzyme inhibition kinetics suggested that compound 2e functioned via reversible mixed competitive inhibition. Moreover, a molecular docking study was performed to gain insight into the binding mode of compound 2e with XOD. These results suggest that geniposide derivatives were potential to be developed into a novel medicine to reveal healthy benefits in natural prevention and reduction risk of hyperuricemia and kidney damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muxuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Novel Food Resources Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing Technology of Shandong Province/Institute of Agro-Food Science and Technology, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 202 Gongye North Road, Jinan 250100, PR China
| | - Jiashu Chen
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Clean Production of Fine Chemicals, Shandong Normal University, 88 East Wenhua Road, Jinan 250014, PR China
| | - Ruirui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Novel Food Resources Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing Technology of Shandong Province/Institute of Agro-Food Science and Technology, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 202 Gongye North Road, Jinan 250100, PR China
| | - Xinyan Guo
- Shandong Academy of Pharmaceutical Science, Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceuticals, Jinan 250101, PR China
| | - Daxia Chen
- Chongqing Academy of Chinese Materia Medica, Chongqing 400065, PR China
| | - Xu Guo
- Key Laboratory of Novel Food Resources Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing Technology of Shandong Province/Institute of Agro-Food Science and Technology, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 202 Gongye North Road, Jinan 250100, PR China
| | - Yingying Chen
- Key Laboratory of Novel Food Resources Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing Technology of Shandong Province/Institute of Agro-Food Science and Technology, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 202 Gongye North Road, Jinan 250100, PR China
| | - Yuhao Wu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, PR China
| | - Jinyue Sun
- Key Laboratory of Novel Food Resources Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing Technology of Shandong Province/Institute of Agro-Food Science and Technology, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 202 Gongye North Road, Jinan 250100, PR China.
| | - Yufa Liu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Clean Production of Fine Chemicals, Shandong Normal University, 88 East Wenhua Road, Jinan 250014, PR China.
| | - Chao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Novel Food Resources Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing Technology of Shandong Province/Institute of Agro-Food Science and Technology, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 202 Gongye North Road, Jinan 250100, PR China.
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Yagiz G, Noma SAA, Altundas A, Al-Khafaji K, Taskin-Tok T, Ates B. Synthesis, inhibition properties against xanthine oxidase and molecular docking studies of dimethyl N-benzyl-1H-1,2,3-triazole-4,5-dicarboxylate and (N-benzyl-1H-1,2,3-triazole-4,5-diyl)dimethanol derivatives. Bioorg Chem 2021; 108:104654. [PMID: 33493930 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.104654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This study focused on synthesis various dimethyl N-benzyl-1H-1,2,3-triazole-4,5-dicarboxylate and (N-benzyl-1H-1,2,3-triazole-4,5-diyl)dimethanol derivatives under the conditions of green chemistry without the use of solvent and catalysts. Their inhibition properties were also investigated on xanthine oxidase (XO) activity. All dimethanol and dicarboxylate derivatives exhibited significant inhibition activities with IC50 values ranging from 0.71 to 2.25 μM. Especially, (1-(3-bromobenzyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazole-4,5-diyl)dimethanol (5c) and dimethyl 1-(4-chlorobenzyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazole-4,5-dicarboxylate (6 g) compounds were found to be the most promising derivatives on the XO enzyme inhibition with IC50 values 0.71 and 0.73 μM, respectively. Moreover, the double docking procedure was to evaluate compound modes of inhibition and their interactions with the protein (XO) at atomic level. Surprisingly, the docking results showed a good correlation with IC50 [correlation coefficient (R2 = 0.7455)]. Also, the docking results exhibited that the 5c, 6f and 6 g have lowest docking scores -4.790, -4.755, and -4.730, respectively. These data were in agreement with the IC50 values. These results give promising beginning stages to assist in the improvement of novel and powerful inhibitor against XO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Güler Yagiz
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Gazi University, 06500 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Samir Abbas Ali Noma
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Arts, Inonu University, 44280 Malatya, Turkey
| | - Aliye Altundas
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Gazi University, 06500 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Khattab Al-Khafaji
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Gaziantep University, 27310 Gaziantep, Turkey
| | - Tugba Taskin-Tok
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Gaziantep University, 27310 Gaziantep, Turkey; Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Gaziantep University, 27310 Gaziantep, Turkey
| | - Burhan Ates
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Arts, Inonu University, 44280 Malatya, Turkey.
