1
|
Moufawad M, Hoque A, Kells M, Sonneville KR, Hahn SL. Social media use and weight bias internalization: association moderated by age and weight perception. J Eat Disord 2024; 12:84. [PMID: 38890765 PMCID: PMC11186141 DOI: 10.1186/s40337-024-01043-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The current study examined whether weight perception or age moderated associations between time spent on image-based social media and weight bias internalization (WBI). METHODS Data come from the baseline visit of the Tracking Our Lives Study, a randomized control trial of college women (n = 200). Participants completed questionnaires assessing time spent on social media (continuous, overall and individual platforms Instagram, Facebook, and Snapchat), WBI (continuous), weight perception (perceive their weight as "overweight" vs. do not perceive their weight as "overweight"), age (continuous, 18-49 years), and confounders (race/ethnicity, parent education, sexual orientation, and BMI). Adjusted zero-inflated Poisson regressions were performed to determine if weight perception and age moderated associations between time spent on image-based social media and WBI. RESULTS As expected, we found a positive association between overall time spent on image-based social media and WBI (β = 0.826, p < 0.001). In moderation analyses, the strength of the association was weakened among women who perceived their weight as "overweight" (β=-0.018, p = 0.006). Associations also weakened with age (β=-0.001, p < 0.001). The association between time spent on Instagram and WBI was also weakened with age (β=-0.014, p = 0.018), which was the only significant moderation found for individual social media platforms. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that image-based social media use is more strongly associated with increases in WBI among younger women.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Moufawad
- Central Michigan University College of Medicine, 600 East Preston St, Mount Pleasant, MI, 48859, USA
| | - Asef Hoque
- Central Michigan University College of Medicine, 600 East Preston St, Mount Pleasant, MI, 48859, USA
| | - Meredith Kells
- University of Rochester School of Nursing, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | | | - Samantha L Hahn
- Central Michigan University College of Medicine, 600 East Preston St, Mount Pleasant, MI, 48859, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Araiza AM, Freitas AL. Communicating Extremity: Fitness Efficacy and Standards Relate to Using Extreme Imagery and Messaging to Create Fitness-Related Media. HEALTH COMMUNICATION 2024; 39:972-983. [PMID: 37055922 DOI: 10.1080/10410236.2023.2199517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Health-related social media increasingly competes with other forms of health communication for public attention. To advance understanding of the genesis of health-related social media communicating extreme fitness standards, we investigated women's creation of fitspiration, social-media content combining fitness images with effortful messages. In a pre-registered study, we hypothesized that creating extreme fitspiration content would relate positively to fitness fantasizing and to exercise self-efficacy, fitness perfectionism, physical activity, thin- and muscular-ideal internalizations, and self-objectification. Undergraduate women (N = 277) created their own fitspiration content by selecting from fitness images and messages that varied in extremity. Fitness fantasizing related positively to creating more extreme fitspiration. When controlling statistically for all other individual-difference variables, exercise self-efficacy and perfectionistic strivings emerged as key variables associated with creating extreme fitspiration content. Results suggest that women who are confident and strive toward challenging goals may create fitspiration content that communicates extreme standards. This work has implications for understanding a potential disconnect between fitspiration creators and consumers, which may illuminate ways to promote healthy fitness communications online.
Collapse
|
3
|
Fasoli F, Constantinou D. Does body positivity work for men as it does for women? The impact of idealized body and body positive imagery on body satisfaction, drive for thinness, and drive for muscularity. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2024; 243:104126. [PMID: 38215542 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2024.104126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Exposure to body-positive imagery plays a positive role in women's body image. However, literature has not examined if this is the case for men too. In this study (N = 207), we examined the impact of idealized body and body-positive imagery on both men's and women's body satisfaction and body image concerns. Participants were asked to report their positive and negative mood, body satisfaction, drive for thinness, and drive for muscularity before and after being exposed to either control (landscapes and animals), idealized body, or body-positive imagery. Results showed that women were overall more dissatisfied with their bodies and reported a stronger negative mood and a higher drive for thinness than men. Men, instead, reported a higher drive for muscularity. Exposure to idealized body imagery decreased positive mood and body satisfaction in both men and women. In contrast, exposure to body-positive imagery increased body satisfaction and decreased the drive for thinness in both men and women. Drive for muscularity was not affected by the type of imagery. The findings show that idealized body and body-positive imagery have similar effects on men and women and showcase the importance of considering the effects of body-positivity content for both genders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Fasoli
- University of Surrey, School of Psychology, United Kingdom; ISCTE - Instituto Universitário de Lisboa, Centro de Investigação e Intervenção Social, Portugal.
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Marashi M, Lucibello KM, Sabiston CM. The female athletic ideal - Friend or foe? Fit, thin, and athletic body ideals and their associations with women's body image. Body Image 2024; 48:101672. [PMID: 38113660 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2023.101672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
The internalization of body ideals is a critical predictor of body image and health behaviors. Thin and athletic ideal internalization in women need to be elucidated. The aims of the current study included: (i) describing the endorsement of thin and athletic body ideals among women and (ii) examining group differences in negative and positive self-conscious emotions and body image. Participants (N = 392 women; Mage = 25.6, SD = 5.3 years) were assigned to Fit Ideal (n = 110), Thin Ideal (n = 83), Athletic Ideal (n = 55), and Low Internalization (n = 144) groups based on scores for thin and athletic internalization. Three multivariate analyses of variance were conducted to examine Body Ideal group differences on negative appearance and fitness self-conscious emotions, and positive self-conscious emotions and body image. The Athletic Ideal and Low Internalization groups generally scored lower on negative self-conscious emotions and higher on positive self-conscious emotions and body image in comparison to the Fit and Thin Ideal groups (Cohen's d =.35 to 1.15). Results suggest that differing levels of thin and athletic internalization may intersect uniquely with women's body-related self-conscious emotions and positive body image and thus may have distinct effects on women's health and behavior.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Marashi
- Department of Kinesiology & Physical Education, Faculty of Kinesiology & Physical Activity, University of Toronto, Canada.
