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Paul D, Arwood Z, Mulon PY, Penumadu D, Truster T. Method for computer tomography voxel-based finite element analysis and validation with digital image correlation system. MethodsX 2024; 13:102879. [PMID: 39206058 PMCID: PMC11350451 DOI: 10.1016/j.mex.2024.102879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Understanding the mechanical behavior of heterogeneous materials is becoming increasingly crucial across various fields, including aerospace engineering, composite materials development, geology, and biomechanics. While substantial literature exists on this topic, conventional methods often rely on commercial software packages. This study presents a framework for computed tomography (CT) scan-based finite element (FE) analysis of such materials using open-source software in most of the workflow. Our work focuses on three key aspects:1.Mesh generation that incorporates spatially varying mechanical properties and well-defined boundary conditions.2.Validation of the FE results through comparison with digital image correlation (DIC) system measurements.3.Open-source software utilization throughout the entire process, making it more accessible and cost-effective.This work aims to demonstrate the effectiveness of this framework for analyzing heterogeneous materials in various fields, offering a more accessible and affordable approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debangshu Paul
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Zachariah Arwood
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Pierre-Yves Mulon
- University of Tennessee College of Veterinary Medicine, 2407 River Dr, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Dayakar Penumadu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Timothy Truster
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
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2
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Towle I, Loch C, Oxenham M, Krueger KL, Samir Salem A, de Pinillos MM, Modesto-Mata M, Hlusko LJ. Technical note: Micro-computed tomography calibration using dental tissue for bone mineral research. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2024; 184:e24952. [PMID: 38775381 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 04/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Computed tomography (CT) and microcomputed tomography (μCT) require calibration against density phantoms scanned with specimens or during routine internal calibration for assessment of mineral concentration (MC) and density. In clinical studies involving bone, alternative calibration methods using bodily tissues and fluids ("phantomless" calibration) have been suggested. However, such tissues are seldom available in archeological and osteological research. This study investigates the potential of dental tissue as internal reference for calibration of μCT scans, facilitating the analysis of bone MC. We analyzed 70 molars from 24 extant primate species, including eight human teeth, each scanned with density phantoms for calibration. Our findings indicate that sampling specific regions of molars (lateral aspects of the mesial cusps) yields low variation in enamel and dentine MC values, averaging 1.27 g/cm3 (±0.03) for dentine and 2.25 g/cm3 (±0.03) for enamel. No significant differences were observed across molar types or among scanning procedures, including scanner model, resolution, and filters. An ad hoc test on 12 mandibles revealed low variance in MC between the conventional phantom and dental tissue calibration methods; all 36 measurements (low, medium, and high MC for each mandible) were within 0.05 g/cm3 of each other -81% were within 0.03 g/cm3 and 94% within 0.04 g/cm3. Based on these results, we propose a new "phantomless" calibration technique using these mean enamel and dentine MC values. The presented phantomless calibration method could aid in the assessment of bone pathology and enhance the scope of studies investigating bone structure and physical property variations in archeological, osteological, and laboratory-based research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Towle
- Centro Nacional de Investigación sobre la Evolución Humana (CENIEH), Burgos, Spain
- Sir John Walsh Research Institute, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Carolina Loch
- Sir John Walsh Research Institute, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Marc Oxenham
- School of Archaeology and Anthropology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
- Department of Archaeology, School of Geosciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Kristin L Krueger
- Department of Anthropology, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Amira Samir Salem
- Sir John Walsh Research Institute, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Marina Martínez de Pinillos
- Centro Nacional de Investigación sobre la Evolución Humana (CENIEH), Burgos, Spain
- Laboratorio de Evolución Humana (LEH), Universidad de Burgos, Burgos, Spain
| | - Mario Modesto-Mata
- Centro Nacional de Investigación sobre la Evolución Humana (CENIEH), Burgos, Spain
- Universidad Internacional de La Rioja (UNIR), Logroño La Rioja, Spain
| | - Leslea J Hlusko
- Centro Nacional de Investigación sobre la Evolución Humana (CENIEH), Burgos, Spain
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3
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Carey CM. Remineralization of Early Enamel Lesions with Apatite-Forming Salt. Dent J (Basel) 2023; 11:182. [PMID: 37623278 PMCID: PMC10453125 DOI: 10.3390/dj11080182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study sought to evaluate the remineralization of ex vivo human teeth using commercially available artificial saliva, SalivaMAX®, a supersaturated calcium phosphate rinse (SSCPR). METHODS early enamel lesions were artificially induced on ex vivo human teeth by chemical means. The teeth were exposed to the SSCPR for two minutes (experimental) or dH2O (control) four times per day for a total of 35 days. At time points of 0, 2.5, 21, and 35 days, micro-CT was utilized to determine the mineral density profile across the lesion and evaluate lesion depth. The relative percent remineralization was calculated from the initial lesion depth (Time 0) at each evaluation time. Student's t-test was used to compare the extent of remineralization between the SSCPR and control groups for statistical significance at each time. To evaluate the changes in percent remineralization over time, a two-way ANOVA was used. RESULTS At Time 0 and 2.5 days, there was no difference in the percent remineralization between the SSCPR and control groups (p > 0.05). After 21 days, the teeth exposed to the SSCPR remineralized 56.7 ± 3.7%, while the control only remineralized 10.7 ± 11.0% (p < 0.0001). At day 35, the remineralization was 73.7 ± 5.4% and 18.2 ± 10.8% (p < 0.0001) for the SSCPR and control groups, respectively. CONCLUSIONS A marked increase in remineralization occurred with the use of the SSCPR. Notably, the remineralization of the SSCPR occurred deep within the tooth and progressed toward the surface over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clifton M Carey
- School of Dental Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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4
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Gardinier JD, Chougule A, Mendez D, Daly-Seiler C, Zhang C. Periosteal Bone Formation Varies with Age in Periostin Null Mice. Calcif Tissue Int 2023; 112:463-471. [PMID: 36729140 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-023-01063-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Periostin, also known as osteoblast-specific factor 2, is a matricellular protein predominantly expressed at the periosteum of bone. During growth and development, periostin contributes to periosteal expansion by facilitating osteoblast differentiation and mineralization. Later in life, periosteal expansion provides an adaptive strategy to increase tissue strength without requiring substantial increase in bone mass. However, the function of periostin past skeletal maturity and during advanced aging is relatively unknown. The objective of this study was to examine the function of periostin in maintaining bone mass and tissue strength across different ages. In periostin null mice (Postn-/-), periosteal bone formation was significantly reduced in young (3 months) and adult mice (9 months). The lack of bone formation resulted in reduced bone mass and ultimate strength. Conversely, periosteal bone formation increased at advanced ages in 18-month-old Postn-/- mice. The increase in periosteal mineralization at advanced ages coincides with increased expression of vitronectin and osteopontin. Periosteal progenitors from Postn-/- mice displayed an increased capacity to mineralize when cultured on vitronectin, but not type-1 collagen. Altogether, these findings demonstrate the unique role of periostin in regulating periosteal bone formation at different ages and the potential for vitronectin to compensate in the absence of periostin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph D Gardinier
- Department of Orthopedics, Bone and Joint Center, Henry Ford Health System, 6135 Woodward Avenue, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA.
| | - Amit Chougule
- Department of Orthopedics, Bone and Joint Center, Henry Ford Health System, 6135 Woodward Avenue, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
| | - Devin Mendez
- School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Conor Daly-Seiler
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Chunbin Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Bone and Joint Center, Henry Ford Health System, 6135 Woodward Avenue, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
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5
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Pasini A, Rinaldo N, Bramanti B, Gualdi-Russo E. Technical note: Application and potentiality of quantitative ultrasonometry for the evaluation of bone mineral density status. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2023; 181:140-154. [PMID: 36824053 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
The evaluation of bone mineral density (BMD) is an important task in paleopathology. Techniques commonly applied in bone quantity assessment, such as DXA or radiogrammetry (XR), suffer from several limitations when applied to skeletal remains. In recently published research, we developed a new methodology and new reference curves for the evaluation of BMD on human skeletal remains, applying for the first time Quantitative Ultrasonometry (QUS), a user-friendly, portable, and reliable clinical technique. This study aims to apply this new methodology to an archeological sample and to compare the results with those obtained through XR. We apply QUS and XR to a sample of 104 adults from Medieval Italian cemeteries. Fragility fractures were recorded. Descriptive statistics and comparisons between sexes, age-at-death cohorts, and individuals with and without fragility fractures were performed. Moreover, univariate and multivariate logistic regression models were used to define the parameters most predictive of fracture risk in past populations. The comparison between sexes showed no significant results concerning BMD parameters, whereas a decrease in BMD with increasing age is confirmed. The comparison between fracture and non-fracture individuals and the logit model demonstrated that QUS parameters, especially UBPI, are more reliable predictors of fracture risk in comparison to XR. Our results confirmed that QUS is a valuable technique that can be efficiently applied to archeological remains, also considering its portability. We also propose a modification of the previously published QUS standard curves, to easily assess osteopenia and osteoporosis in archeological material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Pasini
- Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Natascia Rinaldo
- Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Barbara Bramanti
- Department of Environmental and Prevention Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.,University Center for Studies on Gender Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Emanuela Gualdi-Russo
- Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
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Poleschinski JM, Eley N, Enderlein D, Kramer M, Lierz M, Fischer D. A Novel Dipotassium Hydrogen Phosphate Phantom for Calibrating Computed Tomographic Bone Density Measurements in Birds. J Avian Med Surg 2022; 36:28-38. [DOI: 10.1647/20-00018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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7
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Cohn-Schwartz D, Schary Y, Yalon E, Krut Z, Da X, Schwarz EM, Gazit D, Pelled G, Gazit Z. PTH-Induced Bone Regeneration and Vascular Modulation Are Both Dependent on Endothelial Signaling. Cells 2022; 11:cells11050897. [PMID: 35269519 PMCID: PMC8909576 DOI: 10.3390/cells11050897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of a bone allograft presents a promising approach for healing nonunion fractures. We have previously reported that parathyroid hormone (PTH) therapy induced allograft integration while modulating angiogenesis at the allograft proximity. Here, we hypothesize that PTH-induced vascular modulation and the osteogenic effect of PTH are both dependent on endothelial PTH receptor-1 (PTHR1) signaling. To evaluate our hypothesis, we used multiple transgenic mouse lines, and their wild-type counterparts as a control. In addition to endothelial-specific PTHR1 knock-out mice, we used mice in which PTHR1 was engineered to be constitutively active in collagen-1α+ osteoblasts, to assess the effect of PTH signaling activation exclusively in osteoprogenitors. To characterize resident cell recruitment and osteogenic activity, mice in which the Luciferase reporter gene is expressed under the Osteocalcin promoter (Oc-Luc) were used. Mice were implanted with calvarial allografts and treated with either PTH or PBS. A micro-computed tomography-based structural analysis indicated that the induction of bone formation by PTH, as observed in wild-type animals, was not maintained when PTHR1 was removed from endothelial cells. Furthermore, the induction of PTH signaling exclusively in osteoblasts resulted in significantly less bone formation compared to systemic PTH treatment, and significantly less osteogenic activity was measured by bioluminescence imaging of the Oc-Luc mice. Deletion of the endothelial PTHR1 significantly decreased the PTH-induced formation of narrow blood vessels, formerly demonstrated in wild-type mice. However, the exclusive activation of PTH signaling in osteoblasts was sufficient to re-establish the observed PTH effect. Collectively, our results show that endothelial PTHR1 signaling plays a key role in PTH-induced osteogenesis and has implications in angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doron Cohn-Schwartz
- Department of Internal Medicine B, Division of Internal Medicine, Rambam Healthcare Campus, Haifa 3109601, Israel;
- Skeletal Biotech Laboratory, Faculty of Dental Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91120, Israel; (Y.S.); (E.Y.); (D.G.); (G.P.)
