1
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Riquelme-Guzmán C, Sandoval-Guzmán T. The salamander limb: a perfect model to understand imperfect integration during skeletal regeneration. Biol Open 2024; 13:bio060152. [PMID: 38319134 PMCID: PMC10868587 DOI: 10.1242/bio.060152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Limb regeneration in salamanders is achieved by a complex coordination of various biological processes and requires the proper integration of new tissue with old. Among the tissues found inside the limb, the skeleton is the most prominent component, which serves as a scaffold and provides support for locomotion in the animal. Throughout the years, researchers have studied the regeneration of the appendicular skeleton in salamanders both after limb amputation and as a result of fracture healing. The final outcome has been widely seen as a faithful re-establishment of the skeletal elements, characterised by a seamless integration into the mature tissue. The process of skeletal integration, however, is not well understood, and several works have recently provided evidence of commonly occurring flawed regenerates. In this Review, we take the reader on a journey through the course of bone formation and regeneration in salamanders, laying down a foundation for critically examining the mechanisms behind skeletal integration. Integration is a phenomenon that could be influenced at various steps of regeneration, and hence, we assess the current knowledge in the field and discuss how early events, such as tissue histolysis and patterning, influence the faithful regeneration of the appendicular skeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilo Riquelme-Guzmán
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, Center for Healthy Aging, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus at the Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Tatiana Sandoval-Guzmán
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, Center for Healthy Aging, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus at the Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden of Helmholtz Centre Munich, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus at the Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
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2
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Bone Healing Process of a Multiple Humeral Fracture in a Caretta caretta: Clinical, Surgical, Radiographic and Histomorphometric Assessments. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13030376. [PMID: 36766265 PMCID: PMC9913643 DOI: 10.3390/ani13030376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
This study describes the surgical treatment of multiple humeral fractures in a Caretta caretta sea turtle referred by the 'Centro Faunistico del Parco Regionale Bosco e Paludi di Rauccio', in the area surrounding the city of Lecce, in southern Italy. Radiographs showed an evident detachment of the distal humeral epiphysis, compatible with a type II Salter-Harris fracture, as well as a transverse fracture of the diaphysis. After the surgical fracture reduction, radiographic follow-up was performed at 2, 4, 12, 16, and 24 months, showing a progressive healing and the formation of poorly mineralized callus tissue. Unfortunately, three months after his release at sea, the turtle was caught dead at a depth of 40 m. Histological and histomorphometric examinations of the surgically treated humerus were carried out on the corpse to collect further information about the bone tissue repair mechanisms in these animals.
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3
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Riquelme-Guzmán C, Sandoval-Guzmán T. Methods for Studying Appendicular Skeletal Biology in Axolotls. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2562:155-163. [PMID: 36272073 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2659-7_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The axolotl is a great model for studying cartilage, bone and joint regeneration, fracture healing, and evolution. Stainings such as Alcian Blue/Alizarin Red have become workhorses in skeletal analyses, but additional methods complement the detection of different skeletal matrices. Here we describe protocols for studying skeletal biology in axolotls, particularly Alcian Blue/Alizarin Red staining, microcomputed tomography (μCT) scan and live staining of calcified tissue. In addition, we describe a method for decalcification of skeletal elements to ease sectioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilo Riquelme-Guzmán
- Medical Faculty: Department of Internal Medicine 3, Center for Healthy Aging, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Tatiana Sandoval-Guzmán
- Medical Faculty: Department of Internal Medicine 3, Center for Healthy Aging, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
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4
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Tanaka EM. Now that We Got There, What Next? Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2562:471-479. [PMID: 36272095 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2659-7_31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
As seen in the protocols in this book, the opportunities to pursue work at the cellular and molecular work in salamanders have considerably broadened over the last years. The availability of genomic information and genome editing, and the possibility to image tissues live and other methods enhance the spectrum of biological questions accessible to all researchers. Here I provide a personal perspective on what I consider exciting future questions open for investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elly M Tanaka
- Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria.
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5
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Purushothaman S, Seifert AW. Whole-Mount In Situ Hybridization (WISH) for Salamander Embryos and Larvae. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2562:95-107. [PMID: 36272069 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2659-7_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Whole-mount in situ hybridization (WISH) is widely used to visualize transcribed gene sequences (mRNA) in developing embryos, larvae, and other nucleotide probe permeable tissue samples. This methodology involves the hybridization of an antisense nucleotide probe to the target mRNA, followed by chromogen or fluorescence-based detection. Here we describe a protocol for the spatiotemporal analysis of mRNA transcripts in axolotl embryos/larvae using digoxigenin-labeled riboprobes, anti-digoxigenin alkaline phosphatase, Fab fragments antibody, and NBT/BCIP chromogen detection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ashley W Seifert
- Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.
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6
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Kaucka M, Joven Araus A, Tesarova M, Currie JD, Boström J, Kavkova M, Petersen J, Yao Z, Bouchnita A, Hellander A, Zikmund T, Elewa A, Newton PT, Fei JF, Chagin AS, Fried K, Tanaka EM, Kaiser J, Simon A, Adameyko I. Altered developmental programs and oriented cell divisions lead to bulky bones during salamander limb regeneration. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6949. [PMID: 36376278 PMCID: PMC9663504 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34266-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
There are major differences in duration and scale at which limb development and regeneration proceed, raising the question to what extent regeneration is a recapitulation of development. We address this by analyzing skeletal elements using a combination of micro-CT imaging, molecular profiling and clonal cell tracing. We find that, in contrast to development, regenerative skeletal growth is accomplished based entirely on cartilage expansion prior to ossification, not limiting the transversal cartilage expansion and resulting in bulkier skeletal parts. The oriented extension of salamander cartilage and bone appear similar to the development of basicranial synchondroses in mammals, as we found no evidence for cartilage stem cell niches or growth plate-like structures during neither development nor regeneration. Both regenerative and developmental ossification in salamanders start from the cortical bone and proceeds inwards, showing the diversity of schemes for the synchrony of cortical and endochondral ossification among vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marketa Kaucka
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, Plön, 24306, Germany
| | - Alberto Joven Araus
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Biomedicum, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, 17165, Sweden
| | - Marketa Tesarova
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Brno, 61200, Czech Republic
| | - Joshua D Currie
- Department of Biology, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Johan Boström
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Center for Brain Research, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, 1090, Austria
| | - Michaela Kavkova
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Brno, 61200, Czech Republic
| | - Julian Petersen
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Center for Brain Research, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, 1090, Austria
- Department of Orthodontics, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, 04103, Germany
| | - Zeyu Yao
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Biomedicum, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, 17165, Sweden
| | - Anass Bouchnita
- Department of Information Technology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, 79902, USA
| | - Andreas Hellander
- Department of Information Technology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Tomas Zikmund
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Brno, 61200, Czech Republic
| | - Ahmed Elewa
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Biomedicum, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, 17165, Sweden
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Phillip T Newton
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institute, Solna, Sweden
- Astrid Lindgren Children's Hospital, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden
| | - Ji-Feng Fei
- The Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna, 1030, Austria
- Department of Pathology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Andrei S Chagin
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, 17165, Sweden
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, 41346, Sweden
| | - Kaj Fried
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicum, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, 17165, Sweden
| | - Elly M Tanaka
- The Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna, 1030, Austria
| | - Jozef Kaiser
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Brno, 61200, Czech Republic
| | - András Simon
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Biomedicum, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, 17165, Sweden.
| | - Igor Adameyko
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Center for Brain Research, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, 1090, Austria.
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, 17165, Sweden.
