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Henning P, Westerlund A, Movérare-Skrtic S, Lindholm C, Márquez-Méndez M, Nilsson S, Holmberg AR, Lerner UH. The novel cytotoxic polybisphosphonate osteodex decreases bone resorption by enhancing cell death of mature osteoclasts without affecting osteoclastogenesis of RANKL-stimulated mouse bone marrow macrophages. Invest New Drugs 2024; 42:207-220. [PMID: 38427117 PMCID: PMC10944397 DOI: 10.1007/s10637-024-01427-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
It has previously been demonstrated that the polybisphosphonate osteodex (ODX) inhibits bone resorption in organ-cultured mouse calvarial bone. In this study, we further investigate the effects by ODX on osteoclast differentiation, formation, and function in several different bone organ and cell cultures. Zoledronic acid (ZOL) was used for comparison. In retinoid-stimulated mouse calvarial organ cultures, ODX and ZOL significantly reduced the numbers of periosteal osteoclasts without affecting Tnfsf11 or Tnfrsf11b mRNA expression. ODX and ZOL also drastically reduced the numbers of osteoclasts in cell cultures isolated from the calvarial bone and in vitamin D3-stimulated mouse crude bone marrow cell cultures. These data suggest that ODX can inhibit osteoclast formation by inhibiting the differentiation of osteoclast progenitor cells or by directly targeting mature osteoclasts. We therefore assessed if osteoclast formation in purified bone marrow macrophage cultures stimulated by RANKL was inhibited by ODX and ZOL and found that the initial formation of mature osteoclasts was not affected, but that the bisphosphonates enhanced cell death of mature osteoclasts. In agreement with these findings, ODX and ZOL did not affect the mRNA expression of the osteoclastic genes Acp5 and Ctsk and the osteoclastogenic transcription factor Nfatc1. When bone marrow macrophages were incubated on bone slices, ODX and ZOL inhibited RANKL-stimulated bone resorption. In conclusion, ODX does not inhibit osteoclast formation but inhibits osteoclastic bone resorption by decreasing osteoclast numbers through enhanced cell death of mature osteoclasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Henning
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research at Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Osteoporosis Centre, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Vita Stråket 11, Gothenburg 41345, Sweden
| | - Anna Westerlund
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research at Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Osteoporosis Centre, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Vita Stråket 11, Gothenburg 41345, Sweden
| | - Sofia Movérare-Skrtic
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research at Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Osteoporosis Centre, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Vita Stråket 11, Gothenburg 41345, Sweden
| | - Catharina Lindholm
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research at Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Osteoporosis Centre, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Vita Stråket 11, Gothenburg 41345, Sweden
| | | | - Sten Nilsson
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm SE-171 76, Sweden
| | - Anders R Holmberg
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm SE-171 76, Sweden
| | - Ulf H Lerner
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research at Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Osteoporosis Centre, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Vita Stråket 11, Gothenburg 41345, Sweden.
- Molecular Periodontology, Faculty of Medicine, Umeå University, SE-901 87, Umeå, Sweden.
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2
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Gong Q, Lv X, Liao C, Liang A, Luo C, Wu J, Zhou Y, Huang Y, Tong Z. Single-cell RNA sequencing combined with proteomics of infected macrophages reveals prothymosin-α as a target for treatment of apical periodontitis. J Adv Res 2024:S2090-1232(24)00031-6. [PMID: 38237771 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2024.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Chronic apical periodontitis (CAP) is a common infectious disease of the oral cavity. Immune responses and osteoclastogenesis of monocytes/macrophages play a crucial role in CAP progression, and this study want to clarify role of monocytes/macrophages in CAP, which will contribute to treatment of CAP. OBJECTIVES We aim to explore the heterogeneity of monocyte populations in periapical lesion of CAP tissues and healthy control (HC) periodontal tissues by single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq), search novel targets for alleviating CAP, and further validate it by proteomics and in vitro and in vivo evaluations. METHODS ScRNA-seq was used to analyze the heterogeneity of monocyte populations in CAP, and proteomics of THP-1-derived macrophages with porphyromonas gingivalis infection were intersected with the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) of macrophages between CAP and HC tissues. The upregulated PTMA (prothymosin-α) were validated by immunofluorescence staining and quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction. We evaluated the effect of thymosin α1 (an amino-terminal proteolytic cleavage product of PTMA protein) on inflammatory factors and osteoclast differentiation of macrophages infected by P. gingivalis. Furthermore, we constructed mouse and rat mandibular bone lesions caused by apical periodontitis, and estimated treatment of systemic and topical administration of PTMA for CAP. Statistical analyses were performed using GraphPad Prism software (v9.2) RESULTS: Monocytes were divided into seven sub-clusters comprising monocyte-macrophage-osteoclast (MMO) differentiation in CAP. 14 up-regulated and 21 down-regulated genes and proteins were intersected between the DEGs of scRNA-seq data and proteomics, including the high expression of PTMA. Thymosin α1 may decrease several inflammatory cytokine expressions and osteoclastogenesis of THP-1-derived macrophages. Both systemic administration in mice and topical administration in the pulp chamber of rats alleviated periapical lesions. CONCLUSIONS PTMA upregulation in CAP moderates the inflammatory response and prevents the osteoclastogenesis of macrophages, which provides a basis for targeted therapeutic strategies for CAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qimei Gong
- Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaomin Lv
- Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Chenxi Liao
- Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ailin Liang
- Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Cuiting Luo
- Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jie Wu
- Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yanling Zhou
- Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yihua Huang
- Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Zhongchun Tong
- Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
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3
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Omata Y, Tachibana H, Aizaki Y, Mimura T, Sato K. Essentiality of Nfatc1 short isoform in osteoclast differentiation and its self-regulation. Sci Rep 2023; 13:18797. [PMID: 37914750 PMCID: PMC10620225 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-45909-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
During osteoclast differentiation, the expression of the transcription factor nuclear factor of activated T cell 1 (Nfatc1) increases in an autoproliferative manner. Nfatc1 isoforms are of three sizes, and only the short isoform increases during osteoclast differentiation. Genetic ablation of the whole Nfatc1 gene demonstrated that it is essential for osteoclastogenesis; however, the specific role of the Nfatc1 short form (Nfatc1/αA) remains unknown. In this study, we engineered Nfatc1 short form-specific knockout mice and found that these mice died in utero by day 13.5. We developed a novel osteoclast culture system in which hematopoietic stem cells were cultured, proliferated, and then differentiated into osteoclasts in vitro. Using this system, we show that the Nfatc1/αA isoform is essential for osteoclastogenesis and is responsible for the expression of various osteoclast markers, the Nfatc1 short form itself, and Nfatc1 regulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Omata
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, 329-0498, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Tachibana
- Department of Rheumatology, Akiru Municipal Medical Center, 78-1 Hikita, Akiruno, Tokyo, 197-0834, Japan
- Department of Rheumatology and Applied Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Saitama Medical University, 38 Moroyama, Iruma, Saitama, 350-0495, Japan
| | - Yoshimi Aizaki
- Department of Rheumatology and Applied Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Saitama Medical University, 38 Moroyama, Iruma, Saitama, 350-0495, Japan
| | - Toshihide Mimura
- Department of Rheumatology and Applied Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Saitama Medical University, 38 Moroyama, Iruma, Saitama, 350-0495, Japan
| | - Kojiro Sato
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, 329-0498, Japan.
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4
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Everts V, Jansen IDC, de Vries TJ. Mechanisms of bone resorption. Bone 2022; 163:116499. [PMID: 35872106 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2022.116499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Everts
- Department of Oral Cell Biology, Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and VU University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Anatomy, Dental Faculty, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
| | - Ineke D C Jansen
- Department of Periodontology, Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and VU University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Teun J de Vries
- Department of Periodontology, Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and VU University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Kim SC, Kim HJ, Park GE, Lee CW, Synytsya A, Capek P, Park YI. Sulfated Glucuronorhamnoxylan from Capsosiphon fulvescens Ameliorates Osteoporotic Bone Resorption via Inhibition of Osteoclastic Cell Differentiation and Function In Vitro and In Vivo. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2022; 24:690-705. [PMID: 35796894 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-022-10136-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Excessive osteoclast differentiation and/or bone resorptive function causes a gradual loss of bone, leading to the pathogenesis of bone diseases such as osteoporosis (OP). In this study, a sulfated glucuronorhamnoxylan polysaccharide (designated SPS-CF) of the green alga Capsosiphon fulvescens was evaluated for anti-osteoporotic activity using osteoclastic cells differentiated from RAW264.7 macrophages by receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL) treatment and ovariectomized (OVX) female mice as a postmenopausal OP model. With negligible cytotoxicity, SPS-CF (50 μg/mL) significantly suppressed tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) activity, actin ring formation, and expression of matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9), cathepsin K, TRAF6, p-Pyk2, c-Cbl, c-Src, gelsolin, carbonic anhydrase II (CA II), and integrin β3, indicating that SPS-CF inhibits the differentiation and bone resorptive function of osteoclasts. Removal of sulfate groups from SPS-CF abolished its anti-osteoclastogenic activities, demonstrating that sulfate groups are critical for its activity. Oral administration of SPS-CF (400 mg/kg/day) to OVX mice significantly augmented the bone mineral density (BMD) and serum osteoprotegerin (OPG)/RANKL ratio. These results demonstrated that SPS-CF exerts significant anti-osteoporotic activity by dampening osteoclastogenesis and bone resorption via downregulation of TRAF6-c-Src-Pyk2-c-Cbl-gelsolin signaling and augmentation of serum OPG/RANKL ratios in OVX mice, suggesting that SPS-CF can be a novel anti-osteoporotic compound for treating postmenopausal OP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong Cheol Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Gyeonggi-do, 14662, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeon Jeong Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Gyeonggi-do, 14662, Republic of Korea
| | - Gi Eun Park
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Gyeonggi-do, 14662, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Won Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Gyeonggi-do, 14662, Republic of Korea
| | - Andriy Synytsya
- Department of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology in Prague, Technická 5, 166 28, Prague, 6, Czech Republic
| | - Peter Capek
- Institute of Chemistry, Centre for Glycomics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 38, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Yong Il Park
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Gyeonggi-do, 14662, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Medical and Biological Sciences, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Gyeonggi-do, 14662, Republic of Korea.