| | - Yeshai Schary
- Skeletal Biotech Laboratory, Faculty of Dental Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91120, Israel; (Y.S.); (E.Y.); (D.G.); (G.P.)
| | - Eran Yalon
- Skeletal Biotech Laboratory, Faculty of Dental Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91120, Israel; (Y.S.); (E.Y.); (D.G.); (G.P.)
| | - Zoe Krut
- Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA;
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Xiaoyu Da
- Biomedical Imaging Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA;
| | - Edward M. Schwarz
- The Center for Musculoskeletal Research, Department of Orthopaedics, School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA;
| | - Dan Gazit
- Skeletal Biotech Laboratory, Faculty of Dental Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91120, Israel; (Y.S.); (E.Y.); (D.G.); (G.P.)
- Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA;
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
- Biomedical Imaging Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA;
- Department of Orthopedics, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Gadi Pelled
- Skeletal Biotech Laboratory, Faculty of Dental Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91120, Israel; (Y.S.); (E.Y.); (D.G.); (G.P.)
- Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA;
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
- Biomedical Imaging Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA;
- Department of Orthopedics, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Zulma Gazit
- Skeletal Biotech Laboratory, Faculty of Dental Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91120, Israel; (Y.S.); (E.Y.); (D.G.); (G.P.)
- Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA;
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
- Department of Orthopedics, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
- Correspondence:
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8
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Cohen T, Kossover O, Peled E, Bick T, Hasanov L, Chun TT, Cool S, Lewinson D, Seliktar D. A combined cell and growth factor delivery for the repair of a critical size tibia defect using biodegradable hydrogel implants. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2022; 16:380-395. [PMID: 35119200 PMCID: PMC9303443 DOI: 10.1002/term.3285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The ability to repair critical‐sized long‐bone injuries using growth factor and cell delivery was investigated using hydrogel biomaterials. Physiological doses of the recombinant human bone morphogenic protein‐2 (rhBMP2) were delivered in a sustained manner from a biodegradable hydrogel containing peripheral human blood‐derived endothelial progenitor cells (hEPCs). The biodegradable implants made from polyethylene glycol (PEG) and denatured fibrinogen (PEG‐fibrinogen, PF) were loaded with 7.7 μg/ml of rhBMP2 and 2.5 × 106 cells/ml hEPCs. The safety and efficacy of the implant were tested in a rodent model of a critical‐size long‐bone defect. The hydrogel implants were formed ex‐situ and placed into defects in the tibia of athymic nude rats and analyzed for bone repair after 13 weeks following surgery. The hydrogels containing a combination of 7.7 μg/ml of rhBMP2 and 2.5 × 106 cells/ml hEPCs were compared to control hydrogels containing 7.7 μg/ml of rhBMP2 only, 2.5 × 106 cells/ml hEPCs only, or bare hydrogels. Assessments of bone repair include histological analysis, bone formation at the site of implantation using quantitative microCT, and assessment of implant degradation. New bone formation was detected in all treated animals, with the highest amounts found in the treatments that included animals that combined the PF implant with rhBMP2. Moreover, statistically significant increases in the tissue mineral density (TMD), trabecular number and trabecular thickness were observed in defects treated with rhBMP2 compared to non‐rhBMP2 defects. New bone formation was significantly higher in the hEPC‐treated defects compared to bare hydrogel defects, but there were no significant differences in new bone formation, trabecular number, trabecular thickness or TMD at 13 weeks when comparing the rhBMP2 + hEPCs‐treated defects to rhBMP2‐treated defects. The study concludes that the bone regeneration using hydrogel implants containing hEPCs are overshadowed by enhanced osteogenesis associated with sustained delivery of rhBMP2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talia Cohen
- The Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Olga Kossover
- Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Eli Peled
- The Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.,Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Rambam Medical Center, Haifa, Israel
| | - Tova Bick
- The Institute of Research of Bone Healing, the Rambam Healthcare Campus, Haifa, Israel
| | - Lena Hasanov
- Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Tan Tuan Chun
- Glycotherapeutics Group, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Simon Cool
- Glycotherapeutics Group, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Dina Lewinson
- The Institute of Research of Bone Healing, the Rambam Healthcare Campus, Haifa, Israel
| | - Dror Seliktar
- Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
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9
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End-to-end prediction of uniaxial compression profiles of apples during in vitro digestion using time-series micro-computed tomography and deep learning. J FOOD ENG 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2022.111014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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10
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Lin Q, Zhang X, Liang D, Li J, Wang W, Wang Z, Wong CP. The in vivo dissolution of tricalcium silicate bone cement. J Biomed Mater Res A 2021; 109:2527-2535. [PMID: 34185370 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.37247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the in vivo dissolution of tricalcium silicate (Ca3 SiO5 , C3 S) bone cement in the rabbit femoral defect. Results indicated that C3 S paste directly integrated with the bone tissue without the protection of the bone-like apatite. Calcium silicate hydrate gel (C-S-H gel) and Ca(OH)2 were the main components of C3 S paste. The dissolution model of C3 S paste was a mass loss rather than a decrease in volume. The initial dissolution of C3 S paste (0 ~ 6 weeks) was greatly attributed to the release of Ca(OH)2 , and the later dissolution (>6 weeks) was attributed to the decalcification of C-S-H gel. Although the mass of C3 S paste could decrease by more than 19 wt % after 6 weeks of implantation, the created pores (<1 μm) were not large enough for the bone tissue to migrate into C3 S paste. The loss of Ca ions also resulted in the transformation of SiO4 tetrahedrons from Q1 and Q2 to Q0 , Q3 , and Q4 in C-S-H gel. Because only isolated SiO4 tetrahedrons (Q0 ) and Ca ions could be absorbed by the bone tissue, C3 S paste gradually transformed into a silica-rich gel. The fundamental reason for no decrease in volume of C3 S paste was that the SiO4 tetrahedron network still maintained the frame structure of C3 S paste during the implantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Lin
- School of Materials Engineering, Jinling Institute of Technology, Nanjing, China.,School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Xiaojuan Zhang
- School of Materials Engineering, Jinling Institute of Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Dong Liang
- School of Materials Engineering, Jinling Institute of Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Junlin Li
- School of Materials Engineering, Jinling Institute of Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Wei Wang
- School of Materials Engineering, Jinling Institute of Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhao Wang
- School of Materials Engineering, Jinling Institute of Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Ching-Ping Wong
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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11
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Ofer L, Zaslansky P, Shahar R. A comparison of the structure, composition and mechanical properties of anosteocytic vertebrae of medaka (O. latipes) and osteocytic vertebrae of zebrafish (D. rerio). JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2021; 98:995-1006. [PMID: 32239680 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.14334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Medaka (O. latipes) and zebrafish (D. rerio) are two teleost fish increasingly used as models to study human skeletal diseases. Although they are similar in size, swimming pattern and many other characteristics, these two species are very distant from an evolutionary point of view (by at least 100 million years). A prominent difference between the skeletons of medaka and zebrafish is the total absence of osteocytes in medaka (anosteocytic), while zebrafish bone contains numerous osteocytes (osteocytic). This fundamental difference suggests the possibility that the bony elements of their skeleton may be different in a variety of other aspects, structural, mechanical or both, particularly in heavily loaded bones like the vertebrae. Here we report on the results of a comparative study that aimed to determine the similarities and differences in medaka and zebrafish vertebrae in terms of their macro- to nanostructure, composition and mechanical properties. Our results reveal many similarities between medaka and zebrafish vertebrae, making the lack or presence of osteocytes the only major difference between the bones of these two species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lior Ofer
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environmental Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Paul Zaslansky
- Department for Restorative and Preventive Dentistry, Charité - Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ron Shahar
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environmental Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
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12
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Wang H, Wang D, Li Z, Liu S, Dong J, Zhang J, Wang H, Wang M, Ji B, Li Y. Electroacupuncture stimulation at BL20, BL23 and SP6 prevents hind limb unloading-induced osteoporosis in rats. Acupunct Med 2021; 39:656-662. [PMID: 33715459 DOI: 10.1177/0964528421995494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bone loss induced by microgravity is a serious problem in space flight. However, the effects of acupuncture stimulation on osteoporosis induced by microgravity have not been studied. With the goal of developing an effective countermeasure, our aim was to evaluate the effects of electroacupuncture (EA) stimulation at BL20, BL23, and SP6 on osteoporosis induced by simulated microgravity in rats. METHODS Thirty male Wistar rats (aged 10 weeks) were randomly divided into three groups: healthy control group (CON, n = 10), hind limb unloading by tail-suspension group (T-S, n = 10), and EA treatment group (TRE, n = 10). Rats in the T-S and TRE groups were subjected to tail-suspension at -30° for 30 days, while the CON group experienced freedom of activity. In this period, the TRE group received EA treatment at BL20, BL23, and SP6 for 30 min every other day, which continued for 30 days. The microarchitecture of the proximal tibia and the biomechanical features of the femur in the rats were analyzed. In addition, the levels of serum biomarkers bone alkaline phosphatase (BALP) and osteocalcin (BGP) were measured. RESULTS Compared with the CON group, the value of bone volume/total volume (BV/TV) and trabecular number (Tb.N) of the tibias in the TRE group remarkably decreased (p < 0.01). However, these changes were markedly less than those of the T-S group after 4 weeks of EA treatment (p < 0.05). Moreover, the serum concentration of BGP in the TRE group was also significantly higher than that of the T-S group (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that EA stimulation at BL20, BL23, and SP6 retards osteoporosis induced by hind limb unloading in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honghui Wang
- State Key Lab of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, China.,The Key Laboratory of Aerospace Medicine, Ministry of Education, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Desheng Wang
- State Key Lab of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, China
| | - Zhili Li
- State Key Lab of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, China
| | - Shujuan Liu
- State Key Lab of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, China
| | - Jingjing Dong
- The Key Laboratory of Aerospace Medicine, Ministry of Education, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China.,Lintong Aeromedical Evaluation and Training Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Jianfeng Zhang
- State Key Lab of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, China
| | - Huijuan Wang
- State Key Lab of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, China