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7
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Godivier J, Lawrence EA, Wang M, Hammond CL, Nowlan NC. Growth orientations, rather than heterogeneous growth rates, dominate jaw joint morphogenesis in the larval zebrafish. J Anat 2022; 241:358-371. [PMID: 35510779 PMCID: PMC9296026 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In early limb embryogenesis, synovial joints acquire specific shapes which determine joint motion and function. The process by which the opposing cartilaginous joint surfaces are moulded into reciprocal and interlocking shapes, called joint morphogenesis, is one of the least understood aspects of joint formation and the cell-level dynamics underlying it are yet to be unravelled. In this research, we quantified key cellular dynamics involved in growth and morphogenesis of the zebrafish jaw joint and synthesised them in a predictive computational simulation of joint development. Cells in larval zebrafish jaw joints labelled with cartilage markers were tracked over a 48-h time window using confocal imaging. Changes in distance and angle between adjacent cell centroids resulting from cell rearrangement, volume expansion and extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition were measured and used to calculate the rate and direction of local tissue deformations. We observed spatially and temporally heterogeneous growth patterns with marked anisotropy over the developmental period assessed. There was notably elevated growth at the level of the retroarticular process of the Meckel's cartilage, a feature known to undergo pronounced shape changes during zebrafish development. Analysis of cell dynamics indicated a dominant role for cell volume expansion in growth, with minor influences from ECM volume increases and cell intercalation. Cell proliferation in the joint was minimal over the timeframe of interest. Synthesising the dynamic cell data into a finite element model of jaw joint development resulted in accurate shape predictions. Our biofidelic computational simulation demonstrated that zebrafish jaw joint growth can be reasonably approximated based on cell positional information over time, where cell positional information derives mainly from cell orientation and cell volume expansion. By modifying the input parameters of the simulation, we were able to assess the relative contributions of heterogeneous growth rates and of growth orientation. The use of uniform rather than heterogeneous growth rates only minorly impacted the shape predictions, whereas isotropic growth fields resulted in altered shape predictions. The simulation results suggest that growth anisotropy is the dominant influence on joint growth and morphogenesis. This study addresses the gap of the cellular processes underlying joint morphogenesis, with implications for understanding the aetiology of developmental joint disorders such as developmental dysplasia of the hip and arthrogryposis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Niamh C. Nowlan
- Imperial College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom,University College DublinDublinIreland
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8
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Polikarpova A, Ellinghaus A, Schmidt-Bleek O, Grosser L, Bucher CH, Duda GN, Tanaka EM, Schmidt-Bleek K. The specialist in regeneration-the Axolotl-a suitable model to study bone healing? NPJ Regen Med 2022; 7:35. [PMID: 35773262 PMCID: PMC9246919 DOI: 10.1038/s41536-022-00229-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
While the axolotl's ability to completely regenerate amputated limbs is well known and studied, the mechanism of axolotl bone fracture healing remains poorly understood. One reason might be the lack of a standardized fracture fixation in axolotl. We present a surgical technique to stabilize the osteotomized axolotl femur with a fixator plate and compare it to a non-stabilized osteotomy and to limb amputation. The healing outcome was evaluated 3 weeks, 3, 6 and 9 months post-surgery by microcomputer tomography, histology and immunohistochemistry. Plate-fixated femurs regained bone integrity more efficiently in comparison to the non-fixated osteotomized bone, where larger callus formed, possibly to compensate for the bone fragment misalignment. The healing of a non-critical osteotomy in axolotl was incomplete after 9 months, while amputated limbs efficiently restored bone length and structure. In axolotl amputated limbs, plate-fixated and non-fixated fractures, we observed accumulation of PCNA+ proliferating cells at 3 weeks post-injury similar to mouse. Additionally, as in mouse, SOX9-expressing cells appeared in the early phase of fracture healing and amputated limb regeneration in axolotl, preceding cartilage formation. This implicates endochondral ossification to be the probable mechanism of bone healing in axolotls. Altogether, the surgery with a standardized fixation technique demonstrated here allows for controlled axolotl bone healing experiments, facilitating their comparison to mammals (mice).
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Affiliation(s)
- A Polikarpova
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna, A-1030, Austria
| | - A Ellinghaus
- Julius Wolff Institute and BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies, Berlin Institute of Health at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, DE-13353, Germany
| | - O Schmidt-Bleek
- Julius Wolff Institute and BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies, Berlin Institute of Health at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, DE-13353, Germany
| | - L Grosser
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna, A-1030, Austria
| | - C H Bucher
- Julius Wolff Institute and BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies, Berlin Institute of Health at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, DE-13353, Germany
| | - G N Duda
- Julius Wolff Institute and BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies, Berlin Institute of Health at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, DE-13353, Germany
| | - E M Tanaka
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna, A-1030, Austria
| | - K Schmidt-Bleek
- Julius Wolff Institute and BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies, Berlin Institute of Health at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, DE-13353, Germany.
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9
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Riquelme-Guzmán C, Beck T, Edwards-Jorquera S, Schlüßler R, Müller P, Guck J, Möllmert S, Sandoval-Guzmán T. In vivo assessment of mechanical properties during axolotl development and regeneration using confocal Brillouin microscopy. Open Biol 2022; 12:220078. [PMID: 35728623 PMCID: PMC9213112 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.220078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In processes such as development and regeneration, where large cellular and tissue rearrangements occur, cell fate and behaviour are strongly influenced by tissue mechanics. While most well-established tools probing mechanical properties require an invasive sample preparation, confocal Brillouin microscopy captures mechanical parameters optically with high resolution in a contact-free and label-free fashion. In this work, we took advantage of this tool and the transparency of the highly regenerative axolotl to probe its mechanical properties in vivo for the first time. We mapped the Brillouin frequency shift with high resolution in developing limbs and regenerating digits, the most studied structures in the axolotl. We detected a gradual increase in the cartilage Brillouin frequency shift, suggesting decreasing tissue compressibility during both development and regeneration. Moreover, we were able to correlate such an increase with the regeneration stage, which was undetected with fluorescence microscopy imaging. The present work evidences the potential of Brillouin microscopy to unravel the mechanical changes occurring in vivo in axolotls, setting the basis to apply this technique in the growing field of epimorphic regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilo Riquelme-Guzmán
- CRTD/Center for Regenerative Therapies TU Dresden, Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany,Department of Internal Medicine 3, Center for Healthy Aging, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Timon Beck
- Biotechnology Center, Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany,Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light and Max-Planck-Zentrum für Physik und Medizin, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sandra Edwards-Jorquera
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, Center for Healthy Aging, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Raimund Schlüßler
- Biotechnology Center, Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Paul Müller
- Biotechnology Center, Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany,Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light and Max-Planck-Zentrum für Physik und Medizin, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jochen Guck
- Biotechnology Center, Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany,Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light and Max-Planck-Zentrum für Physik und Medizin, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Stephanie Möllmert
- Biotechnology Center, Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany,Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light and Max-Planck-Zentrum für Physik und Medizin, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Tatiana Sandoval-Guzmán
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, Center for Healthy Aging, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany,Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden, Helmholtz Centre Munich, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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10
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Aztekin C, Storer MA. To regenerate or not to regenerate: Vertebrate model organisms of regeneration-competency and -incompetency. Wound Repair Regen 2022; 30:623-635. [PMID: 35192230 PMCID: PMC7613846 DOI: 10.1111/wrr.13000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Why only certain species can regenerate their appendages (e.g. tails and limbs) remains one of the biggest mysteries of nature. Unlike anuran tadpoles and salamanders, humans and other mammals cannot regenerate their limbs, but can only regrow lost digit tips under specific circumstances. Numerous hypotheses have been postulated to explain regeneration-incompetency in mammals. By studying model organisms that show varying regenerative abilities, we now have more opportunities to uncover what contributes to regeneration-incompetency and functionally test which perturbations restore appendage regrowth. Particularly, Xenopus laevis tail and limb, and mouse digit tip model systems exhibit naturally occurring variations in regenerative capacities. Here, we discuss major hypotheses that are suggested to contribute to regeneration-incompetency, and how species with varying regenerative abilities reflect on these hypotheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Aztekin
- School of Life SciencesSwiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL)Lausanne
| | - Mekayla A. Storer
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience and Wellcome‐MRC Cambridge Stem Cell InstituteUniversity of CambridgeCambridge
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11
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Bothe V, Schneider I, Fröbisch NB. A Morphological and Histological Investigation of Imperfect Lungfish Fin Regeneration. Front Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2021.784828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Regeneration, the replacement of body parts in a living animal, has excited scientists for centuries and our knowledge of vertebrate appendage regeneration has increased significantly over the past decades. While the ability of amniotes to regenerate body parts is very limited, members of other vertebrate clades have been shown to have rather high regenerative capacities. Among tetrapods (four-limbed vertebrates), only salamanders show unparalleled capacities of epimorphic tissue regeneration including replacement of organ and body parts in an apparently perfect fashion. The closest living relatives of Tetrapoda, the lungfish, show regenerative abilities that are comparable to those of salamanders and recent studies suggest that these high regenerative capacities may indeed be ancestral for bony fish (osteichthyans) including tetrapods. While great progress has been made in recent years in understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms deployed during appendage regeneration, comparatively few studies have investigated gross morphological and histological features of regenerated fins and limbs. Likewise, rather little is known about how fin regeneration compares morphologically to salamander limb regeneration. In this study, we investigated the morphology and histology of regenerated fins in all three modern lungfish families. Data from histological serial sections, 3D reconstructions, and x-ray microtomography scans were analyzed to assess morphological features, quality and pathologies in lungfish fin regenerates. We found several anomalies resulting from imperfect regeneration in regenerated fins in all investigated lungfish species, including fusion of skeletal elements, additional or fewer elements, and distal branching. The similarity of patterns in regeneration abnormalities compared to salamander limb regeneration lends further support to the hypothesis that high regenerative capacities are plesiomorphic for sarcopterygians.
