1
|
Kidd C, Loxton NJ, Uhlmann LR, Seeto CJ, Donovan CL. Thin Ideal Internalization Assessment (THIINA): Development and Psychometric Validation of a New Measure of Female Body Image. Body Image 2023; 46:395-405. [PMID: 37542933 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2023.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/07/2023]
Abstract
Thin ideal internalization is widely implicated in women's body image and eating disturbances. A recently proposed multidimensional operationalization of internalization suggests the brevity and construct validity of existing questionnaires may limit the assessment of thin ideal internalization. Therefore, this research aimed to develop a new questionnaire (i.e., Thin Ideal Internalization Assessment; THIINA) to comprehensively assess thin ideal internalization. In Study 1, 301 female participants were administered the THIINA. Exploratory factor analyses revealed the 17-item THIINA had a stable 3-factor structure reflecting thin idealization, thin overvaluation, and thin behavioral drive. In Study 2, 337 female participants were administered the THIINA and validation measures. Confirmatory factor analysis confirmed stability of the 3-factor structure and findings supported convergent, discriminant, and incremental validity of the THIINA. Support for temporal stability was found within a sub-sample of participants (n = 132). The THIINA demonstrated strong psychometric properties, a stable three-factor structure representing theoretically-driven domains, and support for the creation of a composite score representing overall thin ideal internalization. These findings suggest the multidimensional operationalization and measurement of thin ideal internalization could improve theoretical and clinical understanding of the impact of thin ideal internalization on women's body image and eating.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chloe Kidd
- School of Applied Psychology, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Natalie J Loxton
- School of Applied Psychology, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Laura R Uhlmann
- School of Applied Psychology, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Charlie-Jean Seeto
- School of Applied Psychology, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Caroline L Donovan
- School of Applied Psychology, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Griffith University Centre for Mental Health, Griffith University, Queensland, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Barbierik L, Bacikova-Sleskova M, Petrovova V. The Role of Social Appearance Comparison in Body Dissatisfaction of Adolescent Boys and Girls. EUROPES JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2023; 19:244-258. [PMID: 37731755 PMCID: PMC10508200 DOI: 10.5964/ejop.6443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
The main aim of the present study is to investigate the indirect effect of the association between thin-ideal internalisation (1), muscular-ideal internalization (2) and body dissatisfaction (BD) through the general social appearance comparison separately among boys and girls. 154 adolescents (mean age 18.2 years, SD = 0.73; 56.5% girls) provided information on the explored variables. Two hierarchical regression models were carried out for boys and girls separately. The general appearance comparison works as an important explanatory mechanism in the relationship between thin-ideal internalization and BD among girls as well as between muscular-ideal internalization and BD among both boys and girls. The more individuals internalize the societal ideals of appearance, the more they compare their physical appearance to others and thus the greater BD they perceive. The current results contribute to previous research findings by indicating the social appearance comparison as a risk factor which enhances BD among both boys and girls in late adolescence. The findings may facilitate identifying individuals who are vulnerable to body dissatisfaction earlier, before more serious eating problems occur.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Barbierik
- Department of Educational Psychology and Health Psychology, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Maria Bacikova-Sleskova
- Department of Educational Psychology and Health Psychology, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Veronika Petrovova
- Department of Educational Psychology and Health Psychology, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, Košice, Slovak Republic
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Yu M, Sun X, Xu Y, Liu Z, Wu Y, Yang S, Luo F. Mirror, mirror, on the social media … WeChat Moments usage and negative body image among female college students: Evidence from ecological momentary assessment data. Appl Psychol Health Well Being 2023; 15:1046-1064. [PMID: 36516998 DOI: 10.1111/aphw.12425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Negative body image is prevalent among women and may lead to physical and mental health problems. Social media-including China's most popular platform, WeChat Moments-aggregates multiple aspects of appearance-related pressure and therefore is an important risk factor for negative body image. The current study examines the relationship between WeChat Moments usage and body image among female college students and the mediating mechanism of body surveillance. A sample of 151 female college students completed a 7-day ecological momentary assessment (EMA), responded to three surveys per day, and provided a total of 2949 EMA responses. We used multilevel structural equation modeling (MSEM) to examine the hypothesized models at both the between- and within-individual levels. The results showed that both overall WeChat Moments usage and appearance-related exposure on WeChat Moments were inversely and indirectly related to body image through the mediating role of body surveillance at the between-individual level. However, both overall WeChat Moments usage and appearance-related exposure on WeChat Moments were positively and indirectly related to body image through body surveillance at the within-individual level. Our findings indicate that WeChat Moments usage is associated with college women's body image differently at the between- and within-individual level, and body surveillance serves as a crucial underlying mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mengke Yu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Psychology Education (Beijing Normal University), Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaomin Sun
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Psychology Education (Beijing Normal University), Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Xu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Psychology Education (Beijing Normal University), Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenzhen Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Psychology Education (Beijing Normal University), Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Wu
- Department of Clinical Psychological Science, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Shuting Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Psychology Education (Beijing Normal University), Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Fang Luo