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Abdizadeh R, Heidarian E, Hadizadeh F, Abdizadeh T. Investigation of pyrimidine analogues as xanthine oxidase inhibitors to treat of hyperuricemia and gout through combined QSAR techniques, molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtice.2020.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Gao J, Liu X, Zhang B, Mao Q, Zhang Z, Zou Q, Dai X, Wang S. Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of 1-alkyl-5/6-(5-oxo-4,5-dihydro-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-1H-indole-3-carbonitriles as novel xanthine oxidase inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 190:112077. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 01/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Zhou H, Li X, Li Y, Zhu X, Zhang L, Li J. Synthesis and bioevaluation of 1-phenylimidazole-4-carboxylic acid derivatives as novel xanthine oxidoreductase inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 186:111883. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.111883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 10/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Novel 3-[4-alkoxy-3-(1H-tetrazol-1-yl) phenyl]-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5(4H)-ones as promising xanthine oxidase inhibitors: Design, synthesis and biological evaluation. Bioorg Chem 2020; 95:103564. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2019.103564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Jain A, Piplani P. Exploring the Chemistry and Therapeutic Potential of Triazoles: A Comprehensive Literature Review. Mini Rev Med Chem 2019; 19:1298-1368. [DOI: 10.2174/1389557519666190312162601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
:
Triazole is a valuable platform in medicinal chemistry, possessing assorted pharmacological
properties, which could play a major role in the common mechanisms associated with various disorders
like cancer, infections, inflammation, convulsions, oxidative stress and neurodegeneration. Structural
modification of this scaffold could be helpful in the generation of new therapeutically useful
agents. Although research endeavors are moving towards the growth of synthetic analogs of triazole,
there is still a lot of scope to achieve drug discovery break-through in this area. Upcoming therapeutic
prospective of this moiety has captured the attention of medicinal chemists to synthesize novel triazole
derivatives. The authors amalgamated the chemistry, synthetic strategies and detailed pharmacological
activities of the triazole nucleus in the present review. Information regarding the marketed triazole derivatives
has also been incorporated. The objective of the review is to provide insights to designing and
synthesizing novel triazole derivatives with advanced and unexplored pharmacological implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankit Jain
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh- 160014, India
| | - Poonam Piplani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh- 160014, India
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Zhang TJ, Zhang Y, Tu S, Wu YH, Zhang ZH, Meng FH. Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of N-(3-(1H-tetrazol-1-yl)phenyl)isonicotinamide derivatives as novel xanthine oxidase inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 183:111717. [PMID: 31557611 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.111717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In our previous study, we reported a series of N-phenylisonicotinamide derivatives as novel xanthine oxidase (XO) inhibitors and identified N-(3-cyano-4-((2-cyanobenzyl)oxy)phenyl)isonicotinamide (compound 1) as the most potent one with an IC50 value of 0.312 μM. To further optimize the structure and improve the potency, a structure-based drug design (SBDD) strategy was performed to construct the missing H-bond between the small molecule and the Asn768 residue of XO. We introduced a tetrazole moiety at the 3'-position of the phenyl to serve as an H-bond acceptor and obtained a series of N-(3-(1H-tetrazol-1-yl)phenyl)isonicotinamide derivatives (2a-t and 6-8). Besides, to investigate the influence of the amide-reversal, some N-(pyridin-4-yl)-3-(1H-tetrazol-1-yl)benzamide derivatives (3c, 3e, 3i, 3k and 3u) were also synthesized and evaluated. Biological evaluation and structure-activity relationship analysis demonstrated that the 3'-(1H-tetrazol-1-yl) moiety was an excellent fragment for the N-phenylisonicotinamide scaffold; a substituted benzyloxy, especially, an m-cyanobenzyloxy (e.g., 2s), linking at the 4'-position was welcome for the potency; and the amide-reversal could damage the potency, so maintenance