An examination of the factor structure and sex invariance of a French translation of the Body Appreciation Scale-2 in university students

Effect of Argentine tango sessions on total physical activity time in patients with chronic inflammatory rheumatism: randomized, controlled, pilot study

OBJECTIVE

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of an Argentine Tango (AT) program on total physical activity (PA) time in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and spondyloarthritis (SpA).

METHODS

Prospective randomized controlled pilot study with two parallel groups. Participants were randomized 1:1 to attend a 24-week AT program from baseline to month 6 for the immediate tango group (ITG) and a 12-week AT program from month 3 to month 6 for the wait-list control group (WLCG). Total PA time was measured at baseline, month 3, and month 6 using the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire-ONAPS and an accelerometer.

RESULTS

Twenty-seven participants (15 RA and 12 SpA) were enrolled in the study. Thirteen participants in the WLCG and 14 in the ITG. At month 3, there was no significant difference in the total PA time between the two groups. Longitudinal analyses revealed no significant difference between the two groups regarding PA, sedentary, fatigue, anxiety, depression, balance, physical performance, pain, and stress. However, body appreciation improved significantly in the ITG compared with the WLCG. Both groups showed improved physical abilities at 6 month, including improvements in the 6-min walk test and timed up and go test. The ITG also reported reduced pain at months 3 and 6, while the WLCG exhibited improved balance at month 6.

CONCLUSION

Although the AT program did not significantly increase total PA time in patients with CIR, it positively impacted body appreciation and physical abilities suggesting its potential as a complementary therapy. Key Points • Body appreciation significantly improved after a 24-week AT program, emphasizing the positive impact of dance on self-perception. • Both groups exhibited improved physical abilities at month 6, indicating a positive influence on participants' overall mobility and functional capacity. • The 24-week AT group reported reduced pain at months 3 and 6, and the 12-week AT group exhibited improved balance at month 6.

The Moderating Effect of Body Appreciation on the Relationship between Self-Esteem and Life Satisfaction

BACKGROUND

Although positive associations between life satisfaction, self-esteem, and body image have previously been established, differences in these variables by gender and age have yielded mixed results. Moreover, little is known about the interplay between self-esteem and body appreciation on life satisfaction. This study aims to investigate the moderating effect of body appreciation on the relationship between self-esteem and life satisfaction, considering disparities between females and males and also between emerging adults (before the age of thirty) and older adults.

METHODS

A cross-sectional online survey was performed in Poland with a sample of 449 adults aged between 18 and 75 (M = 30.41, SD = 12.72), including 68% of women. The survey included the Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS), Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES), and Body Appreciation Scale (BAS-2).

RESULTS

Men scored higher than women in terms of life satisfaction and self-esteem, while older participants (age > 30) scored higher than younger individuals (age ≤ 30) in terms of life satisfaction, self-esteem, and body appreciation. The study confirmed positive and moderate correlations between life satisfaction, self-esteem, and body appreciation. The interactive effect of self-esteem and body appreciation on life satisfaction was also found by controlling for age and gender.

CONCLUSIONS

Some intervention programs focused on increasing levels of self-esteem and body appreciation should be implemented, especially among women and emerging adults, to improve their well-being.

The validity of the Czech version of Body Appreciation Scale-2 for adolescents

BACKGROUND

Understanding the formation of body image is critical for the prevention and treatment of eating disorders, especially in adolescence, when body image develops significantly. One of the important facets of body image is body appreciation, which consists of positive feelings and attitudes towards the body regardless of its perceived "flaws". To measure body appreciation, Body Appreciation Scale-2 (Tylka and Wood-Barcalow in Body Image 12:53-67, 2015a), a unidimensional 10-item measure, has been developed and routinely used in body image research. The current study examined the validity (i.e., factor structure, gender and age invariance, associations with other constructs) of the Czech version of Body Appreciation Scale-2 for adolescents.

METHODS

The study used two large samples of Czech adolescents, aged 13-18 (N1 = 613, M = 15.5, 52% girls; N2 = 1,530, M = 15.4, 50% girls). The data were collected in August 2021 (N1) and November 2020 (N2) through an online survey. For the data analysis, we used confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), multi-group confirmatory factor analysis (MG-CFA), and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM).

RESULTS

Our findings supported the proposed unidimensional factor structure and the gender (i.e., girls, boys) and age (i.e., 13-15, 16-18) scalar invariance of the Czech version of Body Appreciation Scale-2. The data also showed the expected positive correlations with body satisfaction and self-esteem, and negative correlations with media-ideal internalization, appearance schematicity, and depression. Furthermore, we discovered that body appreciation was more strongly connected to media-ideal internalization and depression for girls than boys.

CONCLUSIONS

The present study provided robust evidence that supports the validity of the Czech version of Body Appreciation Scale-2 and its usability for the assessment of body appreciation in Czech adolescents. We also proposed future directions for the research on body appreciation based on the explored gender differences.

