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Prabhakar PK, Batiha GES. Potential Therapeutic Targets for the Management of Diabetes Mellitus Type 2. Curr Med Chem 2024; 31:3167-3181. [PMID: 37125833 DOI: 10.2174/0929867330666230501172557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes is one of the lifelong chronic metabolic diseases which is prevalent globally. There is a continuous rise in the number of people suffering from this disease with time. It is characterized by hyperglycemia, which leads to severe damage to the body's system, such as blood vessels and nerves. Diabetes occurs due to the dysfunction of pancreatic β -cell which leads to the reduction in the production of insulin or body cells unable to use insulin produce efficiently. As per the data shared International diabetes federation (IDF), there are around 415 million affected by this disease worldwide. There are a number of hit targets available that can be focused on treating diabetes. There are many drugs available and still under development for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Inhibition of gluconeogenesis, lipolysis, fatty acid oxidation, and glucokinase activator is emerging targets for type 2 diabetes treatment. Diabetes management can be supplemented with drug intervention for obesity. The antidiabetic drug sale is the second-largest in the world, trailing only that of cancer. The future of managing diabetes will be guided by research on various novel targets and the development of various therapeutic leads, such as GLP-1 agonists, DPP-IV inhibitors, and SGLT2 inhibitors that have recently completed their different phases of clinical trials. Among these therapeutic targets associated with type 2 diabetes, this review focused on some common therapeutic targets for developing novel drug candidates of the newer generation with better safety and efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pranav Kumar Prabhakar
- Division of Research and Development, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara (Punjab) 144411, India
| | - Gaber El-Saber Batiha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour 22511, AlBeheira, Egypt
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Kupczyk D, Studzińska R, Kołodziejska R, Baumgart S, Modrzejewska M, Woźniak A. 11β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type 1 as a Potential Treatment Target in Cardiovascular Diseases. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11206190. [PMID: 36294507 PMCID: PMC9605099 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11206190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) belong to the group of steroid hormones. Their representative in humans is cortisol. GCs are involved in most physiological processes of the body and play a significant role in important biological processes, including reproduction, growth, immune responses, metabolism, maintenance of water and electrolyte balance, functioning of the central nervous system and the cardiovascular system. The availability of cortisol to the glucocorticoid receptor is locally controlled by the enzyme 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1). Evidence of changes in intracellular GC metabolism in the pathogenesis of obesity, metabolic syndrome (MetS) and cardiovascular complications highlights the role of selective 11β-HSD1 inhibition in the pharmacotherapy of these diseases. This paper discusses the role of 11β-HSD1 in MetS and its cardiovascular complications and the importance of selective inhibition of 11β-HSD1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria Kupczyk
- Department of Medical Biology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Karłowicza 24, 85-092 Bydgoszcz, Poland
- Correspondence: (D.K.); (R.S.)
| | - Renata Studzińska
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Jurasza 2, 85-089 Bydgoszcz, Poland
- Correspondence: (D.K.); (R.S.)
| | - Renata Kołodziejska
- Department of Medical Biology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Karłowicza 24, 85-092 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Szymon Baumgart
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Jurasza 2, 85-089 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Martyna Modrzejewska
- Department of Medical Biology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Karłowicza 24, 85-092 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Alina Woźniak
- Department of Medical Biology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Karłowicza 24, 85-092 Bydgoszcz, Poland
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Kupczyk D, Bilski R, Kozakiewicz M, Studzińska R, Kędziora-Kornatowska K, Kosmalski T, Pedrycz-Wieczorska A, Głowacka M. 11β-HSD as a New Target in Pharmacotherapy of Metabolic Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23168984. [PMID: 36012251 PMCID: PMC9409048 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23168984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs), which are secreted by the adrenal cortex, are important regulators in the metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. For the proper functioning of the body, strict control of their release is necessary, as increased GCs levels may contribute to the development of obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, cardiovascular diseases, and other pathological conditions contributing to the development of metabolic syndrome. 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type I (11β-HSD1) locally controls the availability of the active glucocorticoid, namely cortisol and corticosterone, for the glucocorticoid receptor. Therefore, the participation of 11β-HSD1 in the development of metabolic diseases makes both this enzyme and its inhibitors attractive targets in the pharmacotherapy of the above-mentioned diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria Kupczyk
- Department of Medical Biology and Biochemistry, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Karłowicza 24, 85-092 Bydgoszcz, Poland
- Correspondence: (D.K.); (R.S.)
| | - Rafał Bilski
- Department of Medical Biology and Biochemistry, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Karłowicza 24, 85-092 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Mariusz Kozakiewicz
- Department of Geriatrics, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, L. Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Dębowa 3, 85-626 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Renata Studzińska
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Jurasza 2, 85-089 Bydgoszcz, Poland
- Correspondence: (D.K.); (R.S.)
| | - Kornelia Kędziora-Kornatowska
- Department of Geriatrics, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, L. Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Dębowa 3, 85-626 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Tomasz Kosmalski
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Jurasza 2, 85-089 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | | | - Mariola Głowacka
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Mazovian State University in Płock, Plac Dąbrowskiego 2, 09-402 Płock, Poland
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Burns DM, He C, Li YL, Zhuo J, Qian DQ, Chen L, Jalluri R, Diamond S, Covington MB, Li Y, Wynn R, Scherle P, Yeleswaram S, Hollis G, Friedman S, Metcalf B, Yao W. Discovery of a novel 2-spiroproline steroid mimetic scaffold for the potent inhibition of 11β-HSD1. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2022; 73:128884. [PMID: 35835377 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2022.128884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1 (11β-HSD1) has been identified as the primary enzyme responsible for the activation of hepatic cortisone to cortisol in specific peripheral tissues, resulting in the concomitant antagonism of insulin action within these tissues. Dysregulation of 11β-HSD1, particularly in adipose tissues, has been associated with a variety of ailments including metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Therefore, inhibition of 11β-HSD1 with a small nonsteroidal molecule is therapeutically desirable. Implementation of a scaffold-hopping approach revealed a 3-point pharmacophore for 11β-HSD1 that was utilized to design a 2-spiroproline derivative as a steroid mimetic scaffold. Reiterative optimization provided valuable insight into the bioactive conformation of our novel scaffold and led to the discovery of several leads, such as compounds 39 and 51. Importantly, deleterious hERG inhibition and pregnane X receptor induction were mitigated by the introduction of a 4-hydroxyl group to the proline ring system.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Burns
- Incyte Research Institute, 1801 Augustine Cut-off, Wilmington, DE 19880, USA.
| | - Chunhong He
- Incyte Research Institute, 1801 Augustine Cut-off, Wilmington, DE 19880, USA
| | | | - Jincong Zhuo
- Prelude Therapeutics, 200 Powder Mill Road, Wilmington, DE 19803, USA
| | - Ding-Quan Qian
- Incyte Research Institute, 1801 Augustine Cut-off, Wilmington, DE 19880, USA
| | | | | | - Sharon Diamond
- Incyte Research Institute, 1801 Augustine Cut-off, Wilmington, DE 19880, USA
| | | | - Yanlong Li
- Incyte Research Institute, 1801 Augustine Cut-off, Wilmington, DE 19880, USA
| | | | - Peggy Scherle
- Prelude Therapeutics, 200 Powder Mill Road, Wilmington, DE 19803, USA
| | - Swamy Yeleswaram
- Incyte Research Institute, 1801 Augustine Cut-off, Wilmington, DE 19880, USA
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