of the N-phenylisonicotinamide scaffold was essential. In summary, starting from compound 1, the SBDD effort successfully identified a promising XO inhibitor 2s (IC50 = 0.031 μM), with a 10-fold gain in potency. Its potency was very close to the positive control topiroxostat (IC50 = 0.021 μM). A Lineweaver-Burk plot indicated that compound 2s acted as a mixed-type XO inhibitor. Molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations revealed that the tetrazole moiety could occupy the Asn768-sub-pocket with N-4 atom accepting an H-bond from the Asn768 residue, as expected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Jian Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, 77 Puhe Road, North New Area, Shenyang, 110122, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, 77 Puhe Road, North New Area, Shenyang, 110122, China
| | - Shun Tu
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, 77 Puhe Road, North New Area, Shenyang, 110122, China
| | - Yu-Hang Wu
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, 77 Puhe Road, North New Area, Shenyang, 110122, China
| | - Zhen-Hao Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, 77 Puhe Road, North New Area, Shenyang, 110122, China
| | - Fan-Hao Meng
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, 77 Puhe Road, North New Area, Shenyang, 110122, China.
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Zhang B, Dai X, Bao Z, Mao Q, Duan Y, Yang Y, Wang S. Targeting the subpocket in xanthine oxidase: Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of 2-[4-alkoxy-3-(1H-tetrazol-1-yl) phenyl]-6-oxo-1,6-dihydropyrimidine-5-carboxylic acid derivatives. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 181:111559. [PMID: 31376568 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.07.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 07/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Xanthine oxidase is an important target for the treatment of hyperuricemia, gout and other related diseases. Analysis of the high-resolution structure of xanthine oxidase with febuxostat identified the existence of a subpocket formed by the residues Leu648, Asn768, Lys771, Leu1014 and Pro1076. In this study, we designed and synthesized a series of 2-[4-alkoxy-3-(1H-tetrazol-1-yl) phenyl]-6-oxo-1,6-dihydropyrimidine-5-carboxylic acid derivatives (8a-8z) with a tetrazole group targeting this subpocket of the xanthine oxidase active site, and they were further evaluated for their inhibitory potency against xanthine oxidase in vitro. The results showed that all the tested compounds (8a-8z) exhibited an apparent xanthine oxidase inhibitory potency, with IC50 values ranging from 0.0288 μM to 0.629 μM. Among them, compound 8u emerged as the most potent xanthine oxidase inhibitor, with an IC50 value of 0.0288 μM, which was comparable to febuxostat (IC50 = 0.0236 μM). The structure-activity relationship results revealed that the hydrophobic group at the 4'-position was indispensable for the inhibitory potency in vitro against xanthine oxidase. A Lineweaver-Burk plot revealed that the representative compound 8u acted as a mixed-type inhibitor for xanthine oxidase. Furthermore, molecular modeling studies were performed to gain insights into the binding mode of 8u with xanthine oxidase and suggested that the tetrazole group of the phenyl unit was accommodated in the subpocket, as expected. Moreover, a potassium oxonate-induced hyperuricemia model in rats was chosen to further confirm the hypouricemic effect of compound 8u, and the result demonstrated that compound 8u could effectively reduce serum uric acid levels at an oral dose of 5 mg/kg. In addition, acute oral toxicity study in mice indicated that compound 8u was nontoxic and tolerated at a dose up to 2000 mg/kg. Thus, compound 8u could be a potential and efficacious agent in treatment of hyperuricemia with low toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Culture Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Xiwen Dai
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Culture Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Ziyang Bao
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Culture Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Qing Mao
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Culture Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Yulin Duan
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Culture Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Yuwei Yang
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Culture Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Shaojie Wang
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Culture Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110016, China.