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6
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Couasnay G, Madel MB, Lim J, Lee B, Elefteriou F. Sites of Cre-recombinase activity in mouse lines targeting skeletal cells. J Bone Miner Res 2021; 36:1661-1679. [PMID: 34278610 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.4415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The Cre/Lox system is a powerful tool in the biologist's toolbox, allowing loss-of-function and gain-of-function studies, as well as lineage tracing, through gene recombination in a tissue-specific and inducible manner. Evidence indicates, however, that Cre transgenic lines have a far more nuanced and broader pattern of Cre activity than initially thought, exhibiting "off-target" activity in tissues/cells other than the ones they were originally designed to target. With the goal of facilitating the comparison and selection of optimal Cre lines to be used for the study of gene function, we have summarized in a single manuscript the major sites and timing of Cre activity of the main Cre lines available to target bone mesenchymal stem cells, chondrocytes, osteoblasts, osteocytes, tenocytes, and osteoclasts, along with their reported sites of "off-target" Cre activity. We also discuss characteristics, advantages, and limitations of these Cre lines for users to avoid common risks related to overinterpretation or misinterpretation based on the assumption of strict cell-type specificity or unaccounted effect of the Cre transgene or Cre inducers. © 2021 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Greig Couasnay
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Joohyun Lim
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Brendan Lee
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Florent Elefteriou
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
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7
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Lång P, Patlaka C, Andersson G. Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase type 5/ACP5 promotes cell cycle entry of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes by increasing IGF-1/Akt signaling. FEBS Lett 2021; 595:2616-2627. [PMID: 34418080 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP, encoded by ACP5)-overexpressing mice exhibit hyperplastic obesity. As the molecular mechanism remains elusive, the aims were to characterize the effect of TRAP on preadipocyte proliferation. We investigated cell cycle entry and signal transduction, that is, insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1)/ insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS-1) and the Akt signaling pathways, in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes treated with the TRAP 5a isoform. Results show that TRAP 5a increases S-phase entry. TRAP 5a stimulation increases IGF-1 mRNA and IRS-1 activation, indicative of insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF1R) activation. Furthermore, TRAP 5a stimulation resulted in Akt signaling pathway activation and subsequent increased nuclear translocation of β-catenin. In conclusion, TRAP 5a increases proliferation of preadipocytes in a dose-dependent fashion by promoting entry into S-phase. Part of this effect is likely due to increased IGF-1 signaling through the Akt signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pernilla Lång
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christina Patlaka
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Göran Andersson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
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8
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Dvorzhinskiy A, Perino G, Chojnowski R, van der Meulen M, Bostrom M, Yang X. Ceramic composite with gentamicin decreases persistent infection and increases bone formation in a rat model of debrided osteomyelitis. J Bone Jt Infect 2021; 6:283-293. [PMID: 34345576 PMCID: PMC8320378 DOI: 10.5194/jbji-6-283-2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Current methods of managing osteomyelitic voids after debridement are inadequate and result in significant morbidity to patients. Synthetic ceramic void fillers are appropriate for non-infected bone defects but serve as a nidus of re-infection in osteomyelitis after debridement. CERAMENT G (CG) is an injectable ceramic bone void filler which contains gentamicin and is currently being evaluated for use in osteomyelitic environments after debridement due to its theoretical ability to serve as a scaffold for healing while eliminating residual bacteria after debridement through the elution of antibiotics. The goal of this study was to evaluate (1) the rate of persistent infection and (2) new bone growth of a debrided osteomyelitic defect in a rat model which has been treated with either gentamicin-impregnated ceramic cement (CERAMENT G) or the same void filler without antibiotics (CERAMENT, CBVF). Methods: Osteomyelitis was generated in the proximal tibia of Sprague Dawley rats, subsequently debrided, and the defect filled with either (1) CG ( n = 20 ), (2) CBVF ( n = 20 ), or (3) nothing ( n = 20 ). Each group was euthanized after 6 weeks. Infection was detected through bacterial culture and histology. Bone growth was quantified using microCT. Results: Infection was not detected in defects treated with CG as compared with 35 % of defects ( 7 / 20 ) treated with CBVF and 50 % ( 10 / 20 ) of empty defects ( p = 0.001 ). Bone volume in the defect of CG-treated rats was greater than the CBVF (0.21 vs. 0.17, p = 0.021 ) and empty groups (0.21 vs. 0.11, p < 0.001 ) at 6 weeks after implantation. Conclusions: Ceramic void filler with gentamicin (CERAMENT G) decreased the rate of persistent infection and increased new bone growth as compared to the same void filler without antibiotics (CERAMENT) and an empty defect in a rat model of debrided osteomyelitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksey Dvorzhinskiy
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hospital for Special Surgery, New
York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Giorgio Perino
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hospital for Special Surgery, New
York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Robert Chojnowski
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hospital for Special Surgery, New
York, NY 10021, USA
| | | | - Mathias P. G. Bostrom
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hospital for Special Surgery, New
York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Xu Yang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hospital for Special Surgery, New
York, NY 10021, USA
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9
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Serum Insufficiency Induces RANKL-Independent Osteoclast Formation during Developing Ischemic ONFH. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9060685. [PMID: 34204469 PMCID: PMC8234979 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9060685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 06/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Blood supply interruption induces hypoxia and reduces serum provision to cause ischemia-induced osteonecrosis, including avascular osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH). Oxygen deficiency (hypoxia) is known to induce different expression patterns in osteoblasts and osteoclasts, which have been extensively studied. However, the effects of serum insufficiency in nutrients, growth factors, and hormones on osteoblast and osteoclast activity in the damaged area and nearby regions remain poorly understood. In this study, the expression of osteoblast and osteoclast marker proteins was elucidated through in vitro and ex vivo studies. The results indicate that serum insufficiency accelerates the formation of monocyte-derived osteoclasts. The combined effect of serum insufficiency and hypoxia (mimicking ischemia) suppressed the activity of alkaline phosphatase and calcification in osteoblasts after the stimulation of osteogenic growth factors. Serum insufficiency increased the activity of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase, expression of phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinases, and production of reactive oxygen species in monocyte-derived osteoclasts in the absence of receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-Β ligand stimulation. The findings indicate that changes in the expression of osteoblast and osteoclast markers in necrotic bone extracts were similar to those observed during an in vitro study. These results also suggest that serum insufficiency may be involved in the regulation of osteoclast formation in patients with ONFH.
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10
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Zang L, Kagotani K, Nakayama H, Bhagat J, Fujimoto Y, Hayashi A, Sono R, Katsuzaki H, Nishimura N, Shimada Y. 10-Gingerol Suppresses Osteoclastogenesis in RAW264.7 Cells and Zebrafish Osteoporotic Scales. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:588093. [PMID: 33748100 PMCID: PMC7978033 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.588093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoporosis is the most common aging-associated bone disease and is caused by hyperactivation of osteoclastic activity. We previously reported that the hexane extract of ginger rhizome [ginger hexane extract (GHE)] could suppress receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL)-induced osteoclastogenesis in RAW264.7 cells. However, the anti-osteoclastic components in GHE have not yet been identified. In this study, we separated GHE into several fractions using silica gel column chromatography and evaluated their effects on osteoclastogenesis using a RAW264.7 cell osteoclast differentiation assay (in vitro) and the zebrafish scale model of osteoporosis (in vivo). We identified that the fractions containing 10-gingerol suppressed osteoclastogenesis in RAW264.7 cells detected by tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) staining. In zebrafish, GHE and 10-gingerol suppressed osteoclastogenesis in prednisolone-induced osteoporosis regenerated scales to promote normal regeneration. Gene expression analysis revealed that 10-gingerol suppressed osteoclast markers in RAW264.7 cells [osteoclast-associated immunoglobulin-like receptor, dendrocyte-expressed seven transmembrane protein, and matrix metallopeptidase-9 (Mmp9)] and zebrafish scales [osteoclast-specific cathepsin K (CTSK), mmp2, and mmp9]. Interestingly, nuclear factor of activated T-cells cytoplasmic 1, a master transcription regulator of osteoclast differentiation upstream of the osteoclastic activators, was downregulated in zebrafish scales but showed no alteration in RAW264.7 cells. In addition, 10-gingerol inhibited CTSK activity under cell-free conditions. This is the first study, to our knowledge, that has found that 10-gingerol in GHE could suppress osteoclastic activity in both in vitro and in vivo conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqing Zang
- Graduate School of Regional Innovation Studies, Mie University, Tsu, Japan
- Zebrafish Drug Screening Center, Mie University, Tsu, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Kagotani
- Graduate School of Regional Innovation Studies, Mie University, Tsu, Japan
- Tsuji Health & Beauty Science Laboratory, Mie University, Tsu, Japan
- Tsuji Oil Mills Co., Ltd., Matsusaka, Japan
| | - Hiroko Nakayama
- Graduate School of Regional Innovation Studies, Mie University, Tsu, Japan
- Zebrafish Drug Screening Center, Mie University, Tsu, Japan
| | - Jacky Bhagat
- Graduate School of Regional Innovation Studies, Mie University, Tsu, Japan
- Zebrafish Drug Screening Center, Mie University, Tsu, Japan
| | | | | | - Ryoji Sono
- Tsuji Oil Mills Co., Ltd., Matsusaka, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Katsuzaki
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Bioresources, Mie University, Tsu, Japan
| | - Norihiro Nishimura
- Graduate School of Regional Innovation Studies, Mie University, Tsu, Japan
- Zebrafish Drug Screening Center, Mie University, Tsu, Japan
| | - Yasuhito Shimada
- Zebrafish Drug Screening Center, Mie University, Tsu, Japan
- Department of Integrative Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Mie University, Tsu, Japan
- Department of Bioinformatics, Advanced Science Research Promotion Center, Mie University, Tsu, Japan
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11
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Niu YB, Yang YY, Xiao X, Sun Y, Zhou YM, Zhang YH, Dong D, Li CR, Wu XL, Li YH, Mei QB. Quercetin prevents bone loss in hindlimb suspension mice via stanniocalcin 1-mediated inhibition of osteoclastogenesis. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2020; 41:1476-1486. [PMID: 32934346 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-020-00509-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies demonstrate that diet quercetin (Quer) has obvious bone protective effects on ovariectomized rodents but thus far there is no direct evidence to support the inhibitory effect of Quer on bone loss caused by long-term unloading. In the present study, we investigated whether Quer could prevent bone loss induced by unloading in mice. Mice were subjected to hindlimb suspension (HLS) and received Quer (25, 50, 100 mg· kg-1 ·day-1, ig) for 4 weeks. Before euthanasia blood sample was collected; the femurs were harvested and subjected to MicroCT analysis. We showed that Quer administration markedly improved bone microstructure evidenced by dose-dependently reversing the reduction in bone volume per tissue volume, trabecular number, and bone mineral density, and the increase of trabecular spacing in mice with HLS. Analysis of serum markers and bone histometric parameters confirmed that Quer at both middle and high doses significantly decreased bone resorption-related markers collagen type I and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase 5b, and increased bone formation-related marker procollagen 1 N-terminal propeptide as compared with HLS group. Treatment with Quer (1, 2, 5 μM) dose-dependently inhibited RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis through promoting the expression of antioxidant hormone stanniocalcin 1 (STC1) and decreasing ROS generation; knockdown of STC1 blocked the inhibitory effect of Quer on ROS generation. Knockdown of STC1 also significantly promoted osteoclastogenesis in primary osteoclasts. In conclusion, Quer protects bones and prevents unloading-caused bone loss in mice through STC1-mediated inhibition of osteoclastogenesis. The findings suggest that Quer has the potential to prevent and treat off-load bone loss as an alternative supplement.
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Takito J, Nakamura M. Heterogeneity and Actin Cytoskeleton in Osteoclast and Macrophage Multinucleation. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21186629. [PMID: 32927783 PMCID: PMC7554939 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoclast signatures are determined by two transcriptional programs, the lineage-determining transcription pathway and the receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL)-dependent differentiation pathways. During differentiation, mononuclear precursors become multinucleated by cell fusion. Recently, live-cell imaging has revealed a high level of heterogeneity in osteoclast multinucleation. This heterogeneity includes the difference in the differentiation states and the mobility of the fusion precursors, as well as the mode of fusion among the fusion precursors with different numbers of nuclei. In particular, fusion partners often form morphologically distinct actin-based linkages that allow two cells to exchange lipids and proteins before membrane fusion. However, the origin of this heterogeneity remains elusive. On the other hand, osteoclast multinucleation is sensitive to the environmental cues. Such cues promote the reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton, especially the formation and transformation of the podosome, an actin-rich punctate adhesion. This review covers the heterogeneity of osteoclast multinucleation at the pre-fusion stage with reference to the environment-dependent signaling pathway responsible for reorganizing the actin cytoskeleton. Furthermore, we compare osteoclast multinucleation with macrophage fusion, which results in multinucleated giant macrophages.