| | - Kristen M Lucibello
- Department of Health Sciences in the Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, Brock University, Canada
| | - Catherine M Sabiston
- Department of Kinesiology & Physical Education, Faculty of Kinesiology & Physical Activity, University of Toronto, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
de Brabandere M, Vanwesenbeeck I, Hudders L, Cauberghe V. #workoutathome: How Instructions in the Captions of Fitfluencers' Posts Impact Adolescents' Body Satisfaction and Intention to Exercise. HEALTH COMMUNICATION 2024:1-15. [PMID: 38173137 DOI: 10.1080/10410236.2023.2300903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
The present study examines how content of fitfluencers can be employed to improve body satisfaction and intention to exercise among adolescents. Specifically, this experimental study (N = 114 adolescents, age: 16-18) compares the effects of fitfluencer content with instructional captions that contain exercise or workout instructions (as a form of edutainment) with those of self-focused fitfluencer captions that emphasize the fitfluencer's appearance. These two types of captions are found to induce no significant differences in either body satisfaction or intention to exercise. In addition, there were no significant indirect effects via state appearance comparison or self-efficacy. The results do show that less state appearance comparisons increase body satisfaction, and that more self-efficacy increases body satisfaction and intention to exercise. The results suggest that instructions in fitfluencer captions do not differ from self-focused captions in their effects on body satisfaction and intention to exercise among adolescents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ini Vanwesenbeeck
- Tilburg School of Humanities and Digital Sciences, Tilburg University
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Kvardova N, Machackova H, Gulec H. 'I wish my body looked like theirs!': How positive appearance comments on social media impact adolescents' body dissatisfaction. Body Image 2023; 47:101630. [PMID: 37782980 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2023.101630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
Despite robust research evidence for the role of attractive-body portrayals in body image, the effect of positive appearance comments that endorse them on social media remains unclear. Therefore, using a between-subject experimental design and the data from 613 Czech adolescents (52% girls) aged 13-18 (M = 15.5, SD = 1.7), the present study examined exposure to positive appearance comments on body dissatisfaction, and the moderating roles of media-ideal internalization, appearance schematicity, body appreciation, and gender. Our data supported the presumed intensifying effect of the positive appearance comments on post-exposure body dissatisfaction, but only for adolescent girls. The impact of positive comments was not moderated by the media-ideal internalization, appearance schematicity, or body appreciation. However, the exploratory results showed that the displayed bodies' perceived attractiveness intensified the positive comments' effect on body dissatisfaction, which makes it a potentially important factor to target for the prevention of negative social media effects on body image. Furthermore, the individual characteristics that moderated the exposure to attractive images in the prior research may not determine the effects of the positive comments. Future research may need to capture factors that specifically influence the processing of such comments, such as susceptibility to peer feedback on physical appearance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nikol Kvardova
- Interdisciplinary Research Team on Internet and Society, Faculty of Social Studies, Masaryk University, Jostova 10, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Hana Machackova
- Interdisciplinary Research Team on Internet and Society, Faculty of Social Studies, Masaryk University, Jostova 10, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Hayriye Gulec
- Interdisciplinary Research Team on Internet and Society, Faculty of Social Studies, Masaryk University, Jostova 10, Brno, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Hollett RC, Challis M. Experimental evidence that browsing for activewear lowers explicit body image attitudes and implicit self-esteem in women. Body Image 2023; 46:383-394. [PMID: 37490824 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2023.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
Online apparel shopping is popular amongst women and offers salient visual information for making body image and self-worth judgements. Apparel segments which emphasize the value of women's bodies are particularly effective for eliciting low body image and self-worth. Across two studies, we investigated the association between self-reported and experimental online activewear exposure on women's self-worth, body image, appearance attitudes, mood and gaze behavior. In Study 1, participants (N = 399) completed a survey collecting their online apparel shopping habits, body appreciation, self-esteem, appearance comparison tendencies and self-objectification attitudes. Activewear was the second-most popular apparel segment amongst women (after casualwear) and weekly activewear browse time was positively correlated with appearance comparison tendencies, desires to be muscular/athletic and body shame. In Study 2, participants (N = 126) were randomly allocated to browse an activewear, casualwear or homewares website and completed pre and post measures of mood, body image, implicit self-esteem and body gaze behavior. In the activewear condition, there was a significant reduction in positive body image and implicit self-esteem scores. There were no experimental effects for body gaze behavior. These findings illustrate that apparel choices have value for understanding the aetiology of maladaptive body image attitudes and low self-esteem in women.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ross C Hollett
- Psychology and Criminology, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia.
| | - Melanie Challis
- Psychology and Criminology, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Melaré AG, Barreto FC, Silva MKL, Simões RP, Cesarino I. Determination of Fluoxetine in Weight Loss Herbal Medicine Using an Electrochemical Sensor Based on rGO-CuNPs. Molecules 2023; 28:6361. [PMID: 37687190 PMCID: PMC10490002 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28176361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The rising popularity of herbal medicine as a weight loss remedy, fueled by misleading propaganda, raises concerns about the manufacturing processes and potential inclusion of controlled substances such as fluoxetine (FLU). The objective of this work is to develop and evaluate the performance of an electrochemical device by modifying a glassy carbon electrode (GC) with a nanocomposite based on reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) for detecting FLU in manipulated herbal medicines. Scanning electron microscopy (FEG-SEM) and cyclic voltammetry (CV) were applied for morphological and electrochemical characterization and analysis of the composite's electrochemical behavior. Under optimized conditions, the proposed sensor successfully detected FLU within the range of 0.6 to 1.6 µmol L-1, showing a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.14 µmol L-1. To determine the presence of FLU in herbal samples, known amounts of the analytical standard were added to the sample, and the analyses were performed using the standard addition method, yielding recoveries between -2.13 and 2.0%.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Ivana Cesarino
- Department of Bioprocess and Biotechnology, School of Agriculture, São Paulo State University, Botucatu 18610-034, SP, Brazil; (A.G.M.); (F.C.B.); (M.K.L.S.); (R.P.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Webb JB, Ford NM, Padro MP. Fashion versus fitspo: The effect of viewing images of contemporary Barbie® dolls in passive versus active poses on college women's body image and affect. Body Image 2023; 45:201-209. [PMID: 36958174 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2023.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023]
Abstract
The modern millennial- and Gen Z-targeted Barbiecore feminist movement has emerged in tandem with Barbie®'s reinvention to inspire inclusion and active play. Stimulated by these media trends, the present study using a pre-post experimental design evaluated whether exposure to images depicting contemporary passively-posed Barbie Fashionista® (BF) dolls versus images of actively-posed Barbie Made to Move® (M2M) "fitspiration" dolls versus images of Lego Friends® (LF) scenes would differentially affect aspects of state body image and affect in a sample of 106 racially-diverse young adult college women (MAge = 19.2, SD = 1.39). ANCOVA models assessed the effects of condition on post state measures while controlling for baseline state measures. Results indicated that participants exposed to the BF images reported significantly lower body appreciation relative to those who viewed the LF play sets. A similar trend emerged for participants shown the newer M2M doll images. Additionally, viewing images of the actively-posed M2M dolls was associated with marginally higher appearance comparison scores versus the LF control. These initial findings have implications for considering the relevance of expanded digital strategies for marketing more realistically appearing and functioning Barbie® dolls in affecting the body image experiences and potential purchasing choices of young adult female consumers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer B Webb
- University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Department of Psychological Science, United States; University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Health Psychology Ph.D. Program, United States.
| | - Nataya M Ford
- University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Department of Psychological Science, United States
| | - Meagan P Padro
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, School Psychology Ph.D. Program, United States
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Associations between body image patterns and body image-related pathology in sexual minority individuals: A mixture-modeling approach. Body Image 2023; 45:73-85. [PMID: 36842423 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2023.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Revised: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2023]
Abstract
Body image concerns are associated with disordered eating, body dysmorphic disorder (BDD), and illicit appearance and performance enhancing drug (APED) misuse. Sexual minority individuals are a vulnerable population for body image concerns. Latent profile analyses were used to identify body image patterns in sexual minority men (n = 479) and women (n = 483) and to investigate associations between latent profiles and body image-related pathology. A 5-profile solution demonstrated best fit for men and a 4-profile solution for women. Among women, co-occurring high thinness/muscularity concerns had higher probability of vomiting and dietary restriction than the high thinness/low muscularity concerns profile. The probability of driven exercise did not differ across latent profiles for men and only differed between low thinness/low muscularity and high thinness/high muscularity concerns profiles in women. Men with low thinness/high muscularity concerns had significantly lower probability of vomiting and laxative misuse than all other profiles but did not significantly differ from co-occurring high or moderate thinness/muscularity concerns profiles in binge eating and illicit APED misuse. This study may have implications for future research, treatment, and prevention of body image-related pathology in sexual minority individuals.