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Psychology Education (Beijing Normal University), Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Hudson TA, Ferreira LK, Amaral ACS, Ferreira MEC. Body, eating, and exercise comparison orientation measure (BEECOM): Cross-cultural adaptation and psychometric properties among Brazilian female university students. Body Image 2023; 45:323-330. [PMID: 37031616 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2023.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023]
Abstract
The Body, Eating, and Exercise Comparison Orientation Measure (BEECOM) is an instrument that aims to quantify behaviors related to social comparison, specifically comparisons related to the body, eating and exercise, and was originally developed using a nonclinical population of American university women. The objective of this study was to perform a cross-cultural adaptation and verify the psychometric qualities of the BEECOM for young Brazilian adult women aged 18-35 years. In the present study, the cross-cultural adaptation of the instrument was performed through its translation, back-translation and evaluation by the target population. The instrument proved to be easy to understand among young women. Then, the psychometric qualities of the instrument were evaluated using a sample of 716 women (Mage = 22.47 ± 3.10). Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis demonstrated the presence of three factors and satisfactory adjustment indexes. The BEECOM presented an invariant measurement across white vs. nonwhite and physically active vs. non-active individuals. In addition, the instrument showed adequate reliability and convergent validity. In conclusion, the BEECOM is a useful tool to evaluate social comparison behaviors related to eating disorders and body image in young Brazilian female adults, enabling further research on these constructs and supporting the development of preventive strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tassiana Aparecida Hudson
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, s/n José Lourenço Kelmer Street, University Campus, Juiz de Fora 36036-900, Brazil.
| | - Luana Karoline Ferreira
- Humanities Institute, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, s/n José Lourenço Kelmer Street, University Campus, Juiz de Fora 36036-900, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Soares Amaral
- Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Southeast of Minas Gerais, 204 Monsenhor José Augusto Street, Barbacena, Minas Gerais 36205-018, Brazil
| | - Maria Elisa Caputo Ferreira
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, s/n José Lourenço Kelmer Street, University Campus, Juiz de Fora 36036-900, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Donovan CL, Uhlmann L. Looking at me, looking at you: The mediating roles of body surveillance and social comparison in the relationship between fit ideal internalisation and body dissatisfaction. Eat Behav 2022; 47:101678. [PMID: 36274271 DOI: 10.1016/j.eatbeh.2022.101678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the mechanisms through which internalisation of societal body standards lead to negative outcomes for women is important to inform prevention and treatment strategies targeting female body image issues and problematic eating and exercise behaviours. This study investigated the mediating roles of body surveillance and social comparison on the relationship between fit-ideal internalisation and a range of negative eating and body image related outcomes. Participants were 448 females, aged 16-25 years who completed self-report measures of fit-ideal internalisation, body surveillance, social comparison, body dissatisfaction, dieting, bulimic behaviours and compulsive exercise. Consistent with hypotheses, the results of parallel mediation analyses suggested that both body surveillance and social comparison mediated the relationship between fit-ideal internalisation and body dissatisfaction, dieting and bulimic behaviours. However, only social comparison was found to mediate the relationship between fit-ideal internalisation and compulsive exercise. The results suggest both body surveillance and social comparison are mechanisms by which fit internalisation detriments women's body image, making them potentially useful treatment targets for future research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caroline L Donovan
- School of Applied Psychology, Griffith University, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Laura Uhlmann
- School of Applied Psychology, Griffith University, Queensland, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Duan C, Lian S, Yu L, Niu G, Sun X. Photo Activity on Social Networking Sites and Body Dissatisfaction: The Roles of Thin-Ideal Internalization and Body Appreciation. Behav Sci (Basel) 2022; 12:bs12080280. [PMID: 36004851 PMCID: PMC9404895 DOI: 10.3390/bs12080280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: According to sociocultural theory, media is associated with detrimental effects on body image. Due to the popularity of social networking sites (SNS) and the prevalence of body image disturbance among young women, the association between them is worth further exploration. This study examined the relationship between photo activity on SNS and body dissatisfaction (BD) and the roles of thin-ideal internalization (TII) and body appreciation (BA) in this relation. Materials and Methods: A total of 746 Chinese female undergraduate students (mean age 20.34 ± 1.47 years) completed a questionnaire measuring SNS photo activity, TII, BD, and BA. Results: (1) Photo activity on SNS was positively associated with BD (r = 0.10, p < 0.01), and TII could mediate this relation (β = 0.07, 95% CI = [0.04, 0.10]). (2) Both the direct effect of SNS photo activity on BD (β = −0.08, p < 0.05) and the mediating effect of TII (β = −0.09, p < 0.01) were moderated by BA. Specifically, these associations were more pronounced for students with lower BA. Conclusion: People exposed to ideal photos or images can shape women’s body image perception via TII, whether in the age of traditional media or the Internet, and BA did not buffer the effect of ideal photos on internalization. Our findings could provide practical suggestions for rational photo activity on SNS and the intervention for BD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Changying Duan
- Key Laboratory of Adolescent Cyberpsychology and Behavior (CCNU), Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430079, China
- School of Psychology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Shuailei Lian
- College of Education and Sport Sciences, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434023, China
| | - Li Yu
- School of Psychology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Gengfeng Niu
- Key Laboratory of Adolescent Cyberpsychology and Behavior (CCNU), Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430079, China
- School of Psychology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China
- Beijing Normal University Collaboration Innovation Center, Central China Normal University Branch, Wuhan 430079, China
- Correspondence: (G.N.); (X.S.)