| | - Minjie Wang
- Beijing Jingmei Group General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Ji
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yinghui Li
- State Key Lab of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, China
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13
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Chavez MB, Chu EY, Kram V, de Castro LF, Somerman MJ, Foster BL. Guidelines for Micro-Computed Tomography Analysis of Rodent Dentoalveolar Tissues. JBMR Plus 2021; 5:e10474. [PMID: 33778330 PMCID: PMC7990153 DOI: 10.1002/jbm4.10474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Micro–computed tomography (μCT) has become essential for analysis of mineralized as well as nonmineralized tissues and is therefore widely applicable in the life sciences. However, lack of standardized approaches and protocols for scanning, analyzing, and reporting data often makes it difficult to understand exactly how analyses were performed, how to interpret results, and if findings can be broadly compared with other models and studies. This problem is compounded in analysis of the dentoalveolar complex by the presence of four distinct mineralized tissues: enamel, dentin, cementum, and alveolar bone. Furthermore, these hard tissues interface with adjacent soft tissues, the dental pulp and periodontal ligament (PDL), making for a complex organ. Drawing on others' and our own experience analyzing rodent dentoalveolar tissues by μCT, we introduce techniques to successfully analyze dentoalveolar tissues with similar or disparate compositions, densities, and morphological characteristics. Our goal is to provide practical guidelines for μCT analysis of rodent dentoalveolar tissues, including approaches to optimize scan parameters (filters, voltage, voxel size, and integration time), reproducibly orient samples, define regions and volumes of interest, segment and subdivide tissues, interpret findings, and report methods and results. We include illustrative examples of analyses performed on genetically engineered mouse models with phenotypes in enamel, dentin, cementum, and alveolar bone. The recommendations are designed to increase transparency and reproducibility, promote best practices, and provide a basic framework to apply μCT analysis to the dentoalveolar complex that can also be extrapolated to a variety of other tissues of the body. © 2021 The Authors. JBMR Plus published by Wiley Periodicals LLC. on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael B Chavez
- Division of Biosciences, College of Dentistry The Ohio State University Columbus OH USA
| | - Emily Y Chu
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS) National Institutes of Health (NIH) Bethesda MD USA
| | - Vardit Kram
- National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR)National Institutes of Health (NIH) Bethesda MD USA
| | - Luis F de Castro
- National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR)National Institutes of Health (NIH) Bethesda MD USA
| | - Martha J Somerman
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS) National Institutes of Health (NIH) Bethesda MD USA
| | - Brian L Foster
- Division of Biosciences, College of Dentistry The Ohio State University Columbus OH USA
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14
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Schädli GN, Vetsch JR, Baumann RP, de Leeuw AM, Wehrle E, Rubert M, Müller R. Time-lapsed imaging of nanocomposite scaffolds reveals increased bone formation in dynamic compression bioreactors. Commun Biol 2021; 4:110. [PMID: 33495540 PMCID: PMC7835377 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-01635-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Progress in bone scaffold development relies on cost-intensive and hardly scalable animal studies. In contrast to in vivo, in vitro studies are often conducted in the absence of dynamic compression. Here, we present an in vitro dynamic compression bioreactor approach to monitor bone formation in scaffolds under cyclic loading. A biopolymer was processed into mechanically competent bone scaffolds that incorporate a high-volume content of ultrasonically treated hydroxyapatite or a mixture with barium titanate nanoparticles. After seeding with human bone marrow stromal cells, time-lapsed imaging of scaffolds in bioreactors revealed increased bone formation in hydroxyapatite scaffolds under cyclic loading. This stimulatory effect was even more pronounced in scaffolds containing a mixture of barium titanate and hydroxyapatite and corroborated by immunohistological staining. Therefore, by combining mechanical loading and time-lapsed imaging, this in vitro bioreactor strategy may potentially accelerate development of engineered bone scaffolds and reduce the use of animals for experimentation. Schädli et al. present a bioreactor system that combines mechanical loading with longitudinal microCT imaging to assess bone mineralization in a poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) scaffold reinforced with nanoparticles. This approach allows rapid and rigorous evaluation of engineered bone scaffolds performance in vitro and might reduce the use of animals for experimentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gian Nutal Schädli
- Institute for Biomechanics, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Particle Technology Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jolanda R Vetsch
- Institute for Biomechanics, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Robert P Baumann
- Particle Technology Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Anke M de Leeuw
- Institute for Biomechanics, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Esther Wehrle
- Institute for Biomechanics, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marina Rubert
- Institute for Biomechanics, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ralph Müller
- Institute for Biomechanics, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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15
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Abstract
The purpose of this Chapter is to present a detailed description of methods for performing bone Micro-Computed Tomography (microCT) scanning and analysis. MicroCT is an x-ray imaging method capable of visualizing bone at the micro-structural scale, that is, 1-100 µm resolution. MicroCT is the gold-standard method for assessment of 3D bone morphology in studies of small animals. As applied to the small bones of mice or rats, microCT can efficiently and accurately assess bone structure (e.g., cortical bone area [Ct.Ar]) and micro-structure (e.g., trabecular bone volume fraction [Tb.BV/TV]). The particular application described herein is for post mortem mouse femur specimens. The material presented should be generally applicable to many commercially available laboratory microCT systems, although some details are specific to the system used in our lab (Scanco mCT 40; SCANCO Medical AG, Bruttisellen, Switzerland).
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16
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Isono K, Takahashi E, Miyoshi I, Tsuneto M, Hikosaka-Kuniishi M, Yamane T, Yamazaki H. Simultaneous Fluorescent Identification of Odontoblasts and Ameloblasts. J Dent Res 2020; 100:532-541. [PMID: 33289448 DOI: 10.1177/0022034520974576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The tooth is mainly composed of dentin and enamel. Identification of dentin-producing odontoblasts and enamel-producing ameloblasts using reporter techniques is useful to study tooth development and regeneration with tissue engineering. Ameloblasts express Amelogenin, Ameloblastin, Enamelin, and Amelotin, whereas odontoblasts express Dentin sialophosphoprotein (Dspp) and Dentin matrix protein1 (Dmp1). Although there are several transgenic lines using promoter elements or bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs) to label odontoblasts and ameloblasts, there is a possibility that the expression patterns vary from the endogenous genes. Here, we established 2 lines of mice where tdTomato was knocked into the second exon of X-chromosomal Amelogenin (Amelx), and green fluorescent protein (GFP) was knocked into the second exon of Dspp. tdTomato and GFP were highly expressed on secretory ameloblasts and secretory and fully differentiated odontoblasts, respectively. In addition, DSPP and AMELX were not produced in the dentin matrix and enamel matrix of DsppGFP/GFP and AmelxtdTomato male mice (as representative of AmelxtdTomato/Y hemizygous male mice), respectively. Moreover, micro-computed tomography analysis of AmelxtdTomato male mice revealed a notable reduction in enamel volume but increased dentin mineral density. DsppGFP/GFP mice had reduced dentin mineral density. To identify odontoblasts and ameloblasts from developing tooth, we examined the expression of mesenchymal cell surface molecules CD90, CD166 and epithelial cell surface molecules CD49f, Epcam1 with fluorescence on odontoblasts and ameloblasts in these mice. We found that GFP+ odontoblasts and tdTomato+ ameloblasts in tooth germ from 0.5-d-old DsppGFP/+ mice and AmelxtdTomato male mice were enriched in CD45-/Ter119-/Epcam1-/CD90+/Integrin α4+cell fractions and CD45-/Ter119-/Epcam1+/CD49f+/CD147+ cell fractions, respectively. By using antibodies against mesenchymal and epithelial cell surface molecules and fluorescence, we can easily distinguish odontoblasts from ameloblasts and isolate each cell for further studies. These mice would serve as useful models for tooth development and regeneration as well as provide concurrent observation for the differentiation processes of odontoblasts and ameloblasts in vivo and in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Isono
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Division of Fundamental Medicine, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie, Japan
| | - E Takahashi
- Support Unit for Animal Resources Development, Research Resources Division, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wako-shi, Saitama, Japan
| | - I Miyoshi
- Department of Laboratory Animal Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - M Tsuneto
- Division of Regenerative Medicine and Therapeutics, Department of Genetic Medicine and Regenerative Therapeutics, Tottori University Graduate School of Medical Science, Yonago, Tottori, Japan
| | - M Hikosaka-Kuniishi
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Division of Fundamental Medicine, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie, Japan
| | - T Yamane
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Division of Fundamental Medicine, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie, Japan
| | - H Yamazaki
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Division of Fundamental Medicine, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie, Japan
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17
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Chen C, Kim WK. The application of micro-CT in egg-laying hen bone analysis: introducing an automated bone separation algorithm. Poult Sci 2020; 99:5175-5183. [PMID: 33142433 PMCID: PMC7647928 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.08.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The application of micro-CT in small animal research, especially on bone health, has risen exponentially in recent years. However, its application in egg-laying hen bone analysis was still limited. This review introduces the technical aspects of micro-CT in egg-laying hen bone analysis, especially with the medullary bones presented in the cavity. In order to acquate application of micro-CT for laying hen bone research, image acquisition, reconstruction, and analysis settings need to be adjusted properly. The key difference regarding the application of micro-CT in laying hen bone compared to other small animals such as mice and rats was the larger bone size and more complex structures of medullary and trabecular bones. In order to analyze the details of laying hen bone structures, the volume of interest for laying hen should be selected at a region where all 3 bones are present (critical, trabecular, and medullary bone). Owing to the complexity of bone structures, the conventional techniques are not useful to distinguish the trabecular bone and medullary bone in laying hens accurately. In the current review, an automated segmentation algorithm is described to allow researchers to segment bone compartments without human bias. The algorithm is designed according to the morphology difference of medullary bones compared to trabecular and cortical bones. In this procedure, the loosely woven bones were separated by applying dual thresholds. The medullary calcium chunks were separated by opening or closing procedures, where we defined the diameter of medullary chunks being higher than the trabecular bone thickness as a separation trait. The application of micro-CT in laying hen bone health assessment will significantly expand our understanding of chicken bone physiology and osteoporosis, contributing to improve welfare in laying hens.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Chen
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | - W K Kim
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602.