Collapse
|
11
|
Tang C, Barnhart WR, Zhang B, He J. Psychometric properties of the Chinese version of the Female Muscularity Scale among Chinese young women. Eat Weight Disord 2022; 27:3187-3196. [PMID: 35896856 DOI: 10.1007/s40519-022-01448-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The Female Muscularity Scale (FMS) was specifically developed for assessing drive for muscularity in women. The current study aimed to translate the FMS into Chinese (FMS-C) and examine its psychometric properties among Chinese young women. METHODS Based on standard procedures, the FMS was translated into Chinese. By using the psych and lavaan packages on R version 4.0.3, the current study examined the factor structure, reliability, and convergent and incremental validity of the FMS-C with a sample of 517 Chinese women college students ([Formula: see text]= 18.86 years). RESULTS Results showed a 2-factor structure including attitudes and behaviors of the FMS-C. The internal consistency reliability (Cronbach's α) was .91 for the total FMS-C scale and .89 and .88 for the Attitudes and Behaviors subscales, respectively. Results also revealed evidence for good convergent and incremental validity of the FMS-C. CONCLUSION Findings suggest that the FMS-C can be a useful tool to measure both attitudes and behaviors underlying drive for muscularity and muscle tone concerns among Chinese young women. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level V, cross-sectional descriptive study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chanyuan Tang
- School of Humanities and Social Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, 518172, Guangdong, China
| | - Wesley R Barnhart
- Department of Psychology, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH, USA
| | - Bin Zhang
- The Department of Applied Psychology, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410208, Hunan, China.
| | - Jinbo He
- School of Humanities and Social Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, 518172, Guangdong, China.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Wagner AF, Bennett BL, Stefano EC, Latner JD. Thin, muscular, and fit-ideals: Prevalence and correlates in undergraduate women. JOURNAL OF AMERICAN COLLEGE HEALTH : J OF ACH 2022; 70:2476-2482. [PMID: 33513070 DOI: 10.1080/07448481.2020.1865981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Objective: The current study aimed to compare endorsement of the muscular- and thin-ideals alone, as well as simultaneous endorsement of both as representative of the fit-ideal and examine potential negative correlates of each type of ideal internalization. Participants: Participants were 300 female undergraduate students. Methods: Participants completed measures of internalization of the thin- and muscular-ideals, body dissatisfaction, body checking, and body avoidance. Results: Analyses revealed that approximately 24.9% of participants endorsed scores in the upper quartile on thin-ideal internalization, and 27.4% of participants fell in the upper quartile of muscular-ideal internalization, while 10.3% endorsed high internalization of both ideals. Analyses revealed that individuals endorsing only the thin-ideal reported significantly higher levels of body dissatisfaction and body avoidance than those endorsing the fit-ideal. Conclusions: Overall, findings suggested that thin- and muscular-ideal internalization present different patterns of association depending on whether an individual endorses one or both of these body ideals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Allison F Wagner
- Department of Psychology, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
| | - Brooke L Bennett
- Department of Psychology, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
| | - Emily C Stefano
- Department of Psychology, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
- Wake Forest School of Medicine, Bowman Gray Center, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Janet D Latner
- Department of Psychology, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Wood M, Pila E. Investigating the effects of fit-normative and weight-inclusive Instagram images on women's exercise motivations. Body Image 2022; 41:460-471. [PMID: 35594800 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2022.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to "fitspiration" may promote exercising for maladaptive weight and appearance reasons in young women. Fitness content depicting higher-weight bodies could promote exercise for adaptive non-appearance motives, and body compassion might protect against the negative effects of "fitspiration" exposure. Two pre-registered experimental studies examined (i) the effects of exposure to fit-normative vs. weight-inclusive Instagram images on young women's exercise intentions and motivations, and (ii) tested trait body compassion as a moderator of the relationships between image exposure and psychosocial exercise outcomes. Using an online experimental paradigm, young adult women were randomized to view Instagram images representing fit-normative, weight-inclusive, or control conditions and completed state measures of exercise intention and motivation. Study 1 (n = 228) employed a post-test design and found no significant effects of condition on exercise outcomes, nor an effect of body compassion. Using a pre- and post-experimental design in Study 2 (n = 797), participants in the weight-inclusive condition exhibited significantly greater increases in exercise intention and fitness/health motivation, while those in the fit-normative condition exhibited greater increases in weight/appearance motivation, compared to controls. Body compassion was not a significant moderator of the associations between exposure to weight-inclusive vs. fit-normative images and exercise outcomes. Exposure to fit-normative Instagram content may encourage dysfunctional exercise motives in young women. Weight-inclusive imagery may more effectively inspire adaptive exercise intentions and motivations, and future research should investigate how it may be leveraged to improve psychosocial exercise outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Madeline Wood
- Department of Kinesiology, Western University, 1151 Richmond St., London N6A 3K7, ON, Canada
| | - Eva Pila
- Department of Kinesiology, Western University, 1151 Richmond St., London N6A 3K7, ON, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Klimek P, Convertino AD, Gonzales M, Roesch SC, Blashill AJ. Confirmatory Factor and Measurement Invariance Analyses of the Drive for Muscularity Scale in Sexual Minority Men and Women. PSYCHOLOGY OF SEXUAL ORIENTATION AND GENDER DIVERSITY 2022; 9:236-243. [PMID: 35757789 PMCID: PMC9231648 DOI: 10.1037/sgd0000472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
The Drive for Muscularity Scale (DMS) is a commonly used measure used to assess the pursuit of muscularity. However, the factor structure of this measure has yet to be confirmed in a sample of sexual minority women. Moreover, the invariance of this measure across gender has also yet to be explored. The aim of the present study was, therefore, to conduct a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) of the DMS in samples of both cisgender sexual minority men and women, and subsequently evaluate the measurement invariance by gender. The sample consisted of 962 cisgender sexual minority young adult men (N = 479) and women (N = 483). A series of CFAs were conducted, assessing both the one-factor and two-factor solutions of the DMS, with and without the inclusion of item 10 ("I think about taking anabolic steroids"). Across cisgender sexual minority young adult men and women, the 14-item two-factor solution demonstrated most appropriate fit, although the 15-item two-factor solution was also adequate among only women. Measurement invariance analyses indicated that the 14-item two-factor DMS can be used in samples of both cisgender sexual minority men and women. The present study was novel in exploring the factor structure of the DMS in sexual minority women and measurement invariance by gender; however, future research is needed to further corroborate these findings and assess measurement invariance by sexual orientation and race.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrycja Klimek
- San Diego State University/University of California San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology
| | - Alexandra D. Convertino
- San Diego State University/University of California San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology
| | - Manuel Gonzales
- San Diego State University/University of California San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology
| | - Scott C. Roesch
- San Diego State University/University of California San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology
- San Diego State University, University of California San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology
| | - Aaron J. Blashill
- San Diego State University/University of California San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology
- San Diego State University, University of California San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Pallotto IK, Sockol LE, Stutts LA. General and sport-specific weight pressures as risk factors for body dissatisfaction and disordered eating among female collegiate athletes. Body Image 2022; 40:340-350. [PMID: 35144072 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2022.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Female collegiate athletes are a high-risk group for disordered eating. Petrie and Greenleaf's (2007) sociocultural model proposes that both general and sport-related weight pressures lead athletes to internalize unrealistic body ideals, ultimately resulting in body dissatisfaction and disordered eating. In this study, we used structural equation modeling to assess general and sport-specific weight pressures in relation to thin- and muscular-ideal internalization, body dissatisfaction, and disordered eating among 212 female Division I college athletes. General weight pressures from parents, peers, and the media were associated with disordered eating indirectly via thin- and muscular-ideal internalization. In contrast, sport-specific weight pressures were not associated with disordered eating in the full model. After controlling for weight pressures and body ideal internalization, body dissatisfaction was also not associated with disordered eating. These findings suggest that female athletes are vulnerable to weight- and appearance-related pressures from outside the sport context and that the mechanisms underlying the development of disordered eating may differ between athletes and non-athletes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isabella K Pallotto
- Davidson College, USA; Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Social Media Use and Body Dissatisfaction in Adolescents: The Moderating Role of Thin- and Muscular-Ideal Internalisation. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph182413222. [PMID: 34948830 PMCID: PMC8701501 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182413222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Internalisation of appearance ideals moderates the relationship between exposure to media images and body dissatisfaction. To date, the role of thin- and muscular-ideal internalisation in the context of social media remains under explored, particularly for boys. As such, we aimed to explore how social media use (Instagram and Snapchat) was related to body dissatisfaction, and whether thin- and muscular-ideal internalisation would moderate this relationship in a sample of 1153 adolescent boys and girls (55.42% males; Mage = 13.71, SD = 1.14). As hypothesised, social media use, and thin- and muscular ideal internalisation were positively correlated with body dissatisfaction in both genders. In moderation analyses, thin-ideal internalisation emerged as the only variable that had a significant effect on body dissatisfaction in both genders. Additionally, the influence of social media use on body dissatisfaction was moderated by muscular-ideal internalisation in boys, whereby for boys with high muscular-ideal internalisation, greater social media use was associated with greater body dissatisfaction. The two-way (muscular x thin-ideal internalisation) and three-way interaction (social media use x thin-ideal internalisation x muscular-ideal internalisation) effects on body dissatisfaction were non-significant. These findings emphasise the importance of considering the sociocultural environment (i.e., new media influences) as frameworks for understanding body dissatisfaction and suggest targeting of internalisation of appearance ideals in body dissatisfaction prevention programs.