| | - Xiaojun Sun
- Key Laboratory of Adolescent Cyberpsychology and Behavior (CCNU), Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430079, China
- School of Psychology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China
- Beijing Normal University Collaboration Innovation Center, Central China Normal University Branch, Wuhan 430079, China
- Correspondence: (G.N.); (X.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Mills J, Mata A, Ling M, Trawley S. The impact of different responses to negative body talk on body satisfaction, shame, and future negative body talk likelihood: A UK sample. Body Image 2021; 38:325-333. [PMID: 34087542 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2021.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2020] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
A recent online experiment found that, following a negative body talk induction task, receiving a response of ignoring the comment, compared with reassuring, reciprocating, and challenging, led to worse body satisfaction and socio-emotional outcomes for Australian women. The current online study aimed to replicate and extend this study by examining the effects of these four negative body talk responses on body satisfaction, shame, and future negative body talk likelihood in UK-based women. Participants (N = 156, Mage = 25.29, SDage = 5.64, rangeage = 18-40) recalled a scenario in which they engaged in negative body talk and were randomly assigned to receive one of four responses. Contrary to hypotheses, there were no significant differences in body satisfaction, shame, or future negative body talk likelihood across the four groups. Preferred negative body talk response data were mixed, with challenge and reassurance responses preferred at comparable rates, and just under a quarter of participants preferring a response outside of the original four. Possible explanations, including that the responses used in the original Australasian study may not perfectly correspond with UK women's experiences of social interactions and heterogeneous motivations for engaging in negative body talk necessitate more nuanced and sophisticated responses, are explored.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Mills
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Australia.
| | - Adrienn Mata
- School of Psychology, Counselling, and Psychotherapy, The Cairnmillar Institute, Australia
| | - Mathew Ling
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Australia.
| | - Steve Trawley
- School of Psychology, Counselling, and Psychotherapy, The Cairnmillar Institute, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Nutter S, Russell-Mayhew S, Saunders JF. Towards a sociocultural model of weight stigma. Eat Weight Disord 2021; 26:999-1005. [PMID: 32462360 DOI: 10.1007/s40519-020-00931-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Weight stigma is pervasive and is associated with numerous physical and psychological health consequences, including decreased body satisfaction. Understanding of contributing factors to weight stigma remains limited, although researchers have consistently documented the connection between weight controllability beliefs and weight stigma. Sociocultural factors, including thin-ideal internalization and related social-cognitive correlates, are in the nascent stages of exploration to further our understanding of weight stigma. METHODS In this study, we tested an emerging sociocultural model of weight stigma, examining the influence of thin-ideal internalization and appearance-related comparisons on weight stigma, statistically controlling for weight controllability beliefs and accounting for thin-ideal environmental influences. Participants were 137 MTurk workers living in the United States. RESULTS We found that increased thin-ideal information was associated with thin-ideal internalization, which in turn was related to both upward and downward appearance-related comparison tendencies. These comparisons were then significantly related to weight stigma, controlling for weight controllability beliefs. There were significant indirect effects of both upward and downward appearance-related comparison tendencies on the relation between thin-ideal internalization and weight stigma. CONCLUSION These results extend limited prior research examining the association between the thin-ideal and appearance-related comparisons with weight stigma, and contribute to a more nuanced understanding of this complex phenomenon. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level V, cross-sectional study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Nutter
- Counselling Psychology, Werklund School of Education, University of Calgary, EDT 114, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada.