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18
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Gaêta-Araujo H, Nascimento EHL, Brasil DM, Madlum DV, Haiter-Neto F, Oliveira-Santos C. Influence of reconstruction parameters of micro-computed tomography on the analysis of bone mineral density. Imaging Sci Dent 2020; 50:153-159. [PMID: 32601590 PMCID: PMC7314611 DOI: 10.5624/isd.2020.50.2.153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose This study was conducted evaluate the influence of reconstruction parameters of micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) images on bone mineral density (BMD) analyses. Materials and Methods The sample consisted of micro-CT images of the maxillae of 5 Wistar rats, acquired using a SkyScan 1174 unit (Bruker, Kontich, Belgium). Each acquisition was reconstructed following the manufacturer's recommendations (standard protocol; SP) for the application of artifact correction tools (beam hardening correction [BHC], 45%; smoothing filter, degree 2; and ring artifact correction [RAC], level 5). Additionally, images were reconstructed with 36 protocols combining different settings of artifact correction tools (P0 to P35). BMD analysis was performed for each reconstructed image. The BMD values obtained for each protocol were compared to those obtained using the SP through repeated-measures analysis of variance with the Dunnett post hoc test (α=0.05). Results The BMD values obtained from all protocols that used a BHC of 45% did not significantly differ from those obtained using the SP (P>0.05). The other protocols all yielded significantly different BMD values from the SP (P<0.05). The smoothing and RAC tools did not affect BMD values. Conclusion BMD values measured on micro-CT images were influenced by the BHC level. Higher levels of BHC induced higher values of BMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Gaêta-Araujo
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, Division of Oral Radiology, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Piracicaba, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eduarda Helena Leandro Nascimento
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, Division of Oral Radiology, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Piracicaba, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Danieli Moura Brasil
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, Division of Oral Radiology, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Piracicaba, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Daniela Verardi Madlum
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, Division of Oral Radiology, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Piracicaba, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Francisco Haiter-Neto
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, Division of Oral Radiology, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Piracicaba, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Christiano Oliveira-Santos
- Department of Stomatology, Public Oral Health, Forensic Dentistry, Division of Oral Radiology, School of Dentistry of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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19
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Cline-Smith A, Axelbaum A, Shashkova E, Chakraborty M, Sanford J, Panesar P, Peterson M, Cox L, Baldan A, Veis D, Aurora R. Ovariectomy Activates Chronic Low-Grade Inflammation Mediated by Memory T Cells, Which Promotes Osteoporosis in Mice. J Bone Miner Res 2020; 35:1174-1187. [PMID: 31995253 PMCID: PMC8061311 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.3966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The loss of estrogen (E2 ) initiates a rapid phase of bone loss leading to osteoporosis in one-half of postmenopausal women, but the mechanism is not fully understood. Here, we show for the first time how loss of E2 activates low-grade inflammation to promote the acute phase of bone catabolic activity in ovariectomized (OVX) mice. E2 regulates the abundance of dendritic cells (DCs) that express IL-7 and IL-15 by inducing the Fas ligand (FasL) and apoptosis of the DC. In the absence of E2 , DCs become long-lived, leading to increased IL-7 and IL-15. We find that IL-7 and IL-15 together, but not alone, induced antigen-independent production of IL-17A and TNFα in a subset of memory T cells (TMEM ). OVX of mice with T-cell-specific ablation of IL15RA showed no IL-17A and TNFα expression, and no increase in bone resorption or bone loss, confirming the role of IL-15 in activating the TMEM and the need for inflammation. Our results provide a new mechanism by which E2 regulates the immune system, and how menopause leads to osteoporosis. The low-grade inflammation is likely to cause or contribute to other comorbidities observed postmenopause. © 2020 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Cline-Smith
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Ariel Axelbaum
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Elena Shashkova
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Mousumi Chakraborty
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jessie Sanford
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Prabhjyot Panesar
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Macey Peterson
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Linda Cox
- Division of Bone and Mineral Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Angel Baldan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Deborah Veis
- Division of Bone and Mineral Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Rajeev Aurora
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
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20
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Ballard A, Zeng R, Zarei A, Shao C, Cox L, Yan H, Franco A, Dorn GW, Faccio R, Veis DJ. The tethering function of mitofusin2 controls osteoclast differentiation by modulating the Ca 2+-NFATc1 axis. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:6629-6640. [PMID: 32165499 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.012023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Dynamic regulation of the mitochondrial network by mitofusins (MFNs) modulates energy production, cell survival, and many intracellular signaling events, including calcium handling. However, the relative importance of specific mitochondrial functions and their dependence on MFNs vary greatly among cell types. Osteoclasts have many mitochondria, and increased mitochondrial biogenesis and oxidative phosphorylation enhance bone resorption, but little is known about the mitochondrial network or MFNs in osteoclasts. Because expression of each MFN isoform increases with osteoclastogenesis, we conditionally deleted MFN1 and MFN2 (double conditional KO (dcKO)) in murine osteoclast precursors, finding that this increased bone mass in young female mice and abolished osteoclast precursor differentiation into mature osteoclasts in vitro Defective osteoclastogenesis was reversed by overexpression of MFN2 but not MFN1; therefore, we generated mice lacking only MFN2 in osteoclasts. MFN2-deficient female mice had increased bone mass at 1 year and resistance to Receptor Activator of NF-κB Ligand (RANKL)-induced osteolysis at 8 weeks. To explore whether MFN-mediated tethering or mitophagy is important for osteoclastogenesis, we overexpressed MFN2 variants defective in either function in dcKO precursors and found that, although mitophagy was dispensable for differentiation, tethering was required. Because the master osteoclastogenic transcriptional regulator nuclear factor of activated T cells 1 (NFATc1) is calcium-regulated, we assessed calcium release from the endoplasmic reticulum and store-operated calcium entry and found that the latter was blunted in dcKO cells. Restored osteoclast differentiation by expression of intact MFN2 or the mitophagy-defective variant was associated with normalization of store-operated calcium entry and NFATc1 levels, indicating that MFN2 controls mitochondrion-endoplasmic reticulum tethering in osteoclasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Ballard
- Division of Bone and Mineral Diseases, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110.,Musculoskeletal Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
| | - Rong Zeng
- Division of Bone and Mineral Diseases, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110.,Musculoskeletal Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
| | - Allahdad Zarei
- Division of Bone and Mineral Diseases, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110.,Musculoskeletal Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
| | - Christine Shao
- Division of Bone and Mineral Diseases, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110.,Musculoskeletal Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
| | - Linda Cox
- Division of Bone and Mineral Diseases, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110.,Musculoskeletal Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
| | - Hui Yan
- Musculoskeletal Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110.,Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110.,Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Antonietta Franco
- Center for Pharmacogenomics, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
| | - Gerald W Dorn
- Center for Pharmacogenomics, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
| | - Roberta Faccio
- Musculoskeletal Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110.,Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110.,Shriners Hospitals for Children, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
| | - Deborah J Veis
- Division of Bone and Mineral Diseases, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110 .,Musculoskeletal Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110.,Shriners Hospitals for Children, St. Louis, Missouri 63110.,Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
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21
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Peña Fernández M, Black C, Dawson J, Gibbs D, Kanczler J, Oreffo ROC, Tozzi G. Exploratory Full-Field Strain Analysis of Regenerated Bone Tissue from Osteoinductive Biomaterials. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 13:E168. [PMID: 31906343 PMCID: PMC6981952 DOI: 10.3390/ma13010168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Biomaterials for bone regeneration are constantly under development, and their application in critical-sized defects represents a promising alternative to bone grafting techniques. However, the ability of all these materials to produce bone mechanically comparable with the native tissue remains unclear. This study aims to explore the full-field strain evolution in newly formed bone tissue produced in vivo by different osteoinductive strategies, including delivery systems for BMP-2 release. In situ high-resolution X-ray micro-computed tomography (microCT) and digital volume correlation (DVC) were used to qualitatively assess the micromechanics of regenerated bone tissue. Local strain in the tissue was evaluated in relation to the different bone morphometry and mineralization for specimens (n = 2 p/treatment) retrieved at a single time point (10 weeks in vivo). Results indicated a variety of load-transfer ability for the different treatments, highlighting the mechanical adaptation of bone structure in the early stages of bone healing. Although exploratory due to the limited sample size, the findings and analysis reported herein suggest how the combination of microCT and DVC can provide enhanced understanding of the micromechanics of newly formed bone produced in vivo, with the potential to inform further development of novel bone regeneration approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Peña Fernández
- School of Mechanical and Design Engineering, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 3DJ, UK;
| | - Cameron Black
- Bone & Joint Research Group, Centre for Human Development Stem Cells and Regeneration, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK; (C.B.); (J.D.); (D.G.); (J.K.); (R.O.C.O.)
| | - Jon Dawson
- Bone & Joint Research Group, Centre for Human Development Stem Cells and Regeneration, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK; (C.B.); (J.D.); (D.G.); (J.K.); (R.O.C.O.)
| | - David Gibbs
- Bone & Joint Research Group, Centre for Human Development Stem Cells and Regeneration, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK; (C.B.); (J.D.); (D.G.); (J.K.); (R.O.C.O.)