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12
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Kirankumar S, Gurusamy N, Rajasingh S, Sigamani V, Vasanthan J, Perales SG, Rajasingh J. Modern approaches on stem cells and scaffolding technology for osteogenic differentiation and regeneration. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2021; 247:433-445. [PMID: 34648374 DOI: 10.1177/15353702211052927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The process of bone repair has always been a natural mystery. Although bones do repair themselves, supplemental treatment is required for the initiation of the self-regeneration process. Predominantly, surgical procedures are employed for bone regeneration. Recently, cell-based therapy for bone regeneration has proven to be more effective than traditional methods, as it eliminates the immune risk and painful surgeries. In clinical trials, various stem cells, especially mesenchymal stem cells, have shown to be more efficient for the treatment of several bone-related diseases, such as non-union fracture, osteogenesis imperfecta, osteosarcoma, and osteoporosis. Furthermore, the stem cells grown in a suitable three-dimensional scaffold support were found to be more efficient for osteogenesis. It has been shown that the three-dimensional bioscaffolds support and simulate an in vivo environment, which helps in differentiation of stem cells into bone cells. Bone regeneration in patients with bone disorders can be improved through modification of stem cells with several osteogenic factors or using stem cells as carriers for osteogenic factors. In this review, we focused on the various types of stem cells and scaffolds that are being used for bone regeneration. In addition, the molecular mechanisms of various transcription factors, signaling pathways that support bone regeneration and the senescence of the stem cells, which limits bone regeneration, have been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivaani Kirankumar
- Department of Bioscience Research, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA.,Department of Genetic Engineering, 93104SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai 603203, India
| | - Narasimman Gurusamy
- Department of Bioscience Research, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Sheeja Rajasingh
- Department of Bioscience Research, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Vinoth Sigamani
- Department of Bioscience Research, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Jayavardini Vasanthan
- Department of Bioscience Research, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA.,Department of Genetic Engineering, 93104SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai 603203, India
| | - Selene G Perales
- Department of Bioscience Research, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Johnson Rajasingh
- Department of Bioscience Research, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
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13
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Aztekin C, Hiscock TW, Gurdon J, Jullien J, Marioni J, Simons BD. Secreted inhibitors drive the loss of regeneration competence in Xenopus limbs. Development 2021; 148:269060. [PMID: 34105722 PMCID: PMC8217717 DOI: 10.1242/dev.199158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Absence of a specialized wound epidermis is hypothesized to block limb regeneration in higher vertebrates. However, the factors preventing its formation in regeneration-incompetent animals are poorly understood. To characterize the endogenous molecular and cellular regulators of specialized wound epidermis formation in Xenopus laevis tadpoles, and the loss of their regeneration competency during development, we used single-cell transcriptomics and ex vivo regenerating limb cultures. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that the specialized wound epidermis is not a novel cell state, but a re-deployment of the apical-ectodermal-ridge (AER) programme underlying limb development. Enrichment of secreted inhibitory factors, including Noggin, a morphogen expressed in developing cartilage/bone progenitor cells, are identified as key inhibitors of AER cell formation in regeneration-incompetent tadpoles. These factors can be overridden by Fgf10, which operates upstream of Noggin and blocks chondrogenesis. These results indicate that manipulation of the extracellular environment and/or chondrogenesis may provide a strategy to restore regeneration potential in higher vertebrates. Summary: Secreted inhibitors associated with chondrogenic progression inhibit AER cell formation and restrict limb regeneration potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Aztekin
- Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK.,Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - Tom W Hiscock
- Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK.,Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK.,Institute of Medical Sciences, Foresterhill Health Campus, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - John Gurdon
- Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK.,Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - Jerome Jullien
- Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK.,Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK.,Nantes Université, Inserm, Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie, UMR 1064, ITUN, F-44000 Nantes, France
| | - John Marioni
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK.,EMBL-European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK.,Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Benjamin David Simons
- Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK.,Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, Centre for Mathematical Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0WA, UK.,Wellcome Trust Centre for Stem Cell Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK
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14
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Bothe V, Mahlow K, Fröbisch NB. A histological study of normal and pathological limb regeneration in the Mexican axolotl Ambystoma mexicanum. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART B-MOLECULAR AND DEVELOPMENTAL EVOLUTION 2020; 336:116-128. [PMID: 32394624 DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.22950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Salamanders show unparalleled capacities of tissue regeneration amongst tetrapods (four-legged vertebrates), being able to repair and renew lost or damage body parts, such as tails, jaws, and limbs in a seemingly perfect fashion. Despite countless studies on axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum) regeneration, only a few studies have thus far compared gross morphological and histological features of the original and regenerated limb skeleton. Therein, most studies have focused on nerves or muscles, while even fewer have provided detailed information about bones and cartilage. This study compares skeletal tissue structures of original and regenerated limbs with respect to tissue level histology. Histological serial sections of 55 axolotl larvae were generated, including 29 limbs that were severed by conspecifics, and 26 that were subject to targeted amputations. Amputations were executed in several larval stages (48, 52, and 53) and at different limb positions (humeral midshaft, above the mesopod). In addition, 3D reconstructions were prepared based on X-ray microtomography scans. The results demonstrate that regenerated forelimbs show a diversity of limb and digit abnormalities as a result of imperfect regeneration. Furthermore, abnormalities were more severe and more frequent in regenerated forelimbs caused by natural bites as compared with regenerated forelimbs after amputation. The results indicate that abnormalities occur frequently after regeneration in larval axolotls contradicting the notion of regeneration generally resulting in perfect limbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivien Bothe
- Museum für Naturkunde, Leibniz Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity Science, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kristin Mahlow
- Museum für Naturkunde, Leibniz Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity Science, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nadia B Fröbisch
- Museum für Naturkunde, Leibniz Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity Science, Berlin, Germany.,Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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15
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Differential Gene Expression in Articular Cartilage and Subchondral Bone of Neonatal and Adult Horses. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:genes10100745. [PMID: 31557843 PMCID: PMC6826356 DOI: 10.3390/genes10100745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletogenesis is complex and incompletely understood. Derangement of this process likely underlies developmental skeletal pathologies. Examination of tissue-specific gene expression may help elucidate novel skeletal developmental pathways that could contribute to disease risk. Our aim was to identify and functionally annotate differentially expressed genes in equine neonatal and adult articular cartilage (AC) and subchondral bone (SCB). RNA was sequenced from healthy AC and SCB from the fetlock, hock, and stifle joints of 6 foals (≤4 weeks of age) and six adults (8–12 years of age). There was distinct clustering by age and tissue type. After differential expression analysis, functional annotation and pathway analysis were performed using PANTHER and Reactome. Approximately 1115 and 3574 genes were differentially expressed between age groups in AC and SCB, respectively, falling within dozens of overrepresented gene ontology terms and enriched pathways reflecting a state of growth, high metabolic activity, and tissue turnover in the foals. Enriched pathways were dominated by those related to extracellular matrix organization and turnover, and cell cycle and signal transduction. Additionally, we identified enriched pathways related to neural development and neurotransmission in AC and innate immunity in SCB. These represent novel potential mechanisms for disease that can be explored in future work.