| | - Shelly Russell-Mayhew
- Counselling Psychology, Werklund School of Education, University of Calgary, EDT 114, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Jessica F Saunders
- Counselling Psychology, Werklund School of Education, University of Calgary, EDT 114, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Hill EM, Nolan MT. Examining eating disorder-related social comparison orientation and body dissatisfaction in the relationship between fit ideal internalization and drunkorexia engagement. Eat Behav 2021; 41:101480. [PMID: 33631489 DOI: 10.1016/j.eatbeh.2021.101480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to examine the relationship between fit ideal internalization and drunkorexia engagement in women. Specifically, in line with the Tripartite Influence Model, we examined the indirect effect of fit ideal internalization on drunkorexia through eating disorder-related social comparison orientation and body dissatisfaction. Data were collected from two samples of women-college undergraduate students (n = 198) and women recruited through Amazon Mechanical Turk (n = 324)-in order to test the model across the two groups. All participants completed the consent forms and then questionnaires via Qualtrics between March and June 2020. The results suggest that fit ideal internalization, body dissatisfaction, and eating disorder-related social comparison orientation are linked to drunkorexia. More specifically, multigroup path analyses indicated that there was an indirect effect of fit ideal internalization on drunkorexia via eating disorder-related social comparison orientation but not through body dissatisfaction. In examining the role of different types of eating disorder-related social comparison orientation (body, eating, exercise) in the model, more nuanced patterns emerged across the samples. Future research examining potential mediators and moderators of the relationship between eating disorder-related social comparison orientation and drunkorexia would be beneficial in expanding this area of study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erin M Hill
- Department of Psychology, West Chester University, West Chester, PA 19383, United States of America.
| | - Megan T Nolan
- Department of Psychology, West Chester University, West Chester, PA 19383, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Williams MT, Lewthwaite H, Fraysse F, Gajewska A, Ignatavicius J, Ferrar K. Compliance With Mobile Ecological Momentary Assessment of Self-Reported Health-Related Behaviors and Psychological Constructs in Adults: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. J Med Internet Res 2021; 23:e17023. [PMID: 33656451 PMCID: PMC7970161 DOI: 10.2196/17023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 03/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Mobile ecological momentary assessment (mEMA) permits real-time capture of self-reported participant behaviors and perceptual experiences. Reporting of mEMA protocols and compliance has been identified as problematic within systematic reviews of children, youth, and specific clinical populations of adults. Objective This study aimed to describe the use of mEMA for self-reported behaviors and psychological constructs, mEMA protocol and compliance reporting, and associations between key components of mEMA protocols and compliance in studies of nonclinical and clinical samples of adults. Methods In total, 9 electronic databases were searched (2006-2016) for observational studies reporting compliance to mEMA for health-related data from adults (>18 years) in nonclinical and clinical settings. Screening and data extraction were undertaken by independent reviewers, with discrepancies resolved by consensus. Narrative synthesis described participants, mEMA target, protocol, and compliance. Random effects meta-analysis explored factors associated with cohort compliance (monitoring duration, daily prompt frequency or schedule, device type, training, incentives, and burden score). Random effects analysis of variance (P≤.05) assessed differences between nonclinical and clinical data sets. Results Of the 168 eligible studies, 97/105 (57.7%) reported compliance in unique data sets (nonclinical=64/105 [61%], clinical=41/105 [39%]). The most common self-reported mEMA target was affect (primary target: 31/105, 29.5% data sets; secondary target: 50/105, 47.6% data sets). The median duration of the mEMA protocol was 7 days (nonclinical=7, clinical=12). Most protocols used a single time-based (random or interval) prompt type (69/105, 65.7%); median prompt frequency was 5 per day. The median number of items per prompt was similar for nonclinical (8) and clinical data sets (10). More than half of the data sets reported mEMA training (84/105, 80%) and provision of participant incentives (66/105, 62.9%). Less than half of the data sets reported number of prompts delivered (22/105, 21%), answered (43/105, 41%), criterion for valid mEMA data (37/105, 35.2%), or response latency (38/105, 36.2%). Meta-analysis (nonclinical=41, clinical=27) estimated an overall compliance of 81.9% (95% CI 79.1-84.4), with no significant difference between nonclinical and clinical data sets or estimates before or after data exclusions. Compliance was associated with prompts per day and items per prompt for nonclinical data sets. Although widespread heterogeneity existed across analysis (I2>90%), no compelling relationship was identified between key features of mEMA protocols representing burden and mEMA compliance. Conclusions In this 10-year sample of studies using the mEMA of self-reported health-related behaviors and psychological constructs in adult nonclinical and clinical populations, mEMA was applied across contexts and health conditions and to collect a range of health-related data. There was inconsistent reporting of compliance and key features within protocols, which limited the ability to confidently identify components of mEMA schedules likely to have a specific impact on compliance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marie T Williams
- Innovation, Implementation And Clinical Translation in Health, Allied Health and Human Performance, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Hayley Lewthwaite
- Innovation, Implementation And Clinical Translation in Health, Allied Health and Human Performance, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia.,Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Faculty of Education, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - François Fraysse
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity, Allied Health and Human Performance, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Alexandra Gajewska