- School of Maritime Science and Engineering, Solent University, Southampton SO14 0YN, UK
| | - Janos Kanczler
- Bone & Joint Research Group, Centre for Human Development Stem Cells and Regeneration, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK; (C.B.); (J.D.); (D.G.); (J.K.); (R.O.C.O.)
| | - Richard O. C. Oreffo
- Bone & Joint Research Group, Centre for Human Development Stem Cells and Regeneration, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK; (C.B.); (J.D.); (D.G.); (J.K.); (R.O.C.O.)
| | - Gianluca Tozzi
- School of Mechanical and Design Engineering, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 3DJ, UK;
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22
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Malekzadeh M, Abbasi-Rad S, Keyak JH, Nabil M, Asadi M, Mobini N, Naghdi P, Emadi H, Saligheh Rad H, Shiran MB. Liquid Calibration Phantoms in Ultra-Low-Dose QCT for the Assessment of Bone Mineral Density. J Clin Densitom 2020; 23:108-116. [PMID: 30902572 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocd.2019.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 02/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cortical bone is affected by metabolic diseases. Some studies have shown that lower cortical bone mineral density (BMD) is related to increases in fracture risk which could be diagnosed by quantitative computed tomography (QCT). Nowadays, hybrid iterative reconstruction-based (HIR) computed tomography (CT) could be helpful to quantify the peripheral bone tissue. A key focus of this paper is to evaluate liquid calibration phantoms for BMD quantification in the tibia and under hybrid iterative reconstruction-based-CT with the different hydrogen dipotassium phosphate (K2HPO4) concentrations phantoms. METHODOLOGY Four ranges of concentrations of K2HPO4 were made and tested with 2 exposure settings. Accuracy of the phantoms with ash gravimetry and intermediate K2HPO4 concentration as hypothetical patients were evaluated. The correlations and mean differences between measured equivalent QCT BMD and ash density as a gold standard were calculated. Relative percentage error (RPE) in CT numbers of each concentration over a 6-mo period was reported. RESULTS The correlation values (R2 was close to 1.0), suggested that the precision of QCT-BMD measurements using standard and ultra-low dose settings were similar for all phantoms. The mean differences between QCT-BMD and the ash density for low concentrations (about 93 mg/cm3) were lower than high concentration phantoms with 135 and 234 mg/cm3 biases. In regard to accuracy test for hypothetical patient, RPE was up to 16.1% for the low concentration (LC) phantom for the case of high mineral content. However, the lowest RPE (0.4 to 1.8%) was obtained for the high concentration (HC) phantom, particularly for the high mineral content case. In addition, over 6 months, the K2HPO4 concentrations increased 25% for 50 mg/cm3 solution and 0.7 % for 1300 mg/cm3 solution in phantoms. CONCLUSION The excellent linear correlations between the QCT equivalent density and the ash density gold standard indicate that QCT can be used with submilisivert radiation dose. We conclude that using liquid calibration phantoms with a range of mineral content similar to that being measured will minimize bias. Finally, we suggest performing BMD measurements with ultra-low dose scan concurrent with iterative-based reconstruction to reduce radiation exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malakeh Malekzadeh
- Medical Physics Department, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shahrokh Abbasi-Rad
- Quantitative Medical Imaging Systems Group, Research Center for Molecular and Cellular Imaging, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering Department, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Joyce H Keyak
- Department of Radiological Sciences, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Mahnaz Nabil
- Department of Mathematics, Islamic Azad University, Qazvin Branch, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Mojgan Asadi
- Osteoporosis Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nazanin Mobini
- Quantitative Medical Imaging Systems Group, Research Center for Molecular and Cellular Imaging, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering Department, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parisa Naghdi
- Quantitative Medical Imaging Systems Group, Research Center for Molecular and Cellular Imaging, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamid Emadi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran
| | - Hamidreza Saligheh Rad
- Quantitative Medical Imaging Systems Group, Research Center for Molecular and Cellular Imaging, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering Department, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Bagher Shiran
- Medical Physics Department, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Zheng W, Ding L, Wang Y, Han S, Zheng S, Guo Q, Li W, Zhou X, Zhang L. The effects of 8DSS peptide on remineralization in a rat model of enamel caries evaluated by two nondestructive techniques. J Appl Biomater Funct Mater 2019; 17:2280800019827798. [PMID: 30808229 DOI: 10.1177/2280800019827798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, dental caries is one of the most common oral health problems, affecting most individuals. It has been found that, by remineralizing enamel at an early stage in the formation of enamel caries, teeth can be effectively protected from dental caries. In this work, a peptide with eight repetitive sequences of aspartate-serine-serine (8DSS) is applied as the bio-mineralizer in an in-vivo rat enamel caries model. Nondestructive quantitative light-induced fluorescence-digital (QLF-D) imaging and micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) are used to evaluate the remineralization of enamel carious lesions by measuring the total fluorescence radiance loss of the molar area (Δ QTotal), acquired using QLF-D imaging, and the mineral density and residual molar enamel volume, acquired using micro-CT. Correlations are explored between Δ QTotal and mineral density (strong correlation, r = 0.8000, p < 0.001) and Δ QTotal and residual molar enamel volume (moderate correlation, r = 0.6375, p < 0.001). Our results demonstrate that 8DSS is a promising in-vivo remineralization agent that exhibits comparable effects to NaF ( p < 0.05), which has been verified using the classical Keyes method. Moreover, the nondestructive QLF-D and micro-CT methods can be combined to quantify the remineralization of enamel carious lesions three-dimensionally in vivo, making them broadly applicable in quantifying hard tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyue Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, and Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Longjiang Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, and Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yufei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, and Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Sili Han
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, and Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Sainan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, and Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qiang Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, and Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, and Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xuedong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, and Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Linglin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, and Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Friedrichsdorf SP, Arana-Chavez VE, Cattaneo PM, Spin-Neto R, Dominguez GC. Effect of the software binning and averaging data during microcomputed tomography image acquisition. Sci Rep 2019; 9:10562. [PMID: 31332205 PMCID: PMC6646350 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-46530-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study describes the effect of the software binning and data averaging during micro CT volume acquisition, on the assessment of root resorption volumes. The mesial roots (n = 9), after orthodontic tooth movement during 14 days, were scanned, using a micro CT system (9 µm/pixel). All roots were reconstructed and the volumes of the resorption lacunae evaluated. The height and width of the pixels vary according to the parameters (A1, A2, A3, A4, A5, A6, A7, A8, A9) used during the scan. In the root #1 the mean volumes of resorption were similar in A4 and A7; in the root #2 there was no similarity in the mean volumes of resorption in any of the parameters; in root #3 only A4 presented mean volume different from zero (3.05 × 10°). In the root #5, the A1 and A7 presented similar mean volumes and in the A6 and A9 presented near mean volumes. In the root #9 the A1, A4, and A7 presented similar mean volumes and A6 and A9 also had similar mean volumes. Significant difference was detected in the volume of resorption among the roots #2, #5 and #9 (p = 0.04). When analyzing delicate structures such as the roots of rats’ molars, the variation of such parameters will significantly influence the results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Peixe Friedrichsdorf
- Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Victor Elias Arana-Chavez
- Department of Biomaterials and Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paolo Maria Cattaneo
- Department of Dentistry and Oral Health, Section of Orthodontics, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Rubens Spin-Neto
- Department of Dentistry and Oral Health, Section for Oral Radiology, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Gladys Cristina Dominguez
- Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
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Katz Y, Dahan G, Sosna J, Shelef I, Cherniavsky E, Yosibash Z. Scanner influence on the mechanical response of QCT-based finite element analysis of long bones. J Biomech 2019; 86:149-159. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2019.01.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Revised: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Elevated Microdamage Spatially Correlates with Stress in Metastatic Vertebrae. Ann Biomed Eng 2019; 47:980-989. [PMID: 30673956 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-018-02188-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Metastasis of cancer to the spine impacts bone quality. This study aims to characterize vertebral microdamage secondary to metastatic disease considering the pattern of damage and its relationship to stress and strain under load. Osteolytic and mixed osteolytic/osteoblastic vertebral metastases were produced in athymic rats via HeLa cervical or canine Ace-1 prostate cancer cell inoculation, respectively. After 21 days, excised motion segments (T12-L2) were µCT scanned, stained with BaSO4 and re-imaged. T13-L2 motion segments were loaded in axial compression to induce microdamage, re-stained and re-imaged. L1 (loaded) and T12 (unloaded) vertebrae were fixed, sample blocks cut, polished and BSE imaged. µFE models were generated of all L1 vertebrae with displacement boundary conditions applied based on the loaded µCT images. µCT stereological analysis, BSE analysis and µFE derived von Mises stress and principal strains were quantitatively compared (ANOVA), spatial correlations determined and patterns of microdamage assessed qualitatively. BaSO4 identified microdamage was found to be spatially correlated with regions of high stress in µFEA. Load-induced microdamage was shown to be elevated in the presence of osteolytic and mixed metastatic disease, with diffuse, crossed hatched areas of microdamage present in addition to linear microdamage and microfractures in metastatic tissue, suggesting diminished bone quality.