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Mao Q, Dai X, Xu G, Su Y, Zhang B, Liu D, Wang S. Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of 2-(4-alkoxy-3-cyano)phenyl-6-oxo-1,6-dihydropyrimidine-5-carboxylic acid derivatives as novel xanthine oxidase inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 181:111558. [PMID: 31369933 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.07.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 07/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
In our previous study, we reported a series of 1-hydroxy-2-phenyl-1H-imidazole-5-carboxylic acid derivatives that presented excellent in vitro xanthine oxidase (XO) inhibitory potency. To further investigate the structure-activity relationships of these compounds, the imidazole ring was transformed to a pyrimidine ring to design 2-(4-alkoxy-3-cyano)phenyl-6-oxo-1,6-dihydropyrimidine-5-carboxylic acids (8a-8j), 2-(4-alkoxy-3-cyano)phenyl-4-methyl-6-oxo-1,6-dihydropyrimidine-5-carboxylic acids (9c, 9e, 9j, 9l) and 2-(4-alkoxy-3-cyano)phenyl-6-imino-1,6-dihydropyrimidine-5-carboxylic acids (10c, 10e, 10j, 10l). These compounds exhibited remarkable in vitro XO inhibitory potency with IC50 values ranging from 0.0181 μM to 0.5677 μM. Specifically, compounds 10c and 10e, with IC50 values of 0.0240 μM and 0.0181 μM, respectively, emerged as the most potent XO inhibitors, and their potencies were comparable to that of febuxostat. Structure-activity relationship analysis revealed that the methyl group at 4-position of pyrimidine ring could damage the potency, and the XO inhibitory potency was maintained when carbonyl group was changed to an imino group. Lineweaver-Burk plot analysis revealed that the representative compound 10c acted as a mixed-type inhibitor. A potassium oxonate induced hyperuricemia model in rats was chosen to further confirm the hypouricemic effect of compound 10c, and the results showed that compound 10c (5 mg/kg) was able to significantly lower the serum uric acid level. Furthermore, in acute oral toxicity study, no sign of toxicity was observed when the mice were administered with a single 2000 mg/kg oral dose of compound 10c. These results suggested that compound 10c was a potent and promising uric acid-lowing agent for the treatment of hyperuricemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Mao
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Culture Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Xiwen Dai
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Culture Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Gaoyang Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, No.103 Culture Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110016, China
| | - Yu Su
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, No.103 Culture Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110016, China
| | - Bing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Culture Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Dan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Culture Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Shaojie Wang
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Culture Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110016, China.
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Li X, Zhou H, Mo X, Zhang L, Li J. In silico study of febuxostat analogs as inhibitors of xanthine oxidoreductase: A combined 3D-QSAR and molecular docking study. J Mol Struct 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2019.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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26
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Luna G, Dolzhenko AV, Mancera RL. Inhibitors of Xanthine Oxidase: Scaffold Diversity and Structure-Based Drug Design. ChemMedChem 2019; 14:714-743. [PMID: 30740924 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201900034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Xanthine oxidase (XO) is the enzyme responsible for the catabolism of purines and their conversion into uric acid. XO is thus the target for the treatment of hyperuricemia and gout. For more than 50 years the only XO inhibitor drug available on the market was the purine analogue allopurinol. In the last decade there has been a resurgence in the search for new inhibitors of XO, as the activity of XO and hyperuricemia have also been associated with a variety of conditions such as diabetes, hypertension, and other cardiovascular diseases. In recent years the non-purine inhibitor febuxostat was approved in Europe and the USA for the treatment of hyperuricemia. This drug was followed by another XO inhibitor called topiroxostat. This review discusses the molecular structures and activities of the multiple classes of inhibitors that have been developed since the discovery of allopurinol, with a brief review of the molecular interactions between inhibitors and XO active site residues for the most important molecules. The challenges ahead for the discovery of new inhibitors of XO with novel chemical structures are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Luna
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences and Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, WA, 6845, Australia
| | - Anton V Dolzhenko
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, Selangor Darul Ehsan, 47500, Malaysia
| | - Ricardo L Mancera
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences and Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, WA, 6845, Australia
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El-Hiti GA, Abdel-Wahab BF, Alotaibi MH, Yousif E, Hegazy AS, Kariuki BM. Sodium 1-(4-chlorophenyl)-5-methyl-1 H-1,2,3-triazole-4-carboxylate. IUCRDATA 2018. [DOI: 10.1107/s2414314618011276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
In the title molecular salt, Na+·C10H7ClN3O2
−, the dihedral angles between the planes of adjacent chlorophenyl, methyltriazole and carboxylate groups of the anion are 50.2 (1) and 9.0 (3)°, respectively. The shortest distance between sodium cations is 4.0595 (9) Å. The sodium cation is coordinated by two N atoms and three O atoms, generating layers of ions lying parallel to the bc plane.
