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Nutter S, Eggerichs LA, Nagpal TS, Ramos Salas X, Chin Chea C, Saiful S, Ralston J, Barata-Cavalcanti O, Batz C, Baur LA, Birney S, Bryant S, Buse K, Cardel MI, Chugh A, Cuevas A, Farmer M, Ibrahim A, Kataria I, Kotz C, Kyle T, le Brocq S, Mooney V, Mullen C, Nadglowski J, Neveux M, Papapietro K, Powis J, Puhl RM, Rea Ruanova B, Saunders JF, Stanford FC, Stephen O, Tham KW, Urudinachi A, Vejar-Renteria L, Walwyn D, Wilding J, Yusop S. Changing the global obesity narrative to recognize and reduce weight stigma: A position statement from the World Obesity Federation. Obes Rev 2024; 25:e13642. [PMID: 37846179 DOI: 10.1111/obr.13642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
Weight stigma, defined as pervasive misconceptions and stereotypes associated with higher body weight, is both a social determinant of health and a human rights issue. It is imperative to consider how weight stigma may be impeding health promotion efforts on a global scale. The World Obesity Federation (WOF) convened a global working group of practitioners, researchers, policymakers, youth advocates, and individuals with lived experience of obesity to consider the ways that global obesity narratives may contribute to weight stigma. Specifically, the working group focused on how overall obesity narratives, food and physical activity narratives, and scientific and public-facing language may contribute to weight stigma. The impact of weight stigma across the lifespan was also considered. Taking a global perspective, nine recommendations resulted from this work for global health research and health promotion efforts that can help to reduce harmful obesity narratives, both inside and outside health contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Nutter
- Educational Psychology and Leadership Studies, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Laura A Eggerichs
- Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Taniya S Nagpal
- Department of Kinesiology, Sport, and Recreation, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Ximena Ramos Salas
- Replica Communications, Kristianstad, Sweden
- Obesity Canada, Edmonton, Canada
- European Association for the Study of Obesity, Teddington, UK
| | - Christine Chin Chea
- Internal and Obesity Medicine, University of the West Indies School of Clinical Medicine and Research, Nassau, Bahamas
| | | | | | | | - Claudia Batz
- George Institute for Global Health, Sydney, Australia
| | - Louise A Baur
- Children's Hospital Westmead Clinical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Susie Birney
- Irish Coalition for People Living with Obesity, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Sheree Bryant
- European Association for the Study of Obesity, Teddington, UK
| | - Kent Buse
- George Institute for Global Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Michelle I Cardel
- WW International, Inc., Department of Health Outcomes and Biomedical Informatics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | | | - Ada Cuevas
- Advanced Center for Metabolic Medicine and Nutrition (CAMMYN), Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Allison Ibrahim
- Educational Consultant and Patient Advocate, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Ishu Kataria
- Center for Global Noncommunicable Diseases, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Catherine Kotz
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, and the Minneapolis VA Health Care System, Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Care, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Ted Kyle
- ConscienHealth, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Sara le Brocq
- National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, London, UK
| | - Vicki Mooney
- European Coalition for People Living with Obesity, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Clare Mullen
- Health Consumers' Council WA, Mount Lawley, Australia
| | | | | | - Karin Papapietro
- Nutrition Unit, Hospital Clínico de La Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Rebecca M Puhl
- Rudd Center for Food Policy and Obesity, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | | | - Jessica F Saunders
- Psychology Convening Group, Ramapo College of New Jersey, Mahwah, New Jersey, USA
| | - Fatima Cody Stanford
- Neuroendocrine Unit, Pediatric Endocrinology, Nutrition Obesity Research Center at Harvard, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ogweno Stephen
- Global Health Medicine And Health, Faculty of Biology, University Of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Kwang Wei Tham
- Singapore Association for the Study of Obesity, Singapore
| | | | - Lesly Vejar-Renteria
- Nutrition and Health Research Center, National Institute of Public Health Mexico, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | | | - John Wilding
- World Obesity Federation, London, UK
- University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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Wilson OWA, Nutter S, Russell-Mayhew S, Ellard JH, Alberga AS, MacInnis CC. Weighty words: exploring terminology about weight among samples of physicians, obesity specialists, and the general public. J Commun Healthc 2023:1-7. [PMID: 38131299 DOI: 10.1080/17538068.2023.2297122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The words used to refer to weight and individuals with large bodies can be used to reinforce weight stigma. Given that most previous research has examined preferred terminology within homogenous groups, this research sought to examine terminology preferences across populations. METHODS This paper reports on data gathered with the general public, family physicians, and obesity researchers/practitioners. Participants were asked about the words they commonly: (1) used to refer to people with large bodies (general public); (2) heard in their professional contexts (physicians and obesity specialists); and (3) perceived to be the most socially or professionally acceptable (all samples). RESULTS Similarities and differences were evident between samples, especially related to weight-related clinical terms, the word fat, and behavioral stereotypes. CONCLUSION The results provide some clarity into the differences between populations and highlight the need to incorporate use of strategies that may move beyond person-first language to humanize research and clinical practice with people with large bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver W A Wilson
- Werklund School of Education, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
- Faculty of Health, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Sarah Nutter
- Educational Psychology and Leadership Studies, University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada
| | | | - John H Ellard
- Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Angela S Alberga
- Department of Health, Kinesiology, and Applied Physiology, Concordia University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Cara C MacInnis
- Department of Psychology, Acadia University, Wolfville, Canada