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Malekzadeh M, Abbasi-Rad S, Shahgholi M, Naghdi P, Hoseini MS, Yazdi NA, Shiran MB, Rad HS. Design and Validation of Synchronous QCT Calibration Phantom: Practical Methodology. J Med Imaging Radiat Sci 2018; 50:157-162. [PMID: 30777238 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmir.2018.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Revised: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Quantitative computed tomography (QCT) can supplement dual x-ray absorptiometry by enabling geometric and compartmental bone assessments. Whole-body spiral CT scanners are widely available and require a short scanning time of seconds, in contrast to peripheral QCT scanners, which require several minutes of scanning time. This study designed and evaluated the accuracy and precision of a homemade QCT calibration phantom using a whole-body spiral CT scanner. MATERIALS AND METHODS The QCT calibration phantom consisted of K2HPO4 solutions as reference. The reference material with various concentrations of 0, 50, 100, 200, 400, 1000, and 1200 mg/cc of K2HPO4 in water were used. For designing the phantom, we used the ABAQUS software. RESULTS The phantoms were used for performance assessment of QCT method through measurement of accuracy and precision errors, which were generally less than 5.1% for different concentrations. The correlation between CT numbers and concentration were close to one (R2 = 0.99). DISCUSSION Because whole-body spiral CT scanners allow central bone densitometry, evaluating the accuracy and precision for the easy to use calibration phantom may improve the QCT bone densitometry test. CONCLUSION This study provides practical directions for applying a homemade calibration phantom for bone mineral density quantification in QCT technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malakeh Malekzadeh
- Medical Physics Department, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shahrokh Abbasi-Rad
- Quantitative Medical Imaging Systems Group, Research Center for Molecular and Cellular Imaging, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering Department, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohamad Shahgholi
- Young Researchers and Elite Club, Najafabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Najafabad, Iran
| | - Parisa Naghdi
- Quantitative Medical Imaging Systems Group, Research Center for Molecular and Cellular Imaging, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Marzieh Sadat Hoseini
- Quantitative Medical Imaging Systems Group, Research Center for Molecular and Cellular Imaging, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Niloofar Ayoobi Yazdi
- Advanced Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology (ADIR) Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Bagher Shiran
- Medical Physics Department, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamidreza Saligheh Rad
- Quantitative Medical Imaging Systems Group, Research Center for Molecular and Cellular Imaging, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering Department, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Cengiz IF, Oliveira JM, Reis RL. Micro-CT - a digital 3D microstructural voyage into scaffolds: a systematic review of the reported methods and results. Biomater Res 2018; 22:26. [PMID: 30275969 PMCID: PMC6158835 DOI: 10.1186/s40824-018-0136-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cell behavior is the key to tissue regeneration. Given the fact that most of the cells used in tissue engineering are anchorage-dependent, their behavior including adhesion, growth, migration, matrix synthesis, and differentiation is related to the design of the scaffolds. Thus, characterization of the scaffolds is highly required. Micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) provides a powerful platform to analyze, visualize, and explore any portion of interest in the scaffold in a 3D fashion without cutting or destroying it with the benefit of almost no sample preparation need. MAIN BODY This review highlights the relationship between the scaffold microstructure and cell behavior, and provides the basics of the micro-CT method. In this work, we also analyzed the original papers that were published in 2016 through a systematic search to address the need for specific improvements in the methods section of the papers including the amount of provided information from the obtained results. CONCLUSION Micro-CT offers a unique microstructural analysis of biomaterials, notwithstanding the associated challenges and limitations. Future studies that will include micro-CT characterization of scaffolds should report the important details of the method, and the derived quantitative and qualitative information can be maximized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Fatih Cengiz
- 3B’s Research Group, I3Bs – Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, Barco, 4805-017 Guimarães, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s – PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Joaquim Miguel Oliveira
- 3B’s Research Group, I3Bs – Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, Barco, 4805-017 Guimarães, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s – PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
- The Discoveries Centre for Regenerative and Precision Medicine, Headquarters at University of Minho, AvePark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, Barco, 4805-017 Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Rui L. Reis
- 3B’s Research Group, I3Bs – Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, Barco, 4805-017 Guimarães, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s – PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
- The Discoveries Centre for Regenerative and Precision Medicine, Headquarters at University of Minho, AvePark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, Barco, 4805-017 Guimarães, Portugal
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Sanchis-Gimeno JA, Llido S, Guede D, Nalla S, Martinez-Soriano F, Blanco-Perez E, Caeiro JR. Atlases with Arcuate Foramen Present Cortical Bone Thickening That May Contribute to Lower Fracture Risk. World Neurosurg 2018; 117:e162-e166. [PMID: 29883825 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2018.05.220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2018] [Revised: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To date, no information about the cortical bone microstructural properties in atlas vertebrae with arcuate foramen has been reported. As a result, we aimed to test in an experimental model if there is a cortical bone thickening in an atlas vertebra which has an arcuate foramen that may play a protective role against bone fracture. METHODS We analyzed by means of micro-computed tomography the cortical bone thickness, the cortical volume, and the medullary volume (SkyScan 1172 Bruker micro-CT NV, Kontich, Belgium) in cadaveric dry atlas vertebrae with arcuate foramen and without arcuate foramen. We also reviewed a case series of 31 posterior atlas arch fractures to correlate the possible presence in the same atlas of both fracture and arcuate foramen. RESULTS The micro-computed tomography study revealed significant differences in cortical bone thickness (P < 0.001), cortical volume (P < 0.004), and medullary volume (P = 0.013) values between the arcuate foramen vertebrae and the nonarcuate foramen vertebrae. The clinical series found no coexistence in the same vertebra of a posterior atlas arch fractures and the arcuate foramen. CONCLUSIONS An atlas with arcuate foramen presents cortical bone thickening. This advantage in bone microarchitecture seems to contribute to a lower fracture risk compared to subjects without arcuate foramen as no coexistence in the same vertebra of a posterior atlas arch fractures and arcuate foramen was found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan A Sanchis-Gimeno
- Department of Anatomy and Human Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Susanna Llido
- Department of Anatomy and Human Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - David Guede
- Trabeculae Technology Based Firm, Technological Park of Galicia, Ourense, Spain
| | - Shahed Nalla
- Department of Human Anatomy and Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, South Africa
| | - Francisco Martinez-Soriano
- Department of Anatomy and Human Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Esther Blanco-Perez
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital de La Ribera, Alzira, Valencia, Spain
| | - Jose R Caeiro
- Orthopedic Surgery Service, USC University Hospital Complex, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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Westhauser F, Reible B, Höllig M, Heller R, Schmidmaier G, Moghaddam A. Combining advantages: Direct correlation of two-dimensional microcomputed tomography datasets onto histomorphometric slides to quantify three-dimensional bone volume in scaffolds. J Biomed Mater Res A 2018; 106:1812-1821. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.36377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Revised: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F. Westhauser
- HTRG - Heidelberg Trauma Research Group, Center of Orthopedics, Traumatology, and Spinal Cord Injury; Heidelberg University Hospital, Schlierbacher Landstraße 200a; Heidelberg 69118 Germany
| | - B. Reible
- HTRG - Heidelberg Trauma Research Group, Center of Orthopedics, Traumatology, and Spinal Cord Injury; Heidelberg University Hospital, Schlierbacher Landstraße 200a; Heidelberg 69118 Germany
| | - M. Höllig
- Clinic for Trauma Surgery, Orthopedic Surgery, and Hand Surgery; SLK-Kliniken Heilbronn GmbH, Am Gesundbrunnen 20-26; Heilbronn 74078 Germany
| | - R. Heller
- HTRG - Heidelberg Trauma Research Group, Center of Orthopedics, Traumatology, and Spinal Cord Injury; Heidelberg University Hospital, Schlierbacher Landstraße 200a; Heidelberg 69118 Germany
| | - G. Schmidmaier
- HTRG - Heidelberg Trauma Research Group, Center of Orthopedics, Traumatology, and Spinal Cord Injury; Heidelberg University Hospital, Schlierbacher Landstraße 200a; Heidelberg 69118 Germany
| | - A. Moghaddam
- ATORG - Aschaffenburg Trauma and Orthopedic Research Group, Clinic for Orthopedic Surgery, Trauma Surgery, and Hand Surgery, Klinikum Aschaffenburg-Alzenau, Am Hasenkopf 1; Aschaffenburg 63739 Germany
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Gardinier JD, Rostami N, Juliano L, Zhang C. Bone adaptation in response to treadmill exercise in young and adult mice. Bone Rep 2018; 8:29-37. [PMID: 29379848 PMCID: PMC5787623 DOI: 10.1016/j.bonr.2018.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Revised: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Exercise is a key determinate of fracture risk and provides a clinical means to promote bone formation. However, the efficacy of exercise to increase bone mass declines with age. The purpose of this study was to identify age-related differences in the anabolic response to exercise at the cellular and tissue level. To this end, young (8-weeks of age) and adult (36-weeks of age) male mice were subjected to a moderate exercise regimen of running on a treadmill. As a result, exercise had a significant effect on PTHrP and SOST gene expression during the first week that was dependent upon age. In particular, young mice displayed an increase in PTHrP expression and decrease in SOST expression, both of which remained unaffected by exercise in the adult mice. After 5-weeks of exercise, a significant decrease in the percentage of osteocytes expressing sclerostin at the protein level was found in young mice, but not adult mice. Mechanical testing of the tibia found exercise to have a significant influence on tissue-level mechanical properties, specifically ultimate-stress and modulus that was dependent on age. Adult mice in particular experienced a significant decrease in modulus despite an increase in cortical area and cortical thickness compared to sedentary controls. Altogether, this study demonstrates a shift in the cellular response to exercise with age, and that gains in bone mass at the adult stage fail to improve bone strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph D. Gardinier
- Bone and Joint Center, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
- Corresponding author at: Bone and Joint Center, Henry Ford Health System, 6135 Woodward Avenue, Detroit, MI 48202, USA.
| | - Niloufar Rostami
- Bone and Joint Center, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | | | - Chunbin Zhang
- Bone and Joint Center, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
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Ortiz FG, Jimeno EB. Analysis of the porosity of endodontic sealers through micro-computed tomography: A systematic review. J Conserv Dent 2018; 21:238-242. [PMID: 29899623 PMCID: PMC5977769 DOI: 10.4103/jcd.jcd_346_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Endodontic treatments have as their objective the appropriate sealing of the space caused by the root canal, providing a complete seal of the canal in all dimensions, creating an airtight seal against fluids. Thus, endodontic cements must possess physical properties such as solubility and long-term dimensional stability. An electronic search in the main endodontic magazines using appropriate keywords to identify studies that investigated the porosity of endodontic materials using micro-computed tomography. Of the 125 studies researched, 16 fulfilled the criteria for inclusion. Four studies analyzed the porosity of endodontic cements specifically. Twelve studies investigated and compared different techniques of root canal obturation and the repercussions from the lowering of porosity in the interior of the endodontic cement. The presence of porosity inside the endodontic cement is a constant in the treatments of root canals, even now when there is a great variety of endodontic cements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabricio Guerrero Ortiz