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16
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Abstract
Musculoskeletal disorders are a common cause for presentation of reptiles and amphibians to the veterinarian. A clinical approach to orthopedic cases starts with a thorough history and review of husbandry, and identification of any underlying or concomitant disease. Medical management is indicated for pathologic fractures. Traumatic fractures may require surgical intervention. Stabilization options include external coaptation and/or external and internal fixation. Special considerations must be given to shell fractures in chelonians. Many techniques used in mammalian practice can be applied to reptiles and amphibians, although some species may require prolonged healing times by comparison.
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17
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A clinically relevant blunt spinal cord injury model in the regeneration competent axolotl ( Ambystoma mexicanum) tail. Exp Ther Med 2019; 17:2322-2328. [PMID: 30867717 PMCID: PMC6395952 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2019.7193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A randomized controlled and blinded animal trial was conducted in the axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum), which has the ability to regenerate from transectional spinal cord injury (SCI). The objective of the present study was to investigate the axolotl's ability to regenerate from a blunt spinal cord trauma in a clinical setting. Axolotls were block-randomized to the intervention (n=6) or sham group (n=6). A laminectomy of two vertebrae at the level caudal to the hind limbs was performed. To induce a blunt SCI, a 25 g rod was released on the exposed spinal cord. Multiple modalities were applied at baseline (pre-surgery), and subsequently every third week for a total of 9 weeks. Gradient echo magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was applied to assess anatomical regeneration. To support this non-invasive modality, regeneration was assessed by histology, and functional regeneration was investigated using swimming tests and functional neurological examinations. MRI suggested regeneration within 6 to 9 weeks. Histological analysis at 9 weeks confirmed regeneration; however, this regeneration was not complete. By the experimental end, all animals exhibited restored full neurological function. The present study demonstrated that the axolotl is capable of regenerating a contusion SCI; however, the duration of complete regeneration required further investigation.
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18
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Differences in neural stem cell identity and differentiation capacity drive divergent regenerative outcomes in lizards and salamanders. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E8256-E8265. [PMID: 30104374 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1803780115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
While lizards and salamanders both exhibit the ability to regenerate amputated tails, the outcomes achieved by each are markedly different. Salamanders, such as Ambystoma mexicanum, regenerate nearly identical copies of original tails. Regenerated lizard tails, however, exhibit important morphological differences compared with originals. Some of these differences concern dorsoventral patterning of regenerated skeletal and spinal cord tissues; regenerated salamander tail tissues exhibit dorsoventral patterning, while regrown lizard tissues do not. Additionally, regenerated lizard tails lack characteristically roof plate-associated structures, such as dorsal root ganglia. We hypothesized that differences in neural stem cells (NSCs) found in the ependyma of regenerated spinal cords account for these divergent regenerative outcomes. Through a combination of immunofluorescent staining, RT-PCR, hedgehog regulation, and transcriptome analysis, we analyzed NSC-dependent tail regeneration. Both salamander and lizard Sox2+ NSCs form neurospheres in culture. While salamander neurospheres exhibit default roof plate identity, lizard neurospheres exhibit default floor plate. Hedgehog signaling regulates dorsalization/ventralization of salamander, but not lizard, NSCs. Examination of NSC differentiation potential in vitro showed that salamander NSCs are capable of neural differentiation into multiple lineages, whereas lizard NSCs are not, which was confirmed by in vivo spinal cord transplantations. Finally, salamander NSCs xenogeneically transplanted into regenerating lizard tail spinal cords were influenced by native lizard NSC hedgehog signals, which favored salamander NSC floor plate differentiation. These findings suggest that NSCs in regenerated lizard and salamander spinal cords are distinct cell populations, and these differences contribute to the vastly different outcomes observed in tail regeneration.
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19
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Zhen R, Yang J, Wang Y, Li Y, Chen B, Song Y, Ma G, Yang B. Hepatocyte growth factor improves bone regeneration via the bone morphogenetic protein‑2‑mediated NF‑κB signaling pathway. Mol Med Rep 2018; 17:6045-6053. [PMID: 29436622 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.8559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone regeneration is an important process associated with the treatment of osteonecrosis, which is caused by various factors. Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) is an active biological factor that has multifunctional roles in cell biology, life sciences and clinical medicine. It has previously been suggested that bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)‑2 exerts beneficial roles in bone formation, repair and angiogenesis in the femoral head. The present study aimed to investigate the benefits and molecular mechanisms of HGF in bone regeneration. The viability of osteoblasts and osteoclasts were studied in vitro. In addition, the expression levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‑α, monocyte chemotactic protein (MCP)‑1, interleukin (IL)‑1 and IL‑6 were detected in a mouse fracture model following treatment with HGF. The expression and activity of nuclear factor (NF)‑κB were also analyzed in osteocytes post‑treatment with HGF. Histological analysis was used to determine the therapeutic effects of HGF on mice with fractures. The migration and differentiation of osteoblasts and osteoclasts were investigated in HGF‑incubated cells. Furthermore, angiogenesis and BMP‑2 expression were analyzed in the mouse fracture model post‑treatment with HGF. The results indicated that HGF regulates the cell viability of osteoblasts and osteoclasts, and also balanced the ratio between osteoblasts and osteoclasts. In addition, HGF decreased the serum expression levels of TNF‑α, MCP‑1, IL‑1 and IL‑6 in experimental mice. The results of a mechanistic analysis demonstrated that HGF upregulated p65, IκB kinase‑β and IκBα expression in osteoblasts from experimental mice. In addition, the expression levels of vascular endothelial growth factor, BMP‑2 receptor, receptor activator of NF‑κB ligand and macrophage colony‑stimulating factor were upregulated by HGF, which may effectively promote blood vessel regeneration, and contribute to the formation and revascularization of tissue‑engineered bone. Furthermore, HGF promoted BMP‑2 expression and enhanced angiogenesis at the fracture location. These results suggested that HGF treatment may significantly promote bone regeneration in a mouse fracture model. In conclusion, these results indicated that HGF is involved in bone regeneration, angiogenesis and the balance between osteoblasts and osteoclasts, thus suggesting that HGF may be considered a potential agent for the treatment of fractures via the promotion of bone regeneration through regulation of the BMP‑2‑mediated NF‑κB signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruixin Zhen
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Chengde Medical College Affiliated Hospital, Chengde, Hebei 067000, P.R. China
| | - Jianing Yang
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Chengde Medical College Affiliated Hospital, Chengde, Hebei 067000, P.R. China
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Chengde Medical College Affiliated Hospital, Chengde, Hebei 067000, P.R. China
| | - Yubo Li
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Chengde Medical College Affiliated Hospital, Chengde, Hebei 067000, P.R. China
| | - Bin Chen
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Chengde Medical College Affiliated Hospital, Chengde, Hebei 067000, P.R. China
| | - Youxin Song
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Chengde Medical College Affiliated Hospital, Chengde, Hebei 067000, P.R. China
| | - Guiyun Ma
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Chengde Medical College Affiliated Hospital, Chengde, Hebei 067000, P.R. China
| | - Bo Yang
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Chengde Medical College Affiliated Hospital, Chengde, Hebei 067000, P.R. China
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20