Collapse
|
17
|
Jennings AF, LeBlanc H, Kisch K, Lancaster S, Allen J. Blurred boundaries between Pro-Anorexia and Fitspiration media? Diverging cognitive and emotional effects. Eat Disord 2021; 29:580-590. [PMID: 32129717 DOI: 10.1080/10640266.2020.1712634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Social media is an emerging source of body-focused messages affecting young women. This research investigated the diverging cognitive and emotional effects of Pro-Anorexia (Pro-Ana) and Fitspiration content using linguistic analysis. Undergraduate college women (N = 129) viewed one of six experimentally-created blogs: text or images of Fitspiration, Pro-Ana, or control (Home Décor) and completed an open-ended prompt with their reaction. Linguistic analysis on post-exposure writing suggested Fitspiration blogs produced positive emotions and social comparison processes; Pro-Ana blogs produced negative and anxious emotions. Participants' history of past disordered eating behavior qualified affective (positive emotion and anxiety), but not cognitive (social comparison) outcomes. Given the cognitive and emotional impact of viewing such media, findings speak to the need for specific content of social media sites to be addressed and discussed in the treatment and prevention of eating disorders.
Collapse
|
18
|
Jach Ł, Krystoń S. Self-reported body weight and weight-related stigmatization experiences among young adult women-two contexts, but similar attitudes related to body image, mental self-schemas, self-esteem, and stereotypes of people with obesity. PeerJ 2021; 9:e12047. [PMID: 34692244 PMCID: PMC8483002 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.12047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Weight stigma is a serious challenge because of its negative impact on human health and harmful psychological and behavioral consequences. The aim of the study was to explore and compare the relationships between self-reported body weight and weight-related stigmatization experiences and body image, mental self-image, self-esteem, and stereotypes concerning people with obesity among young adult Polish women (N = 374; aged between 18 and 35). Methods The study was conducted online on a Polish sample recruited through a social network site, a website, and snowball sampling. Body mass index (BMI) was used to assign the respondents to groups with normal or excess weight. We tested whether women enrolled in the study experienced weight-related stigmatization using two questions based on the concepts of spoiled identity and related to the obesity stigma. The Contour Drawing Rating Scale was used to study different aspects of the body image and discrepancies between them. The Self-Discrepancy Questionnaire was used to study the self-schemas associated with mental qualities. The Polish version of the Rosenberg’s Self Esteem Scale was applied to determine self-esteem level. Stereotypes concerning people with obesity were studied using the semantic differential method. Results Although excess weight was associated with weight-related stigmatization experiences, many women reported confronting such stigmatization even though their body weight was normal according to the World Health Organization (WHO) standards. Women with excess weight and women with weight-related stigmatization experiences were characterized by larger discrepancies between the actual body image and the ideal, reflected, and ought body image, lower self-esteem, and more negative beliefs about their mental actual and reflected self compared to women with normal weight and without weight-related stigmatization experiences. The study participants from all groups tended to believe their actual body image to be ampler than the ideal and the ought body images. They also believed that other people perceived their mental qualities more positively than they did. The study groups were also characterized by negative stereotypes of people with obesity, although these stereotypes were more vital in women with excess weight and women who experienced weight-related stigmatization. Conclusion The study shows the similarity between psychological functioning of women with self-reported excess weight and those who experience weight-related stigma. The results also provide guidelines for practical actions aimed at reducing negative mental outcomes associated with not conforming to body weight standards.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Jach
- Institute of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Sonia Krystoń
- Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Hill EM, Nolan MT. Examining eating disorder-related social comparison orientation and body dissatisfaction in the relationship between fit ideal internalization and drunkorexia engagement. Eat Behav 2021; 41:101480. [PMID: 33631489 DOI: 10.1016/j.eatbeh.2021.101480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to examine the relationship between fit ideal internalization and drunkorexia engagement in women. Specifically, in line with the Tripartite Influence Model, we examined the indirect effect of fit ideal internalization on drunkorexia through eating disorder-related social comparison orientation and body dissatisfaction. Data were collected from two samples of women-college undergraduate students (n = 198) and women recruited through Amazon Mechanical Turk (n = 324)-in order to test the model across the two groups. All participants completed the consent forms and then questionnaires via Qualtrics between March and June 2020. The results suggest that fit ideal internalization, body dissatisfaction, and eating disorder-related social comparison orientation are linked to drunkorexia. More specifically, multigroup path analyses indicated that there was an indirect effect of fit ideal internalization on drunkorexia via eating disorder-related social comparison orientation but not through body dissatisfaction. In examining the role of different types of eating disorder-related social comparison orientation (body, eating, exercise) in the model, more nuanced patterns emerged across the samples. Future research examining potential mediators and moderators of the relationship between eating disorder-related social comparison orientation and drunkorexia would be beneficial in expanding this area of study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erin M Hill
- Department of Psychology, West Chester University, West Chester, PA 19383, United States of America.
| | - Megan T Nolan
- Department of Psychology, West Chester University, West Chester, PA 19383, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Dignard NAL, Jarry JL. The "Little Red Riding Hood effect:" Fitspiration is just as bad as thinspiration for women's body satisfaction. Body Image 2021; 36:201-213. [PMID: 33360477 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2020.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2019] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Fitspiration is a popular form of social media which outwardly promotes the pursuit of health and strength rather than of thinness. Content analyses, however, suggest that it is thematically similar to thinspiration, which is primarily associated with thinness and presents disordered eating as a lifestyle choice. Exposure to both reduces body satisfaction, but their effect has not been compared. Further, positive body image may act as a protective factor by reducing engagement in appearance comparisons. Female undergraduate students (N = 331) were randomly assigned to view fitspiration, thinspiration, or travel images, followed by measures of state body satisfaction, state appearance comparison, and positive body image. Viewing fitspiration and thinspiration resulted in lower body satisfaction than did viewing travel images. However, whereas women with higher positive body image appeared protected from thinspiration by engaging in lower appearance comparisons than did women with lower positive body image, this same effect was not observed in women who viewed fitspiration. The fact that positive body image is not protective against fitspiration suggests that fitspiration is just as harmful, if not more, than is thinspiration and highlights the need for media literacy programs targeting fitspiration and so-called "healthy living" websites.
Collapse
|
21
|
Is this what a female yogi looks like? A content analysis of yoga images on Instagram. Body Image 2021; 36:117-126. [PMID: 33285384 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2020.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
As yoga continues to increase in global popularity, idealized representations of a thin, athletic 'yoga body' have also become more prominent across commercial media. To examine how yoga is typically represented on social media, a content analysis of the posts of female yoga practitioners on Instagram was undertaken. Images were sourced using hashtags #yoga, #yogabody, #yogapractice, and #yogawoman, and 200 females per hashtag were then coded on demographic factors, body shape, activity, objectification, and practice of yoga. Results showed that over 90 % of women in the images were coded as being under 40 years of age with the vast majority in their 20 s. Almost three-quarters of women were perceived to be white, 100 % appeared able bodied. More than 80 % were classed as thin and/or athletic, while less than 15 % displayed average levels of visible body fat. More than 50 % of yoga poses were advanced while a quarter displayed potentially unsafe alignment. The findings demonstrate that the typical 'yoga body' on Instagram was perceived to conform to the young, thin/athletic ideal and that overall yoga is not being represented as an inclusive physical practice that can be adapted for women of diverse ages, body types, and abilities.