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity, Allied Health and Human Performance, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Jordan Ignatavicius
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity, Allied Health and Human Performance, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Katia Ferrar
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity, Allied Health and Human Performance, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
|
12
|
Swami V, Furnham A, Horne G, Stieger S. Taking it apart and putting it back together again: Using Item Pool Visualisation to summarise complex data patterns in (positive) body image research. Body Image 2020; 34:155-166. [PMID: 32593946 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2020.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Issues of construct commonality and distinguishability in body image research are typically addressed using structural equal models, but such methods can sometimes present problems of interpretation when data patterns are complex. One recent-developed tool that could help in summarising complex data patterns is Item Pool Visualisation (IPV), an illustrative method that locates item pools from within the same dataset and illustrates these in the form of single or nested radar charts. Here, we demonstrate the utility of IPV in visualising data patterns vis-à-vis positive body image. Five-hundred-and-one adults from the United Kingdom completed seven widely-used measures of positive body image and data were subjected IPV. Results demonstrated that, of the included measures, the Body Appreciation Scale-2 provided the closest and most precise measurement of a core positive body image construct. The Functionality Appreciation Scale and the Authentic Pride subscale of the Body and Appearance Self-Conscious Emotions Scale tapped more distal aspects. Our results also highlight possible limitations with the use of several other instruments as measures of positive body image. We discuss implications for research aimed at better understanding the nature of positive body image and interpreting complex data patterns in body image research more generally.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Viren Swami
- School of Psychology and Sport Science, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Centre for Psychological Medicine, Perdana University, Serdang, Malaysia.
| | - Adrian Furnham
- Department of Leadership and Organizational Behaviour, Norwegian Business School, Oslo, Norway
| | - George Horne
- Department of Psychology, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Stefan Stieger
- Department of Psychology and Psychodynamics, Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, Krems an der Donau, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Sidi Y, Geller S, Abu Sinni A, Levy S, Handelzalts JE. Body image among Muslim women in Israel: exploring religion and sociocultural pressures. Women Health 2020; 60:1095-1108. [PMID: 32752948 DOI: 10.1080/03630242.2020.1802399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The study aimed to investigate the association of the Muslim religion, as a multidimensional factor, with social pressures related to body image concerns, among Muslim women in Israel. Four hundred and Seventy-five Israeli Muslim women ages between 18 and 30 years completed questionnaire measures of strength of religious faith, wearing a traditional head cover (the Hijab), positive and negative body image, media exposure, societal pressures to conform to Western body ideals and its internalization, from 2016 to 2018. Strength of religious faith and wearing the Hijab were positively associated with positive aspects of body image, while only strength of religious faith negatively correlated with body dissatisfaction. Further, mediation analyses revealed that the relationship between the strength of religious faith and both positive body image and body dissatisfaction was mediated by media pressures. Notably, reduced peer pressures had more influence on positive body image, while reduced family pressures were more influential for negative body image. These results are discussed with regard to promoting a more intricate and multicultural understanding of body image concepts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yael Sidi
- Department of Education and Psychology, The Open University of Israel , Ra'anana, Israel
| | - Shulamit Geller
- School of Behavioral Sciences, The Academic College of Tel-Aviv Yaffo , Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Aline Abu Sinni
- School of Behavioral Sciences, The Academic College of Tel-Aviv Yaffo , Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Sigal Levy
- School of Behavioral Sciences, The Academic College of Tel-Aviv Yaffo , Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Jonathan E Handelzalts
- School of Behavioral Sciences, The Academic College of Tel-Aviv Yaffo , Tel-Aviv, Israel.,Psychiatry Department, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Arigo D, Mogle JA, Brown MM, Pasko K, Travers L, Sweeder L, Smyth JM. Methods to Assess Social Comparison Processes Within Persons in Daily Life: A Scoping Review. Front Psychol 2020; 10:2909. [PMID: 32038352 PMCID: PMC6987244 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Self-evaluations relative to others (i.e., social comparisons) have well-established implications for health and well-being, and are typically assessed via global, retrospective self-report. Yet, comparison is inherently a dynamic, within-person process; comparisons occur at different times, on a range of dimensions, with consequences that can vary by context. Global, retrospective assessment forces aggregation across contexts and reduces ecological validity, limiting its utility for informing a nuanced understanding of comparisons in daily life. Research across social and clinical psychology has implemented methods to assess comparisons naturalistically, involving intensive, repeated assessments of comparison occurrence, characteristics, and consequences in everyday life (via ecological momentary assessment or daily diaries). Although promising, this work to date lacks an overarching conceptual framework for guiding decisions about assessment design and implementation. To address this gap, the aims of this scoping review were: (1) to summarize available literature on within-person naturalistic assessment of social comparison, and (2) to provide a set of key considerations to inform future social comparison research using within-person naturalistic assessment. Searches