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Charbonneau AM, Roy S, Tran SD. Oral-Facial Tissue Reconstruction in the Regenerative Axolotl. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART B-MOLECULAR AND DEVELOPMENTAL EVOLUTION 2017; 326:489-502. [PMID: 28121390 DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.22723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Revised: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Absence of large amounts of orofacial tissues caused by cancerous resections, congenital defects, or trauma results in sequelae such as dysphagia and noticeable scars. Oral-neck tissue regeneration was studied in the axolotl (regenerative amphibian) following a 2.5-mm punch biopsy that simultaneously removed skin, connective tissue, muscle, and cartilage in the tongue and intermandibular region. The untreated wound was studied macroscopically and histologically at 17 different time points ranging from 0 to180 days (N = 120 axolotls). At 12 hr, the wound's surface was smoothened and within 1mm, internal lingual muscular modifications occurred; at the same distance, between days 4-7 lingual muscle degradation was complete. Immunofluorescence indicates complete keratinocytes migration by 48 hr. These cells with epidermal Leydig cells, appearing yellow, lead the chin's deep tissue outgrowth until its closure on the 14th day. Regeneration speeds varied and peaked in time for each tissue, (1) deep chin 84.3 μm/hr from 24 to 96 hr, (2) superficial chin 71.1 μm/hr from 7-14 days, and (3) tongue 86.0 μm/hr between 48 hr and 7 days. Immunofluorescence to Col IV showed basement membrane reconnected between days 30-45 coinciding with the chin's dermal tissue's surface area recovery. New muscle appeared at 21 days and was always preceded by the formation of a collagen bed. Both chin tissues regain all surface area and practically all components while the lingual structure lacks some content but is generally similar to the original. The methodology and high-resolution observations described here are the first of its kind for this animal model and could serve as a basis for future studies in oral and facial regenerative research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andre M Charbonneau
- Craniofacial Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Stephane Roy
- Department of Stomatology, University de Montreal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Simon D Tran
- Craniofacial Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
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21
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Sader F, Denis JF, Roy S. Tissue regeneration in dentistry: Can salamanders provide insight? Oral Dis 2017; 24:509-517. [DOI: 10.1111/odi.12674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Revised: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F Sader
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine; Faculty of Medicine; Université de Montréal; Montreal QC Canada
| | - J-F Denis
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine; Faculty of Medicine; Université de Montréal; Montreal QC Canada
| | - S Roy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine; Faculty of Medicine; Université de Montréal; Montreal QC Canada
- Department of Stomatology; Faculty of Dentistry; Université de Montréal; Montreal QC Canada
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22
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Dawson LA, Simkin J, Sauque M, Pela M, Palkowski T, Muneoka K. Analogous cellular contribution and healing mechanisms following digit amputation and phalangeal fracture in mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 3:39-51. [PMID: 27499878 PMCID: PMC4857751 DOI: 10.1002/reg2.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Revised: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Regeneration of amputated structures is severely limited in humans and mice, with complete regeneration restricted to the distal portion of the terminal phalanx (P3). Here, we investigate the dynamic tissue repair response of the second phalangeal element (P2) post amputation in the adult mouse, and show that the repair response of the amputated bone is similar to the proximal P2 bone fragment in fracture healing. The regeneration‐incompetent P2 amputation response is characterized by periosteal endochondral ossification resulting in the deposition of new trabecular bone, corresponding to a significant increase in bone volume; however, this response is not associated with bone lengthening. We show that cells of the periosteum respond to amputation and fracture by contributing both chondrocytes and osteoblasts to the endochondral ossification response. Based on our studies, we suggest that the amputation response represents an attempt at regeneration that ultimately fails due to the lack of a distal organizing influence that is present in fracture healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay A Dawson
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology Tulane University New Orleans Louisiana 70118 USA; Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine Texas A&M University College Station Texas 77843 USA
| | - Jennifer Simkin
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology Tulane University New Orleans Louisiana 70118 USA; Department of Biology University of Kentucky Lexington Kentucky 40506 USA
| | - Michelle Sauque
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology Tulane University New Orleans Louisiana 70118 USA; Department of Orthopedics University of Colorado Denver Aurora Colorado 80010 USA
| | - Maegan Pela
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology Tulane University New Orleans Louisiana 70118 USA
| | - Teresa Palkowski
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology Tulane University New Orleans Louisiana 70118 USA
| | - Ken Muneoka
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology Tulane University New Orleans Louisiana 70118 USA; Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine Texas A&M University College Station Texas 77843 USA
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23
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Denis JF, Sader F, Gatien S, Villiard É, Philip A, Roy S. Activation of Smad2 but not Smad3 is required for mediating TGF-beta signaling during limb regeneration in axolotls. Development 2016; 143:3481-3490. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.131466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Axolotls are unique amongst vertebrates in their ability to regenerate their tissues (e.g. limbs, tail, skin etc.). The axolotl limb is the most studied regenerating structure. The process is well characterized morphologically; however, it is not well understood at the molecular level. We demonstrate that TGF-β1 is highly regulated during regeneration and that its signaling is necessary. The present study clearly shows that the basement membrane is not prematurely formed in animals treated with the TGF-β antagonist SB-431542. More importantly, it shows that Smad2 and Smad3 are differentially regulated post-translationally during the preparation phase of limb regeneration. Using specific antagonists for Smad2 and Smad3, results indicate that Smad2 is responsible for the action of TGF-β during regeneration and that Smad3 is not required. We also show that Smad2 target genes (MMP2 & 9) are inhibited in SB-431542 treated limbs and non-canonical TGF-β targets are not affected (e.g. MMP13). This is the first study to show that Smad2 and Smad3 are differentially regulated during regeneration and places Smad2 at the heart of TGF-β signaling supporting the regenerative process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-François Denis
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal (Québec), Canada
| | - Fadi Sader
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal (Québec), Canada
| | - Samuel Gatien
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal (Québec), Canada
| | - Éric Villiard
- Department of Stomatology, Faculty of Dentistry, Université de Montréal, Montréal (Québec), Canada
| | - Anie Philip
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal (Québec), Canada
| | - Stéphane Roy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal (Québec), Canada
- Department of Stomatology, Faculty of Dentistry, Université de Montréal, Montréal (Québec), Canada
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24
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Chen X, Song F, Jhamb D, Li J, Bottino MC, Palakal MJ, Stocum DL. The Axolotl Fibula as a Model for the Induction of Regeneration across Large Segment Defects in Long Bones of the Extremities. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0130819. [PMID: 26098852 PMCID: PMC4476796 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We tested the ability of the axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum) fibula to regenerate across segment defects of different size in the absence of intervention or after implant of a unique 8-braid pig small intestine submucosa (SIS) scaffold, with or without incorporated growth factor combinations or tissue protein extract. Fractures and defects of 10% and 20% of the total limb length regenerated well without any intervention, but 40% and 50% defects failed to regenerate after either simple removal of bone or implanting SIS scaffold alone. By contrast, scaffold soaked in the growth factor combination BMP-4/HGF or in protein extract of intact limb tissue promoted partial or extensive induction of cartilage and bone across 50% segment defects in 30%-33% of cases. These results show that BMP-4/HGF and intact tissue protein extract can promote the events required to induce cartilage and bone formation across a segment defect larger than critical size and that the long bones of axolotl limbs are an inexpensive model to screen soluble factors and natural and synthetic scaffolds for their efficacy in stimulating this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoping Chen