Collapse
|
22
|
Hoyos AE, Perez ME, Domínguez-Millán R. Variable Sculpting in Dynamic Definition Body Contouring: Procedure Selection and Management Algorithm. Aesthet Surg J 2021; 41:318-332. [PMID: 32455430 DOI: 10.1093/asj/sjaa133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Currently, corporal perception has evolved among different ethnic groups and a tendency to change from a slim to an athletic shape has been influenced by geography, culture, race, gender, and social media. Although exercise improves health status, physical appearance does as well in the long term. Patients often opt for an immediate solution for which high-definition (HD) liposculpture has been the best choice. However, they differ on their preference regarding muscular definition. OBJECTIVES The authors presented a new therapeutic algorithm for HD liposculpture in harmony with body biotypes and patients' preferences. METHODS The authors reported their experience with 1772 consecutive patients, classified according to their body type in endomorph (217), ectomorph (195), and mesomorph (1360), and treated according to our new algorithm. Patients in general good health requesting HD liposculpture were included from June 2013 to September 2019. Pre- and postoperative photographs were taken to evaluate results. RESULTS A total of 479 men and 1293 women were analyzed. Age ranged from 23 to 69 years in men and 18 to 57 years in women. Variable-degree HD liposculpture was successfully performed in all cases. Minor complications included port wound dehiscence (1.2%), seroma (4.1%), prolonged bruising (1.5%), and hyperchromia (10.4%). Superficial burns (0.7%), localized infection (0.4%), erratic skin adhesion (1%), and flap necrosis (0.4%) were also reported. A high-satisfaction index was reported in a nonstandardized patient survey. CONCLUSIONS The authors' new algorithm helps in the decision-making for HD liposculpture according to variable degrees of muscle definition due to patients' preferences. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 4
Collapse
|
23
|
Williams L, Naidoo D, Spies R. Practicing psychologists’ understanding of the athletic-body ideal internalisation: Implications for classification and treatment. JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY IN AFRICA 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/14330237.2020.1842594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lindi Williams
- Community Psychosocial Research (COMPRES), North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Del Naidoo
- Centre for Psychological Services and Career Development (PysCad), University of Johannesburg, Soweto, South Africa
| | - Ruan Spies
- Community Psychosocial Research (COMPRES), North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Berry RA, Rodgers RF, Campagna J. Outperforming iBodies: A Conceptual Framework Integrating Body Performance Self-Tracking Technologies with Body Image and Eating Concerns. SEX ROLES 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11199-020-01201-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
25
|
Carson TL, Tournat T, Sonneville K, Zernicke RF, Karvonen-Gutierrez C. Cultural and environmental associations with body image, diet and well-being in NCAA DI female distance runners: a qualitative analysis. Br J Sports Med 2020; 55:433-437. [PMID: 33139255 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2020-102559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We aimed to describe current and former National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division One (DI) female distance runners' experiences of perceived norms of body image and disordered eating in their sport, as well as the emergence and influence of coach-athlete power dynamics.This manuscript reports a qualitative research study (consisting of interviews and thematic analysis) of women athletes' experiences of perceived norms of body image and disordered eating in their sport. We also report athletes' experiences of coach-athlete power dynamics. METHODS The study sample included 29 current and former female NCAA DI female distance runners, defined as competing in 800-metre distance or greater. Interviews were conducted, audio-recorded and hand transcribed. A thematic analysis was performed and presented. RESULTS Two major themes emerged: (1) sport body ideals and body image norms and myths that exist in the sport, and (2) the power dynamic between athletes and coaches. It is not clear whether sport body ideals and culture of running influences coaching culture, or whether the coaches-who maintain positions of power in the sport-perpetuate the culture. These themes likely feed into each other and reinforce the existing and dominant mentalities of the sport. CONCLUSION Sport body image ideals and the power dynamic between coach and athlete may contribute to female athlete's risk of disordered eating and body image disturbance. We call for the NCAA and athletic departments to develop and implement prevention and intervention programmes to prevent eating and body image disorders in this high-risk population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Traci Lyn Carson
- Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Troy Tournat
- Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Kendrin Sonneville
- Nutritional Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Ronald F Zernicke
- School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Sidi Y, Geller S, Abu Sinni A, Levy S, Handelzalts JE. Body image among Muslim women in Israel: exploring religion and sociocultural pressures. Women Health 2020; 60:1095-1108. [PMID: 32752948 DOI: 10.1080/03630242.2020.1802399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The study aimed to investigate the association of the Muslim religion, as a multidimensional factor, with social pressures related to body image concerns, among Muslim women in Israel. Four hundred and Seventy-five Israeli Muslim women ages between 18 and 30 years completed questionnaire measures of strength of religious faith, wearing a traditional head cover (the Hijab), positive and negative body image, media exposure, societal pressures to conform to Western body ideals and its internalization, from 2016 to 2018. Strength of religious faith and wearing the Hijab were positively associated with positive aspects of body image, while only strength of religious faith negatively correlated with body dissatisfaction. Further, mediation analyses revealed that the relationship between the strength of religious faith and both positive body image and body dissatisfaction was mediated by media pressures. Notably, reduced peer pressures had more influence on positive body image, while reduced family pressures were more influential for negative body image. These results are discussed with regard to promoting a more intricate and multicultural understanding of body image concepts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yael Sidi
- Department of Education and Psychology, The Open University of Israel , Ra'anana, Israel
| | - Shulamit Geller
- School of Behavioral Sciences, The Academic College of Tel-Aviv Yaffo , Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Aline Abu Sinni
- School of Behavioral Sciences, The Academic College of Tel-Aviv Yaffo , Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Sigal Levy
- School of Behavioral Sciences, The Academic College of Tel-Aviv Yaffo , Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Jonathan E Handelzalts
- School of Behavioral Sciences, The Academic College of Tel-Aviv Yaffo , Tel-Aviv, Israel.,Psychiatry Department, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Monks H, Costello L, Dare J, Reid Boyd E. “We’re Continually Comparing Ourselves to Something”: Navigating Body Image, Media, and Social Media Ideals at the Nexus of Appearance, Health, and Wellness. SEX ROLES 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11199-020-01162-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
28
|
Stoyel H, Shanmuganathan-Felton V, Meyer C, Serpell L. Psychological risk indicators of disordered eating in athletes. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0232979. [PMID: 32407345 PMCID: PMC7224458 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0232979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives This project examined risk factors of disordered eating in athletes by adapting and applying a theoretical model. It tested a previously proposed theoretical model and explored the utility of a newly formed model within an athletic population across gender, age, and sport type to explain disordered eating. Design The design was cross-sectional and the first phase in a series of longitudinal studies. Methods 1,017 athletes completed online questionnaires related to social pressures, internalisation, body dissatisfaction, negative affect, restriction, and bulimia. Structural equation modelling was employed to analyse the fit of the measurement and structural models and to do invariance testing. Results The original theoretical model failed to achieve acceptable goodness of fit (χ2 [70, 1017] = 1043.07; p < .0001. CFI = .55; GFI = .88; NFI = .53; RMSEA = .12 [90% CI = .111-.123]). Removal of non-significant pathways and addition of social media resulted in the model achieving a parsimonious goodness of fit (χ2 [19, 1017] = 77.58; p < .0001. CFI = .96; GFI = .98; NFI = .95; RMSEA = .055 [90% CI = .043-.068]). Invariance tests revealed that the newly revised model differed across gender, age, level, competition status, and length of sport participation. Conclusion This study showed that the formation of disordered eating symptomology might not be associated with sport pressures experienced by athletes. It revealed that disordered eating development varies across gender, competition level, sport type, and age, which must be considered to prevent and treat disordered eating in athletes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Stoyel
- University College London, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Caroline Meyer
- WMG and Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Partnership Trust, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Lucy Serpell
- University College London, London, United Kingdom
- North East London NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
The effect of thin and average-sized models on women's appearance and functionality satisfaction: Does pose matter? Body Image 2020; 32:128-135. [PMID: 31887639 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2019.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Idealised imagery depicting the functionality of a model's body (e.g., in fitness contexts) can trigger negative effects in viewers similar to, or worse than, traditionally posed images of models. Thus far, most of this research has been conducted on images of thin models. Building upon previous research, we examined the effect of pose (active versus posed) and body size (thin versus average-sized) on women's body satisfaction. In an online study, 379 women aged 17-30 years completed pre-test measures of appearance and functionality satisfaction before viewing models across one of five conditions: Thin Posed, Thin Active, Average Posed, Average Active, or Scenery images. Post-test measures were taken of body satisfaction and social comparison across appearance and functionality domains. Planned contrasts showed that exposure to thin models produced poorer appearance and functionality satisfaction and more upward comparison than exposure to average-sized models or scenery. Model pose was important only when the model had an average body size. Images of active average-sized models produced poorer appearance satisfaction and triggered more upward functionality-based comparison than when the average-sized models were posed. These findings suggest that although the thinness of the model is influential, how the body is presented can also affect satisfaction and comparison.