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Reithmeier A, Norgård M, Ek-Rylander B, Näreoja T, Andersson G. Cathepsin K regulates localization and secretion of Tartrate-Resistant Acid Phosphatase (TRAP) in TRAP-overexpressing MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. BMC Mol Cell Biol 2020; 21:15. [PMID: 32188406 PMCID: PMC7081696 DOI: 10.1186/s12860-020-00253-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tartrate–resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP/ ACP5) belongs to the binuclear metallophosphatase family and is present in two isoforms. The primary translation product is an uncleaved TRAP 5a isoform with low phosphatase activity. TRAP 5a can be post-translationally processed to a cleaved TRAP 5b isoform with high phosphatase activity by e.g. cysteine proteinases, such as Cathepsin K (CtsK). The relevance of the phosphatase activity of TRAP 5b has been demonstrated for proliferation, migration and invasion of cancer cells. TRAP-overexpressing MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells displayed higher levels of TRAP 5a and efficient processing of TRAP 5a to TRAP 5b protein, but no changes in levels of CtsK when compared to mock-transfected cells. In TRAP-overexpressing cells colocalization of TRAP 5a and proCtsK was augmented, providing a plausible mechanism for generation of TRAP 5b. CtsK expression has been associated with cancer progression and has been pharmacologically targeted in several clinical studies. Results In the current study, CtsK inhibition with MK-0822/Odanacatib did not abrogate the formation of TRAP 5b, but reversibly increased the intracellular levels of a N-terminal fragment of TRAP 5b and reduced secretion of TRAP 5a reversibly. However, MK-0822 treatment neither altered intracellular TRAP activity nor TRAP-dependent cell migration, suggesting involvement of additional proteases in proteolytic processing of TRAP 5a. Notwithstanding, CtsK was shown to be colocalized with TRAP and to be involved in the regulation of secretion of TRAP 5a in a breast cancer cell line, while it still was not essential for processing of TRAP 5a to TRAP 5b isoform. Conclusion In cancer cells multiple proteases are involved in cleaving TRAP 5a to high-activity phosphatase TRAP 5b. However, CtsK-inhibiting treatment was able to reduce secretion TRAP 5a from TRAP-overexpressing cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Reithmeier
- Division of Pathology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Alfred Nobels allé 8, 141 52, Stockholm, Sweden. .,Present Address: Chemical Biology Consortium Sweden, Science for Life Laboratory Stockholm, Department of Medical Biochemistry & Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Tomtebodavägen 23A, 171 65, Solna, Sweden.
| | - Maria Norgård
- Division of Pathology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Alfred Nobels allé 8, 141 52, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Barbro Ek-Rylander
- Division of Pathology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Alfred Nobels allé 8, 141 52, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tuomas Näreoja
- Division of Pathology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Alfred Nobels allé 8, 141 52, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Göran Andersson
- Division of Pathology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Alfred Nobels allé 8, 141 52, Stockholm, Sweden
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Kim GJ, Kim D, Lee KJ, Kim D, Chung KH, Choi JW, An JH. Effect of Nano-Montmorillonite on Osteoblast Differentiation, Mineral Density, and Osteoclast Differentiation in Bone Formation. NANOMATERIALS 2020; 10:nano10020230. [PMID: 32013042 PMCID: PMC7075198 DOI: 10.3390/nano10020230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 01/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Calcium-type montmorillonite, a phyllosilicate mineral, has diverse health benefits when introduced into the gastrointestinal tract or applied to the skin. However, the predominant use of this layered material has thus far been in traditional industries, despite its potential application in the pharmaceutical industry. We investigated the effects and mechanism of nano-montmorillonite (NM) on osteoblast and osteoclast differentiation in vivo and in vitro. We examined the osteogenic effects of NM with high calcium content (3.66 wt%) on alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, mineralization, bone microarchitecture, and expression level of osteoblast and osteoclast related genes in Ca-deficient ovariectomized (OVX) rats. Micro-computed tomography of OVX rats revealed that NM attenuated the low-Ca-associated changes in trabecular and cortical bone mineral density. It improved ALP activity and mineralization, as well as the expression of osteoblast and osteoclast differentiation associated genes. NM also activated the expression of runt-related transcription factor 2, osteocalcin, bone morphogenetic protein 2, and type 1 collagen via phosphorylated small mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 1/5/8 signaling. Further, NM repressed the expression of receptor activator for cathepsin K, nuclear factor kappa-B ligand and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase. Therefore, NM inhibits osteoclastogenesis, stimulates osteoblastogenesis, and alleviates osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyeong-Ji Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, KC University, Seoul 07661, Korea;
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Sogang University, Seoul 04107, Korea
| | - Daniel Kim
- Advanced Geo-materials R&D Department, Pohang Branch, Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources, Pohang 37559, Korea;
| | - Kwon-Jai Lee
- Department of Advanced Materials Engineering, Daejeon University, Daejeon 34520, Korea;
| | - Daeyoung Kim
- Department of Nanomaterials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Korea;
| | - Kang-Hyun Chung
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Seoul National University of Science & Technology, Seoul 01811, Korea;
| | - Jeong Woo Choi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Sogang University, Seoul 04107, Korea
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Sogang University, Seoul 04107l, Korea
- Correspondence: (J.H.A.); (J.W.C.); Tel.: +82-2-2600-2566 (J.H.A.); +82-2-718-11976 (J.W.C.)
| | - Jeung Hee An
- Department of Food and Nutrition, KC University, Seoul 07661, Korea;
- Correspondence: (J.H.A.); (J.W.C.); Tel.: +82-2-2600-2566 (J.H.A.); +82-2-718-11976 (J.W.C.)
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15
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Benova A, Tencerova M. Obesity-Induced Changes in Bone Marrow Homeostasis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:294. [PMID: 32477271 PMCID: PMC7235195 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is characterized by low-grade inflammation, which is accompanied by increased accumulation of immune cells in peripheral tissues including adipose tissue (AT), skeletal muscle, liver and pancreas, thereby impairing their primary metabolic functions in the regulation of glucose homeostasis. Obesity has also shown to have a detrimental effect on bone homeostasis by altering bone marrow and hematopoietic stem cell differentiation and thus impairing bone integrity and immune cell properties. The origin of immune cells arises in the bone marrow, which has been shown to be affected with the obesogenic condition via increased cellularity and shifting differentiation and function of hematopoietic and bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells in favor of myeloid progenitors and increased bone marrow adiposity. These obesity-induced changes in the bone marrow microenvironment lead to dramatic bone marrow remodeling and compromising immune cell functions, which in turn affect systemic inflammatory conditions and regulation of whole-body metabolism. However, there is limited information on the inflammatory secretory factors creating the bone marrow microenvironment and how these factors changed during metabolic complications. This review summarizes recent findings on inflammatory and cellular changes in the bone marrow in relation to obesity and further discuss whether dietary intervention or physical activity may have beneficial effects on the bone marrow microenvironment and whole-body metabolism.
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16
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Madsen RV, Nam D, Schilcher J, Dvorzhinskiy A, Sutherland JP, Bostrom FM, Fahlgren A. Mechanical instability induces osteoclast differentiation independent of the presence of a fibrous tissue interface and osteocyte apoptosis in a rat model for aseptic loosening. Acta Orthop 2019; 91:115-120. [PMID: 31762353 PMCID: PMC7006729 DOI: 10.1080/17453674.2019.1695351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and purpose - Insufficient initial fixation or early micromotion of an implant is associated with a thin layer of fibrous tissue at the peri-implant interface. It is unknown if bone loss is induced by the fibrous tissue interface acting as an active biological membrane, or as a membrane that will produce supraphysiologic fluid flow conditions during gait, which activates the mechanosensitive osteocytes to mediate osteoclast differentiation. We investigated whether mechanically induced osteolysis is dependent on the fibrous tissue interface as a biologically active scaffold, or if it merely acts as a conduit for fluid flow, affecting the mechanosensitive osteocytes in the peri-prosthetic bone.Methods - Using a rat model of mechanically instability-induced aseptic loosening, we assessed whether the induction of osteoclast differentiation was dependent on the presence of a peri-implant fibrous interface. We analyzed the amount of osteoclast differentiation, osteocyte apoptosis, pro-resorptive cytokine expression and bone loss using immunohistochemistry, mRNA expression and micro-CT.Results - Osteoclast differentiation and bone loss were induced by mechanical instability but were not affected by the presence of the fibrous tissue membrane or associated with osteocyte apoptosis. There was no increased mRNA expression of any of the cytokines in the fibrous tissue membrane compared with the peri-implant bone.Interpretation - Our data show that the fibrous tissue membrane in the interface plays a minor role in inducing bone loss. This indicates that the peri-implant bone adjacent to loose bone implants might play an important role for osteoclast differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rune Vinther Madsen
- Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, USA; ,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Zealand University Hospital, Køge, Denmark;
| | - Denis Nam
- Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, USA;
| | - Jörg Schilcher
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden; ,Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University Hospital Linköping, Sweden
| | | | | | | | - Anna Fahlgren
- Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, USA; ,Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden; ,Correspondence:
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Chen F, Wang M, Wang J, Chen X, Li X, Xiao Y, Zhang X. Effects of hydroxyapatite surface nano/micro-structure on osteoclast formation and activity. J Mater Chem B 2019; 7:7574-7587. [PMID: 31729515 DOI: 10.1039/c9tb01204d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The surface structure of calcium phosphate (CaP) ceramic plays an important role in its osteoinductivity; however, little is known about its effects on osteoclastogenesis. In this study, an intramuscular implantation model suggested a potential relationship between hydroxyapatite (HA)-induced bone formation and osteoclast appearance in the non-osseous site, which might be modulated by scaffold surface structure. Then, three dense HA discs with different grain sizes from biomimetic nanoscale (∼100 nm) to submicron scale (∼500 nm) were fabricated via distinct sintering procedures, and their impacts on osteoclastic differentiation of RAW 264.7 macrophages under RANKL stimulation were further investigated. Our results showed that compared with the ones in the submicron-scale dimension, nano-structured HA discs markedly impaired osteoclastic formation and function, as evidenced by inhibited cell fusion, reduced osteoclast size, less-defined actin ring, increased osteoclast apoptosis, suppressed expression of osteoclast specific genes and proteins, decreased TRAP-positive cells, and hampered resorption activity. This demonstrated that the surface structure of CaP ceramics has a great influence on osteoclastogenesis, which might be further related to its osteoinductive capacity. These findings might not only help us gain insight into biomolecular events during CaP-involved osteoinduction, but also offer a principle for designing orthopaedic implants with an ability of regulating both osteogenesis and osteoclastogenesis to achieve the desired performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuying Chen
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.
| | - Menglu Wang
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.
| | - Jing Wang
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.
| | - Xuening Chen
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.
| | - Xiangfeng Li
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.
| | - Yumei Xiao
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.
| | - Xingdong Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.