- Department of Biology, School of Science, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Fengyu Song
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, Indiana-University-Purdue University, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Deepali Jhamb
- School of Informatics and Computing, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Jiliang Li
- Department of Biology, School of Science, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Marco C. Bottino
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Division of Dental Biomaterials, School of Dentistry, Indiana-University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Mathew J. Palakal
- School of Informatics and Computing, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - David L. Stocum
- Department of Biology, School of Science, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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25
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Tsutsumi R, Inoue T, Yamada S, Agata K. Reintegration of the regenerated and the remaining tissues during joint regeneration in the newt Cynops pyrrhogaster. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 2:26-36. [PMID: 27499865 PMCID: PMC4895332 DOI: 10.1002/reg2.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Revised: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Urodele amphibians, such as newts, can regenerate a functional limb, including joints, after amputation at any level along the proximal−distal axis of the limb. The blastema can regenerate the limb morphology largely independently of the stump after proximal−distal identity has been established, but the remaining and regenerated tissues must be structurally reintegrated (matched in size and shape). Here we used newt joint regeneration as a model to investigate reintegration, because a functionally interlocking joint requires structural integration between its opposing skeletal elements. After forelimbs were amputated at the elbow joint, the joint was regenerated between the remaining and regenerated skeletal elements. The regenerated cartilage was thick around the amputated joint to make a reciprocally interlocking joint structure with the remaining bone. Furthermore, during regeneration, the extracellular matrix of the remaining tissues was lost, suggesting that the remaining tissues might contribute to the morphogenesis of regenerating cartilage. Our results showed that the area of the regenerated cartilage matched the area of the apposed remaining cartilage, thus contributing to formation of a functional structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rio Tsutsumi
- Department of Biophysics Graduate School of Science Kyoto University Kyoto Japan
| | - Takeshi Inoue
- Department of Biophysics Graduate School of Science Kyoto University Kyoto Japan
| | - Shigehito Yamada
- Human Health Science Graduate School of Medicine Kyoto University Kyoto Japan; Congenital Anomaly Research Center Graduate School of Medicine Kyoto University Kyoto Japan
| | - Kiyokazu Agata
- Department of Biophysics Graduate School of Science Kyoto University Kyoto Japan
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26
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Mozar A, Kondegowda NG, Pollack I, Fenutria R, Vasavada RC. The Role of PTHrP in Pancreatic Beta-Cells and Implications for Diabetes Pathophysiology and Treatment. Clin Rev Bone Miner Metab 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s12018-014-9168-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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27
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Egawa S, Miura S, Yokoyama H, Endo T, Tamura K. Growth and differentiation of a long bone in limb development, repair and regeneration. Dev Growth Differ 2014; 56:410-24. [PMID: 24860986 DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Revised: 03/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Repair from traumatic bone fracture is a complex process that includes mechanisms of bone development and bone homeostasis. Thus, elucidation of the cellular/molecular basis of bone formation in skeletal development would provide valuable information on fracture repair and would lead to successful skeletal regeneration after limb amputation, which never occurs in mammals. Elucidation of the basis of epimorphic limb regeneration in amphibians would also provide insights into skeletal regeneration in mammals, since the epimorphic regeneration enables an amputated limb to re-develop the three-dimensional structure of bones. In the processes of bone development, repair and regeneration, growth of the bone is achieved through several events including not only cell proliferation but also aggregation of mesenchymal cells, enlargement of cells, deposition and accumulation of extracellular matrix, and bone remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiro Egawa
- Department of Developmental Biology and Neurosciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Aobayama 6-3, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
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28
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Lobo D, Feldman EB, Shah M, Malone TJ, Levin M. A bioinformatics expert system linking functional data to anatomical outcomes in limb regeneration. REGENERATION (OXFORD, ENGLAND) 2014; 1:37-56. [PMID: 25729585 PMCID: PMC4339036 DOI: 10.1002/reg2.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Revised: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Amphibians and molting arthropods have the remarkable capacity to regenerate amputated limbs, as described by an extensive literature of experimental cuts, amputations, grafts, and molecular techniques. Despite a rich history of experimental efforts, no comprehensive mechanistic model exists that can account for the pattern regulation observed in these experiments. While bioinformatics algorithms have revolutionized the study of signaling pathways, no such tools have heretofore been available to assist scientists in formulating testable models of large-scale morphogenesis that match published data in the limb regeneration field. Major barriers preventing an algorithmic approach are the lack of formal descriptions for experimental regenerative information and a repository to centralize storage and mining of functional data on limb regeneration. Establishing a new bioinformatics of shape would significantly accelerate the discovery of key insights into the mechanisms that implement complex regeneration. Here, we describe a novel mathematical ontology for limb regeneration to unambiguously encode phenotype, manipulation, and experiment data. Based on this formalism, we present the first centralized formal database of published limb regeneration experiments together with a user-friendly expert system tool to facilitate its access and mining. These resources are freely available for the community and will assist both human biologists and artificial intelligence systems to discover testable, mechanistic models of limb regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Lobo
- Center for Regenerative and Developmental Biology and Department of BiologyTufts University200 Boston Avenue, Suite 4600MedfordMA02155U.S.A.
| | - Erica B. Feldman
- Center for Regenerative and Developmental Biology and Department of BiologyTufts University200 Boston Avenue, Suite 4600MedfordMA02155U.S.A.
| | - Michelle Shah
- Center for Regenerative and Developmental Biology and Department of BiologyTufts University200 Boston Avenue, Suite 4600MedfordMA02155U.S.A.
| | - Taylor J. Malone
- Center for Regenerative and Developmental Biology and Department of BiologyTufts University200 Boston Avenue, Suite 4600MedfordMA02155U.S.A.
| | - Michael Levin
- Center for Regenerative and Developmental Biology and Department of BiologyTufts University200 Boston Avenue, Suite 4600MedfordMA02155U.S.A.
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Biological extremity reconstruction after sarcoma resection: past, present, and future. Sarcoma 2013; 2013:529349. [PMID: 23840167 PMCID: PMC3690904 DOI: 10.1155/2013/529349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2013] [Revised: 05/18/2013] [Accepted: 05/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
In sarcoma surgery besides a wide local resection, limb salvage became more and more important. Reconstruction of bone and soft tissue defects after sarcoma resection poses a major challenge for surgeons. Nowadays a broad range of reconstructive methods exist to deal with bony defects. Among these are prostheses, bone autografts, or bone allografts. Furthermore a variety of plastic reconstructive techniques exist that allow soft tissue reconstruction or coverage after sarcoma resection. Here we discuss the historical highlights, the present role, and possible future options for biological reconstruction.