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Abraham Roshan J, Nagpal TS, Pearce N, Dhaliwal KK, El-Hussein M, Forhan M, Hadjiyanakis S, Hawa R, Kushner RF, Lee-Baggley D, McMillan M, Nutter S, Piccinini-Vallis H, Vallis M, Wharton S, Wiljer D, Sockalingam S. Transforming the landscape of obesity education - The Canadian obesity education competencies. Obes Pillars 2023; 8:100091. [PMID: 38125661 PMCID: PMC10728696 DOI: 10.1016/j.obpill.2023.100091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Background With ongoing gaps in obesity education delivery for health professions in Canada and around the world, a transformative shift is needed to address and mitigate weight bias and stigma, and foster evidence-based approaches to obesity assessment and care in the clinical setting. Obesity Canada has created evidence-based obesity competencies for medical education that can guide curriculum development, assessment and evaluation and be applied to health professionals' education programs in Canada and across the world. Methods The Obesity Canada Education Action Team has seventeen members in health professions education and research along with students and patient experts. Through an iterative group consensus process using four guiding principles, key and enabling obesity competencies were created using the 2015 CanMEDS competency framework as its foundation. These principles included the representation of all CanMEDS Roles throughout the competencies, minimizing duplication with the original CanMEDS competencies, ensuring obesity focused content was informed by the 2020 Adult Obesity Clinical Practice Guidelines and the 2019 US Obesity Medication Education Collaborative Competencies, and emphasizing patient-focused language throughout. Results A total of thirteen key competencies and thirty-seven enabling competencies make up the Canadian Obesity Education Competencies (COECs). Conclusion The COECs embed evidence-based approaches to obesity care into one of the most widely used competency-based frameworks in the world, CanMEDS. Crucially, these competencies outline how to address and mitigate the damaging effects of weight bias and stigma in educational and clinical settings. Next steps include the creation of milestones and nested Entrustable Professional Activities, a national report card on obesity education for undergraduate medical education in Canada, and Free Open Access Medication Education content, including podcasts and infographics, for easier adoption into curriculum around the world and across the health professions spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Taniya S. Nagpal
- Faculty of Kinesiology, Sport, and Recreation, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | | | | | - Mohamed El-Hussein
- Faculty of Health, Community & Education, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Mount Royal University, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Mary Forhan
- Department of Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stasia Hadjiyanakis
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Raed Hawa
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Robert F. Kushner
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Dayna Lee-Baggley
- Department of Family Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | | | - Sarah Nutter
- Educational Psychology and Leadership Studies, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - Michael Vallis
- Department of Family Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Sean Wharton
- University of Toronto, Wharton Medical Clinic, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - David Wiljer
- University Health Network, Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sanjeev Sockalingam
- University Health Network, Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Nagpal TS, Pearce N, Sockalingam S, Hawa R, Dhaliwal KK, Lee-Baggley D, El-Hussein M, Nutter S, Piccinini-Vallis H, Vallis M, Dennett L, Forhan M, Hadjiyanakkis S, Kushner RF, McMillan M, Wharton S, Wiljer D, Abraham JR. A scoping review of obesity education interventions for current and prospective medical professionals in Canada. Obes Pillars 2023; 8:100085. [PMID: 38125662 PMCID: PMC10728706 DOI: 10.1016/j.obpill.2023.100085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Background Obesity is a prevalent chronic disease in Canada. Individuals living with obesity frequently interact with medical professionals who must be prepared to provide evidence-based and person-centred care options. The purpose of this scoping review was to summarize existing educational interventions on obesity in Canada for current and prospective medical professionals and to identify key future directions for practice and research. Methods A scoping review was conducted following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for scoping reviews. The search strategy was conducted using Medline (via PubMed), Embase, Eric, CBCA, Proquest Education, and Proquest Theses. The inclusion criteria included delivery of an educational intervention on obesity for current medical professionals, medical undergraduate trainees, or residents administered in Canada. Data were extracted from the included studies to thematically summarize the intervention content, and main outcomes assessed. Future directions for research and practice were identified. Results Eight studies met the inclusion criteria. The interventions ranged in terms of the mode of delivery, including interactive in-person workshops and seminars, online learning modules, webinars, and videos. The main outcomes assessed were attitudes towards patients living with obesity, self-efficacy for having sensitive obesity-related discussions, skills to assess obesity and provision of management options. All studies reported improvements in the outcomes. Future directions identified were the need to develop standardized obesity competencies for inclusion across medical education programs, further research on effective pedagogical approaches to integrating content into existing curricula and the need for broader awareness and assessment of the quality of obesity education resources. Conclusion Although there have been few obesity-specific educational interventions for current and prospective medical professionals in Canada, existing evidence shows positive learning outcomes. These findings advocate for continued investment in the development of obesity medical training and educational interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taniya S. Nagpal
- Faculty of Kinesiology, Sport, and Recreation, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | | | - Sanjeev Sockalingam
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Raed Hawa
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Khushmol K. Dhaliwal
- Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Dayna Lee-Baggley
- Department of Family Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Mohamed El-Hussein
- Faculty of Health, Community & Education, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Mount Royal University, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Sarah Nutter
- Educational Psychology and Leadership Studies, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - Michael Vallis
- Department of Family Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Liz Dennett
- Scott Health Sciences Library, University of Alberta, Edmonton Alberta Canada
| | - Mary Forhan
- Department of Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stasia Hadjiyanakkis
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Robert F. Kushner
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Sean Wharton
- University of Toronto, Wharton Medical Clinic, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - David Wiljer