Psychometric properties of an Arabic translation of the body appreciation scale (BAS-2) and its short forms (BAS-2SF) in a community sample of Lebanese adults

OBJECTIVES

The present study sought to examine the factor structure, reliability, validity and gender invariance of the Arabic Body Appreciation Scale (BAS-2), and its two short forms (the 3-item and 2-item BAS-2SF) among community Lebanese Arabic-speaking adults.

METHODS

We carried-out an online cross-sectional survey. The 10-item BAS-2, the functionality appreciation scale and the Eating Attitudes Test-26 were completed by 826 Lebanese community adults (57.9% females, aged 25.42 ± 8.44 years).

RESULTS

The Arabic 10-item, 3-item and 2-item BAS-2 converged on a one-factor solution, and demonstrated high internal consistency (McDonald's ω value of .92, .88, and .86 respectively). All indices suggested that configural, metric, and scalar invariance was supported across gender. The 3-item and 2-item BAS-2SF were highly correlated with the original BAS-2 (r > 0.9). Higher 10-item, 3-item and 2-item BAS-2 scores correlated significantly and strongly with more positive eating attitudes and greater functionality appreciation, and higher 10-item BAS-2 scores correlated positively and weakly with BMI, supporting convergent validity.

CONCLUSION

The present work contributes to the literature by providing a psychometrically sound Arabic-translation of the BAS-2 and short-forms, benefitting both researchers and clinicians.

Exploring the Health Effectiveness of a Physical Activity Program Co-Constructed with Students after the COVID-19 Pandemic

BACKGROUND

University students have low levels of physical activity and high levels of sedentary behaviors that were exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic. Even before the pandemic, there was poor uptake of university sports activities. Therefore, it is essential to develop and test innovative programs to increase students' motivation to engage in physical activity in order to prevent any future deterioration in their general health.

OBJECTIVE

This exploratory study was conducted to test the effectiveness of a physical activity program that was co-constructed with students.

METHODS

First, a workshop drawing on social design methodologies and the fundamentals of physical activity programs was conducted to assess students' needs and desires in terms of physical activity. Second, the effectiveness of a program co-constructed with students on the basis of this workshop was assessed on physical and mental health parameters. The results showed that the workshop outcomes allowed the physical activity program to be tailored to meet students' expectations (e.g., session duration and type of activities). This innovative physical activity program was found to improve body image, autonomous motivation, and certain physical parameters. At the end of the 8-week program, the adherence rate was 89%, and 83% of the final respondents expressed a wish to re-enroll for the following semester.

CONCLUSIONS

Involving students and considering their wishes, needs, and objectives could facilitate the development of attractive and innovative programs.

Further evaluation of the psychometric properties of the German version of the Body Appreciation Scale-2 (BAS-2): Cross-validation, measurement invariance, and population-based norms

Using a representative sample of the German general population (N = 2509, 16-74 years), this work aimed to cross-validate the modified one-factor model recently reported for the German Body Appreciation Scale 2 (BAS-2). We also examined measurement invariance across gender, tested differential item functioning across age and BMI, systematically evaluated subgroup differences, and provided norms according to subgroups. Overall, the BAS-2 demonstrates good internal consistency. Cross-validation supported the generalizability of the modified one-factor model. Multi-group confirmatory factor analyses supported full scalar invariance across gender; comparisons revealed higher scores among men compared to women with a small effect size. Age (only women) and BMI (both genders) significantly predicted latent BAS-2 scores. Of note, differential item functioning for age and BMI was observed. Concerning manifest group differences, we found a significant main effect of weight status: Individuals with obesity reported the lowest body appreciation levels, while individuals with underweight/ normal weight reported highest levels. Our findings suggest that the German BAS-2 has good psychometric properties and is suitable for examining body appreciation across gender among German women and men. Moreover, norm values enable future usage of the scale in health and clinical research by providing reference data for interpretation.

Validation of the Body Appreciation Scale-2 in cisgender, heterosexual and sexual and gender minority adolescents and sexuality-related correlates

Body dissatisfaction has received considerable scientific attention, while research about positive body image has been neglected, particularly among adolescents. The aims of the present study were to examine (1) the factor structure of the Body Appreciation Scale-2 (BAS-2) in a large sample of cisgender, heterosexual and sexual and gender minority adolescents, (2) measurement invariance across language, gender and sexual orientation-based groups, (3) convergent validity with sexuality-related outcomes and (4) one-year temporal stability. Results of a confirmatory analysis among 2419 adolescents (M_age=14.6 years, SD=0.62; 52.6% girls) corroborated the proposed one-dimensional factor structure of the scale. The BAS-2 demonstrated adequate reliability and one-year temporal stability. The scale was partially invariant across gender and fully invariant across language and cisgender heterosexual and sexual and gender minority adolescents. Boys (cis and trans) had higher levels of body appreciation than girls (cis and trans), while no significant differences were observed between heterosexual and sexual minority adolescents. The BAS-2 correlated positively with sexual satisfaction and sexual body-esteem as well as negatively with sexual distress. Our findings support the validity and reliability of the BAS-2 in French and English for measuring body appreciation in adolescents.