in PubMed, PsycInfo, and CINAHL identified relevant articles published before June 2019. Articles were included if they described at least 3 comparison assessments within each participant, taken in the natural environment, and spaced no more than ~24 h apart (i.e., repeated momentary or daily assessment). In articles meeting these criteria (33 unique studies across 36 published papers), we summarized aspects of the comparison assessment, including recording methods, direction (e.g., upward, downward), target (e.g., friend, stranger), and dimension (e.g., status, appearance). Most studies assessed appearance comparisons (vs. other comparison dimensions) and collected information in response to signals (rather than initiated by participants). However, there was considerable heterogeneity in the number of assessments, assessment periods, recording modalities, and comparison predictors and outcomes assessed. Findings broadly establish heterogeneity in the aspects of comparison considered critical for within-person naturalistic assessment. We describe key decision points for future work to help advance within-person naturalistic assessment methods and improve the utility of such approaches to inform research, theory, and intervention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Arigo
- Department of Psychology, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ, United States
| | - Jacqueline A. Mogle
- Prevention Research Center, Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, United States
| | - Megan M. Brown
- Department of Psychology, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ, United States
| | - Kristen Pasko
- Department of Psychology, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ, United States
| | - Laura Travers
- Department of Psychology, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ, United States
| | - Logan Sweeder
- Department of Nursing, Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, United States
| | - Joshua M. Smyth
- Departments of Biobehavioral Health and Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Body image states in everyday life: Evidence from ecological momentary assessment methodology. Body Image 2019; 31:245-272. [PMID: 30852080 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2019.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
This review highlights the contributions of Professor Thomas Cash to the scholarship of body image experiences in daily life, including his influence on subsequent research in this field. Cash's arguments for capturing a broad range of state-based body image experiences have been heeded, with recent studies exploring positive body image constructs as well as the more studied negative body image experiences. Appearance comparisons are the most commonly studied contextual influence on body image, and they seem to have a consistent effect. However, the experiences of body image in sexual contexts, and among adolescents, those who are pregnant, or have other physical characteristics that may increase the salience of appearance warrant further attention. Findings generally support Cash's contention that trait body image relates to likelihood and level of experience of body image in daily life, though the moderating effects of trait aspects on state-based relationships remains unclear. The discussion concludes with consideration of the impact of assessment schedules on obtained results. It is also discussed how accumulated knowledge regarding state-based body image experiences may be leveraged in treatment contexts, particularly in light of clear evidence that repeated assessment of body image in daily life increases self-awareness of one's body image characteristics.
Collapse
|
16
|
Ko SY, Wei M, Park HJ, Wang K. Appearance Comparison, Appearance Self-Schema, Perfectionism, and Body Esteem Among Korean College Students. COUNSELING PSYCHOLOGIST 2019. [DOI: 10.1177/0011000019871053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we examined whether the constructs of appearance self-schema and perfectionistic self-presentation were significant mediators for the direct association between physical appearance comparison and body esteem. A total of 290 South Korean students from a university in South Korea participated in this study. Results from structural equation modeling supported that both appearance self-schema and perfectionistic self-presentation were significant mediators for the relationship between physical appearance comparison and body esteem. A bootstrap method was used to assess the magnitude of the indirect effect, with 33% of the variance in body esteem accounted for by physical appearance comparison, appearance self-schema, and perfectionistic self-presentation. A multiple-group analysis showed that the mediation model could be applied equally to both men and women students in South Korea. The current study demonstrates how body esteem issues may unfold in a Korean cultural context where appearance is highly salient to one’s identity.
Collapse
|
17
|
Mills J, Mort O, Trawley S. The impact of different responses to fat talk on body image and socioemotional outcomes. Body Image 2019; 29:149-155. [PMID: 30999123 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2019.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Fat talk, the act of making disparaging comments about one's own appearance, has been associated with an extensive range of negative body image outcomes. Despite this well-established body of literature highlighting the prevalence and consequences, scant research exists on the impact of different responses to fat talk in situ. The current online experiment aimed to explore four different responses to fat talk and their impact on body satisfaction, shame, and feelings of support. Female participants (N = 191, Mage = 23.52, SDage = 4.54, rangeage = 18-40) recalled or imagined an experience of engaging in fat talk before being randomly assigned to receive a set response (where their fat talk was either challenged, ignored, reassured, or reciprocated). Largely in line with hypotheses, the Ignore condition led to the lowest level of body satisfaction and perceived support, and the highest level of shame. The Challenge condition resulted in positive outcomes for both perceived support and feelings of shame. The findings demonstrate that ignoring fat talk is associated with negative outcomes, providing evidence to inform practical guidelines aimed at tackling the social phenomenon.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Mills
- School of Psychology, Counselling, and Psychotherapy, The Cairnmillar Institute, Australia.