- University Health Network; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Nutter S, Saunders JF, Beharaj G. Validating the Sociocultural Influences on Fear of Fat Scale (SI-FAT) on a racially and ethnically diverse sample of college women. Body Image 2023; 47:101611. [PMID: 37619409 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2023.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
The fear of fat, or fear of gaining weight, is conceptually related to both weight stigma and eating disorders. Since sociocultural pressures related to the thin ideal are important to examine within sociocultural models of body image, the Sociocultural Influences on Fear of Fat (SI-FAT) was created and validated on a sample of predominantly White college women. The purpose of this study was to examine the factor structure of the SI-FAT in a sample of racially and ethnically diverse college women, given potential differences in experiences of fear of fat and the need to measure sociocultural pressures related to fear of fat in multiple groups. A sample of college women (72.8% Hispanic/Latina, 14.85% Black, and 12.35% White) completed the SI-FAT as well as measures of weight stigma and body image. Results suggested that the factor structure of the SI-FAT were consistent across racial and ethnic groups. These findings indicate that the SI-FAT is appropriate for use among racially and ethnically diverse samples of young women. Directions for future research, including examining differences between sociocultural pressures related to weight gain and self-reported fear of fat are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Nutter
- Educational Psychology & Leadership Studies, University of Victoria, 3800 Finnerty Road, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada.
| | - Jessica F Saunders
- Psychology Convening Group, Ramapo College of New Jersey, 505 Ramapo Valley Road, Mahwah, NJ 07430, USA
| | - Greis Beharaj
- Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
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Wilson OWA, Thai M, Williams L, Nutter S, Myre M, Russell-Mayhew S. A scoping review of school-based anthropometric measurement. Obes Rev 2023; 24:e13610. [PMID: 37653624 DOI: 10.1111/obr.13610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Though anthropometric measurement (AM) frequently occurs in school settings, it is not without risks to child wellbeing. The aim of this scoping review was to examine how AM in school settings takes place and is reported on to make recommendations on best practices. We identified and extracted data from 440 studies published since 2005 that conducted AM in school (pre-school through secondary/high school) settings. Privacy and sensitivity of AM were unclear in over 90% of studies. Thirty-one studies (7.0%) reported protecting student privacy, while nine (2.0%) reported public measurement. Only five studies reported sensitivity regarding AM (1.1%). Exactly who conducted AM was not specified in 201 studies (45.7%). Sixty-nine studies did not provide a weight status criteria citation (19.2%), and 10 used an incorrect citation (2.7%). In summary, serious shortcomings in the reporting of how AM is conducted and by whom, along with details concerning weight status classification, are evident. There is considerable room for improvement regarding the reporting of key methodological details. We propose best practices for AM in school settings, which also double as conditions that should be met before AM takes place in school settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver W A Wilson
- Werklund School of Education, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Te Hau Kori, Te Wāhanga Tātai Hauora Faculty of Health, Te Herenga Waka, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Michella Thai
- Werklund School of Education, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Lindsay Williams
- Werklund School of Education, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Sarah Nutter
- Department of Educational Psychology and Leadership Studies, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Maxine Myre
- Werklund School of Education, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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Hill IF, Angrish K, Nutter S, Ramos-Salas X, Minhas H, Nagpal TS. Exploring body dissatisfaction in pregnancy and the association with gestational weight gain, obesity, and weight stigma. Midwifery 2023; 119:103627. [PMID: 36804829 DOI: 10.1016/j.midw.2023.103627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Body dissatisfaction in pregnancy has been associated with negative psychological maternal outcomes, including increased risk of postpartum depression. This study aimed to explore weight-related factors that influence body dissatisfaction in pregnancy, including gestational weight gain (GWG), weight stigma, obesity, and weight loss attempts before pregnancy. DESIGN Secondary analysis of a larger cross-sectional study. SETTING Online survey administered via Qualtrics. PARTICIPANTS ≥12 weeks pregnant, ≥18 years of age, having a singleton pregnancy and residing in Canada. MEASUREMENTS AND FINDINGS A battery of questionnaires were completed, including the Body Image in Pregnancy Scale (BIPS) sub-scale. The BIPS scores were compared based on experiences of weight stigma in pregnancy, perception towards their GWG, weight loss attempts before pregnancy, obesity, and GWG category classified as excessive or not referring to Institute of Medicine (2009) guidelines. Significant differences were entered into a linear regression model with BIPS scores as the dependent variable. Significance was accepted as p<0.05. A total of 182 participants completed the survey. There were no differences in BIPS scores based on GWG category (p = 0.160), or obesity (p = 0.230). Poorer BIPS scores were reported by those who felt they had gained 'too much' pregnancy weight than 'appropriate' (p<0.001), and among those who were trying to lose weight before pregnancy compared to those who were not (p = 0.002). Poorer BIPS scores were also reported by individuals who indicated they had experienced weight stigma during pregnancy compared to those who had not (p<0.001). Regression results showed that significant variables were perceptions towards GWG (p = 0.003) and experiencing weight stigma in pregnancy (p = 0.011). KEY CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE Perceptions towards GWG and experiencing weight stigma can influence body dissatisfaction in pregnancy. Given the detrimental physical and psychological consequences of body dissatisfaction, effective strategies to reduce prenatal weight stigma are needed, such as training maternal healthcare providers to offer sensitive preconception and prenatal weight counselling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle F Hill
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, Brock University, ON, Canada
| | - Kirina Angrish
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, Brock University, ON, Canada
| | - Sarah Nutter
- Department of Educational Psychology and Leadership Studies, University of Victoria, BC, Canada
| | | | - Harneet Minhas
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, Brock University, ON, Canada
| | - Taniya S Nagpal
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, Brock University, ON, Canada; Faculty of Kinesiology, Sport and Recreation, University of Alberta, AB, Canada.