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Knapp D, Schulz H, Rascon CA, Volkmer M, Scholz J, Nacu E, Le M, Novozhilov S, Tazaki A, Protze S, Jacob T, Hubner N, Habermann B, Tanaka EM. Comparative transcriptional profiling of the axolotl limb identifies a tripartite regeneration-specific gene program. PLoS One 2013; 8:e61352. [PMID: 23658691 PMCID: PMC3641036 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0061352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2012] [Accepted: 03/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding how the limb blastema is established after the initial wound healing response is an important aspect of regeneration research. Here we performed parallel expression profile time courses of healing lateral wounds versus amputated limbs in axolotl. This comparison between wound healing and regeneration allowed us to identify amputation-specific genes. By clustering the expression profiles of these samples, we could detect three distinguishable phases of gene expression - early wound healing followed by a transition-phase leading to establishment of the limb development program, which correspond to the three phases of limb regeneration that had been defined by morphological criteria. By focusing on the transition-phase, we identified 93 strictly amputation-associated genes many of which are implicated in oxidative-stress response, chromatin modification, epithelial development or limb development. We further classified the genes based on whether they were or were not significantly expressed in the developing limb bud. The specific localization of 53 selected candidates within the blastema was investigated by in situ hybridization. In summary, we identified a set of genes that are expressed specifically during regeneration and are therefore, likely candidates for the regulation of blastema formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dunja Knapp
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
- Technical University Dresden, DFG Research Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Herbert Schulz
- Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Cynthia Alexander Rascon
- Technical University Dresden, DFG Research Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Michael Volkmer
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Biology of Aging, Cologne, Germany
| | - Juliane Scholz
- Technical University Dresden, DFG Research Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Eugen Nacu
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
- Technical University Dresden, DFG Research Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Mu Le
- Technical University Dresden, DFG Research Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Sergey Novozhilov
- Technical University Dresden, DFG Research Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Akira Tazaki
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
- Technical University Dresden, DFG Research Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Stephanie Protze
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Tina Jacob
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Norbert Hubner
- Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bianca Habermann
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Biology of Aging, Cologne, Germany
| | - Elly M. Tanaka
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
- Technical University Dresden, DFG Research Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Franco C, Soares R, Pires E, Koci K, Almeida AM, Santos R, Coelho AV. Understanding regeneration through proteomics. Proteomics 2013; 13:686-709. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201200397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2012] [Revised: 10/31/2012] [Accepted: 11/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Catarina Franco
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica; Universidade Nova de Lisboa; Oeiras Portugal
| | - Renata Soares
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica; Universidade Nova de Lisboa; Oeiras Portugal
| | - Elisabete Pires
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica; Universidade Nova de Lisboa; Oeiras Portugal
| | - Kamila Koci
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica; Universidade Nova de Lisboa; Oeiras Portugal
| | - André M. Almeida
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica; Universidade Nova de Lisboa; Oeiras Portugal
- Instituto de Investigação Científica Tropical; Lisboa Portugal
| | - Romana Santos
- Unidade de Investigação em Ciências Orais e Biomédicas, Faculdade de Medicina Dentária; Universidade de Lisboa; Portugal
| | - Ana Varela Coelho
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica; Universidade Nova de Lisboa; Oeiras Portugal
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Lee J, Aguilar C, Gardiner D. Gain-of-function assays in the axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum) to identify signaling pathways that induce and regulate limb regeneration. Methods Mol Biol 2013; 1037:401-417. [PMID: 24029949 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-505-7_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The adult salamander has been studied as a model for regeneration of complex tissues for many decades. Only recently with the development of gain-of-function assays for regeneration, has it been possible to screen for and assay the function of the multitude of signaling factors that have been identified in studies of embryonic development and tumorigenesis. Given the conservation of function of these regulatory pathways controlling growth and pattern formation, it is now possible to use the functional assays in the salamander to test the ability of endogenous as well as small-molecule signaling factors to induce a regenerative response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jangwoo Lee
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
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Abstract
In spite of numerous investigations of regenerating salamander limbs, little attention has been paid to the details of how joints are reformed. An understanding of the process and mechanisms of joint regeneration in this model system for tetrapod limb regeneration would provide insights into developing novel therapies for inducing joint regeneration in humans. To this end, we have used the axolotl (Mexican Salamander) model of limb regeneration to describe the morphology and the expression patterns of marker genes during joint regeneration in response to limb amputation. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that the mechanisms of joint formation whether it be development or regeneration are conserved. We also have determined that defects in the epiphyseal region of both forelimbs and hind limbs in the axolotl are regenerated only when the defect is small. As is the case with defects in the diaphysis, there is a critical size above which the endogenous regenerative response is not sufficient to regenerate the joint. This non-regenerative response in an animal that has the ability to regenerate perfectly provides the opportunity to screen for the signaling pathways to induce regeneration of articular cartilage and joints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jangwoo Lee
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
- The Developmental Biology Center, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - David M. Gardiner
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
- The Developmental Biology Center, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Cosden-Decker RS, Bickett MM, Lattermann C, MacLeod JN. Structural and functional analysis of intra-articular interzone tissue in axolotl salamanders. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2012; 20:1347-56. [PMID: 22800772 PMCID: PMC4077341 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2012.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2012] [Revised: 06/29/2012] [Accepted: 07/06/2012] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Knowledge of mechanisms directing diarthrodial joint development may be useful in understanding joint pathologies and identifying new therapies. We have previously established that axolotl salamanders can fully repair large articular cartilage lesions, which may be due to the presence of an interzone-like tissue in the intra-articular space. Study objectives were to further characterize axolotl diarthrodial joint structure and determine the differentiation potential of interzone-like tissue in a skeletal microenvironment. DESIGN Diarthrodial joint morphology and expression of aggrecan, brother of CDO (BOC), type I collagen, type II collagen, and growth/differentiation factor 5 (GDF5) were examined in femorotibial joints of sexually mature (>12 months) axolotls. Joint tissue cellularity was evaluated in individuals from 2 to 24 months of age. Chondrogenic potential of the interzone was evaluated by placing interzone-like tissue into 4 mm tibial defects. RESULTS Cavitation reached completion in the femoroacetabular and humeroradial joints, but an interzone-like tissue was retained in the intra-articular space of distal limb joints. Joint tissue cellularity decreased to 7 months of age and then remained stable. Gene expression patterns of joint markers are broadly similar in developing mammals and mature axolotls. When interzone-like tissue was transplanted into critical size skeletal defects, an accessory joint developed within the defect site. CONCLUSIONS These experiments indicate that mature axolotl diarthrodial joints are phenotypically similar to developing synovial joints in mammals. Generation of an accessory joint by interzone-like tissue suggests multipotent cellular differentiation potential similar to that of interzone cells in the mammalian fetus. The data support the axolotl as a novel vertebrate model for joint development and repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebekah S. Cosden-Decker
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA,Translational Research Program in Pediatric Orthopaedics, Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA. USA
| | - Melissa M. Bickett
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | | | - James N. MacLeod
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
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Employing the biology of successful fracture repair to heal critical size bone defects. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2012; 367:113-32. [PMID: 23239235 DOI: 10.1007/82_2012_291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Bone has the natural ability to remodel and repair. Fractures and small noncritical size bone defects undergo regenerative healing via coordinated concurrent development of skeletal and vascular elements in a soft cartilage callus environment. Within this environment bone regeneration recapitulates many of the same cellular and molecular mechanisms that form embryonic bone. Angiogenesis is intimately involved with embryonic bone formation and with both endochondral and intramembranous bone formation in differentiated bone. During bone regeneration osteogenic cells are first associated with vascular tissue in the adjacent periosteal space or the adjacent injured marrow cavity that houses endosteal blood vessels. Critical size bone defects cannot heal without the assistance of therapeutic aids or materials designed to encourage bone regeneration. We discuss the prospects for using synthetic hydrogels in a bioengineering approach to repair critical size bone defects. Hydrogel scaffolds can be designed and fabricated to potentially trigger the same bone morphogenetic cascade that heals bone fractures and noncritical size defects naturally. Lastly, we introduce adult Xenopus laevis hind limb as a novel small animal model system for bone regeneration research. Xenopus hind limbs have been used successfully to screen promising scaffolds designed to heal critical size bone defects.