The Effect of Acceptance of Cosmetic Surgery, Body Appreciation, and Nasal Obstruction on Patient Satisfaction After Rhinoplasty

Background: It is difficult to predict functional and aesthetic results and provide patient satisfaction after rhinoplasty. Objective: To investigate the effect of nasal obstruction, body appreciation, and acceptance of cosmetic surgery (ACS) in predicting patient satisfaction postrhinoplasty. Methods: We prospectively included 97 consecutive participants who underwent rhinoplasty. We recorded age, gender, marital status, education, and body mass index (BMI), and nasal obstruction symptom evaluation (NOSE) scale, body appreciation scale-2 (BAS-2), acceptance of cosmetic surgery scale (ACSS), and rhinoplasty outcome evaluation (ROE) scale were determined preoperatively and at the 3-month postoperative follow-up. Results: The preoperative and postoperative NOSE, BAS-2, ACSS, and ROE scores differed significantly. The mean ROE score improved from 36.8 preoperatively to 82.1 postoperatively. The ROEpostop score was not correlated significantly with age, BMI, ACSSpreop, BAS-2postop, or ACCSpostop. The BAS-2preop scores were correlated significantly with ACCSpreop and ACSSpostop scores. The NOSEpreop and BAS-2preop scores were significant predictors of the ROEpostop scores in the regression analysis. Conclusion: Preoperative nasal obstruction and body appreciation, but not ACS, are factors that might affect patient satisfaction after rhinoplasty.

Factor structure and psychometric properties of a Korean translation of the Body Appreciation Scale-2

The applicability of the Body Appreciation Scale-2 (BAS-2) in a Korean context is still unexplored, even though awareness of the importance of a positive body image has increased in South Korea. The current study examined the factor structure and psychometric properties of a Korean translation of the BAS-2, specifically to (1) translate and culturally adapt the BAS-2 to Korea, (2) confirm its unidimensional construct, and (3) identify its associations with body image and psychological outcomes across sex with a Korean sample. Data from 839 Korean adult men (n = 415) and women (n = 424) were randomly split into two subsamples. Using the exploratory factor analysis to confirmatory factor analysis strategy, the current study showed support for one factor structure of a Korean translation of the BAS-2. Scalar measurement invariance was found between men and women. Further analyses revealed construct validity through associations with measures of muscularity and body fat dissatisfaction (for men), internalization (for women), and appearance evaluation, as well as incremental validity through hierarchical regression analyses predicting life satisfaction and self-esteem. The Korean BAS-2 presented good internal consistency and test-retest reliability. The Korean BAS-2 is a reliable and valid measure, allowing for cross-cultural comparisons of body appreciation.

Psychometric properties of a Mandarin Chinese version of the Body Appreciation Scale-2 with residents from Chinese mainland

The current study aimed to translate the Body Appreciation Scale-2 (BAS-2) into Mandarin Chinese and explore its psychometric properties with college students from the Chinese mainland. In Study 1 (N = 840, 415 women, 425 men), an exploratory factor analysis upheld the unidimensional factor structure of the Mandarin Chinese BAS-2, and McDonald's omega supported the internal consistency reliability of its scores. Evidence of construct validity of the Mandarin Chinese BAS-2 was also accrued via its positive correlations with self-esteem, self-compassion, and body satisfaction as well as negative correlations with BMI, weight discrepancy, negative affect, and body surveillance. Its negative correlation with eating disorder symptomatology and negligible correlation with impression management supported its criterion-related validity and discriminant validity, respectively. Additionally, the Mandarin Chinese BAS-2 contributed unique variance in eating disorder symptomatology and self-esteem beyond the variance explained by BMI and other body satisfaction measures, providing evidence of incremental validity. Study 2 (N = 522, 322 women, 230 men) confirmed its unidimensional factor structure, upheld the internal consistency and stability of its scores over a 3-month period, and supported its measurement invariance between women and men. Taken together, these findings support the cross-cultural validity of the Mandarin Chinese BAS-2 on the Chinse mainland.

Promoting Physical Activity Among University Students During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial

Background

Since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, sanitary context and e-learning have greatly modified student lifestyles and led to deteriorations in their mental health. An increase in anxiety and depressive symptoms and sedentary behaviors, reduction in physical activity, and a stronger tendency to move toward unhealthy diet have been demonstrated. This finding highlights the need for innovative interventions to promote healthy lifestyle among students.

Objective

This research protocol aims to evaluate the effects of an intervention program on the lifestyle and psychological state of students.

Methods

Students from University of Nîmes were recruited and randomly assigned to 1 of 2 following conditions: an intervention group and a control group. Participants in the intervention group were engaged in an 8-week physical activity program. Prior to the start of the program, design-based innovative workshops were conducted with participants to ensure that the program was co-constructed by the users and met their specific needs. Students in the control group did not receive any intervention. For each group, measures of physical activity, sedentary time, anthropometric data, sleep, physical condition, and psychological variables (eg, anxiety, depression, motivation, body appreciation, perceived control, well-being) were conducted at baseline and 9 weeks later.