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Nagpal TS, Salas XR, Vallis M, Piccinini-Vallis H, Alberga AS, Bell RC, da Silva DF, Davenport MH, Gaudet L, Rodriguez ACI, Liu RH, Myre M, Nerenberg K, Nutter S, Russell-Mayhew S, Souza SCS, Vilhan C, Adamo KB. Exploring weight bias internalization in pregnancy. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2022; 22:605. [PMID: 35906530 PMCID: PMC9338529 DOI: 10.1186/s12884-022-04940-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Recent research has shown that pregnant individuals experience weight stigma throughout gestation, including negative comments and judgement associated with gestational weight gain (GWG). Weight bias internalization (WBI) is often a result of exposure to weight stigma and is detrimental to biopsychological health outcomes. The purpose of this study was to explore WBI in pregnancy and compare scores based on maternal weight-related factors including pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI), obesity diagnosis and excessive GWG. Methods Pregnant individuals in Canada and USA completed a modified version of the Adult Weight Bias Internalization Scale. Self-reported pre-pregnancy height and weight were collected to calculate and classify pre-pregnancy BMI. Current weight was also reported to calculate GWG, which was then classified as excessive or not based on Institute of Medicine (2009) guidelines. Participants indicated if they were diagnosed with obesity by a healthcare provider. Inferential analyses were performed comparing WBI scores according to pre-pregnancy BMI, excessive GWG, and obesity diagnosis. Significance was accepted as p < 0.05 and effect sizes accompanied all analyses. Result 336 pregnant individuals completed the survey, with an average WBI score of 3.9 ± 1.2. WBI was higher among those who had a pre-pregnancy BMI of obese than normal weight (p = 0.04, η2 = 0.03), diagnosed with obesity than not diagnosed (p < 0.001, Cohen’s d = 1.3), and gained excessively versus not (p < 0.001, Cohen’s d = 1.2). Conclusions Pregnant individuals who have a higher BMI, obesity and gain excessively may experience WBI. Given that weight stigma frequently occurs in pregnancy, effective person-oriented strategies are needed to mitigate stigma and prevent and care for WBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taniya S Nagpal
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada. .,Faculty of Kinesiology, Sport, and Recreation, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.
| | | | - Michael Vallis
- Department of Family Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | | | - Angela S Alberga
- Department of Health, Kinesiology & Applied Physiology, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Rhonda C Bell
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of ALES, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Danilo F da Silva
- School of Human Kinetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Margie H Davenport
- Faculty of Kinesiology, Sport, and Recreation, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Laura Gaudet
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Angela C Incollingo Rodriguez
- Psychological & Cognitive Sciences, Social Science and Policy Studies, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Rebecca H Liu
- Women's College Hospital Institute for Health System Solutions and Virtual Care (WIHV), Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Maxine Myre
- Werklund School of Education, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Kara Nerenberg
- Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Sarah Nutter
- Department of Educational Psychology and Leadership Studies, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | | | - Sara C S Souza
- School of Human Kinetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Candace Vilhan
- Obesity Canada, Patient Advocate Volunteer, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Kristi B Adamo
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of ALES, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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Saunders JF, Nutter S, Russell-Mayhew S. Corrigendum: Examining the Conceptual and Measurement Overlap of Body Dissatisfaction and Internalized Weight Stigma in Predominantly Female Samples: A Meta-Analysis and Measurement Refinement Study. Front Glob Womens Health 2022; 3:928488. [PMID: 35652107 PMCID: PMC9150770 DOI: 10.3389/fgwh.2022.928488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica F. Saunders
- Hiatt School of Psychology, Clark University, Worcester, MA, United States
- *Correspondence: Jessica F. Saunders
| | - Sarah Nutter
- Department of Educational Psychology and Leadership Studies, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
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Saunders JF, Nutter S, Russell-Mayhew S. Examining the Conceptual and Measurement Overlap of Body Dissatisfaction and Internalized Weight Stigma in Predominantly Female Samples: A Meta-Analysis and Measurement Refinement Study. Front Glob Womens Health 2022; 3:877554. [PMID: 35528312 PMCID: PMC9070483 DOI: 10.3389/fgwh.2022.877554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Both body dissatisfaction and internalized weight stigma have been identified as risk factors for many negative health outcomes for women, including depression and eating disorders. In addition to these contributions, these concepts have been found to overlap to various degrees in existing literature. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis on articles published prior to February 2022 to demonstrate the conceptual and measurement overlap between body dissatisfaction and internalized weight stigma as currently quantified. We identified 48 studies examining the interrelation between body dissatisfaction and internalized weight stigma in predominantly female samples. Stronger correlations between these two constructs, some bordering on multicollinearity, were prevalent in community samples compared to clinical samples and with some but not all the commonly used measures in the body image and weight stigma fields. Body mass index (BMI) moderated these relations such that individuals with higher self-reported BMI were more likely to report lower correlations between the constructs. This concept proliferation, stronger for individuals with lower BMIs and community samples, necessitates the need change how we conceptualize and measure body dissatisfaction and internalized weight stigma. To this end, we conducted study two to refine existing measures and lessen the degree of measurement overlap between internalized weight stigma and body dissatisfaction, particularly in community samples of women. We aimed to clarify the boundaries between these two concepts, ensuring measurement error is better accounted for. Female university students completed existing measures of body satisfaction and internalized weight stigma, which were analyzed using an exploratory followed by a confirmatory factor analysis. In our attempts to modify two existing measures of internalized weight stigma and body dissatisfaction, the majority of the internalized weight stigma items were retained. In contrast, most of the body dissatisfaction items either cross-loaded onto both factors or loaded on to the internalized weight stigma factor despite being intended for the body dissatisfaction factor, suggesting that the measurement issues identified in recent prior research may be due not only to the way we conceptualize and quantify weight stigma, but also the ways in which we quantify body dissatisfaction, across the existing corpus of body dissatisfaction scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica F. Saunders
- Hiatt School of Psychology, Clark University, Worcester, MA, United States
- *Correspondence: Jessica F. Saunders
| | - Sarah Nutter
- Department of Educational Psychology and Leadership Studies, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
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Nagpal TS, Ramos Salas X, Vallis M, Piccinini-Vallis H, Adamo KB, Alberga AS, Bell RC, da Silva DF, Davenport MH, Gaudet L, Incollingo Rodriguez AC, Liu RH, Myre M, Nerenberg K, Nutter S, Russell-Mayhew S, Souza SCS, Vilhan C. Coming Soon: An Internalized Weight Bias Assessment Scale for Use During Pregnancy. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2021; 29:788-789. [PMID: 33797202 DOI: 10.1002/oby.23169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Taniya S Nagpal
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Michael Vallis
- Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Helena Piccinini-Vallis
- Departments of Family Medicine and Obstetrics and Gynecology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Kristi B Adamo
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Angela S Alberga
- Department of Health, Kinesiology & Applied Physiology, Concordia University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Rhonda C Bell
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Danilo F da Silva
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Margie H Davenport
- Faculty of Kinesiology, Sport, and Recreation, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Laura Gaudet
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Rebecca H Liu
- Women's College Hospital Institute of Health System Solutions and Virtual Care, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Maxine Myre
- Werklund School of Education, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Kara Nerenberg
- Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Sarah Nutter
- Educational Psychology & Leadership Studies, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - Sara C S Souza
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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Abstract
PURPOSE Weight stigma is pervasive and is associated with numerous physical and psychological health consequences, including decreased body satisfaction. Understanding of contributing factors to weight stigma remains limited, although researchers have consistently documented the connection between weight controllability beliefs and weight stigma. Sociocultural factors, including thin-ideal internalization and related social-cognitive correlates, are in the nascent stages of exploration to further our understanding of weight stigma. METHODS In this study, we tested an emerging sociocultural model of weight stigma, examining the influence of thin-ideal internalization and appearance-related comparisons on weight stigma, statistically controlling for weight controllability beliefs and accounting for thin-ideal environmental influences. Participants were 137 MTurk workers living in the United States. RESULTS We found that increased thin-ideal information was associated with thin-ideal internalization, which in turn was related to both upward and downward appearance-related comparison tendencies. These comparisons were then significantly related to weight stigma, controlling for weight controllability beliefs. There were significant indirect effects of both upward and downward appearance-related comparison tendencies on the relation between thin-ideal internalization and weight stigma. CONCLUSION These results extend limited prior research examining the association between the thin-ideal and appearance-related comparisons with weight stigma, and contribute to a more nuanced understanding of this complex phenomenon. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level V, cross-sectional study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Nutter
- Counselling Psychology, Werklund School of Education, University of Calgary, EDT 114, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada.