- Department of Odontostomatology, School of Dentistry, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Effect of integration time on the morphometric, densitometric and mechanical properties of the mouse tibia. J Biomech 2017; 65:203-211. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2017.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Revised: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Mashiatulla M, Ross RD, Sumner DR. Validation of cortical bone mineral density distribution using micro-computed tomography. Bone 2017; 99:53-61. [PMID: 28363808 PMCID: PMC5481667 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2017.03.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Revised: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Changes in the bone mineral density distribution (BMDD), due to disease or drugs, can alter whole bone mechanical properties such as strength, stiffness and toughness. The methods currently available for assessing BMDD are destructive and two-dimensional. Micro-computed tomography (μCT) has been used extensively to quantify the three-dimensional geometry of bone and to measure the mean degree of mineralization, commonly called the tissue mineral density (TMD). The TMD measurement has been validated to ash density; however parameters describing the frequency distribution of TMD have not yet been validated. In the current study we tested the ability of μCT to estimate six BMDD parameters: mean, heterogeneity (assessed by the full-width-at-half-maximum (FWHM) and the coefficient of variation (CoV)), the upper and lower 5% cutoffs of the frequency distribution, and peak mineralization) in rat sized femoral cortical bone samples. We used backscatter scanning electron microscopy (bSEM) as the standard. Aluminum and hydroxyapatite phantoms were used to identify optimal scanner settings (70kVp, and 57μA, with a 1500ms integration time). When using hydroxyapatite samples that spanned a broad range of mineralization levels, high correlations were found between μCT and bSEM for all BMDD parameters (R2≥0.92, p<0.010). When using cortical bone samples from rats and various species machined to mimic rat cortical bone geometry, significant correlations between μCT and bSEM were found for mean mineralization (R2=0.65, p<0.001), peak mineralization (R2=0.61, p<0.001) the lower 5% cutoff (R2=0.62, p<0.001) and the upper 5% cutoff (R2=0.33, p=0.021), but not for heterogeneity, measured by FWHM (R2=0.05, p=0.412) and CoV (R2=0.04, p=0.469). Thus, while mean mineralization and most parameters used to characterize the BMDD can be assessed with μCT in rat sized cortical bone samples, caution should be used when reporting the heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maleeha Mashiatulla
- Department of Cell & Molecular Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Ryan D Ross
- Department of Cell & Molecular Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - D Rick Sumner
- Department of Cell & Molecular Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
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Svensson CM, Hoffmann B, Irmler IM, Straßburger M, Figge MT, Saluz HP. Quantification of arthritic bone degradation by analysis of 3D micro-computed tomography data. Sci Rep 2017; 7:44434. [PMID: 28290525 PMCID: PMC5349516 DOI: 10.1038/srep44434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of animal models of arthritis is a key component in the evaluation of therapeutic strategies against the human disease rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Here we present quantitative measurements of bone degradation characterised by the cortical bone profile using glucose-6-phosphate isomerase (G6PI) induced arthritis. We applied micro-computed tomography (μCT) during three arthritis experiments and one control experiment to image the metatarsals of the hind paws and to investigate the effect of experimental arthritis on their cortical bone profile. For measurements of the cortical profile we automatically identified slices that are orthogonal to individual metatarsals, thereby making the measurements independent of animal placement in the scanner. We measured the average cortical thickness index (CTI) of the metatarsals, as well as the thickness changes along the metatarsal. In this study we introduced the cortical thickness gradient (CTG) as a new measure and we investigated how arthritis affects this measure. We found that in general both CTI and CTG are able to quantify arthritic progression, whilst CTG was found to be the more sensitive measure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl-Magnus Svensson
- Applied Systems Biology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans-Knöll-Institute, Beutenbergstrasse 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Bianca Hoffmann
- Applied Systems Biology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans-Knöll-Institute, Beutenbergstrasse 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany.,Cell and Molecular Biology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans-Knöll-Institute, Beutenbergstrasse 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany.,Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Germany
| | - Ingo M Irmler
- Institute of Immunology, University Hospital Jena, Leutragraben 3, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Maria Straßburger
- Transfer Group Anti-infectives, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans-Knöll-Institute, Beutenbergstrasse 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Marc Thilo Figge
- Applied Systems Biology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans-Knöll-Institute, Beutenbergstrasse 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany.,Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Germany
| | - Hans Peter Saluz
- Applied Systems Biology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans-Knöll-Institute, Beutenbergstrasse 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany.,Cell and Molecular Biology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans-Knöll-Institute, Beutenbergstrasse 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany
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36
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BARUFFALDI FABIO, STOICO ROSSELLA, TASSANI SIMONE, MECOZZI LAURA, FALCIONI STEFANO, FERSINI CHIARA. VALIDATION OF A BONE MINERAL DENSITY CALIBRATION PROTOCOL FOR MICRO-COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY. J MECH MED BIOL 2017. [DOI: 10.1142/s0219519417500154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) is widely used for in vitro studies to characterize bone structure at the resolution of 10–100 microns. However, a densitometric calibration protocol is necessary to convert the X-ray attenuation coefficient provided by micro-CT in bone mineral density (BMD). The lastest one has an important role to improve the accuracy of subject-specific finite element models. This work presents a simple calibration protocol based on the use of solid hydroxyapatite phantoms with the correction of the beam hardening effect. The method was validated in comparison to ashing measures of cortical and trabecular human bone. In addition, bone samples tissue mineral density (TMD) was calculated with two different methods. The correlation between ash density and BMD was linear both for cortical ([Formula: see text]) and trabecular bone ([Formula: see text]). The analysis stratified by tissue type versus the pooled analysis confirmed the validity of a common linear model for both types of tissue ([Formula: see text]). Despite its simplicity, the correlation obtained in this work does not depend on the acquisition settings of the micro-CT. TMD was shown to be dependent on the tissue investigated, with values in the range of 1.15–1.21[Formula: see text]mg/mm3 for trabecular bone, and 1.19–1.29[Formula: see text]mg/mm3 for cortical bone. Results are of some interest for generating micro finite elements models.
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Affiliation(s)
- FABIO BARUFFALDI
- Laboratorio di Tecnologia Medica, Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - ROSSELLA STOICO
- Laboratorio di Tecnologia Medica, Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - SIMONE TASSANI
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Department of Informatics and Communication Technologies, Barcelona, Spain
| | - LAURA MECOZZI
- Laboratorio di Tecnologia Medica, Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - STEFANO FALCIONI
- Laboratorio di Tecnologia Medica, Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - CHIARA FERSINI
- Laboratorio di Tecnologia Medica, Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
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Micro-CT vs. Whole Body Multirow Detector CT for Analysing Bone Regeneration in an Animal Model. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0166540. [PMID: 27880788 PMCID: PMC5120815 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0166540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Compared with multirow detector CT (MDCT), specimen (ex vivo) micro-CT (μCT) has a significantly higher (~ 30 x) spatial resolution and is considered the gold standard for assessing bone above the cellular level. However, it is expensive and time-consuming, and when applied in vivo, the radiation dose accumulates considerably. The aim of this study was to examine whether the lower resolution of the widely used MDCT is sufficient to qualitatively and quantitatively evaluate bone regeneration in rats. METHODS Forty critical-size defects (5mm) were placed in the mandibular angle of rats and covered with coated bioactive titanium implants to promote bone healing. Five time points were selected (7, 14, 28, 56 and 112 days). μCT and MDCT were used to evaluate the defect region to determine the bone volume (BV), tissue mineral density (TMD) and bone mineral content (BMC). RESULTS MDCT constantly achieved higher BV values than μCT (10.73±7.84 mm3 vs. 6.62±4.96 mm3, p<0.0001) and consistently lower TMD values (547.68±163.83 mm3 vs. 876.18±121.21 mm3, p<0.0001). No relevant difference was obtained for BMC (6.48±5.71 mm3 vs. 6.15±5.21 mm3, p = 0.40). BV and BMC showed very strong correlations between both methods, whereas TMD was only moderately correlated (r = 0.87, r = 0.90, r = 0.68, p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS Due to partial volume effects, MDCT overestimated BV and underestimated TMD but accurately determined BMC, even in small volumes, compared with μCT. Therefore, if bone quantity is a sufficient end point, a considerable number of animals and costs can be saved, and compared with in vivo μCT, the required dose of radiation can be reduced.
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Cline-Smith A, Gibbs J, Shashkova E, Buchwald ZS, Novack DV, Aurora R. Pulsed low-dose RANKL as a potential therapeutic for postmenopausal osteoporosis. JCI Insight 2016; 1. [PMID: 27570837 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.88839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A number of studies in model animal systems and in the clinic have established that RANKL promotes bone resorption. Paradoxically, we found that pulsing ovariectomized mice with low-dose RANKL suppressed bone resorption, decreased the levels of proinflammatory effector T cells and led to increased bone mass. This effect of RANKL is mediated through the induction of FoxP3+CD25+ regulatory CD8+ T cells (TcREG) by osteoclasts. Here, we show that pulses of low-dose RANKL are needed to induce TcREG, as continuous infusion of identical doses of RANKL by pump did not induce TcREG. We also show that low-dose RANKL can induce TcREG at 2, 3, 6, and 10 weeks after ovariectomy. Our results show that low-dose RANKL treatment in ovariectomized mice is optimal at once-per-month doses to maintain the bone mass. Finally, we found that treatment of ovariectomized mice with the Cathepsin K inhibitor odanacatib also blocked TcREG induction by low-dose RANKL. We interpret this result to indicate that antigens presented to CD8+ T cells by osteoclasts are derived from the bone protein matrix because Cathepsin K degrades collagen in the bone. Taken together, our studies provide a basis for using low-dose RANKL as a potential therapeutic for postmenopausal osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Cline-Smith
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, St. Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Jesse Gibbs
- Division of Bone and Mineral Diseases, Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Elena Shashkova
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, St. Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Zachary S Buchwald
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, St. Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Deborah V Novack
- Division of Bone and Mineral Diseases, Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Rajeev Aurora
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, St. Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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Shashkova EV, Trivedi J, Cline-Smith AB, Ferris C, Buchwald ZS, Gibbs J, Novack D, Aurora R. Osteoclast-Primed Foxp3+ CD8 T Cells Induce T-bet, Eomesodermin, and IFN-γ To Regulate Bone Resorption. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 197:726-35. [PMID: 27324129 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1600253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Osteoimmunology arose from the recognition that cytokines produced by lymphocytes can affect bone homeostasis. We have previously shown that osteoclasts, cells that resorb bone, act as APCs. Cross-presentation of Ags by osteoclasts leads to expression of CD25 and Foxp3, markers of regulatory T cells in the CD8 T cells. Octeoclast-induced Foxp3(+) CD25(+) regulatory CD8 T cells (OC-iTcREG) suppress priming of CD4 and CD8 T cells by dendritic cells. OC-iTcREG also limit bone resorption by osteoclasts, forming a negative feedback loop. In this study, we show that OC-iTcREG express concurrently T-bet and Eomesodermin (Eomes) and IFN-γ. Pharmacological inhibition of IκK blocked IFN-γ, T-bet, and Eomes production by TcREG Furthermore, we show, using chromatin immunoprecipitation, NF-κB enrichment in the T-bet and Eomes promoters. We demonstrate that IFN-γ produced by TcREG is required for suppression of osteoclastogenesis and for degradation of TNFR-associated factor 6 in osteoclast precursors. The latter prevents signaling by receptor activator of NF-κB ligand needed for osteoclastogenesis. Knockout of IFN-γ rendered TcREG inefficient in preventing actin ring formation in osteoclasts, a process required for bone resorption. TcREG generated in vivo using IFN-γ(-/-) T cells had impaired ability to protect mice from bone resorption and bone loss in response to high-dose receptor activator of NF-κB ligand. The results of this study demonstrate a novel link between NF-κB signaling and induction of IFN-γ in TcREG and establish an important role for IFN-γ in TcREG-mediated protection from bone loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena V Shashkova
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104; and
| | - Jahnavi Trivedi
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104; and
| | - Anna B Cline-Smith
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104; and
| | - Chloe Ferris
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104; and
| | - Zachary S Buchwald
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104; and
| | - Jesse Gibbs
- Division of Bone and Mineral Disease, Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Deborah Novack
- Division of Bone and Mineral Disease, Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Rajeev Aurora
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104; and
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40