Results

A total of 110 participants were initially included. Reporting of the results is projected for the spring of 2022.

Conclusions

It is anticipated that this innovative intervention co-constructed by pairs will promote a healthier lifestyle and psychological health in students. There is every reason to believe that a mobilized co-construction approach is a promising strategy to limit unhealthy habits and promote physical activity while increasing motivation. The development and evaluation of interventions to address the specific needs of university students is essential and could be transferred to other vulnerable populations such as people with chronic diseases or older people.

Trial Registration

ClinicalTrials.gov NCT05019482; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT05019482

International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID)

DERR1-10.2196/36429

Validation of a German version of the Body Appreciation Scale-2 (BAS-2)

The Body Appreciation Scale-2 (BAS-2) is the most current measure of body appreciation, a central facet of positive body image. This work aimed to examine the factor structure and psychometric properties of a German version. In Study 1 (N = 659; M_age = 27.19, SD = 8.57), exploratory factor analysis (EFA) revealed that the German BAS-2 has a one-dimensional factor structure in women and men, showing cross-gender factor similarity. In Study 2 (N = 472; M_age = 30.08, SD = 12.35), confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) further supported the original scale's one-dimensional factor structure after freeing correlated errors. The German BAS-2 also showed partial scalar invariance across gender, with women and men not differing significantly in latent mean scores. As predicted, we found convergent relationships with measures of self-esteem, intuitive eating, and variables associated with negative body image (i.e., weight- and shape concerns, drive for thinness). Correlations with BMI were small and in an inverse direction. Incremental validity was demonstrated by predicting self-esteem and intuitive eating over and above measures of negative body image. Additionally, the German BAS-2 showed internal consistency and 2-week test-retest reliability. Overall, our results suggest that the German BAS-2 is a psychometrically sound instrument.

Short forms of the Body Appreciation Scale-2 (BAS-2SF): Item selection and psychometric evaluation

The 10-item Body Appreciation Scale-2 (BAS-2; Tylka & Wood-Barcalow, 2015) is a widely used contemporary measure of positive body image that assesses one's love for, acceptance and appreciation of, and respect for their body. Given the need for abbreviated measures to reduce participant burden and study cost, we aimed to generate a short form of the BAS-2 (BAS-2SF). Two versions of the BAS-2SF emerged: a 3-item version derived deductively from theory (items selected based on their unique contribution to the body appreciation construct), and a 2-item version generated empirically (items selected based on a genetic algorithm approach). Psychometric evidence was garnered across five studies, totaling 3114 participants. Both BAS-2SF versions correlated highly (rs = .93-.97) with the original 10-item BAS-2 and demonstrated internally consistent and stable scores. Factor analyses revealed high item-factor loadings, unidimensionality, and gender invariance of the 3-item BAS-2SF. Correlations with construct validity measures, as well as model pathways, were similar between both BAS-2SF versions and the 10-item BAS-2. BAS-2SF versions also evidenced incremental validity. Both BAS-2SF versions retain the psychometric integrity of the BAS-2 and are recommended for use; however, the 3-item BAS-2SF is an ideal option for researchers who wish to estimate a body appreciation latent factor.

Positive Youth Development and Mental Well-Being in Late Adolescence: The Role of Body Appreciation. Findings From a Prospective Study in Norway

Although a vulnerable period, adolescence is a time of great potential for healthy development. Understanding factors that contribute to mental well-being in this period is of great importance to facilitate for healthy development. During the adolescence period the body goes through rapid and considerable changes, and the focus on body appearance and perfection is substantial at societal, media, and peer level. In this study, we investigated the association between dimensions characterizing positive youth development, and mental well-being among Norwegian adolescents 16-17 years 1 year later, and whether this association was mediated by degree of body appreciation. We further tested whether the indirect and direct paths between positive youth development dimensions and mental well-being were moderated by gender. We used data from the first and second follow-up of the control arm of the COMPLETE study, a cluster randomized controlled trial in upper secondary schools in Norway. Findings showed that positive youth development in grade 1, as measured by both a combined global PYD and the dimensions competence, and connection were significantly associated with mental well-being in grade 2 in models adjusted for mental well-being in grade 1, gender and perceived family affluence. Also, body appreciation in grade 1 significantly predicted mental well-being in grade 2 in models including each of global PYD, competence, connection, character, and caring dimensions. Contrary to our hypothesis, no mediating effects of body appreciation were observed, and no moderation of indirect effects by gender were observed.

Body Appreciation Scale (BAS-2): measurement invariance across genders and item response theory examination

BACKGROUND

The present study considers a measure of positive body image, the Body Appreciation Scale-2, which assesses acceptance and/or favourable opinions towards the body (BAS-2). Potential variations of the psychometric properties of the scale across males and females, as well as across its different items invite for further investigation. The present study contributes to this area of knowledge via the employment of gender Measurement Invariance (MI) and Item Response Theory (IRT) analyses.

METHODS

A group of 386 adults from Australia, Canada, New Zealand, Ireland, the United Kingdom, and the United States of America (USA) were assessed online (N = 394, 54.8% men, 43.1% women, M_age = 27.48; SD = 5.57).