| | - Shelly Russell-Mayhew
- Counselling Psychology, Werklund School of Education, University of Calgary, EDT 114, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Jessica F Saunders
- Counselling Psychology, Werklund School of Education, University of Calgary, EDT 114, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
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Saunders JF, Nutter S, Brun I, Exner-Cortens D, Russell-Mayhew S. The Efficacy of Comprehensive School Health Course in Changing Pre-Service Teachers’ Attitudes and Reactions Toward Weight-Related Teasing. Canadian Journal of School Psychology 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/0829573520974916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Teachers view overt expressions of weight stigma, such as weight-related teasing, as troublesome but are often ill-prepared to address instances of weight-related teasing when they arise in the classroom. Comprehensive school health is an emerging framework that aims to better prepare teachers to address issues of health and wellness in the classroom, including weight-related teasing. We examined the efficacy of a university course in comprehensive school health in changing pre-service teachers’ attitudes and perceptions of weight-related teasing. Pre-service teachers read a vignette and responded to 10 items about the vignette at both the beginning and end of the semester-long course. Items relating to pre-service teachers’ perception of, responsibility and obligation to address the weight-related teasing event showed significant, positive change from the beginning to end of the semester. These results suggest that exposure to developmentally sound methods of delivering health-related content can support adaptive educator reactions to weight-related teasing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica F. Saunders
- University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Georgia College & State University, Milledgeville, GA, USA
| | - Sarah Nutter
- University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
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Nutter S, Russell-Mayhew S, Ellard JH, Arthur N. Reducing unintended harm: Addressing weight bias as a social justice issue in counseling through justice motive theory. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice 2020. [DOI: 10.1037/pro0000279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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MacInnis CC, Alberga AS, Nutter S, Ellard JH, Russell-Mayhew S. Regarding obesity as a disease is associated with lower weight bias among physicians: A cross-sectional survey study. Stigma and Health 2020. [DOI: 10.1037/sah0000180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Abstract
PURPOSE To conduct a systematic literature review of empirical peer-reviewed published studies on the prevalence of weight bias among students, pre-service, and in-service teachers and its impact on the educational experiences and health of students from kindergarten to postsecondary settings. METHODS Keywords were searched on three main concepts, (i) weight bias/stigma, (ii) obesity/overweight, and (iii) education, within eight databases. Our search yielded 8323 individual records, of which 45 studies satisfied our inclusion criteria. RESULTS Most studies were conducted in K-12 school settings (n = 41), were quantitative in design (n = 37), and used student samples (n = 18). Weight bias is prevalent in educational settings, among peers at school as well as pre-service and in-service teachers, and negatively impacts students' health and educational experiences. CONCLUSION These results highlighted the impact of weight bias in creating inequity for students with obesity as well as several underexamined areas, such as weight bias in postsecondary settings and attitudes among teachers and pre-service teachers. Innovative strategies to address weight bias in educational settings are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Nutter
- Werklund School of Education, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T3C 0T1, Canada.
| | - Alana Ireland
- Werklund School of Education, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T3C 0T1, Canada
| | - Angela S Alberga
- Department of Health, Kinesiology, and Applied Physiology, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC, H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Isabel Brun
- Werklund School of Education, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T3C 0T1, Canada
| | - Danielle Lefebvre
- Werklund School of Education, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T3C 0T1, Canada
| | - K Alix Hayden
- Libraries and Cultural Resources, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T3C 0T1, Canada
| | - Shelly Russell-Mayhew
- Werklund School of Education, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T3C 0T1, Canada
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Alberga AS, Nutter S, MacInnis C, Ellard JH, Russell-Mayhew S. Examining Weight Bias among Practicing Canadian Family Physicians. Obes Facts 2019; 12:632-638. [PMID: 31707395 PMCID: PMC6940460 DOI: 10.1159/000503751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to examine the attitudes of practicing Canadian family physicians about individuals with obesity, their healthcare treatment, and perceptions of obesity treatment in the public healthcare system. METHOD A national sample of Canadian practicing family physicians (n = 400) completed the survey. Participants completed measures of explicit weight bias, attitudes towards treating patients with obesity, and perceptions that people with obesity increase demand on the public healthcare system. RESULTS Responses consistent with weight bias were not observed overall but were demonstrated in a sizeable minority of respondents. Many physicians also reported feeling frustrated with patients with obesity and agreed that people with obesity increase demand on the public healthcare system. Male physicians had more negative attitudes than females. More negative attitudes towards treating patients with obesity were associated with greater perceptions of them as a public health demand. CONCLUSION Results suggest that negative attitudes towards patients with obesity exist among some family physicians in Canada. It remains to be determined if physicians develop weight bias partly because they blame individuals for their obesity and its increased demand on the Canadian public healthcare system. More research is needed to better understand causes and consequences of weight bias among health professionals and make efforts towards its reduction in healthcare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela S Alberga
- Department of Health, Kinesiology, and Applied Physiology, Concordia University, Montreal, Québec, Canada,
| | - Sarah Nutter
- Werklund School of Education, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Cara MacInnis
- Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - John H Ellard
- Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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Kassan A, Goopy S, Green A, Arthur N, Nutter S, Russell-Mayhew S, Vazquez MS, Silversides H. Becoming new together: making meaning with newcomers through an arts-based ethnographic research design. Qualitative Research in Psychology 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/14780887.2018.1442769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anusha Kassan
- Educational Studies in Counselling Psychology, Werklund School of Education, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Suzanne Goopy
- Educational Studies in Counselling Psychology, Werklund School of Education, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Amy Green
- Educational Studies in Counselling Psychology, Werklund School of Education, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Nancy Arthur
- Educational Studies in Counselling Psychology, Werklund School of Education, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Sarah Nutter
- Educational Studies in Counselling Psychology, Werklund School of Education, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Shelly Russell-Mayhew
- Educational Studies in Counselling Psychology, Werklund School of Education, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Monica Sesma Vazquez
- Educational Studies in Counselling Psychology, Werklund School of Education, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Halley Silversides
- Educational Studies in Counselling Psychology, Werklund School of Education, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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Alberga AS, Pickering BJ, Alix Hayden K, Ball GDC, Edwards A, Jelinski S, Nutter S, Oddie S, Sharma AM, Russell-Mayhew S. Weight bias reduction in health professionals: a systematic review. Clin Obes 2016; 6:175-88. [PMID: 27166133 DOI: 10.1111/cob.12147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2015] [Revised: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Innovative and coordinated strategies to address weight bias among health professionals are urgently needed. We conducted a systematic literature review of empirical peer-reviewed published studies to assess the impact of interventions designed to reduce weight bias in students or professionals in a health-related field. Combination sets of keywords based on three themes (1: weight bias/stigma; 2: obesity/overweight; 3: health professional) were searched within nine databases. Our search yielded 1447 individual records, of which 17 intervention studies satisfied the inclusion criteria. Most studies (n = 15) included medical, dietetic, health promotion, psychology and kinesiology students, while the minority included practicing health professionals (n = 2). Studies utilized various bias-reduction strategies. Many studies had methodological weaknesses, including short assessment periods, lack of randomization, lack of control group and small sample sizes. Although many studies reported changes in health professionals' beliefs and knowledge about obesity aetiology, evidence of effectiveness is poor, and long-term effects of intervention strategies on weight bias reduction remain unknown. The findings highlight the lack of experimental research to reduce weight bias among health professionals. Although changes in practice will likely require multiple strategies in various sectors, well-designed trials are needed to test the impact of interventions to decrease weight bias in healthcare settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Alberga
- Werklund School of Education, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - B J Pickering
- Werklund School of Education, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - K Alix Hayden
- Libraries and Cultural Resources, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - G D C Ball
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - A Edwards
- Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - S Jelinski
- Emergency Strategic Clinical Network, Alberta Health Services, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - S Nutter
- Werklund School of Education, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - S Oddie
- Applied Research and Evaluation Services, Primary Health Care, Alberta Health Services, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - A M Sharma
- Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - S Russell-Mayhew
- Werklund School of Education, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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Nutter S, Russell-Mayhew S, Alberga AS, Arthur N, Kassan A, Lund DE, Sesma-Vazquez M, Williams E. Positioning of Weight Bias: Moving towards Social Justice. J Obes 2016; 2016:3753650. [PMID: 27747099 PMCID: PMC5055973 DOI: 10.1155/2016/3753650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Revised: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Weight bias is a form of stigma with detrimental effects on the health and wellness of individuals with large bodies. Researchers from various disciplines have recognized weight bias as an important topic for public health and for professional practice. To date, researchers from various areas have approached weight bias from independent perspectives and from differing theoretical orientations. In this paper, we examined the similarities and differences between three perspectives (i.e., weight-centric, non-weight-centric (health-centric), and health at every size) used to understand weight bias and approach weight bias research with regard to (a) language about people with large bodies, (b) theoretical position, (c) identified consequences of weight bias, and (d) identified influences on weight-based social inequity. We suggest that, despite differences, each perspective acknowledges the negative influences that position weight as being within individual control and the negative consequences of weight bias. We call for recognition and discussion of weight bias as a social justice issue in order to change the discourse and professional practices extended towards individuals with large bodies. We advocate for an emphasis on social justice as a uniting framework for interdisciplinary research on weight bias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Nutter
- Counselling Psychology, Werklund School of Education, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- *Sarah Nutter:
| | - Shelly Russell-Mayhew
- Counselling Psychology, Werklund School of Education, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Angela S. Alberga
- Werklund School of Education, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Nancy Arthur
- Counselling Psychology, Werklund School of Education, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Anusha Kassan
- Counselling Psychology, Werklund School of Education, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Darren E. Lund
- Curriculum and Learning, Werklund School of Education, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Monica Sesma-Vazquez