Collapse
|
30
|
Watson A, Murnen SK, College K. Gender differences in responses to thin, athletic, and hyper-muscular idealized bodies. Body Image 2019; 30:1-9. [PMID: 31071678 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2019.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests that the ideal female body has shifted from an ultra-thin image toward one that is both thin and toned, or muscular. Furthermore, the ideal male body may be more athletic, characterized by moderate muscularity combined with leanness, than bodybuilder-muscular. Thus, we experimentally examined women's (n = 92) and men's (n = 106) cognitive processing style in response to idealized body types, i.e., thin images, athletic images (thin and muscular), or hyper-muscular images (moderately thin and extremely muscular). Results revealed that women in the athletic condition were the most likely to generate negative social comparisons. Women in the thin condition were more likely to generate counter-arguments compared to women in the other two conditions. Men in the hyper-muscular condition were more likely to generate counter-arguments than men in the other two conditions. Further, among women in the thin condition, negative social comparisons were inversely related to body appreciation but positively related to internalization of appearance ideals. Findings confirm that the athletic ideal likely poses problems for women's body image. Both women and men seemed to be able to "talk back" when exposed to their gendered body ideal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ar'Reon Watson
- Kenyon College Psychology Department, 203 N. College St., Gambier, OH 43022, United States
| | - Sarah K Murnen
- Kenyon College Psychology Department, 203 N. College St., Gambier, OH 43022, United States.
| | - Kenyon College
- Kenyon College Psychology Department, 203 N. College St., Gambier, OH 43022, United States
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Dafferner M, Campagna J, Rodgers RF. Making gains: Hypermuscularity and objectification of male and female Olympic athletes in Sports Illustrated across 60 years. Body Image 2019; 29:156-160. [PMID: 31051392 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2019.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Female athletes have disproportionately lacked media coverage. The depictions that do exist have typically been sexualized, which has been described as trivializing their accomplishments. It is unclear, however, to what extent the gender differences in the amount and types of media representations of athletes are evolving with time. In addition, trends in increasing muscularity in media depictions of athletes have not been examined. The aims of this study were therefore to examine gender differences in levels of muscularity and gendered and objectified portrayals of summer Olympic athletes (N = 78) depicted on the covers of Sports Illustrated over the last 60 years. Findings from this content analysis suggested that while female athletes are achieving greater media representation, significant gender differences still exist, with female athletes more likely to be depicted in sexually objectified ways. Findings also revealed that athletic bodies portrayed in the media have progressively become more muscular. Further efforts to close the gender gaps in depictions of athletes in the media are warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- MacKenzie Dafferner
- APPEAR, Department of Applied Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, USA
| | - Jenna Campagna
- APPEAR, Department of Applied Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, USA
| | - Rachel F Rodgers
- APPEAR, Department of Applied Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, USA; Department of Psychiatric Emergency & Acute Care, Lapeyronie Hospital, CHRU Montpellier, France.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Quittkat HL, Hartmann AS, Düsing R, Buhlmann U, Vocks S. Body Dissatisfaction, Importance of Appearance, and Body Appreciation in Men and Women Over the Lifespan. Front Psychiatry 2019; 10:864. [PMID: 31920737 PMCID: PMC6928134 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Body image disturbance is associated with several mental disorders. Previous research on body image has focused mostly on women, largely neglecting body image in men. Moreover, only a small number of studies have conducted gender comparisons of body image over the lifespan and included participants aged 50 years and older. With regard to measurement, body image has often been assessed only in terms of body dissatisfaction, disregarding further aspects such as body appreciation or the importance of appearance. The aim of this cross-sectional study was to explore different aspects of body image in the general German-speaking population and to compare men and women of various ages. Participants completed an online survey comprising questionnaires about body image. Body dissatisfaction, importance of appearance, the number of hours per day participants would invest and the number of years they would sacrifice to achieve their ideal appearance, and body appreciation were assessed and analyzed with respect to gender and age differences. We hypothesized that body dissatisfaction and importance of appearance would be higher in women than in men, that body dissatisfaction would remain stable across age in women, and that importance of appearance would be lower in older women compared to younger women. Body appreciation was predicted to be higher in men than in women. General and generalized linear models were used to examine the impact of age and gender. In line with our hypotheses, body dissatisfaction was higher in women than in men and was unaffected by age in women, and importance of appearance was higher in women than in men. However, only in men did age predict a lower level of the importance of appearance. Compared to men, women stated that they would invest more hours of their lives to achieve their ideal appearance. For both genders, age was a predictor of the number of years participants would sacrifice to achieve their ideal appearance. Contrary to our assumption, body appreciation improved and was higher in women across all ages than in men. The results seem to suggest that men's and women's body image are dissimilar and appear to vary across different ages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hannah L Quittkat
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Institute of Psychology, Osnabrück University, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Andrea S Hartmann
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Institute of Psychology, Osnabrück University, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Rainer Düsing
- Department of Research Methodology, Diagnostics & Evaluation, Institute of Psychology, Osnabrück University, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Ulrike Buhlmann
- Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Institute of Psychology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Silja Vocks
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Institute of Psychology, Osnabrück University, Osnabrück, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Girard M, Rodgers RF, Chabrol H. Prospective predictors of body dissatisfaction, drive for thinness, and muscularity concerns among young women in France: A sociocultural model. Body Image 2018; 26:103-110. [PMID: 30041070 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2018.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Revised: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to explore a prospective sociocultural model of the influence of media, peers, and partners on body dissatisfaction, drive for thinness, and muscularity concerns in a sample of young women in France. A sample of 192 undergraduate women with a mean age of 20.97 years (SD = 2.69) completed a questionnaire at two time-points, 12 months apart, assessing media and interpersonal influences, appearance comparison, body dissatisfaction, drive for thinness, and muscularity concerns. The final model highlighted that media and interpersonal influences (from peers and romantic partners) were associated over time with increased body dissatisfaction, drive for thinness, and muscularity concerns one year later, via appearance comparison. Sociocultural influences towards both thinness and muscularity may contribute to increases in body image concerns and risky body change behaviors in young women in France.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marilou Girard
- Centre d'Etudes et de Recherches en Psychopathologie et Psychologie de la Santé, Université Toulouse Jean-Jaurès, Toulouse, France.
| | - Rachel F Rodgers
- Department of Applied Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston MA, 02115, USA; Department of Psychiatric Emergency & Acute Care, Lapeyronie Hospital, CHRU Montpellier, France
| | - Henri Chabrol
- Centre d'Etudes et de Recherches en Psychopathologie et Psychologie de la Santé, Université Toulouse Jean-Jaurès, Toulouse, France
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Sumter SR, Cingel DP, Antonis D. “To be able to change, you have to take risks #fitspo”: Exploring correlates of fitspirational social media use among young women. TELEMATICS AND INFORMATICS 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tele.2018.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
35
|
Turel T, Jameson M, Gitimu P, Rowlands Z, Mincher J, Pohle-Krauza R. Disordered eating: Influence of body image, sociocultural attitudes, appearance anxiety and depression - a focus on college males and a gender comparison. COGENT PSYCHOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/23311908.2018.1483062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022] Open
|
36
|
The fit beauty ideal: A healthy alternative to thinness or a wolf in sheep's clothing? Body Image 2018; 25:23-30. [PMID: 29428333 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2018.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Revised: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Anecdotal testimony suggests the 'fit' female body ideal is 'healthier' than the thin ideal, because it simultaneously focuses on muscularity. However, statistical investigation into the outcomes associated with fit ideal internalisation is absent. Moderation analyses were used to investigate whether concurrent muscular internalisation mitigated the relationship between thin internalisation and; negative affect, body dissatisfaction, bulimic symptoms, and dieting. Further analyses were used to investigate whether concurrent thin internalisation amplified the relationship between muscular internalisation, compulsive exercise, and supplement use. No significant interaction was found on any of the outcome variables. Thus, the results suggest that incorporating muscularity into an ideal of thinness does not mitigate the detrimental eating and affective outcomes commonly associated with pursuing thinness. Equally, incorporating an ideal of thinness into one of muscularity does not appear to alter the detrimental behavioural outcomes commonly associated with pursuing muscularity. Such findings do not suggest fit internalisation is healthy for women.