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18
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Gu H, An HJ, Kim JY, Kim WH, Gwon MG, Kim HJ, Han SM, Park I, Park SC, Leem J, Park KK. Bee venom attenuates Porphyromonas gingivalis and RANKL-induced bone resorption with osteoclastogenic differentiation. Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 129:344-353. [PMID: 31055000 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis) is one of the major periodontal pathogens leading to inflammation and alveolar bone resorption. Bone resorption is induced by osteoclasts, which are multinucleated giant cells. Osteoclastic bone resorption is mediated by enhanced receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa B ligand (RANKL) signaling. Therefore, the down-regulation of RANKL downstream signals is regarded as an effective therapeutic target in the treatment of bone loss-associated disorders. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether purified bee venom (BV) could attenuate P. gingivalis-induced inflammatory periodontitis and RANKL-induced osteoclast differentiation. Inflammatory periodontitis induced by P. gingivalis increased alveolar bone resorption and increased expression of TNF-α and IL-1β, while BV treatment resulted in decreased bone loss and pro-inflammatory cytokines. Similarly, RANKL-induced multinucleated osteoclast differentiation and osteoclast-specific gene expression, such as nuclear factor of activated T cells 1 (NFATc1), cathepsin K, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP), and integrin αvβ3 were significantly suppressed by treatment with BV. We show that BV reduces P. gingivalis-induced inflammatory bone loss-related periodontitis in vivo and RANKL-induced osteoclast differentiation, activation, and function in vitro. These results suggest that BV exerts positive effects on inflammatory periodontitis associated osteoclastogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyemin Gu
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Catholic University of Daegu, 42472, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Jin An
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Catholic University of Daegu, 42472, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Yeon Kim
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Catholic University of Daegu, 42472, Republic of Korea
| | - Woon-Hae Kim
- Department of New Biology, DGIST, Daegu, 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Gyeong Gwon
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Catholic University of Daegu, 42472, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Ju Kim
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Catholic University of Daegu, 42472, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Mi Han
- Department of Agricultural Biology, National Academy of Agricultural Science, RDA, 54875, Republic of Korea
| | - InSook Park
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Department of Dentistry, School of Medicine, Catholic University of Daegu, 42472, Republic of Korea
| | - Sok Cheon Park
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Panorama Avenue, Bathurst, NSW, 2795, Australia
| | - Jaechan Leem
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Catholic University of Daegu, 42472, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwan-Kyu Park
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Catholic University of Daegu, 42472, Republic of Korea.
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Yang RB, Lin FF, Yang J, Chen B, Zhang MH, Lu QP, Xiao B, Liu Y, Zheng K, Qiu YR. Overexpression of CAV3 facilitates bone formation via the Wnt signaling pathway in osteoporotic rats. Endocrine 2019; 63:639-650. [PMID: 30430352 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-018-1803-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/20/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Osteoporosis is a condition characterized by decreased bone density and bone strength, commonly observed among older individuals. Caveolin-3 (CAV3) is a principal structural protein of the caveolae membrane domains, which has been reported to participate in cell signaling as well as the maintenance of cell structure. The aim of the current study was to investigate the effects involved with the silencing of CAV3 on bone formation among osteoporotic rat models via the Wnt signaling pathway. METHODS Osteoporosis was initially induced by means of ovariotomy among rat models in order to determine the expression of CAV3. Then, to confirm the specific function and mechanism of CAV3 from an osteoporosis perspective, the CAV3 expression vector was constructed and transfected into the osteoblasts of the osteoporotic rats. Afterward, the mRNA and protein expressions of CAV3, β-catenin, low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 5 (LRP5), T-cell factor (TCF), and Wnt3a in addition to cell proliferation and apoptosis were detected accordingly. RESULTS Positive expression of CAV3 exhibited diminished levels in the bone tissues of osteoporotic rats. The osteoblasts of the osteoporotic rats treated with overexpressed CAV3 displayed elevated mRNA and protein expression levels of β-catenin, LRP5, TCF, and Wnt3a. Increased cell proliferation and decreased cell apoptosis were also observed, while the osteoblasts of the osteoporotic rats treated with si-CAV3 exhibited an opposite result. CONCLUSION Overexpressed CAV3 promotes bone formation and suppresses the osteoporosis progression via the activation of the Wnt signaling in rat models, suggesting CAV3 as a potential target biomarker in the treatment of osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Run-Bao Yang
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Longyan First Hospital, Longyan, 364000, P. R. China
| | - Feng-Fei Lin
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Fuzhou Second Hospital, Fuzhou, 350007, P. R. China
| | - Jun Yang
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Longyan First Hospital, Longyan, 364000, P. R. China
| | - Bin Chen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Fuzhou Second Hospital, Fuzhou, 350007, P. R. China
| | - Ming-Hua Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Longyan First Hospital, Longyan, 364000, P. R. China
| | - Qiao-Ping Lu
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Longyan First Hospital, Longyan, 364000, P. R. China
| | - Bo Xiao
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Longyan First Hospital, Longyan, 364000, P. R. China
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Longyan First Hospital, Longyan, 364000, P. R. China
| | - Ke Zheng
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Fuzhou Second Hospital, Fuzhou, 350007, P. R. China
| | - Yong-Rong Qiu
- Department of Orthopaedics Surgery, Longyan First Hospital, Longyan, 364000, P. R. China.
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20
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Halling Linder C, Ek-Rylander B, Krumpel M, Norgård M, Narisawa S, Millán JL, Andersson G, Magnusson P. Bone Alkaline Phosphatase and Tartrate-Resistant Acid Phosphatase: Potential Co-regulators of Bone Mineralization. Calcif Tissue Int 2017; 101:92-101. [PMID: 28303318 PMCID: PMC5486932 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-017-0259-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Phosphorylated osteopontin (OPN) inhibits hydroxyapatite crystal formation and growth, and bone alkaline phosphatase (BALP) promotes extracellular mineralization via the release of inorganic phosphate from the mineralization inhibitor inorganic pyrophosphate (PPi). Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP), produced by osteoclasts, osteoblasts, and osteocytes, exhibits potent phosphatase activity towards OPN; however, its potential capacity as a regulator of mineralization has not previously been addressed. We compared the efficiency of BALP and TRAP towards the endogenous substrates for BALP, i.e., PPi and pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP), and their impact on mineralization in vitro via dephosphorylation of bovine milk OPN. TRAP showed higher phosphatase activity towards phosphorylated OPN and PPi compared to BALP, whereas the activity of TRAP and BALP towards PLP was comparable. Bovine milk OPN could be completely dephosphorylated by TRAP, liberating all its 28 phosphates, whereas BALP dephosphorylated at most 10 phosphates. OPN, dephosphorylated by either BALP or TRAP, showed a partially or completely attenuated phosphorylation-dependent inhibitory capacity, respectively, compared to native OPN on the formation of mineralized nodules. Thus, there are phosphorylations in OPN important for inhibition of mineralization that are removed by TRAP but not by BALP. In conclusion, our data indicate that both BALP and TRAP can alleviate the inhibitory effect of OPN on mineralization, suggesting a potential role for TRAP in skeletal mineralization. Further studies are warranted to explore the possible physiological relevance of TRAP in bone mineralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Halling Linder
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, 581 85, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Barbro Ek-Rylander
- Division of Pathology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 141 86, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Michael Krumpel
- Division of Pathology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 141 86, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Maria Norgård
- Division of Pathology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 141 86, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Sonoko Narisawa
- Sanford Children's Health Research Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - José Luis Millán
- Sanford Children's Health Research Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Göran Andersson
- Division of Pathology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 141 86, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Per Magnusson
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, 581 85, Linköping, Sweden.
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Lee CJ, Shim KS, Ma JY. Artemisia capillaris Alleviates Bone Loss by Stimulating Osteoblast Mineralization and Suppressing Osteoclast Differentiation and Bone Resorption. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2016; 44:1675-1691. [PMID: 27852127 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x16500944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Artemisia capillaris has been used to treat jaundice and relieve high liver-heat in traditional medicine. In this study, we found that the administration of a water extract from A. capillaris (WEAC) to the receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL)-induced bone loss model significantly prevents osteoporotic bone loss, increasing bone volume/trabecular volume by 22% and trabecular number by 24%, and decreasing trabecular separation by 29%. WEAC stimulated in vitro osteoblast mineralization from primary osteoblasts in association with increasing expression of osterix, nuclear factor of activated T cells cytoplasmic 1, and activator protein-1, as well as phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase. In contrast to the anabolic effect of WEAC, WEAC significantly suppressed in vitro osteoclast formation from bone marrow macrophages by inhibiting the RANKL signaling pathways and bone resorption by downregulating the expression of resorption markers. Therefore, this study demonstrated that WEAC has a beneficial effect on bone loss through the regulation of osteoblast mineralization, as well as osteoclast formation and bone resorption. These results suggest that A. capillaris may be a promising herbal candidate for therapeutic agents to treat or prevent osteoporotic bone diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Jo Lee
- 1 KM Application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Dong-gu, Daegu 701-300, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Shuk Shim
- 1 KM Application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Dong-gu, Daegu 701-300, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Yeul Ma
- 1 KM Application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Dong-gu, Daegu 701-300, Republic of Korea
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Tsukamoto M, Menuki K, Murai T, Hatakeyama A, Takada S, Furukawa K, Sakai A. Elcatonin prevents bone loss caused by skeletal unloading by inhibiting preosteoclast fusion through the unloading-induced high expression of calcitonin receptors in bone marrow cells. Bone 2016; 85:70-80. [PMID: 26851124 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2016.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2015] [Revised: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to clarify whether elcatonin (EL) has a preventive action on bone dynamics in skeletal unloading. Seven-week-old male C57BL/6J mice with either ground control (GC) or tail suspension (TS) were administered EL 20U/kg or a vehicle (veh) three times per week and assigned to one of the following four groups: GCEL, GCveh, TSEL, and TSveh. Blood samples and bilateral femurs and tibias of the mice were obtained for analysis. After 7days of unloading, the trabecular bone mineral density in the distal femur obtained via peripheral quantitative computed tomography and the trabecular bone volume were significantly higher in the TSEL group than in the TSveh group. The bone resorption histomorphometric parameters, such as the osteoclast surface and osteoclast number, were significantly suppressed in the TSEL mice, whereas the number of preosteoclasts was significantly increased. The plasma level of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase-5b (TRACP-5b) was significantly lower in the TSEL group than in all other groups. In the bone marrow cell culture, the number of TRACP-positive (TRACP(+)) multinucleated cells was significantly lower in the TSEL mice than in the TSveh mice, whereas the number of TRACP(+) mononucleated cells was higher in the TSEL mice. On day 4, the expression of nuclear factor of activated T-cells, cytoplasmic, calcineurin-dependent 1 (NFATc1), cathepsin K and d2 isoform of vacuolar ATPase V0 domain (ATP6V0D2) mRNA in the bone marrow cells in the TSEL mice was suppressed, and the expression of calcitonin receptor (Calcr) mRNA on day 1 and Calcr antigen on day 4 were significantly higher in the TSveh mice than in the GCveh mice. EL prevented the unloading-induced bone loss associated with the high expression of Calcr in the bone marrow cells of mouse hindlimbs after tail suspension, and it suppressed osteoclast development from preosteoclasts to mature osteoclasts through bone-resorbing activity. This study of EL-treated unloaded mice provides the first in vivo evidence of a physiological role of EL in the inhibition of the differentiation process from preosteoclasts to osteoclasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manabu Tsukamoto
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, 1-1 Iseigaoka, Yahatanishi-ku, Kitakyushu, 807-8555, Japan.
| | - Kunitaka Menuki
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, 1-1 Iseigaoka, Yahatanishi-ku, Kitakyushu, 807-8555, Japan.
| | - Teppei Murai
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, 1-1 Iseigaoka, Yahatanishi-ku, Kitakyushu, 807-8555, Japan.
| | - Akihisa Hatakeyama
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, 1-1 Iseigaoka, Yahatanishi-ku, Kitakyushu, 807-8555, Japan.
| | - Shinichiro Takada
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, 1-1 Iseigaoka, Yahatanishi-ku, Kitakyushu, 807-8555, Japan.
| | - Kayoko Furukawa
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, 1-1 Iseigaoka, Yahatanishi-ku, Kitakyushu, 807-8555, Japan.
| | - Akinori Sakai
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, 1-1 Iseigaoka, Yahatanishi-ku, Kitakyushu, 807-8555, Japan.