| | - Olivia Mort
- School of Psychology, Counselling, and Psychotherapy, The Cairnmillar Institute, Australia.
| | - Steven Trawley
- School of Psychology, Counselling, and Psychotherapy, The Cairnmillar Institute, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Saunders JF, Eaton AA, Fitzsimmons-Craft EE. Body-, Eating-, and Exercise-Related Comparisons During Eating Disorder Recovery and Validation of the BEECOM-R. PSYCHOLOGY OF WOMEN QUARTERLY 2019. [DOI: 10.1177/0361684319851718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Social comparison tendencies are strongly associated with body dissatisfaction and disordered eating. In the current study, we quantitatively examined the structure and predictive value of these constructs during eating disorder recovery. We revised an existing measure of body-, eating-, and exercise-related social comparisons, the Body, Eating, and Exercise Comparison Orientation Measure (BEECOM), to improve psychometric properties. We also assessed the psychometric properties of the shortened Body, Eating, and Exercise Comparison Orientation Measure-Revised (BEECOM-R) in a comparison sample, resulting in an abbreviated measure suitable for recovering, clinical, and non-clinical samples. Finally, we used the revised measure to examine the additive influence of body-, eating-, and exercise-related comparisons on shape and weight dissatisfaction and disordered eating cognitions among 150 women (ages of 18–35 years) in self-identified recovery. Results suggest that body-, eating-, and exercise-related social comparisons all continue to correlate with body dissatisfaction and disordered eating during recovery. A minority of participants reported these comparisons to be helpful during the recovery process. We recommend social comparison as a clinical target for most women seeking support for eating pathology. Additional online materials for this article are available on PWQ’s website at http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/suppl/ 10.1177/0361684319851718
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica F. Saunders
- Women’s Research Institute of Nevada, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, USA
| | - Asia A. Eaton
- Department of Psychology, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Ellen E. Fitzsimmons-Craft
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University in Saint Louis, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Fuller-Tyszkiewicz M, Chhouk J, McCann LA, Urbina G, Vuo H, Krug I, Ricciardelli L, Linardon J, Broadbent J, Heron K, Richardson B. Appearance comparison and other appearance-related influences on body dissatisfaction in everyday life. Body Image 2019; 28:101-109. [PMID: 30639976 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2019.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Revised: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Although appearance comparisons, self-monitoring, and appearance-related comments have been linked to body dissatisfaction in prior studies, the combined and unique influences of these variables on state body dissatisfaction in daily life has yet to be explored. The present study addressed this gap, and also evaluated whether these state-based effects were stronger for individuals with trait-level body image disturbances (internalization and body dissatisfaction). Eighty-four women completed baseline measures of trait internalization and body dissatisfaction, and then reported momentary experiences of body dissatisfaction, appearance self-monitoring, appearance-related comments, and appearance-based comparisons at up to 10 random times daily for seven days. Multilevel analyses confirmed that both appearance comparisons and commentary (both negative and positive) were predictive of changes in state body dissatisfaction when modelled individually as well as in a combined (full) model. Appearance self-monitoring was not a significant predictor, either individually or in the full model. These within-person relationships were not moderated by individual differences in trait body dissatisfaction and internalization of appearance standards. Accordingly, experiences of body dissatisfaction in daily life may be a common reaction to negative appearance comments and unflattering comparisons, yet positive comments and/or efforts to avoid appearance-based comparisons may have a positive effect on one's body image.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Fuller-Tyszkiewicz
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, 3125, Australia; Center for Social and Early Emotional Development, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, 3125, Australia.
| | - Julie Chhouk
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, 3125, Australia
| | - Lorie-Ann McCann
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, 3125, Australia
| | - Geovanny Urbina
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, 3125, Australia
| | - Hao Vuo
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, 3125, Australia
| | - Isabel Krug
- School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Lina Ricciardelli
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, 3125, Australia; Center for Social and Early Emotional Development, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, 3125, Australia
| | - Jake Linardon
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, 3125, Australia; Center for Social and Early Emotional Development, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, 3125, Australia
| | - Jaclyn Broadbent
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, 3125, Australia; Center for Social and Early Emotional Development, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, 3125, Australia
| | - Kristin Heron
- Department of Psychology, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia 23529, United States
| | - Ben Richardson
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, 3125, Australia; Cairnmillar Institute, Hawthorn East, Victoria, 3123, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Posavac SS, Posavac HD. Adult Separation Anxiety Disorder Symptomology as a Risk Factor for Thin-Ideal Internalization: The Role of Self-Concept Clarity. Psychol Rep 2019; 123:674-686. [PMID: 30744502 DOI: 10.1177/0033294119829440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The study of when and how individuals compare themselves against standards has been an enduring focus for clinical and social psychology researchers in efforts to facilitate well-being and health. Our study focused on internalization of the societal thin-ideal standard for feminine attractiveness, a construct that has proven to be very important in women's psychological health. Although multiple adverse consequences of thin-ideal internalization have been documented, the understanding of variability in the extent of thin-ideal internalization across women (e.g., why do some women strongly internalize thin-ideal standards when others do not?) is much less well developed. This research was conducted to explore the role of adult separation anxiety disorder (ASAD) symptomology and conceptions of the self in young women's propensity to internalize the thin-ideal attractiveness standard. Results show that elevated ASAD symptoms are associated with greater thin-ideal internalization. A structural equations model demonstrates the reason for this association; young women with higher ASAD symptomology exhibit lower self-concept clarity, which drives greater thin-ideal internalization. This research makes novel practical and conceptual contributions by (a) delineating a new risk factor for the development of thin-ideal internalization, (b) highlighting a previously undocumented vulnerability of women who experience ASAD symptoms, and (c) documenting the relationship between ASAD and lower self-concept clarity. Implications for mental health practitioners are discussed.