Collapse
|
37
|
Mulgrew KE, McCulloch K, Farren E, Prichard I, Lim MSC. This girl can #jointhemovement: Effectiveness of physical functionality-focused campaigns for women's body satisfaction and exercise intent. Body Image 2018; 24:26-35. [PMID: 29253826 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2017.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Revised: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
We tested the effectiveness of exposure to two functionality-focused media campaigns, This Girl Can and #jointhemovement, in improving state appearance and physical functionality satisfaction, exercise intent, and protecting against exposure to idealised imagery. Across two studies, 339 (Mage=24.94, SD=4.98) and 256 (Mage=26.46, SD=5.50) women viewed the campaign or control video, followed by images of models who were posed or physically active, or images of landscapes. State satisfaction and exercise intent was measured at pre-test, post-video, post-images, and 1-week follow-up. Social comparison was measured at post-images. Viewing either campaign produced higher appearance satisfaction and exercise intentions than the control video. Effects weren't maintained after viewing idealised imagery or 1 week later. Further, the campaigns did not decrease social comparisons when viewing idealised imagery. Results can inform agencies about campaign effectiveness and suggest that women benefit from campaigns that feature non-idealised depictions of women exercising.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kate E Mulgrew
- School of Social Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore DC, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Karen McCulloch
- School of Social Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore DC, Queensland, Australia
| | - Emily Farren
- School of Social Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore DC, Queensland, Australia
| | - Ivanka Prichard
- School of Health Sciences, Flinders University, South Australia, Australia
| | - Megan S C Lim
- Centre for Population Health, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Australia; School of Population Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Williamson G, Karazsia BT. The effect of functionality-focused and appearance-focused images of models of mixed body sizes on women's state-oriented body appreciation. Body Image 2018; 24:95-101. [PMID: 29367075 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2017.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Revised: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Research demonstrates that exposure to appearance-focused images of models depicting societal standards of beauty negatively affect women's state-oriented body dissatisfaction. The purpose of this research was to extend this experimental research to women's state-oriented body appreciation. The 374 women participants were randomly assigned to view images that were either depicting a model who was representative or not representative of the thin ideal (body size), while this model was in either an appearance-focused pose or a function-oriented pose (pose type). State body appreciation increased significantly after viewing images depicting models who did not conform to societal standards of thinness (p<0.001). Exposure to the control condition images, which were images of natural environments, also produced increases in state body appreciation (p=0.049). These findings provide insight into the construct of state body appreciation and offer implications for future positive body image research.
Collapse
|
39
|
Rothwell CJ, Desmond D. The effect of viewing fitness imagery on body dissatisfaction: sex and physical activity differences. PSYCHOL HEALTH MED 2018; 23:980-986. [PMID: 29468905 DOI: 10.1080/13548506.2018.1442009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to cultural bodily ideals featuring thinness and muscularity can have deleterious effects on body satisfaction. The current study explores the effect of exposure to such imagery on body dissatisfaction and the influence of internalisation of cultural and athletic ideals. 188 (97 male) adults (18-25yrs; M = 20.97) were grouped according to a 2 × 2 × 2 mixed between-within subjects design (male/female; high/low physical activity; intervention/control). Participants were exposed to images of idealised physiques or neutral images. Internalisation-general, sex, physical activity levels, and Body Mass Index were associated with baseline levels of body dissatisfaction. Internalisation of cultural ideals appears to be an important factor for the prediction of body dissatisfaction. Exposure to idealised images resulted in increases in body dissatisfaction across all groups compared to controls. Neither sex nor physical activity levels buffer young adults from the negative effects of viewing images featuring idealised bodies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Conor J Rothwell
- a Department of Psychology , Maynooth University , Co. Kildare , Ireland
| | - Deirdre Desmond
- a Department of Psychology , Maynooth University , Co. Kildare , Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Thøgersen-Ntoumani C, Ntoumanis N, Carey R, Dodos L, Quested E, Chatzisarantis N. A diary study of appearance social comparisons and need frustration in young women. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2017.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
41
|
Bozsik F, Whisenhunt BL, Hudson DL, Bennett B, Lundgren JD. Thin Is In? Think Again: The Rising Importance of Muscularity in the Thin Ideal Female Body. SEX ROLES 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11199-017-0886-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
|
42
|
Alberga AS, Withnell SJ, von Ranson KM. Fitspiration and thinspiration: a comparison across three social networking sites. J Eat Disord 2018; 6:39. [PMID: 30534376 PMCID: PMC6260773 DOI: 10.1186/s40337-018-0227-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fitspiration, or images and text promoting health and fitness, and thinspiration, or images and text promoting thinness, have both received criticism for their negative effects on body image and dieting behaviors. In this study, we critically examined and compared the content of fitspiration and thinspiration on three social networking sites (SNS). METHODS Fitspiration and thinspiration posts (N = 360) from three photo-sharing SNS (Instagram, Tumblr, and Twitter) were collected quasi-randomly on four days over two weeks. Image and associated text content were coded for variables related to weight and shape, muscularity, thin ideal, and eating. Chi-square and Fisher's exact tests compared content of fitspiration and thinspiration posts overall and among the three SNS. RESULTS Thinspiration images portrayed body parts more frequently than fitspiration (69.8% vs. 30.2%). Similarly, posts highlighting bony body features and references to mental illness appeared only in thinspiration. No differences were found between fitspiration and thinspiration posts with regard to sexual suggestiveness, appearance comparison, and messages encouraging restrictive eating. Fitspiration and thinspiration posts included similar images across the three SNS-focusing on appearance, sexually suggestive images, and restrictive eating-with three exceptions. Fitspiration posts exhibiting body positivity were found only on Tumblr. In thinspiration posts, references to mental illness were more frequent on Tumblr and Instagram than on Twitter, and bone emphasis was coded more frequently on Twitter than on Instagram. CONCLUSIONS Although fitspiration posts were less extreme than thinspiration posts on the whole, notable similarities in their content support that fitspiration endorses problematic attitudes towards fitness, body image, and restrictive eating in pursuit of a fit-and-thin body ideal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angela S Alberga
- 1Department of Health, Kinesiology & Applied Physiology, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke Street West; Office: SP-165.06, Montreal, QC H4B1R6 Canada
| | - Samantha J Withnell
- 2Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive N.W, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4 Canada
| | - Kristin M von Ranson
- 3Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive N.W, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4 Canada
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Mulgrew KE, Stalley NL, Tiggemann M. Positive appearance and functionality reflections can improve body satisfaction but do not protect against idealised media exposure. Body Image 2017; 23:126-134. [PMID: 28988064 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2017.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Revised: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
We tested the effectiveness of a positive appearance or functionality reflective writing task on women's body satisfaction and whether these writing task reflections offered any protective advantage when exposed to idealised imagery. Young adult women (N=230; Mage=23years) wrote about positive elements of either their appearance or their body's functionality, and then were exposed to images of scenery, or thin and attractive models presented in posed or active form. Direction and amount of social comparison were also examined. Women reported immediate gains in both appearance and physical functionality satisfaction regardless of reflection type. However, neither reflection was protective against decreased satisfaction after exposure to idealised images. Greater upward comparison on either appearance or physical functionality domains was related to poorer outcomes. Our reflection task has potential to shift body focus but future research could examine multiple sessions and reflections on a broader range of self-relevant domains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kate E Mulgrew
- University of the Sunshine Coast School of Social Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore DC, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Nicole L Stalley
- University of the Sunshine Coast School of Social Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore DC, Queensland, Australia
| | - Marika Tiggemann
- School of Health Sciences, Flinders University, South Australia, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Alleva JM, Tylka TL, Kroon Van Diest AM. The Functionality Appreciation Scale (FAS): Development and psychometric evaluation in U.S. community women and men. Body Image 2017; 23:28-44. [PMID: 28822275 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2017.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Revised: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Body functionality has been identified as an important dimension of body image that has the potential to be useful in the prevention and treatment of negative body image and in the enhancement of positive body image. Specifically, cultivating appreciation of body functionality may offset appearance concerns. However, a scale assessing this construct has yet to be developed. Therefore, we developed the Functionality Appreciation Scale (FAS) and examined its psychometric properties among three online community samples totalling 1042 women and men (ns=490 and 552, respectively). Exploratory factor analyses revealed a unidimensional structure with seven items. Confirmatory factor analysis upheld its unidimensionality and invariance across gender. The internal consistency, test-retest reliability, criterion-related, and construct (convergent, discriminant, incremental) validity of its scores were upheld. The FAS is a psychometrically sound measure that is unique from existing positive body image measures. Scholars will find the FAS applicable within research and clinical settings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M Alleva
- Department of Clinical Psychological Science, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Centre for Appearance Research, University of the West of England, Bristol, United Kingdom.