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Brömme D, Panwar P, Turan S. Cathepsin K osteoporosis trials, pycnodysostosis and mouse deficiency models: Commonalities and differences. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2016; 11:457-72. [DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2016.1160884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dieter Brömme
- Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- Centre for Blood Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Preety Panwar
- Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- Centre for Blood Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Serap Turan
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
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24
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Krumpel M, Reithmeier A, Senge T, Baeumler TA, Frank M, Nyholm PG, Ek-Rylander B, Andersson G. The small chemical enzyme inhibitor 5-phenylnicotinic acid/CD13 inhibits cell migration and invasion of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase/ACP5-overexpressing MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. Exp Cell Res 2015; 339:154-62. [PMID: 26428664 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2015.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Revised: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP/ACP5/uteroferrin/purple acid phosphatase/PP5) has received considerable attention as a newly discovered proinvasion metastasis driver associated with different malignancies. This renders TRAP an interesting target for novel anti-cancer therapy approaches. TRAP exists as two isoforms, 5a and 5b, where the 5a isoform represents an enzymatically less active monomeric precursor to the more enzymatically active 5b isoform generated by proteolytic excision of a repressive loop domain. Recently, three novel lead compounds were identified by fragment-based screening and demonstrated to be efficient TRAP enzyme inhibitors in vitro. We conclude that one of the three compounds i.e. 5-phenylnicotinic acid (CD13) was efficient as a TRAP inhibitor with Kic values in the low micromolar range towards the TRAP 5b isoform, but was not able to inhibit the TRAP 5a isoform. Structure-based docking revealed similar interactions of CD13 with the active site in both TRAP isoforms. In stably TRAP-overexpressing MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells, CD13 inhibited intracellular TRAP activity and showed no cytotoxicity at 200 µM. Furthermore, CD13 selectively blocked the TRAP 5b isoform compared to the TRAP 5a in cultured cells, indicating the usefulness of CD13 for assessing the different biological functions of the two TRAP isoforms 5a and 5b in cell systems. Moreover, inhibition of cell migration and invasion of stably TRAP-overexpressing MDA-MB-231 by CD13 was observed. These data establish a proof of principle that a small chemical inhibitor of the TRAP enzyme can block TRAP-dependent functions in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Krumpel
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, SE-141 86 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Anja Reithmeier
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, SE-141 86 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Teresa Senge
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, SE-141 86 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Toni Andreas Baeumler
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, SE-141 86 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Martin Frank
- Biognos AB, PO Box 8963, SE-402 74 Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | | | - Barbro Ek-Rylander
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, SE-141 86 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Göran Andersson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, SE-141 86 Stockholm, Sweden.
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25
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Yang X, Ricciardi BF, Dvorzhinskiy A, Brial C, Lane Z, Bhimani S, Burket JC, Hu B, Sarkisian AM, Ross FP, van der Meulen MCH, Bostrom MPG. Intermittent Parathyroid Hormone Enhances Cancellous Osseointegration of a Novel Murine Tibial Implant. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2015; 97:1074-83. [PMID: 26135074 PMCID: PMC4574908 DOI: 10.2106/jbjs.n.01052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Long-term fixation of uncemented joint implants requires early mechanical stability and implant osseointegration. To date, osseointegration has been unreliable and remains a major challenge in cementless total knee arthroplasty. We developed a murine model in which an intra-articular proximal tibial titanium implant with a roughened stem can be loaded through the knee joint. Using this model, we tested the hypothesis that intermittent injection of parathyroid hormone (iPTH) would increase proximal tibial cancellous osseointegration. METHODS Ten-week-old female C57BL/6 mice received a subcutaneous injection of PTH (40 μg/kg/day) or a vehicle (n = 45 per treatment group) five days per week for six weeks, at which time the baseline group was killed (n = 6 per treatment group) and an implant was inserted into the proximal part of the tibiae of the remaining mice. Injections were continued until the animals were killed at one week (n = 7 per treatment group), two weeks (n = 14 per treatment group), or four weeks (n = 17 per treatment group) after implantation. Outcomes included peri-implant bone morphology as analyzed with micro-computed tomography (microCT), osseointegration percentage and bone area fraction as shown with backscattered electron microscopy, cellular composition as demonstrated by immunohistochemical analysis, and pullout strength as measured with mechanical testing. RESULTS Preimplantation iPTH increased the epiphyseal bone volume fraction by 31.6%. When the data at post-implantation weeks 1, 2, and 4 were averaged for the iPTH-treated mice, the bone volume fraction was 74.5% higher in the peri-implant region and 168% higher distal to the implant compared with the bone volume fractions in the same regions in the vehicle-treated mice. Additionally, the trabecular number was 84.8% greater in the peri-implant region and 74.3% greater distal to the implant. Metaphyseal osseointegration and bone area fraction were 28.1% and 70.1% higher, respectively, in the iPTH-treated mice than in the vehicle-treated mice, and the maximum implant pullout strength was 30.9% greater. iPTH also increased osteoblast and osteoclast density by 65.2% and 47.0%, respectively, relative to the values in the vehicle group, when the data at post-implantation weeks 1 and 2 were averaged. CONCLUSIONS iPTH increased osseointegration, cancellous mass, and the strength of the bone-implant interface. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Our murine model is an excellent platform on which to study biological enhancement of cancellous osseointegration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Yang
- Hospital for Special Surgery, 535 East 70th Street, New York, NY 10021. E-mail address for X. Yang:
| | - Benjamin F Ricciardi
- Hospital for Special Surgery, 535 East 70th Street, New York, NY 10021. E-mail address for X. Yang:
| | - Aleksey Dvorzhinskiy
- Hospital for Special Surgery, 535 East 70th Street, New York, NY 10021. E-mail address for X. Yang:
| | - Caroline Brial
- Hospital for Special Surgery, 535 East 70th Street, New York, NY 10021. E-mail address for X. Yang:
| | - Zachary Lane
- Hospital for Special Surgery, 535 East 70th Street, New York, NY 10021. E-mail address for X. Yang:
| | - Samrath Bhimani
- Hospital for Special Surgery, 535 East 70th Street, New York, NY 10021. E-mail address for X. Yang:
| | - Jayme C Burket
- Hospital for Special Surgery, 535 East 70th Street, New York, NY 10021. E-mail address for X. Yang:
| | - Bin Hu
- Department of Biomaterials and Biomimetics, New York University College of Dentistry, 345 East 24th Street, New York, NY 10010
| | - Alexander M Sarkisian
- Hospital for Special Surgery, 535 East 70th Street, New York, NY 10021. E-mail address for X. Yang:
| | - F Patrick Ross
- Hospital for Special Surgery, 535 East 70th Street, New York, NY 10021. E-mail address for X. Yang:
| | | | - Mathias P G Bostrom
- Hospital for Special Surgery, 535 East 70th Street, New York, NY 10021. E-mail address for X. Yang:
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Kang MR, Jo SA, Yoon YD, Park KH, Oh SJ, Yun J, Lee CW, Nam KH, Kim Y, Han SB, Yu J, Rho J, Kang JS. Agelasine D suppresses RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis via down-regulation of c-Fos, NFATc1 and NF-κB. Mar Drugs 2014; 12:5643-56. [PMID: 25421321 PMCID: PMC4245549 DOI: 10.3390/md12115643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Revised: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, we investigated the effect of agelasine D (AD) on osteoclastogenesis. Treatment of bone marrow macrophages (BMMs) with receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand (RANKL) resulted in a differentiation of BMMs into osteoclasts as evidenced by generation of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP)-positive, multinucleated cells and formation of pits in calcium phosphate-coated plates. However, RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis was significantly suppressed by AD treatment. We also confirmed the increased mRNA and protein expression of osteoclastic markers, such as TRAP, cathepsin K and matrix metalloproteinase-9, during RANKL-induced osteoclast differentiation and this was down-regulated by AD treatment. Moreover, AD treatment significantly suppressed RANKL-induced mRNA expression of DC-STAMP and OC-STAMP and cell fusion of TRAP-positive mononuclear osteoclast precursors. In addition, AD suppressed RANKL-induced expression of transcription factors, c-Fos and nuclear factor of activated T cells c1 (NFATc1), which are important transcription factors involved in differentiation of BMMs into osteoclasts. Furthermore, RANKL-induced phosphorylation of extracellular signal-related kinase (ERK) and activation of NF-κB were also inhibited by AD treatment. Collectively, these results suggest that AD inhibits RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis by down-regulation of multiple signaling pathways involving c-Fos, NFATc1, NF-κB and ERK. Our results also suggest that AD might be a potential therapeutic agent for prevention and treatment of osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moo Rim Kang
- Bio-Evaluation Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 30 Yeongudanjiro, Cheongju 363-883, Korea.
| | - Sun Ah Jo
- Bio-Evaluation Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 30 Yeongudanjiro, Cheongju 363-883, Korea.
| | - Yeo Dae Yoon
- Bio-Evaluation Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 30 Yeongudanjiro, Cheongju 363-883, Korea.
| | - Ki Hwan Park
- Bio-Evaluation Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 30 Yeongudanjiro, Cheongju 363-883, Korea.
| | - Soo Jin Oh
- Bio-Evaluation Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 30 Yeongudanjiro, Cheongju 363-883, Korea.
| | - Jieun Yun
- Bio-Evaluation Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 30 Yeongudanjiro, Cheongju 363-883, Korea.
| | - Chang Woo Lee
- Bio-Evaluation Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 30 Yeongudanjiro, Cheongju 363-883, Korea.
| | - Ki-Hoan Nam
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 30 Yeongudanjiro, Cheongju 363-883, Korea.
| | - Youngsoo Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, 52 Naesudongro, Cheongju 361-763, Korea.
| | - Sang-Bae Han
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, 52 Naesudongro, Cheongju 361-763, Korea.
| | - Jiyeon Yu
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Biology, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehakro, Daejeon 305-764, Korea.
| | - Jaerang Rho
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Biology, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehakro, Daejeon 305-764, Korea.
| | - Jong Soon Kang
- Bio-Evaluation Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 30 Yeongudanjiro, Cheongju 363-883, Korea.