Collapse
|
21
|
Harper K, Choma BL. Internalised White Ideal, Skin Tone Surveillance, and Hair Surveillance Predict Skin and Hair Dissatisfaction and Skin Bleaching among African American and Indian Women. SEX ROLES 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11199-018-0966-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
22
|
Pedersen L, Hicks RE, Rosenrauch S. Sociocultural pressure as a mediator of eating disorder symptoms in a non-clinical Australian sample. COGENT PSYCHOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/23311908.2018.1523347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Linda Pedersen
- School of Psychology, Bond University, Robina, Queensland 4229, Australia
| | - Richard E. Hicks
- School of Psychology, Bond University, Robina, Queensland 4229, Australia
| | - Sharon Rosenrauch
- School of Psychology, Bond University, Robina, Queensland 4229, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Mills J, Fuller-Tyszkiewicz M. Nature and consequences of positively-intended fat talk in daily life. Body Image 2018; 26:38-49. [PMID: 29883899 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2018.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Revised: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
The current study used ecological momentary assessment to explore the frequency, trait predictors, and momentary consequences of positively-intended fat talk, a specific sub-type of fat talk that involves making negative comments about one's own appearance with the view to making someone else feel better. A total of 135 women aged 18-40 completed trait measures of appearance-based comparisons, thin-ideal internalisation, body shame, and body surveillance, before completing a state-based component, involving six short surveys delivered via a smartphone app at random points during the day for seven days. Findings indicate that both self- and other-fat talk are common in daily social interactions, and that individuals with higher levels of trait negative body image were more likely to engage in fat talk. Self-fat talk negatively impacted state body satisfaction levels. Possible theoretical and practical implications are outlined.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Mills
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Australia.
| | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Riva G. Neurobiology of Anorexia Nervosa: Serotonin Dysfunctions Link Self-Starvation with Body Image Disturbances through an Impaired Body Memory. Front Hum Neurosci 2016; 10:600. [PMID: 27932968 PMCID: PMC5121233 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2016.00600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The etiology of anorexia nervosa (AN) is still unclear, despite that it is a critical and potentially mortal illness. A recent neurobiological model considers AN as the outcome of dysfunctions in the neuronal processes related to appetite and emotionality (Kaye et al., 2009, 2013). However, this model still is not able to answer a critical question: What is behind body image disturbances (BIDs) in AN? The article starts its analysis from reviewing some of the studies exploring the effects of the serotonin systems in memory (episodic, working, and spatial) and its dysfunctions. The review suggests that serotonin disturbances may: (a) facilitate the encoding of third person (allocentric) episodic memories; (b) facilitate the consolidation of emotional episodic memories (e.g., teasing), if preceded by repeated stress; (c) reduce voluntary inhibition of mnestic contents; (d) impair allocentric spatial memory. If we discuss these results within the interpretative frame suggested by the “Allocentric Lock Hypothesis” (Riva, 2012, 2014), we can hypothesize that altered serotoninergic activity in AN patients: (i) improves their ability to store and consolidate negative autobiographical memories, including those of their body, in allocentric perspective; (ii) impairs their ability to trigger voluntary inhibition of the previously stored negative memory of the body; (iii) impairs their capacity to retrieve/update allocentric information. Taken together, these points suggest a possible link between serotonin dysfunctions, memory impairments and BIDs: the impossibility of updating a disturbed body memory using real time experiential data—I'm locked to a wrong body stored in long term memory—pushes AN patients to control body weight and shape even when underweight.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Riva
- Applied Technology for Neuro-Psychology Lab, Istituto Auxologico ItalianoMilan, Italy; Centro Studi e Ricerche di Psicologia della Comunicazione, Università Cattolica del Sacro CuoreMilano, Italy
| |
Collapse
|