RESULTS

MI analyses observed invariance across males and females at the configural level, and non-invariance at the metric level. Further, the graded response model employed to observe IRT properties indicated that all items demonstrated, although variable, strong discrimination capacity.

CONCLUSIONS

The items showed increased reliability for latent levels of ∓ 2 SD from the mean level of Body Appreciation (BA). Gender comparisons based on BAS-2 should be cautiously interpreted for selected items, due to demonstrating different metric scales and same scores indicating different severity. The BAS-2 may also not perform well for clinically low and high BA levels. Thus, it should optimally be accompanied by clinical interviews for formal assessment in such cases.

Cross-validation of the body appreciation scale-2: invariance across sex, body mass index, and age in Mexican adolescents

Cross-validation is a useful strategy to address problems associated with the post hoc model fitting. The aim of this study was to cross-validate the BAS-2, in two samples (Calibration and Validation Samples), using an invariance testing strategy. 1127 Mexican adolescents (508 males and 619 females), aged 11-19 years (M = 15.41, SD = 2.30), allocated in two samples (n₁ = 672; n₂ = 455) completed the Mexican version of the BAS-2, along with other body image-related instruments. The cross-validation supported the generalizability of the one-factor respecified model of the BAS-2. The measure was invariant across body mass index and age, but not across sex. Internal consistency and test-retest reliability (a three-week period between each test) was excellent. In support of the validity of the BAS-2, it was positively associated with scores on body esteem, but negatively with body mass index, drive for thinness, and body dissatisfaction. Normal-weight and young adolescents groups showed higher body appreciation than excess-weight and late adolescents groups, respectively. Considering these findings, it is reasonable to conclude that the BAS-2 is a reliable and valid instrument to assess body appreciation in Mexican adolescents. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level V, cross-sectional, descriptive study.

Examining the factor structure, sex invariance, and psychometric properties of the Body Image Acceptance and Action Questionnaire and the Functionality Appreciation Scale

Body image flexibility and functionality appreciation are two facets of positive body image gaining significant research attention. The measures that assess these constructs- the Body Image Acceptance and Action Questionnaire (BI-AAQ) and Functionality Appreciation Scale (FAS), respectively-have produced a unidimensional structure with adequate psychometric properties. However, the cross-sex invariance of the BI-AAQ has yet to be established, and replicating the FAS' one-factor structure is needed. We examined the factor structure, cross-sex invariance, and psychometric properties of the BI-AAQ and FAS. Data were analyzed from 383 men and 631 women who completed questionnaires (participants were not restricted to a specific country). An unacceptable model fit for the BI-AAQ was found for men and women, indicating that the unidimensional structure was not replicated. The unidimensional structure of the FAS and an abbreviated 5-item BI-AAQ was replicated, and tests of measurement invariance between men and women were upheld. Evidence of internal consistency, convergent validity, and incremental validity for the abbreviated BI-AAQ and FAS was found. Overall, the abbreviated BI-AAQ and the FAS appear to be psychometrically sound measures of positive body image. Findings suggest that sex comparisons on the abbreviated BI-AAQ and FAS are permissible.

An examination of the factor structure and preliminary assessment of the psychometric properties of a Hebrew translation of the Body Appreciation Scale-2 (BAS-2)

The Body Appreciation Scale-2 (BAS-2) is a widely-used, 10-item measure of a core facet of positive body image. To extend its use internationally, we examined the factor structure and conducted a preliminary assessment of the psychometric properties of a novel Hebrew translation of the BAS-2. A sample of 613 Israeli adults (362 women, 251 men; age M = 29.52, SD = 9.47) completed the BAS-2 alongside demographic items and previously-validated measures of life satisfaction, self-esteem, self-compassion, and body investment. Exploratory factor analyses with a semi-random split-half subsample (n = 377) indicated that BAS-2 scores reduced to a single dimension with all 10 items. This factor structure was equivalent across women and men. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) with a second split-half subsample (n = 235) showed the 1-dimensional factor structure had adequate fit following one modification and multi-group CFA showed that the model was invariant across sex. Men had significantly higher BAS-2 scores than women, but the effect size was small (d = 0.22). Evidence of construct validity was demonstrated through positive associations with indices of life satisfaction, self-esteem, self-compassion, and body investment. The availability of a validated BAS-2 Hebrew translation should advance future research of body appreciation in Israel.

Cross-cultural measurement invariance of the Body Appreciation Scale-2 across five countries

The Body Appreciation Scale-2 (BAS-2; Tylka & Wood-Barcalow, 2015a, 2015b) is a widely used measure of positive body image within many cultures and countries; yet, cross-cultural examinations are few. The present study aimed to investigate the measurement invariance of the BAS-2 across adults from five countries: Iran, Japan, Poland, Serbia, and the U.S. The sample included 2944 participants ranging in age from 18 to 82 years. The findings provided evidence that the BAS-2's one-dimensional structure is the same in these countries. Partial metric invariance (when some but not all items contribute to a latent construct equally for groups) indicated that nine out of 10 items contributed to the latent body appreciation construct to a similar degree across the countries. When a Multiple Indicators Multiple Causes (MIMIC) model was applied with participants' age and gender as covariates, evidence of differential item functioning was found. Results suggest that both age and gender influenced body appreciation, indicating that the body appreciation factor means are different at different levels of the covariates. In conclusion, cross-culturally body appreciation may be shaped by country, language, age, and gender correlates to different degrees. In future research, measurement invariance analyses should be conducted prior to cultural group comparisons on the BAS-2.