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Jeganathan S, Fiorino C, Naik U, Sun HS, Harrison RE. Modulation of osteoclastogenesis with macrophage M1- and M2-inducing stimuli. PLoS One 2014; 9:e104498. [PMID: 25101660 PMCID: PMC4125219 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are generated through the differentiation of monocytes in tissues and they have important functions in innate and adaptive immunity. In addition to their roles as phagocytes, macrophages can be further differentiated, in the presence of receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL) and macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF), into osteoclasts (multinucleated giant cells that are responsible for bone resorption). In this work, we set out to characterize whether various inflammatory stimuli, known to induce macrophage polarization, can alter the type of multinucleated giant cell obtained from RANKL differentiation. Following a four-day differentiation protocol, along with lipopolysaccharide (LPS)/interferon gamma (IFNγ) as one stimulus, and interleukin-4 (IL-4) as the other, three types of multinucleated cells were generated. Using various microscopy techniques (bright field, epifluorescence and scanning electron), functional assays, and western blotting for osteoclast markers, we found that, as expected, RANKL treatment alone resulted in osteoclasts, whereas the addition of LPS/IFNγ to RANKL pre-treated macrophages generated Langhans-type giant cells, while IL-4 led to giant cells resembling foreign body giant cells with osteoclast-like characteristics. Finally, to gain insight into the modulation of osteoclastogenesis, we characterized the formation and morphology of RANKL and LPS/IFNγ-induced multinucleated giant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujeeve Jeganathan
- Ontario Cancer Institute and Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Cara Fiorino
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Urja Naik
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - He song Sun
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rene E. Harrison
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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28
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Lee CW, Seo JY, Choi JW, Lee J, Park JW, Lee JY, Hwang KY, Park YS, Park YI. Potential anti-osteoporotic activity of low-molecular weight hyaluronan by attenuation of osteoclast cell differentiation and function in vitro. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 449:438-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.05.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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29
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Wang Y, Wang B, Fu L, A L, Zhou Y. Effect of Fetal Bovine Serum on Osteoclast Formation in vitro. J HARD TISSUE BIOL 2014. [DOI: 10.2485/jhtb.23.303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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30
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Martino R, Canale F, Sülsen V, Alonso R, Davicino R, Mattar A, Anesini C, Micalizzi B. A Fraction Containing Kaempferol-3,4′-dimethylether from Larrea divaricata
Cav. Induces Macrophage Activation on Mice Infected with Candida albicans. Phytother Res 2013; 28:917-24. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Revised: 09/09/2013] [Accepted: 11/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Renzo Martino
- Microbiology Department, Faculty of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmacy; National University of San Luis; San Luis Argentina
- Department of Pharmacology, IQUIMEFA-CONICET; Buenos Aires University; Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Fernando Canale
- Microbiology Department, Faculty of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmacy; National University of San Luis; San Luis Argentina
| | - Valeria Sülsen
- Department of Pharmacology, IQUIMEFA-CONICET; Buenos Aires University; Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Rosario Alonso
- Department of Pharmacology, IQUIMEFA-CONICET; Buenos Aires University; Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Roberto Davicino
- Microbiology Department, Faculty of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmacy; National University of San Luis; San Luis Argentina
| | - Aida Mattar
- Microbiology Department, Faculty of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmacy; National University of San Luis; San Luis Argentina
| | - Claudia Anesini
- Department of Pharmacology, IQUIMEFA-CONICET; Buenos Aires University; Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Blas Micalizzi
- Microbiology Department, Faculty of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmacy; National University of San Luis; San Luis Argentina
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31
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Lotinun S, Kiviranta R, Matsubara T, Alzate JA, Neff L, Lüth A, Koskivirta I, Kleuser B, Vacher J, Vuorio E, Horne WC, Baron R. Osteoclast-specific cathepsin K deletion stimulates S1P-dependent bone formation. J Clin Invest 2013; 123:666-81. [PMID: 23321671 DOI: 10.1172/jci64840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2012] [Accepted: 11/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cathepsin K (CTSK) is secreted by osteoclasts to degrade collagen and other matrix proteins during bone resorption. Global deletion of Ctsk in mice decreases bone resorption, leading to osteopetrosis, but also increases the bone formation rate (BFR). To understand how Ctsk deletion increases the BFR, we generated osteoclast- and osteoblast-targeted Ctsk knockout mice using floxed Ctsk alleles. Targeted ablation of Ctsk in hematopoietic cells, or specifically in osteoclasts and cells of the monocyte-osteoclast lineage, resulted in increased bone volume and BFR as well as osteoclast and osteoblast numbers. In contrast, targeted deletion of Ctsk in osteoblasts had no effect on bone resorption or BFR, demonstrating that the increased BFR is osteoclast dependent. Deletion of Ctsk in osteoclasts increased their sphingosine kinase 1 (Sphk1) expression. Conditioned media from Ctsk-deficient osteoclasts, which contained elevated levels of sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), increased alkaline phosphatase and mineralized nodules in osteoblast cultures. An S1P1,3 receptor antagonist inhibited these responses. Osteoblasts derived from mice with Ctsk-deficient osteoclasts had an increased RANKL/OPG ratio, providing a positive feedback loop that increased the number of osteoclasts. Our data provide genetic evidence that deletion of CTSK in osteoclasts enhances bone formation in vivo by increasing the generation of osteoclast-derived S1P.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sutada Lotinun
- Department of Oral Medicine, Infection and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Gursoy UK, Könönen E, Huumonen S, Tervahartiala T, Pussinen PJ, Suominen AL, Sorsa T. Salivary type I collagen degradation end-products and related matrix metalloproteinases in periodontitis. J Clin Periodontol 2012; 40:18-25. [PMID: 23078613 DOI: 10.1111/jcpe.12020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2012] [Revised: 08/29/2012] [Accepted: 09/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIM Type I collagen degradation end-products and related matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) were examined aiming to detect potential markers of periodontitis in saliva, with high sensitivity and specificity. MATERIALS AND METHODS The salivary concentrations of MMP-8, MMP-9 and MMP-13, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase serum type 5b, C-terminal cross-linked telopeptide of type I collagen (CTx), N-terminal cross-linked telopeptide of type I collagen (NTx) and cross-linked carboxyterminal telopeptide of type I collagen were analysed in 230 subjects. Oral health examination included panoramic radiography. RESULTS The concentrations of MMP-8, MMP-9 and MMP-13 in saliva were higher in subjects with generalized periodontitis than in controls. Of the tested salivary markers, MMP-8 was the only marker capable of differentiating subjects with severe alveolar bone loss from those with slight bone loss (p < 0.001). The association between the salivary MMP-8 levels and periodontitis remained significant after the adjustment with age, gender and smoking. In addition, significant correlations were found between the tested markers and periodontal parameters. CONCLUSION Enzymes and end-products of type I collagen degradation have different associations with each other and with periodontal status that may reflect their roles in the cascade leading to alveolar bone loss. MMP-8 is a strong biomarker candidate for detecting alveolar bone destruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulvi K Gursoy
- Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
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33
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Nilsson A, Norgård M, Andersson G, Fahlgren A. Fluid pressure induces osteoclast differentiation comparably to titanium particles but through a molecular pathway only partly involving TNFα. J Cell Biochem 2012; 113:1224-34. [PMID: 22095724 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.23456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
In contrast to the well-understood inflammatory pathway driven by TNFα, by which implant-derived particles induce bone resorption, little is known about the process in which loosening is generated as a result of force-induced mechanical stimulus at the bone-implant interface. Specifically, there is no knowledge as to what cells or signaling pathways couple mechanical stimuli to bone resorption in context of loosening. We hypothesized that different stimuli, i.e., fluid flow versus wear particles, act through different cytokine networks for activation and localization of osteoclasts. By using an animal model in which osteoclasts and bone resorption were induced by fluid pressure or particles, we were able to detect distinct differences in osteoclast localization and inflammatory gene expression between fluid pressure and titanium particles. Fluid pressure recruits and activates osteoclasts with bone marrow contact away from the fluid pressure exposure zone, whereas titanium particles recruit and activate osteoclasts in areas in direct contact to particles. Fluid pressure induced weaker expression of the selected inflammatory related genes, although the eventual degree of osteoclast induction was similar in both models. Using TNFαRa (4 mg/kg) (Enbrel) and dexamethasone (2 mg/kg) as specific and more general suppressors of inflammation we showed that the TNFαRa failed to generate statistically impaired osteoclast generation while dexamethasone was much more potent. These results demonstrate that fluid pressure induces osteoclasts at a different localization than titanium particles by a molecular pathway less associated with TNFα and the innate system, which open up for other pathways controlling pressure induced osteoclastogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Nilsson
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Orthopaedics, Linköping University, Sweden
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34
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Henriksen K, Andreassen KV, Thudium CS, Gudmann KNS, Moscatelli I, Crüger-Hansen CE, Schulz AS, Dziegiel MH, Richter J, Karsdal MA, Neutzsky-Wulff AV. A specific subtype of osteoclasts secretes factors inducing nodule formation by osteoblasts. Bone 2012; 51:353-61. [PMID: 22722081 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2012.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2012] [Revised: 06/07/2012] [Accepted: 06/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Osteoclasts are known to be important for the coupling process between bone resorption and formation. The aim of this study was to address when osteoclasts are anabolically active. Human monocytes were differentiated into mature osteoclasts by treatment with M-CSF and RANKL. Conditioned medium was collected from macrophages, pre-osteoclasts, and mature functional or non-resorbing osteopetrotic osteoclasts on either bone, plastic, decalcified bone or dentine with or without diphyllin, E64 or GM6001. Osteoclasts numbers were measured by TRACP activity. Bone resorption was evaluated by CTX-I and calcium release. The osteoblastic cell line 2T3 was treated with 50% of CM or non-CM for 12days. Bone formation was assessed by Alizarin Red extraction. CM from mature osteoclasts induced bone formation, while CM from macrophages did not. Non-resorbing osteoclasts generated from osteopetrosis patients showed little resorption, but still an induction of bone formation by osteoblasts. Mimicking the reduction in bone resorption using the V-ATPase inhibitor Diphyllin, the cysteine proteinase inhibitor E64 and the MMP-inhibitor GM6001 showed that CM from diphyllin and E64 treated osteoclasts showed reduced ability to induce bone formation compared to CM from vehicle treated osteoclasts, while CM from GM6001 treated osteoclasts equaled vehicle CM. Osteoclasts on either dentine or decalcified bone showed strongly attenuated anabolic capacities. In conclusion, we present evidence that osteoclasts, both dependent and independent of their resorptive activity, secrete factors stimulating osteoblastic bone formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Henriksen
- Nordic Bioscience A/S, Bone Biology and Biomarkers, Herlev, Denmark.