- Counselling Psychology, Werklund School of Education, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Emily Williams
- Counselling Psychology, Werklund School of Education, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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Russell-Mayhew S, Nutter S, Ireland A, Gabriele T, Bardick A, Crooks J, Peat G. Pilot testing a professional development model for preservice teachers in the area of health and weight: feasibility, utility, and efficacy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/1754730x.2015.1040040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Nutter S, Russell-Mayhew S. Examining the Correlates of Weight Bias: How Can We Better Inform Attitude Interventions? Can J Diabetes 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcjd.2015.01.235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Lee MH, Ahn HS, Allison P, Bagliesi MG, Barbier L, Beatty JJ, Bigongiari G, Boyle P, Brandt TJ, Childers JT, Conklin NB, Coutu S, DuVernois MA, Ganel O, Han JH, Jeon JA, Kim KC, Lutz L, Maestro P, Malinine A, Marrocchesi PS, Minnick S, Mognet SI, Nam SW, Nutter S, Park IH, Park NH, Seo ES, Sina R, Swordy S, Wakely S, Walpole P, Wu J, Yang J, Yoon YS, Zei R, Zinn SY. The CREAM Calorimeter: Performance In Tests And Flights. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1063/1.2396951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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Ahn H, Bagliesi M, Beatty J, Bigongiari G, Castellina A, Childers J, Conklin N, Coutu S, DuVernois M, Ganel O, Han J, Hyun H, Kang T, Kim H, Kim K, Kim M, Kim T, Kim Y, Lee J, Lee M, Lutz L, Maestro P, Malinine A, Marrocchesi P, Mognet S, Nam S, Nutter S, Park N, Park H, Park I, Seo E, Sina R, Syed S, Song C, Swordy S, Wu J, Yang J, Zhang H, Zei R, Zinn S. Performance of CREAM Calorimeter: Results of Beam Tests. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nuclphysbps.2004.08.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Beatty JJ, Bhattacharyya A, Bower C, Coutu S, Duvernois MA, McKee S, Minnick SA, Müller D, Musser J, Nutter S, Labrador AW, Schubnell M, Swordy S, Tarlé G, Tomasch A. New measurement of the cosmic-ray positron fraction from 5 to 15 GeV. Phys Rev Lett 2004; 93:241102. [PMID: 15697790 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.93.241102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2004] [Revised: 10/14/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We present a new measurement of the cosmic-ray positron fraction at energies between 5 and 15 GeV with the balloon-borne HEAT-pbar instrument in the spring of 2000. The data presented here are compatible with our previous measurements, obtained with a different instrument. The combined data from the three HEAT flights indicate a small positron flux of nonstandard origin above 5 GeV. We compare the new measurement with earlier data obtained with the HEAT-e(+/-) instrument, during the opposite epoch of the solar cycle, and conclude that our measurements do not support predictions of charge sign dependent solar modulation of the positron abundance at 5 GeV.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Beatty
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
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Beach AS, Beatty JJ, Bhattacharyya A, Bower C, Coutu S, DuVernois MA, Labrador AW, McKee S, Minnick SA, Müller D, Musser J, Nutter S, Schubnell M, Swordy S, Tarlé G, Tomasch A. Measurement of the cosmic-ray antiproton-to-proton abundance ratio between 4 and 50 GeV. Phys Rev Lett 2001; 87:271101. [PMID: 11800867 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.87.271101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2001] [Revised: 10/16/2001] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We present a new measurement of the antiproton-to-proton abundance ratio, pbar/p, in the cosmic radiation. The HEAT-pbar instrument, a balloon borne magnet spectrometer with precise rigidity and multiple energy loss measurement capability, was flown successfully in Spring 2000, at an average atmospheric depth of 7.2 g/cm(2). A total of 71 antiprotons were identified above the vertical geomagnetic cutoff rigidity of 4.2 GV. The highest measured proton energy was 81 GeV. We find that the pbar/p abundance ratio agrees with that expected from a purely secondary origin of antiprotons produced by primary protons with a standard soft energy spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Beach
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
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Abstract
The relation between colonic bacterial metabolites in bile and saturation of bile with cholesterol was investigated. Eleven healthy men ingested metronidazole (2 g daily) for 10 days to inhibit anaerobic bacterial activity. Bile composition was determined in fasting samples aspirated from the duodenum before metronidazole was given, at the end of 10 days on metronidazole, and a month after the drug was discontinued. Bile cholesterol saturation fell in ten of the eleven subjects from a mean of 1.00 to 0.83 and rose in all eleven after the drug was stopped. At the same time the proportion of deoxycholate in bile acid decreased from a mean of 24% to 7%, returning to 22% of the total a month after metronidazole had been stopped, and the proportion of chenodeoxycholate changed significantly from 33% to 46% and back to 33%. There was little change in cholate concentrations. Deoxycholate is formed exclusively by bacterial action in the colon. Its administration increases cholesterol saturation of bile, while chenodeoxycholate reduces it. These results suggest that colonic function is important in regulating bile composition. Dietary measures which reduce the return of newly formed deoxycholate from the colon to the bile reduce cholesterol saturation and so are likely to reduce the risk of gallstones.
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Nelson R, Murphy GM, Edkins S, Nutter S, Anderson CM. Proceedings: Cholestyramine therapy in cholestatic liver disease of children. Gut 1974; 15:825. [PMID: 4434934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2022]
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Abstract
The xylose test was used to assess the effect of drugs on intestinal absorption. Both aspirin and indomethacin reduced the urinary output of xylose. By giving xylose intravenously as well as orally it was found that aspirin had a parenteral effect, probably impairing renal function, whereas indomethacin depressed intestinal absorption.
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Abstract
A low excretion of xylose may be due to malabsorption, renal disease, or old age. Malabsorption can be distinguished from other causes by performing a combined oral and intravenous test, the result being expressed as a fraction of these readings. Sex and body weight do not influence the xylose test.
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