Psychometric properties of the Japanese version of the Body Appreciation Scale-2 for Children (BAS-2C)

Despite the heightened interest in positive body image research in recent years, few studies have explored positive body image among children. Examining the Body Appreciation Scale-2 for Children (BAS-2C) using a different cultural sample than the original version would thus be beneficial in extending the research on this topic. This research aimed to validate the BAS-2C for use in Japan. The measures were administered to 243 children, and the participants completed the survey in their classrooms with the support of a teacher. The survey was repeated after four weeks. Confirmatory factor analysis showed that the one-factor structure was the same as that of the original version, and the BAS-2C was invariant across gender. Scores on the BAS-2C demonstrated good internal consistency and test-retest reliability over a four-week period. In addition, construct validity was accrued through the BAS-2C's correlation with body dissatisfaction (among girls), self-esteem, and life satisfaction. Results indicated that the BAS-2C shows good psychometric properties among Japanese children, and supports further research into positive body image in this group.

Meta-analysis of gender differences in body appreciation

There are a number of studies that have conducted comparisons of body appreciation between males and females. However, findings are largely inconsistent, making it unclear whether there are actual gender differences in body appreciation. With a meta-analytic approach, the current study quantitatively reviewed and synthesized previous findings, published up to May 2019, on gender differences in body appreciation. After searching and screening potential studies in four databases (i.e., PubMed, PsycINFO, Web of Science, and ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global), we identified 40 relevant articles published from 2008 to 2019. A random-effects model reveals an overall estimate of gender difference in body appreciation of d = 0.27 (95 % CI: 0.21, 0.33; p <  .001); that is, males generally have a higher level of body appreciation than females, with a small effect size. Survey method, type of sample (cohorts), and age were identified as significant moderators that have contributed to the variability in previous findings. Future research and interventions in body appreciation may consider gender differences in their designs.

Assessing the measurement invariance of a Latin-American Spanish translation of the Body Appreciation Scale-2 in Mexican, Argentinean, and Colombian adolescents

In order to advance in the study of positive body image among different cultures, it is important to create culturally appropriate measures. We examined the psychometric properties of a Latin-American Spanish translation of the Body Appreciation Scale-2 (BAS-2; Tylka & Wood-Barcalow, 2015a), specifically assessing measurement invariance using a large sample of 3845 male and female adolescents from Argentina, Mexico, and Colombia. Participants completed the BAS-2, Eating Disorder Inventory-2, Male Body Attitude Scale and the Sociocultural Attitudes Toward Appearance Questionnaire-3. The BAS-2 had a unidimensional factor structure in each of the three samples. We confirmed the structural, metric, and scalar invariance of the scale regardless of gender or country. Adolescents in Argentina had lower body appreciation compared with those in Mexico and Colombia. Overall, females had lower body appreciation than males, with the greatest gender difference found in the Argentinean sample. Our findings strongly support the validity and reliability of this Latin-American translation of the BAS-2 in measuring positive body image in adolescents in Argentina, Mexico, and Colombia.

Validation of the Body Appreciation Scale-2 and relationships to eating behaviors and health among sexual minorities

Although the study of positive body image continues to expand, researchers have predominantly focused the study of this newer construct among presumed heterosexual participants. The purpose of the present study was to examine the factor structure of a measure of positive body image, the Body Appreciation Scale-2 (BAS-2), among sexual minority participants. The present study also sought to psychometrically validate the BAS-2 among sexual minorities by assessing its relationship with other facets of positive body image, including functionality appreciation and body image flexibility, as well as other related constructs, such as body dissatisfaction, disordered eating behaviors, intuitive eating behaviors, and physical and mental health. Results from a confirmatory factor analysis of 223 sexual minority adults (M_age = 32.45, SD = 10.07) indicated that the BAS-2 displayed strong factorial validity with a unitary factor structure. Furthermore, the BAS-2's construct validity was supported based on correlations with other measures of positive body image, body dissatisfaction, and disordered eating behavior. Results from this cross-sectional study supported a relationship between body appreciation and intuitive eating behaviors, as well as physical and mental health among sexual minority participants. These findings provide an initial understanding of body appreciation and other related constructs among sexual minority individuals.