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35
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Jansen IDC, Vermeer JAF, Bloemen V, Stap J, Everts V. Osteoclast fusion and fission. Calcif Tissue Int 2012; 90:515-22. [PMID: 22527205 PMCID: PMC3349023 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-012-9600-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2011] [Accepted: 04/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Osteoclasts are specialized multinucleated cells with the unique capacity to resorb bone. Despite insight into the various steps of the interaction of osteoclast precursors leading to osteoclast formation, surprisingly little is known about what happens with the multinucleated cell itself after it has been formed. Is fusion limited to the short period of its formation, or do osteoclasts have the capacity to change their size and number of nuclei at a later stage? To visualize these processes we analyzed osteoclasts generated in vitro with M-CSF and RANKL from mouse bone marrow and native osteoclasts isolated from rabbit bones by live cell microscopy. We show that osteoclasts fuse not only with mononuclear cells but also with other multinucleated cells. The most intriguing finding was fission of the osteoclasts. Osteoclasts were shown to have the capacity to generate functional multinucleated compartments as well as compartments that contained apoptotic nuclei. These compartments were separated from each other, each giving rise to a novel functional osteoclast or to a compartment that contained apoptotic nuclei. Our findings suggest that osteoclasts have the capacity to regulate their own population in number and function, probably to adapt quickly to changing situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ineke D. C. Jansen
- Department of Oral Cell Biology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), Research Institute MOVE, University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam, Gustav Mahlerlaan 3004, 1081 LA Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Periodontology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), Research Institute MOVE, University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam, Gustav Mahlerlaan 3004, 1081 LA Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jenny A. F. Vermeer
- Department of Oral Cell Biology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), Research Institute MOVE, University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam, Gustav Mahlerlaan 3004, 1081 LA Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Veerle Bloemen
- Department of Oral Cell Biology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), Research Institute MOVE, University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam, Gustav Mahlerlaan 3004, 1081 LA Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Stap
- Van Leeuwenhoek Centre for Advanced Microscopy (LCAM)-AMC, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Academic Medical Centre (AMC), University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, 1005 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Vincent Everts
- Department of Oral Cell Biology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), Research Institute MOVE, University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam, Gustav Mahlerlaan 3004, 1081 LA Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Abstract
Bone marrow macrophages (BMMs) share common progenitors with osteoclasts and are critical components of bone-tumor microenvironment; however, their function in prostate tumor growth in the skeleton has not been explored. BMMs are the major source of inflammatory factors and proteases, including cysteine protease cathepsin K (CTSK). In this study, utilizing mice deficient in CTSK, we demonstrate the critical involvement of this potent collagenase in tumor progression in bone. We present the evidence that tumor growth and progression in the bone are impaired in the absence of CTSK. Most importantly, we show for the first time that BMM-supplied CTSK may be involved in CCL2- and COX-2-driven pathways that contribute to tumor progression in bone. Together, our data unravel novel roles for CTSK in macrophage-regulated processes, and provide evidence for close interplay between inflammatory, osteolytic and tumor cell-driven events in the bone-tumor microenvironment.
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37
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Martino RF, Davicino RC, Mattar MA, Sasso CV, Casali YA, Alonso R, Anesini C, Correa SG, Micalizzi B. Macrophages activation by a purified fraction, free of nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA), fromLarrea divaricataCav. as a potential novel therapy againstCandida albicans. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2012; 34:975-82. [DOI: 10.3109/08923973.2012.682225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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38
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Masarachia PJ, Pennypacker BL, Pickarski M, Scott KR, Wesolowski GA, Smith SY, Samadfam R, Goetzmann JE, Scott BB, Kimmel DB, Duong LT. Odanacatib reduces bone turnover and increases bone mass in the lumbar spine of skeletally mature ovariectomized rhesus monkeys. J Bone Miner Res 2012; 27:509-23. [PMID: 22113859 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.1475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Odanacatib (ODN) is a selective and reversible inhibitor of cathepsin K (CatK) currently being developed as a once-weekly treatment for osteoporosis. In this study, we evaluated the effects of ODN on bone turnover, bone mineral density (BMD), and bone strength in the lumbar spine of estrogen-deficient, skeletally mature rhesus monkeys. Ovariectomized (OVX) monkeys were treated in prevention mode for 21 months with either vehicle, ODN 6 mg/kg, or ODN 30 mg/kg (p.o., q.d.) and compared with intact animals. ODN treatment persistently suppressed the bone resorption markers (urinary NTx [75% to 90%] and serum CTx [40% to 55%]) and the serum formation markers (BSAP [30% to 35%] and P1NP [60% to 70%]) versus vehicle-treated OVX monkeys. Treatment with ODN also led to dose-dependent increases in serum 1-CTP and maintained estrogen deficiency-elevated Trap-5b levels, supporting the distinct mechanism of CatK inhibition in effectively suppressing bone resorption without reducing osteoclast numbers. ODN at both doses fully prevented bone loss in lumbar vertebrae (L₁ to L₄) BMD in OVX animals, maintaining a level comparable to intact animals. ODN dose-dependently increased L₁ to L₄ BMD by 7% in the 6 mg/kg group (p < 0.05 versus OVX-vehicle) and 15% in the 30 mg/kg group (p < 0.05 versus OVX-vehicle) from baseline. Treatment also trended to increase bone strength, associated with a positive and highly significant correlation (R = 0.838) between peak load and bone mineral content of the lumbar spine. Whereas ODN reduced bone turnover parameters in trabecular bone, the number of osteoclasts was either maintained or increased in the ODN-treated groups compared with the vehicle controls. Taken together, our findings demonstrated that the long-term treatment with ODN effectively suppressed bone turnover without reducing osteoclast number and maintained normal biomechanical properties of the spine of OVX nonhuman primates.
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Leung P, Pickarski M, Zhuo Y, Masarachia PJ, Duong LT. The effects of the cathepsin K inhibitor odanacatib on osteoclastic bone resorption and vesicular trafficking. Bone 2011; 49:623-35. [PMID: 21718816 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2011.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2011] [Revised: 06/10/2011] [Accepted: 06/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Odanacatib (ODN) is a selective, potent and reversible inhibitor of cathepsin K (CatK) that inhibits bone loss in postmenopausal osteoporosis. Evidence from osteoclast (OC) formation from bone marrow of CatK(-/-) mice or human OC progenitors treated with ODN, demonstrated that CatK inhibition has no effect on osteoclastogenesis or survival of OCs. Although having no impact on OC activation, ODN reduces resorption activity as measured by CTx release (IC(50)=9.4 nM) or resorption area (IC(50)=6.5 nM). While untreated cells generate deep trail-like resorption lacunae, treated OCs form small discrete shallow pits. ODN leads to significant accumulation of intracellular vesicles intensely stained for CatK and TRAP. CatK (+) vesicles localize toward the basolateral and functional secretory membranes of the polarized OC and TRAP(+) vesicles evenly distribute in the cytoplasm, suggesting that ODN disrupts multiple vesicular trafficking pathways. Intracellular levels of both precursor and mature TRAP were increased by 2-fold and the pre-pro and mature CatK by 6- and 2-fold in ODN-treated OCs compared to untreated controls. ODN treated OC accumulates labeled degraded bone matrix proteins in CatK containing vesicles. In summary, ODN treatment inhibits bone resorption by blocking degradation of demineralized collagen in the resorption lacunae, and retarding transcytosis for further processing of degraded proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Leung
- Merck Sharp, & Dohme Corp., P.O. Box 100, Whitehouse Station, NJ 08889, USA
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40
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Conaway HH, Pirhayati A, Persson E, Pettersson U, Svensson O, Lindholm C, Henning P, Tuckermann J, Lerner UH. Retinoids stimulate periosteal bone resorption by enhancing the protein RANKL, a response inhibited by monomeric glucocorticoid receptor. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:31425-36. [PMID: 21715325 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.247734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Increased vitamin A (retinol) intake has been suggested to increase bone fragility. In the present study, we investigated effects of retinoids on bone resorption in cultured neonatal mouse calvarial bones and their interaction with glucocorticoids (GC). All-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA), retinol, retinalaldehyde, and 9-cis-retinoic acid stimulated release of (45)Ca from calvarial bones. The resorptive effect of ATRA was characterized by mRNA expression of genes associated with osteoclast differentiation, enhanced osteoclast number, and bone matrix degradation. In addition, the RANKL/OPG ratio was increased by ATRA, release of (45)Ca stimulated by ATRA was blocked by exogenous OPG, and mRNA expression of genes associated with bone formation was decreased by ATRA. All retinoid acid receptors (RARα/β/γ) were expressed in calvarial bones. Agonists with affinity to all receptor subtypes or specifically to RARα enhanced the release of (45)Ca and mRNA expression of Rankl, whereas agonists with affinity to RARβ/γ or RARγ had no effects. Stimulation of Rankl mRNA by ATRA was competitively inhibited by the RARα antagonist GR110. Exposure of calvarial bones to GC inhibited the stimulatory effects of ATRA on (45)Ca release and Rankl mRNA and protein expression. This inhibitory effect was reversed by the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) antagonist RU 486. Increased Rankl mRNA stimulated by ATRA was also blocked by GC in calvarial bones from mice with a GR mutation that blocks dimerization (GR(dim) mice). The data suggest that ATRA enhances periosteal bone resorption by increasing the RANKL/OPG ratio via RARα receptors, a response that can be inhibited by monomeric GR.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Herschel Conaway
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas 72205, USA
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41
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Mohd-Pahmi SH, Hussein WM, Schenk G, McGeary RP. Synthesis, modelling and kinetic assays of potent inhibitors of purple acid phosphatase. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:3092-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2011] [Revised: 03/07/2011] [Accepted: 03/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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42
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Karlström E, Norgård M, Hultenby K, Somogyi-Ganss E, Sugars R, Andersson G, Wendel M. Localization and expression of prothrombin in rodent osteoclasts and long bones. Calcif Tissue Int 2011; 88:179-88. [PMID: 21191574 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-010-9443-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2010] [Accepted: 09/19/2010] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The serum protein prothrombin (PT) is proteolytically converted to thrombin during the coagulation cascade by the cell-associated prothrombinase complex. In vitro, RANKL-differentiated osteoclasts express tissue factor and coagulation factor Xa, which convert PT to thrombin (Karlstrom et al. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 394:593-599, 2010). The present study investigated the localization of PT in bone as well as the expression of PT mRNA in bone and osteoclasts. Herein, immunoblot analysis detected PT and smaller proteolytically cleaved fragments with sizes consistent with the action of prothrombinase in a protein fraction extracted with guanidine-HCl EDTA from mouse tibia. Light microscopic and ultrastructural immunohistochemistry demonstrated the presence of PT in the newly formed bone matrix of the metaphysis. Furthermore, fluorescent immunohistochemistry on metaphyseal trabecular bone showed that PT colocalized with MMP-9-expressing subepiphyseal osteoclasts, whereas cathepsin K-expressing osteoclasts were closely associated with PT of the bone matrix. RT-qPCR analysis revealed that PT mRNA was detected in tibia. Expression of PT mRNA in the tibia was 0.2% of the level in the liver. In addition, PT mRNA expression was increased by RANKL-induced differentiation of bone marrow macrophages to osteoclasts. The results demonstrate that PT is synthesized and proteolytically processed in bone. Furthermore, PT is present mainly in the newly formed bone matrix of the metaphyseal trabecular bone compartment in close association to osteoclasts. In addition, MMP-9-positive osteoclasts contain PT, and PT expression is increased during osteoclastogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Karlström
- Division of Oral Biology, Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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43
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Karlström E, Ek-Rylander B, Wendel M, Andersson G. Isolation and phenotypic characterization of a multinucleated tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase–positive bone marrow macrophage. Exp Hematol 2011; 39:339-350.e3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2010.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2010] [Revised: 12/06/2010] [Accepted: 12/21/2010] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Henriksen K, Bollerslev J, Everts V, Karsdal MA. Osteoclast activity and subtypes as a function of physiology and pathology--implications for future treatments of osteoporosis. Endocr Rev 2011; 32:31-63. [PMID: 20851921 DOI: 10.1210/er.2010-0006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Osteoclasts have traditionally been associated exclusively with catabolic functions that are a prerequisite for bone resorption. However, emerging data suggest that osteoclasts also carry out functions that are important for optimal bone formation and bone quality. Moreover, recent findings indicate that osteoclasts have different subtypes depending on their location, genotype, and possibly in response to drug intervention. The aim of the current review is to describe the subtypes of osteoclasts in four different settings: 1) physiological, in relation to turnover of different bone types; 2) pathological, as exemplified by monogenomic disorders; 3) pathological, as identified by different disorders; and 4) in drug-induced situations. The profiles of these subtypes strongly suggest that these osteoclasts belong to a heterogeneous cell population, namely, a diverse macrophage-associated cell type with bone catabolic and anabolic functions that are dependent on both local and systemic parameters. Further insight into these osteoclast subtypes may be important for understanding cell-cell communication in the bone microenvironment, treatment effects, and ultimately bone quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Henriksen
- Nordic Bioscience A/S, Herlev Hovedgade 207, DK-2730 Herlev, Denmark.