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Intrinsic repair of full-thickness articular cartilage defects in the axolotl salamander. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2011; 19:200-5. [PMID: 21115129 PMCID: PMC3555487 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2010.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2010] [Revised: 10/26/2010] [Accepted: 11/10/2010] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The ability to fully regenerate lost limbs has made the axolotl salamander (Ambystoma mexicanum) a valuable model for studies of tissue regeneration. The current experiments investigate the ability of these vertebrates to repair large articular cartilage defects and restore normal hyaline cartilage and joint structure independent of limb amputation. METHODS Full-thickness articular cartilage defects were made by resection of the medial femoral condyle to the level of the metaphysis. At 0, 2 days, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, 18, 24, 36 and 48 weeks post-surgery, the repair process was analyzed on H&E and Safranin-O stained 7 μm tissue sections. Symmetric Kullback-Leibler (SKL) divergences were used to assess proteoglycan staining intensities. Immunohistochemistry was performed for collagen types I and II. RESULTS A fibrous "interzone-like" tissue occupies the intraarticular space of the axolotl femorotibial joint and no evidence of joint cavitation was observed. By 4 weeks post-surgery, cells within the defect site exhibited morphological similarities to those of the interzone-like tissue. At 24 weeks, joint structure and cartilaginous tissue repair were confirmed by immunohistochemistry for collagen types I and II. Quantitation of Safranin-O staining indicated restoration of proteoglycan content by 18 weeks. CONCLUSIONS The axolotl femorotibial joint has morphological similarities to the developing mammalian diarthrodial joint. Cells in the intraarticular space may be homologous to the interzone tissue and contribute to intrinsic repair of full-thickness articular cartilage defects. Taken together, these results suggest that the axolotl may serve as a valuable model for the investigation of cellular and molecular mechanisms that achieve full articular cartilage repair.
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Lévesque M, Villiard É, Roy S. Skin wound healing in axolotls: a scarless process. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART B-MOLECULAR AND DEVELOPMENTAL EVOLUTION 2010; 314:684-97. [DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.21371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Song F, Li B, Stocum DL. Amphibians as research models for regenerative medicine. Organogenesis 2010; 6:141-50. [PMID: 21197215 PMCID: PMC2946045 DOI: 10.4161/org.6.3.12039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2010] [Accepted: 04/12/2010] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability to regenerate bone across a critical size defect would be a marked clinical advance over current methods for dealing with such structural gaps. Here, we briefly review the development of limb bones and the mandible, the regeneration of urodele limbs after amputation, and present evidence that urodele and anuran amphibians represent a valuable research model for the study of segment defect regeneration in both limb bones and mandible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengyu Song
- Department of Oral Pathology, Indiana University School of Dentistry, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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Satoh A, Cummings GM, Bryant SV, Gardiner DM. Neurotrophic regulation of fibroblast dedifferentiation during limb skeletal regeneration in the axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum). Dev Biol 2010; 337:444-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2009.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2009] [Revised: 10/24/2009] [Accepted: 11/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Deschaseaux F, Sensébé L, Heymann D. Mechanisms of bone repair and regeneration. Trends Mol Med 2009; 15:417-29. [PMID: 19740701 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2009.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2009] [Revised: 07/07/2009] [Accepted: 07/08/2009] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Bone problems can have a highly deleterious impact on life and society, therefore understanding the mechanisms of bone repair is important. In vivo studies show that bone repair processes in adults resemble normal development of the skeleton during embryogenesis, which can thus be used as a model. In addition, recent studies of skeletal stem cell biology have underlined several crucial molecular and cellular processes in bone formation. Hedgehog, parathyroid hormone-related protein, Wnt, bone morphogenetic proteins and mitogen-activated protein kinases are the main molecular players, and osteoclasts and mesenchymal stem cells are the main cells involved in these processes. However, questions remain regarding the precise mechanisms of bone formation, how the different molecular processes interact, and the real identity of regenerative cells. Here, we review recent studies of bone regeneration and repair. A better understanding of the underlying mechanisms is expected to facilitate the development of new strategies for improving bone repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Deschaseaux
- Etablissement Français du Sang Centre-Atlantique, Groupe de Recherche sur les Cellules Souches Mésenchymateuses, Tours, France.
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Lévesque M, Gatien S, Finnson K, Desmeules S, Villiard É, Pilote M, Philip A, Roy S. Transforming growth factor: beta signaling is essential for limb regeneration in axolotls. PLoS One 2007; 2:e1227. [PMID: 18043735 PMCID: PMC2082079 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0001227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2007] [Accepted: 10/31/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Axolotls (urodele amphibians) have the unique ability, among vertebrates, to perfectly regenerate many parts of their body including limbs, tail, jaw and spinal cord following injury or amputation. The axolotl limb is the most widely used structure as an experimental model to study tissue regeneration. The process is well characterized, requiring multiple cellular and molecular mechanisms. The preparation phase represents the first part of the regeneration process which includes wound healing, cellular migration, dedifferentiation and proliferation. The redevelopment phase represents the second part when dedifferentiated cells stop proliferating and redifferentiate to give rise to all missing structures. In the axolotl, when a limb is amputated, the missing or wounded part is regenerated perfectly without scar formation between the stump and the regenerated structure. Multiple authors have recently highlighted the similarities between the early phases of mammalian wound healing and urodele limb regeneration. In mammals, one very important family of growth factors implicated in the control of almost all aspects of wound healing is the transforming growth factor-beta family (TGF-β). In the present study, the full length sequence of the axolotl TGF-β1 cDNA was isolated. The spatio-temporal expression pattern of TGF-β1 in regenerating limbs shows that this gene is up-regulated during the preparation phase of regeneration. Our results also demonstrate the presence of multiple components of the TGF-β signaling machinery in axolotl cells. By using a specific pharmacological inhibitor of TGF-β type I receptor, SB-431542, we show that TGF-β signaling is required for axolotl limb regeneration. Treatment of regenerating limbs with SB-431542 reveals that cellular proliferation during limb regeneration as well as the expression of genes directly dependent on TGF-β signaling are down-regulated. These data directly implicate TGF-β signaling in the initiation and control of the regeneration process in axolotls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Lévesque
- Department of Biochemistry, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Samuel Gatien
- Department of Biochemistry, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Kenneth Finnson
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Sophie Desmeules
- Faculty of Dentistry, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Éric Villiard
- Faculty of Dentistry, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Mireille Pilote
- Department of Biochemistry, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Anie Philip
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Stéphane Roy
- Department of Biochemistry, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Faculty of Dentistry, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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Kierdorf U, Kierdorf H, Szuwart T. Deer antler regeneration: Cells, concepts, and controversies. J Morphol 2007; 268:726-38. [PMID: 17538973 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.10546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The periodic replacement of antlers is an exceptional regenerative process in mammals, which in general are unable to regenerate complete body appendages. Antler regeneration has traditionally been viewed as an epimorphic process closely resembling limb regeneration in urodele amphibians, and the terminology of the latter process has also been applied to antler regeneration. More recent studies, however, showed that, unlike urodele limb regeneration, antler regeneration does not involve cell dedifferentiation and the formation of a blastema from these dedifferentiated cells. Rather, these studies suggest that antler regeneration is a stem-cell-based process that depends on the periodic activation of, presumably neural-crest-derived, periosteal stem cells of the distal pedicle. The evidence for this hypothesis is reviewed and as a result, a new concept of antler regeneration as a process of stem-cell-based epimorphic regeneration is proposed that does not involve cell dedifferentiation or transdifferentiation. Antler regeneration illustrates that extensive appendage regeneration in a postnatal mammal can be achieved by a developmental process that differs in several fundamental aspects from limb regeneration in urodeles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uwe Kierdorf
- Department of Biology, University of Hildesheim, 31141 Hildesheim, Germany.
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