Thomas F. Cash: A multidimensional innovator in the measurement of body image; Some lessons learned and some lessons for the future of the field

Accurate measurement of constructs under investigation is an often-overlooked ingredient of research. However, sound use of strategies to ensure valid and reliable assessment is the building block for any research design, data analysis, and outcome interpretation. In this paper, we note how Thomas F. Cash has pioneered and steered this process in the field of body image for over 30 years-in fact, in the inaugural issue of Body Image, the first article after the editorial introduction focused on measurement (see Thompson, 2004). In the current paper, we detail some of the seminal measures developed by Thomas Cash as well as update the common errors in the (mis)measurement of body image noted in Thompson (2004). The future of body image assessment is bright if we focus on the illumination of past work by Thomas Cash.

Translation and validation of a Brazilian Portuguese version of the Body Appreciation Scale-2 in Brazilian adults

We examined the psychometric properties of a Brazilian Portuguese translation of the Body Appreciation Scale-2 (BAS-2; Tylka & Wood-Barcalow, 2015). A sample of 990 Brazilian adults (560 women, 430 men; M_age = 31.10, SD = 8.94) completed the BAS-2 and measures of life satisfaction, self-esteem, actual-ideal weight discrepancy (women only), breast size dissatisfaction (women only), drive for muscularity (men only), and disordered eating behaviours. Exploratory factor analyses indicated that BAS-2 scores reduced to a single dimension with all 10 items in women and men. Confirmatory factor analysis supported the fit of this one-dimensional factor structure following freeing of error covariances between two pairs of items. BAS-2 scores achieved full scalar invariance across sex, and men had significantly higher BAS-2 scores than women. Internal consistency coefficients were adequate and test-retest reliability was supported up to three weeks in a subsample of 221 participants (140 women, 81 men). Evidence of construct validity was demonstrated through positive associations with indices of psychological well-being and negative associations with indices of negative body image and disordered eating behaviours. Availability of a Brazilian Portuguese translation of the BAS-2 should help to promote greater understanding of positive body image in the Brazilian context.

Systematic review of body image measures

This systematic review synthesizes and critically appraises measurement properties of influential body image measures. Eight measures that met the definition of an assessment of body image (i.e., an individual's cognitive or affective evaluation of their body or appearance with a positive or negative valence), and scored high on systematic expert priority ranking, were included. These measures were: the Body Appreciation Scale (original BAS and BAS-2), the Body Esteem Scale for Adolescents and Adults, the Body Shape Questionnaire, the Centre for Appearance Research Valence Scale, the Drive for Muscularity Scale, two subscales of the Eating Disorders Examination Questionnaire, one subscale of the Eating Disorder Inventory 3, and two subscales of the Multidimensional Body Relations Questionnaire. Articles assessing these scales' psychometric properties (N = 136) were evaluated for their methodological quality using the Consensus-based Standards for the selection of health Measurement Instruments (COSMIN) checklist, and a best evidence synthesis was performed. The results supported the majority of measures in terms of reliability and validity; however, suitability varied across populations, and some measurement properties were insufficiently evaluated. The measures are discussed in detail, including recommendations for their future use in research and clinical practice.

Extending the use of the Body Appreciation Scale -2 in older adults: A Portuguese validation study

Body appreciation is a key characteristic, and the most common operationalization, of positive body image. Positive body image is often measured using the Body Appreciation Scale-2 (BAS-2; Tylka & Wood-Barcalow, 2015a), which has demonstrated good psychometric properties in adult samples. The purpose of this study is to extend the validation of the BAS-2 to late adulthood facilitating future research with this population. A total of 202 male and female participants (aged 65-91 years) completed the Portuguese version of the BAS-2, along with other body image-related instruments and measures of self-esteem and intuitive eating. Confirmatory factor analysis supported the one-factor model and demonstrated sex invariance. There were no significant sex differences in BAS-2 scores. The BAS-2 had satisfactory convergent, discriminant, and incremental validity. Internal consistency and test-retest stability estimates were adequate. The BAS-2 will likely meet the needs of researchers interested in exploring body appreciation among elderly people.

The Body Appreciation Scale-2: Item interpretation and sensitivity to priming

The Body Appreciation Scale-2 (BAS-2) is a widely-used measure of positive body image. Items are worded ambiguously to allow reference to any aspect of the body during measure completion. We examined (a) how BAS-2 items are interpreted and whether this interpretation is influenced by the content of measures administered prior to it, (b) whether measures administered prior to the BAS-2 alter its scores or (c) the correlation between BAS-2 scores and scores on a measure of body dissatisfaction, (d) how BAS-2 item interpretation relates to total scores, and (e) whether BAS-2 scores are associated with investment in appearance for aesthetic purposes. Canadian female undergraduates (N = 392) completed one of four priming questionnaires, followed by the BAS-2, and then indicated how they interpreted each BAS-2 item. Most items were interpreted in terms of appearance, with the primes having no impact on item interpretation, scores, or the magnitude of the correlation with body dissatisfaction. BAS-2 scores were highest among women interpreting a moderate number of items in terms of appearance and negatively correlated with investment for aesthetic purposes. Thus, the BAS-2 is not vulnerable to priming, but among young Western women, items are likely to be interpreted in terms of appearance.