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45
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de Souza Faloni AP, Schoenmaker T, Azari A, Katchburian E, Cerri PS, de Vries TJ, Everts V. Jaw and long bone marrows have a different osteoclastogenic potential. Calcif Tissue Int 2011; 88:63-74. [PMID: 20862464 PMCID: PMC3021190 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-010-9418-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2010] [Accepted: 08/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Osteoclasts, the multinucleated bone-resorbing cells, arise through fusion of precursors from the myeloid lineage. However, not all osteoclasts are alike; osteoclasts at different bone sites appear to differ in numerous respects. We investigated whether bone marrow cells obtained from jaw and long bone differed in their osteoclastogenic potential. Bone marrow cells from murine mandible and tibiae were isolated and cultured for 4 and 6 days on plastic or 6 and 10 days on dentin. Osteoclastogenesis was assessed by counting the number of TRAP(+) multinucleated cells. Bone marrow cell composition was analyzed by FACS. The expression of osteoclast- and osteoclastogenesis-related genes was studied by qPCR. TRAP activity and resorptive activity of osteoclasts were measured by absorbance and morphometric analyses, respectively. At day 4 more osteoclasts were formed in long bone cultures than in jaw cultures. At day 6 the difference in number was no longer observed. The jaw cultures, however, contained more large osteoclasts on plastic and on dentin. Long bone marrow contained more osteoclast precursors, in particular the myeloid blasts, and qPCR revealed that the RANKL:OPG ratio was higher in long bone cultures. TRAP expression was higher for the long bone cultures on dentin. Although jaw osteoclasts were larger than long bone osteoclasts, no differences were found between their resorptive activities. In conclusion, bone marrow cells from different skeletal locations (jaw and long bone) have different dynamics of osteoclastogenesis. We propose that this is primarily due to differences in the cellular composition of the bone site-specific marrow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Paula de Souza Faloni
- Department of Morphology and Genetics, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua Botucatu, 740 Vila Clementino, São Paulo, SP 04023-900 Brazil
- Department of Morphology, Dental School, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Rua Humaitá 1680, Araraquara, SP 14801-903 Brazil
| | - Ton Schoenmaker
- Department of Oral Cell Biology and Periodontology, Academic Center of Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), Research Institute Move, University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam, Gustav Mahlerlaan 3004, 1081 LA Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Azin Azari
- Department of Oral Cell Biology and Periodontology, Academic Center of Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), Research Institute Move, University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam, Gustav Mahlerlaan 3004, 1081 LA Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eduardo Katchburian
- Department of Morphology and Genetics, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua Botucatu, 740 Vila Clementino, São Paulo, SP 04023-900 Brazil
| | - Paulo S. Cerri
- Department of Morphology, Dental School, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Rua Humaitá 1680, Araraquara, SP 14801-903 Brazil
| | - Teun J. de Vries
- Department of Oral Cell Biology and Periodontology, Academic Center of Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), Research Institute Move, University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam, Gustav Mahlerlaan 3004, 1081 LA Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Vincent Everts
- Department of Oral Cell Biology and Periodontology, Academic Center of Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), Research Institute Move, University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam, Gustav Mahlerlaan 3004, 1081 LA Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Zenger S, He W, Ek-Rylander B, Vassiliou D, Wedin R, Bauer H, Andersson G. Differential expression of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase isoforms 5a and 5b by tumor and stromal cells in human metastatic bone disease. Clin Exp Metastasis 2010; 28:65-73. [PMID: 20967488 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-010-9358-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2010] [Accepted: 10/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) exists in human serum as two major isoforms, monomeric 5a and proteolytically processed enzymatically active 5b. The 5b isoform is secreted by osteoclasts and has recently been advocated as a serum marker for bone metastasis in breast cancer patients. The 5a isoform, on the other hand, is not bone-derived and has been proposed to be a marker of activated macrophages and chronic inflammation. In this study, expression of TRAP protein and enzymatic activity in bone metastases from different primary sites was examined. TRAP activity was high in bone metastases from prostate cancer, intermediate in breast cancer, and low in lung and kidney cancers. The partially purified TRAP from breast cancer bone metastasis samples exhibited the enzymatic characteristics of purple acid phosphatase. Both 5a and 5b isoforms were expressed in bone metastases of different histogenetic origins, i.e. prostate, breast, lung and kidney, and also a novel previously unreported 42 kDa variant of the TRAP 5a isoform was identified in bone metastases. This novel TRAP 5a isoform was absent in human bone, indicating that the 42 kDa variant is specific to metastatic cancer tissue. Immunohistochemistry revealed that metastatic cancer cells were the predominant source of TRAP 5a, whereas tumor-associated macrophages and occasionally multinucleated giant cells in the tumor stroma preferentially expressed the proteolytically processed TRAP 5b variant. Our results indicate the presence of a previously unstudied variant of monomeric TRAP 5a in cancer cells, which may have functional and diagnostic implications. Moreover, the presence of TRAP-positive macrophages in bone metastases could, together with cancer cells and osteoclasts, contribute to the elevated levels of serum TRAP activity observed in patients with bone metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serhan Zenger
- Division of Pathology F 46, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital, S-141 86 Huddinge, Sweden.
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Chappard D, Libouban H, Mindeholm L, Baslé MF, Legrand E, Audran M. The cathepsin K inhibitor AAE581 induces morphological changes in osteoclasts of treated patients. Microsc Res Tech 2010; 73:726-32. [PMID: 20025055 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.20813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Inhibitors of Cathepsin K (Cat-K) are recognized as an interesting way to inhibit osteoclast (OC) activity. OCs from patients treated with the anticathepsin-K inhibitor AAE581 (balicatib) were found enlarged. They contained numerous vacuoles filled with tartrate resistant acid phosphatase (TRAcP), an intracellular enzyme that terminates the degradation of collagen internalized in OC transcytotic vesicles. In a phase 2 clinical study, 675 patients with postmenopausal osteoporosis received the Cat-K inhibitor AAE581 at 0, 5, 10, 25, or 50 mg/D during 1 year. Eleven patients had a transiliac bone biopsy, studied undecalcified. Histoenzymatic detection of TRAcP was used to identify and count OC number. The histomorphometrist was not aware of the randomization of patients at the time of analysis. OC were unstained in one patient because of a failure in the fixation protocol, but easily observable in the 10 remaining patients. Whatever the received dose, treated patients exhibited a characteristic aspect of the OC cytoplasm which appeared filled of deeply-stained brown vacuoles, making cells looking like bunches of grape. These round vacuoles, evidenced on TRAcP-stained sections, were due to the accumulation of intracytoplasmic TRAcP. This led to a moderate enlargement of the OC size when compared to a series of control osteoporotic patients. AAE581 did not induce OC apoptosis at any dosage but it modified OC morphology. Cat-K inhibition (inhibiting the extracellular collagen breakdown) is associated with a compensatory accumulation of intracellular TRAcP that could not be used to complete protein degradation. TRAcP is also known to be degraded by Cat-K.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Chappard
- INSERM, U922-LHEA, Faculté de Médecine, Angers Cédex, France.
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48
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Fahlgren A, Bostrom MPG, Yang X, Johansson L, Edlund U, Agholme F, Aspenberg P. Fluid pressure and flow as a cause of bone resorption. Acta Orthop 2010; 81:508-16. [PMID: 20718695 PMCID: PMC2917576 DOI: 10.3109/17453674.2010.504610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Unstable implants in bone become surrounded by an osteolytic zone. This is seen around loose screws, for example, but may also contribute to prosthetic loosening. Previous animal studies have shown that such zones can be induced by fluctuations in fluid pressure or flow, caused by implant instability. METHOD To understand the roles of pressure and flow, we describe the 3-dimensional distribution of osteolytic lesions in response to fluid pressure and flow in a previously reported rat model of aseptic loosening. 50 rats had a piston inserted in the proximal tibia, designed to produce 20 local spikes in fluid pressure of a clinically relevant magnitude (700 mmHg) twice a day. The spikes lasted for about 0.3 seconds. After 2 weeks, the pressure was measured in vivo, and the osteolytic lesions induced were studied using micro-CT scans. RESULTS Most bone resorption occurred at pre-existing cavities within the bone in the periphery around the pressurized region, and not under the piston. This region is likely to have a higher fluid flow and less pressure than the area just beneath the piston. The velocity of fluid flow was estimated to be very high (roughly 20 mm/s). INTERPRETATION The localization of the resorptive lesions suggests that high-velocity fluid flow is important for bone resorption induced by instability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Fahlgren
- Division of Orthopaedics, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, LinköpingSweden,Correspondence:
| | | | - Xu Yang
- Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NYUSA
| | - Lars Johansson
- Division of Mechanics, Department of Management and Enineering, Linköping University, LinköpingSweden
| | - Ulf Edlund
- Division of Mechanics, Department of Management and Enineering, Linköping University, LinköpingSweden
| | - Fredrik Agholme
- Division of Orthopaedics, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, LinköpingSweden
| | - Per Aspenberg
- Division of Orthopaedics, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, LinköpingSweden
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49
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Zenger S, Ek-Rylander B, Andersson G. Biogenesis of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase isoforms 5a and 5b in stably transfected MDA-MB-231 breast cancer epithelial cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2010; 1803:598-607. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2010.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2009] [Revised: 01/29/2010] [Accepted: 01/29/2010] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Zenger S, Ek-Rylander B, Andersson G. Long bone osteoclasts display an augmented osteoclast phenotype compared to calvarial osteoclasts. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2010; 394:743-9. [PMID: 20230792 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2010.03.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2010] [Accepted: 03/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Osteoclasts are multinucleated cells specialized in degrading bone and characterized by high expression of the enzymes tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) and cathepsin K (CtsK). Recent studies show that osteoclasts exhibit phenotypic differences depending on their anatomical site of action. Using immunohistochemistry, RT-qPCR, FPLC chromatography and immunoblotting, we compared TRAP expression in calvaria and long bone. TRAP protein and enzyme activity levels were higher in long bones compared to calvaria. In addition, proteolytic processing of TRAP was more extensive in long bones than calvaria which correlated with higher cysteine proteinase activity and protein expression of CtsK. These two types of bones also exhibited a differential expression of monomeric TRAP and CtsK isoforms. Analysis of CtsK(-/-) mice revealed that CtsK is involved in proteolytic processing of TRAP in calvaria. Moreover, long bone osteoclasts exhibited higher expression of not only TRAP and CtsK but also of the membrane markers CD68 and CD163. The results suggest that long bone osteoclasts display an augmented osteoclastic phenotype with stronger expression of both membranous and secreted osteoclast proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serhan Zenger
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, F46 Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge SE-141 86, Sweden.
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