| | - Tracy L Tylka
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Ashley M Kroon Van Diest
- Cleveland Clinic Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatric Behavioral Health, Cleveland, OH, United States
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
The Impact of Different Forms of #fitspiration Imagery on Body Image, Mood, and Self-Objectification among Young Women. SEX ROLES 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11199-017-0830-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
46
|
Betz DE, Ramsey LR. Should women be "All About That Bass?": Diverse body-ideal messages and women's body image. Body Image 2017; 22:18-31. [PMID: 28554090 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2017.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
While most body image research emphasizes the thin ideal, a wider variety of body-ideal messages pervade U.S. popular culture today, including those promoting athleticism or curves. Two studies assessed women's reactions to messages conveying thin, athletic, and curvy ideals, compared to a control message that emphasized accepting all body types. Study 1 (N=192) surveyed women's responses to these messages and found they perceived body-acceptance and athletic messages most favorably, curvy messages more negatively, and thin messages most negatively. Further, greatest liking within each message category came from women who identified with that body type. Study 2 (N=189) experimentally manipulated exposure to these messages, then measured self-objectification and body satisfaction. Messages promoting a body-ideal caused more self-objectification than body-acceptance messages. Also, athletic messages caused more body dissatisfaction than thin messages. Together, these findings reveal the complexity of women's responses to diverse messages they receive about ideal bodies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diana E Betz
- Loyola University Maryland, 4501 N Charles St., Baltimore, MD 21210, United States.
| | - Laura R Ramsey
- Bridgewater State University, 131 Summer St., Bridgewater, MA 02324, United States
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Robinson L, Prichard I, Nikolaidis A, Drummond C, Drummond M, Tiggemann M. Idealised media images: The effect of fitspiration imagery on body satisfaction and exercise behaviour. Body Image 2017; 22:65-71. [PMID: 28654826 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2017.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Revised: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have documented a shift in the cultural ideal of physical attractiveness, with women subscribing to a visibly toned ideal that emphasises health and fitness. The present study experimentally investigated the impact of athletic and muscular fitness-idealised images compared to traditional thin ideal images on women's body dissatisfaction and exercise behaviour, under the framework of Social Comparison Theory. Participants were 106 female undergraduate students randomly assigned to view one of three sets of images (thin ideal, athletic ideal, or muscular ideal) followed by a bout of exercise. Acute exposure to athletic ideal and thin ideal images led to increased body dissatisfaction, but exposure to muscular ideal images did not. Relative to thin ideal images, fitness-idealised images did not motivate participants to engage in higher levels of exercise suggesting that this type of fitness inspiration might not motivate actual exercise behaviour.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lily Robinson
- School of Psychology, Flinders University, Australia
| | - Ivanka Prichard
- Discipline of Health & Exercise Sciences, School of Health Sciences, Flinders University, Australia; SHAPE Research Centre, Flinders University, Australia.
| | | | - Claire Drummond
- Discipline of Health & Exercise Sciences, School of Health Sciences, Flinders University, Australia; SHAPE Research Centre, Flinders University, Australia
| | - Murray Drummond
- School of Education, Flinders University, Australia; SHAPE Research Centre, Flinders University, Australia
| | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Webb JB, Vinoski ER, Warren-Findlow J, Burrell MI, Putz DY. Downward dog becomes fit body, inc.: A content analysis of 40 years of female cover images of Yoga Journal. Body Image 2017; 22:129-135. [PMID: 28759770 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2017.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Revised: 07/02/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The present analysis investigated temporal trends in physical appearance attributes and attire worn by female cover models of Yoga Journal magazine between the years 1975-2015. Covers featuring a single female model (N=168) were coded for: pose activity, amount of body visibility, perceived body size, body shape, breast size, skin exposure, and revealing or form-fitting attire. When collapsed across all decades, the majority of cover models was actively posed with high body visibility, rated as at most low normal weight, possessed either a "thin/lean" or "skinny/boney" body shape, and were "flat-chested" or "small-breasted". Greater body visibility, pose activity, thinness/leanness, skin exposure, and form-fitting attire were featured on more recent years' covers. Findings suggest that the female "yoga body" conforms to the contemporary thin- and-toned media fitness ideal, particularly recently, which may promote objectified body competence, an unhealthy drive for leanness, and dissuade higher weight women from considering yoga practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer B Webb
- University of North Carolina at Charlotte Department of Psychological Science, United States.
| | - Erin R Vinoski
- University of North Carolina at Charlotte Department of Public Health Sciences, United States
| | - Jan Warren-Findlow
- University of North Carolina at Charlotte Department of Public Health Sciences, United States
| | - Marlene I Burrell
- University of North Carolina at Charlotte Department of Psychological Science, United States
| | - Davina Y Putz
- University of North Carolina at Charlotte Department of Psychological Science, United States
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Simpson CC, Mazzeo SE. Skinny Is Not Enough: A Content Analysis of Fitspiration on Pinterest. HEALTH COMMUNICATION 2017; 32:560-567. [PMID: 27326747 DOI: 10.1080/10410236.2016.1140273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Fitspiration is a relatively new social media trend nominally intended to promote health and fitness. Fitspiration messages are presented as encouraging; however, they might also engender body dissatisfaction and compulsive exercise. This study analyzed fitspiration content (n = 1050) on the image-based social media platform Pinterest. Independent raters coded the images and text present in the posts. Messages were categorized as appearance- or health-related, and coded for Social Cognitive Theory constructs: standards, behaviors, and outcome expectancies. Messages encouraged appearance-related body image standards and weight management behaviors more frequently than health-related standards and behaviors, and emphasized attractiveness as motivation to partake in such behaviors. Results also indicated that fitspiration messages include a comparable amount of fit praise (i.e., emphasis on toned/defined muscles) and thin praise (i.e., emphasis on slenderness), suggesting that women are not only supposed to be thin but also fit. Considering the negative outcomes associated with both exposure to idealized body images and exercising for appearance reasons, findings suggest that fitspiration messages are problematic, especially for viewers with high risk of eating disorders and related issues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Suzanne E Mazzeo
- b Departments of Psychology & Pediatrics , Virginia Commonwealth University
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
|