Factor structure and psychometric properties of a Bahasa Malaysia (Malay) translation of the Body Appreciation Scale-2 (BAS-2)

The 10-item Body Appreciation Scale-2 (BAS-2) is a widely-used measure of a facet of positive body image. Here, we examined the psychometric properties of a Bahasa Malaysia (Malay) translation of the BAS-2 in a community sample of Malaysian Malay and Chinese adults (N = 781). Participants completed the Malay BAS-2 alongside demographic items and measures of subjective happiness, life satisfaction, actual-ideal weight discrepancy (women only), drive for muscularity (men only), and internalisation of appearance ideals. Exploratory factor analyses with a Malay subsample indicated that BAS-2 scores reduced to a single dimension with all 10 items in women and men, although the factor structure was similar but not identical across sex. Confirmatory factor analysis indicated that the one-dimensional factor structure had adequate fit following modifications. BAS-2 scores were partially scalar invariant across sex (with no significant sex differences) and ethnicity (Malay participants had significantly higher body appreciation than Chinese participants), as well as had adequate internal consistency. Evidence of construct and incremental validity was also provided through associations with additional measures and the prediction of subjective happiness over-and-above other variables, respectively. The availability of the Malay BAS-2 should help advance research on the body appreciation construct in Malay-speaking populations.

Factor structure and psychometric properties of the Body Appreciation Scale-2 among adolescents and young adults in Danish, Portuguese, and Swedish

In recent years, the study of body image shifted from focusing on the negative aspects to a more extensive view of body image. The present study seeks to validate a measure of positive body image, the Body Appreciation Scale-2 (BAS-2; Tylka & Wood-Barcalow, 2015a) in Denmark, Portugal, and Sweden. Participants (N = 1012) were adolescents and young adults aged from 12 to 19. Confirmatory factor analyses confirmed the one-dimensional factor structure of the scale. Multi-group confirmatory factor analyses indicated that the scale was invariant across sex and country. Further results showed that BAS-2 was positively correlated with self-esteem, psychological well-being, and intuitive eating. It was negatively correlated with BMI among boys and girls in Portugal but not in Denmark and Sweden. Additionally, boys had higher body appreciation than girls. Results indicated that the BAS-2 has good psychometric properties in the three languages.

Factor structure and psychometric properties of a Romanian translation of the Body Appreciation Scale-2

We examined the psychometric properties of a Romanian translation of the 10-item Body Appreciation Scale-2 (BAS-2). A total of 453 university students from Romania completed the BAS-2, along with measures of disordered eating, self-esteem, satisfaction with life, and subjective happiness. In addition, a separate sample of university students (N=109) completed only the BAS-2 at two time-points three weeks apart. Principal-axis factor analysis indicated that BAS-2 scores had a one-dimensional factor structure in both women and men. Confirmatory factor analysis indicated that this factor structure had adequate fit, but invariance across sex was not supported. Further analyses indicated that BAS-2 scores evidenced internal consistency, convergent validity, and test-retest reliability in both women and men. These results suggest that BAS-2 scores reduce to one dimension in Romanian adults, but the lack of sex invariance may indicate that the same latent construct is not being measured in women and men.

Evaluating the psychometric properties of the Polish version of the Body Appreciation Scale-2

This study aimed to investigate the factor structure and psychometric properties of a Polish version of the Body Appreciation Scale-2 (BAS-2; Tylka & Wood-Barcalow, 2015). Data were collected from 721 individuals residing in various regions of Poland. There were two subsamples (n=336, age M=34.95, SD=10.83; and n=385, age M=35.38, SD=10.83). Both principal-axis and confirmatory factor analyses supported the one-dimensional structure of BAS-2 scores. Moreover, full scalar invariance of the BAS-2 in Poland across sex was demonstrated. Scores on the Polish BAS-2 had adequate internal consistency. Convergent validity was demonstrated through significant correlations between BAS-2 scores and variables related to body image (body and appearance self-conscious emotions), well-being (self-esteem, positive affect, and positive orientation), and body mass index. These results indicate that the Polish BAS-2 is an appropriate and psychometrically-sound measure of body appreciation.

Factor structure and psychometric properties of a Spanish translation of the Body Appreciation Scale-2 (BAS-2)

We examined the psychometric properties of a Spanish translation of the Body Appreciation Scale-2 (BAS-2) in a community sample of 411 women and 389 men in Almería, Spain. Participants completed the 10-item BAS-2 along with measures of appearance evaluation, body areas satisfaction, self-esteem, life satisfaction, and self-reported body mass index (BMI). Exploratory factor analyses with one split-half subsample revealed that BAS-2 scores had a one-dimensional factor structure in women and men. Confirmatory factor analysis with a second split-half subsample showed the one-dimensional factor structure had acceptable fit and was invariant across sex. There were no significant sex differences in BAS-2 scores. BAS-2 scores were significantly and positively correlated with appearance evaluation, body areas satisfaction, self-esteem, and life satisfaction. Body appreciation was significantly and negatively correlated with BMI in men, but associations in women were only significant in the second subsample. Results suggest that the Spanish BAS-2 has adequate psychometric properties.