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Zhang T, Lv Y, Lei Y, Liu D, Feng Y, Zhao J, Chen S, Meng F, Wang S. Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of 1-hydroxy-2-phenyl-4-pyridyl-1H-imidazole derivatives as xanthine oxidase inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 146:668-677. [PMID: 29407989 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.01.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Revised: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
In our previous study, we reported a series of 1-hydroxy-2-phenyl-1H-imidazole-5-carboxylic acid derivatives that presented excellent in vitro xanthine oxidase inhibitory potency. As a continuation study, a series of 1-hydroxy-2-phenyl-1H-imidazole derivatives containing a pyridine moiety (4a-g and 5a-g) at the 4-position was designed and synthesized. Evaluation of in vitro xanthine oxidase inhibition demonstrated that the 4a-g series was more potent than the 5a-g series. Compound 4f was the most promising derivative in the series with an IC50 value of 0.64 μM. A Lineweaver-Burk plot revealed that compound 4f acted as a mixed-type xanthine oxidase inhibitor. An iso-pentyloxy group at the 4'-position improved the inhibitory potency. More interestingly, structure-activity relationship analysis indicated that the pyridine para-N atom played a crucial role in the inhibition. Molecular modeling provided a reasonable explanation for the structure-activity relationships observed in this study. In addition, a three dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationships model which possessed reasonable statistics (q2 = 0.885 and r2 = 0.993) was conducted to further understand the structural basis of these compounds as xanthine oxidase inhibitors. These compounds, especially compound 4f, have good potential for further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingjian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Culture Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang 110016, China; School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, 77 Puhe Road, North New Area, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Yunying Lv
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Culture Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Yu Lei
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Culture Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Dan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Culture Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Yao Feng
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Culture Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Jiaxing Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Culture Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Shaolei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Culture Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Fanhao Meng
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, 77 Puhe Road, North New Area, Shenyang 110122, China.
| | - Shaojie Wang
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Culture Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang 110016, China.
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Zhang TJ, Li SY, Yuan WY, Zhang Y, Meng FH. Design, synthesis, and molecular docking studies of N
-(9,10-anthraquinone-2-carbonyl)amino acid derivatives as xanthine oxidase inhibitors. Chem Biol Drug Des 2018; 91:893-901. [DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.13156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Revised: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Jian Zhang
- School of Pharmacy; China Medical University; Shenyang China
| | - Song-Ye Li
- School of Pharmacy; China Medical University; Shenyang China
| | - Wei-Yan Yuan
- School of Pharmacy; China Medical University; Shenyang China
| | - Yi Zhang
- School of Pharmacy; China Medical University; Shenyang China
| | - Fan-Hao Meng
- School of Pharmacy; China Medical University; Shenyang China
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30
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Zhang TJ, Li SY, Zhang Y, Wu QX, Meng FH. Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of 5-(4-(pyridin-4-yl)-1H
-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)benzonitrile derivatives as xanthine oxidase inhibitors. Chem Biol Drug Des 2017; 91:526-533. [DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.13114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Revised: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ting-jian Zhang
- School of Pharmacy; China Medical University; Shenyang China
| | - Song-ye Li
- School of Pharmacy; China Medical University; Shenyang China
| | - Yi Zhang
- School of Pharmacy; China Medical University; Shenyang China
| | - Qing-xia Wu
- School of Pharmacy; China Medical University; Shenyang China
| | - Fan-hao Meng
- School of Pharmacy; China Medical University; Shenyang China
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