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Kolk A, Tischer T, Koch C, Vogt S, Haller B, Smeets R, Kreutzer K, Plank C, Bissinger O. A novel nonviral gene delivery tool of BMP-2 for the reconstitution of critical-size bone defects in rats. J Biomed Mater Res A 2016; 104:2441-55. [PMID: 27176560 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.35773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Revised: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The osseointegration of bone implants, implant failure, and the bridging of critical-size bone defects are frequent clinical challenges. Deficiencies in endogenous bone healing can be resolved through the local administration of suitable recombinant growth factors (GFs). In preclinical models, gene-therapy-supported bone healing has proven promising for overcoming certain limitations of GFs. We report the dose-dependent bridging of critical-size mandibular bone defects (CSDs) in a rat model using a non-viral BMP-2-encoding copolymer-protected gene vector (pBMP-2) embedded in poly(d, l-lactide) (PDLLA) coatings on titanium discs that were used to cover drill holes in the mandibles of 53 male Sprague Dawley rats. After sacrificing, the mandibles were subjected to micro-computed tomography (µCT), micro-radiography, histology, and fluorescence analyses to evaluate bone regeneration. pBMP-2 in PDLLA-coated titanium implants promoted partial bridging of bone defects within 14 days and complete defect healing within 112 days when the DNA dose per implant did not exceed 2.5 µg. No bridging was observed in untreated control CSDs. Thus, the delivery of plasmid DNA coding for BMP-2 appears to be a potent method for controlled new-bone formation with an inverse dose dependency. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 104A: 2441-2455, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Kolk
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675, Munich, Germany.,Institute of Molecular Immunology and Experimental Oncology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Tischer
- Department of Orthopeadic Sports Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Christian Koch
- Institute of Molecular Immunology and Experimental Oncology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Stephan Vogt
- Department of Orthopeadic Sports Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Bernhard Haller
- Institute of Medical Statistics and Epidemiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Ralf Smeets
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, Hamburg, 20246, Germany
| | - Kilian Kreutzer
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Christian Plank
- Institute of Molecular Immunology and Experimental Oncology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Oliver Bissinger
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675, Munich, Germany
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Longo AB, Sacco SM, Salmon PL, Ward WE. Longitudinal Use of Micro-computed Tomography Does Not Alter Microarchitecture of the Proximal Tibia in Sham or Ovariectomized Sprague-Dawley Rats. Calcif Tissue Int 2016; 98:631-41. [PMID: 26860853 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-016-0113-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
In vivo micro-computed tomography (μCT) provides the ability to measure longitudinal changes to tibia microarchitecture, but the effect of this radiation is not well understood. The right proximal tibia of Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 12/group) randomized to Sham-control (Sham) or ovariectomy (OVX) surgery at 12 weeks of age was scanned using μCT at 13, 17, 21, and 25 weeks of age, at a resolution of 18 μm and a radiation dose of 603 mGy. The left proximal tibia was scanned only at 25 weeks of age to serve as an internal non-irradiated control. Repeated irradiation did not affect tibia microarchitecture in Sham or OVX groups, although there was an increase in cortical eccentricity (P < 0.05). All trabecular outcomes and cortical BMD were different (P < 0.05) between groups after only 1 week post-surgery and differences persisted to study endpoint. Characteristic changes to trabecular bone were observed in OVX rats over time. Interactions of time and hormone status were found for cortical BMD (P < 0.001), Ps. Pm., and Ec. Pm. (P < 0.05). Repeated irradiation of the tibia at 13, 17, 21, and 25 weeks does not cause adverse effects to microarchitecture, regardless of hormone status. This radiation dose can be applied over a typical 3-month study period to comprehensively understand how an intervention alters tibia microarchitecture without confounding effects of radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda B Longo
- Center for Bone and Muscle Health, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, L2S 3A1, Canada
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Sandra M Sacco
- Center for Bone and Muscle Health, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, L2S 3A1, Canada
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, L2S 3A1, Canada
| | | | - Wendy E Ward
- Center for Bone and Muscle Health, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, L2S 3A1, Canada.
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, L2S 3A1, Canada.
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Zidek J, Vojtova L, Abdel-Mohsen AM, Chmelik J, Zikmund T, Brtnikova J, Jakubicek R, Zubal L, Jan J, Kaiser J. Accurate micro-computed tomography imaging of pore spaces in collagen-based scaffold. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2016; 27:110. [PMID: 27153826 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-016-5717-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In this work we have used X-ray micro-computed tomography (μCT) as a method to observe the morphology of 3D porous pure collagen and collagen-composite scaffolds useful in tissue engineering. Two aspects of visualizations were taken into consideration: improvement of the scan and investigation of its sensitivity to the scan parameters. Due to the low material density some parts of collagen scaffolds are invisible in a μCT scan. Therefore, here we present different contrast agents, which increase the contrast of the scanned biopolymeric sample for μCT visualization. The increase of contrast of collagenous scaffolds was performed with ceramic hydroxyapatite microparticles (HAp), silver ions (Ag(+)) and silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs). Since a relatively small change in imaging parameters (e.g. in 3D volume rendering, threshold value and μCT acquisition conditions) leads to a completely different visualized pattern, we have optimized these parameters to obtain the most realistic picture for visual and qualitative evaluation of the biopolymeric scaffold. Moreover, scaffold images were stereoscopically visualized in order to better see the 3D biopolymer composite scaffold morphology. However, the optimized visualization has some discontinuities in zoomed view, which can be problematic for further analysis of interconnected pores by commonly used numerical methods. Therefore, we applied the locally adaptive method to solve discontinuities issue. The combination of contrast agent and imaging techniques presented in this paper help us to better understand the structure and morphology of the biopolymeric scaffold that is crucial in the design of new biomaterials useful in tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Zidek
- CEITEC-Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkynova 123, 61200, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Lucy Vojtova
- CEITEC-Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkynova 123, 61200, Brno, Czech Republic
- SCITEG, a.s., Brno, Czech Republic
| | - A M Abdel-Mohsen
- CEITEC-Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkynova 123, 61200, Brno, Czech Republic
- Textile Research Division, National Research Centre, El-Buhouth St, P.O. Box 12311, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Jiri Chmelik
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, FEEC, Brno University of Technology, Technicka 12, 61600, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Tomas Zikmund
- CEITEC-Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkynova 123, 61200, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Brtnikova
- CEITEC-Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkynova 123, 61200, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Roman Jakubicek
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, FEEC, Brno University of Technology, Technicka 12, 61600, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lukas Zubal
- CEITEC-Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkynova 123, 61200, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Jan
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, FEEC, Brno University of Technology, Technicka 12, 61600, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jozef Kaiser
- CEITEC-Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkynova 123, 61200, Brno, Czech Republic
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Mao SS, Li D, Luo Y, Syed YS, Budoff MJ. Application of quantitative computed tomography for assessment of trabecular bone mineral density, microarchitecture and mechanical property. Clin Imaging 2016; 40:330-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinimag.2015.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Revised: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Kaynia N, Soohoo E, Keaveny TM, Kazakia GJ. Effect of intraspecimen spatial variation in tissue mineral density on the apparent stiffness of trabecular bone. J Biomech Eng 2015; 137:1944612. [PMID: 25412197 DOI: 10.1115/1.4029178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of intraspecimen variations in tissue mineral density(TMD) on the apparent-level stiffness of human trabecular bone. High-resolution finite element (FE) models were created for each of 12 human trabecular bone specimens,using both microcomputed tomography (lCT) and “gold-standard” synchrotron radiation lCT (SRlCT) data. Our results confirm that incorporating TMD spatial variation reduces the calculated apparent stiffness compared to homogeneous TMD models. This effect exists for both lCT- and SRlCT-based FE models, but is exaggerated in lCT based models. This study provides a direct comparison of lCT to SRlCT data and is thereby able to conclude that the influence of including TMD heterogeneity is overestimated in lCT-based models.
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45
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Westhauser F, Weis C, Hoellig M, Swing T, Schmidmaier G, Weber MA, Stiller W, Kauczor HU, Moghaddam A. Heidelberg-mCT-Analyzer: a novel method for standardized microcomputed-tomography-guided evaluation of scaffold properties in bone and tissue research. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2015; 2:150496. [PMID: 26716008 PMCID: PMC4680623 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.150496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Bone tissue engineering and bone scaffold development represent two challenging fields in orthopaedic research. Micro-computed tomography (mCT) allows non-invasive measurement of these scaffolds' properties in vivo. However, the lack of standardized mCT analysis protocols and, therefore, the protocols' user-dependency make interpretation of the reported results difficult. To overcome these issues in scaffold research, we introduce the Heidelberg-mCT-Analyzer. For evaluation of our technique, we built 10 bone-inducing scaffolds, which underwent mCT acquisition before ectopic implantation (T0) in mice, and at explantation eight weeks thereafter (T1). The scaffolds' three-dimensional reconstructions were automatically segmented using fuzzy clustering with fully automatic level-setting. The scaffold itself and its pores were then evaluated for T0 and T1. Analysing the scaffolds' characteristic parameter set with our quantification method showed bone formation over time. We were able to demonstrate that our algorithm obtained the same results for basic scaffold parameters (e.g. scaffold volume, pore number and pore volume) as other established analysis methods. Furthermore, our algorithm was able to analyse more complex parameters, such as pore size range, tissue mineral density and scaffold surface. Our imaging and post-processing strategy enables standardized and user-independent analysis of scaffold properties, and therefore is able to improve the quantitative evaluations of scaffold-associated bone tissue-engineering projects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Westhauser
- Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, Center of Orthopedics, Traumatology, and Spinal Cord Injury, Heidelberg University Hospital, Schlierbacher Landstraße 200a, Heidelberg 69118, Germany
- HTRG - Heidelberg Trauma Research Group, Schlierbacher Landstraße 200a, Heidelberg 69118, Germany
| | - Christian Weis
- Clinic of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology (DIR), Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 110, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Melanie Hoellig
- Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, Center of Orthopedics, Traumatology, and Spinal Cord Injury, Heidelberg University Hospital, Schlierbacher Landstraße 200a, Heidelberg 69118, Germany
- HTRG - Heidelberg Trauma Research Group, Schlierbacher Landstraße 200a, Heidelberg 69118, Germany
| | - Tyler Swing
- Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, Center of Orthopedics, Traumatology, and Spinal Cord Injury, Heidelberg University Hospital, Schlierbacher Landstraße 200a, Heidelberg 69118, Germany
- HTRG - Heidelberg Trauma Research Group, Schlierbacher Landstraße 200a, Heidelberg 69118, Germany
| | - Gerhard Schmidmaier
- Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, Center of Orthopedics, Traumatology, and Spinal Cord Injury, Heidelberg University Hospital, Schlierbacher Landstraße 200a, Heidelberg 69118, Germany
- HTRG - Heidelberg Trauma Research Group, Schlierbacher Landstraße 200a, Heidelberg 69118, Germany
| | - Marc-André Weber
- Clinic of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology (DIR), Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 110, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Wolfram Stiller
- Clinic of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology (DIR), Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 110, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Hans-Ulrich Kauczor
- Clinic of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology (DIR), Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 110, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Arash Moghaddam
- Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, Center of Orthopedics, Traumatology, and Spinal Cord Injury, Heidelberg University Hospital, Schlierbacher Landstraße 200a, Heidelberg 69118, Germany
- HTRG - Heidelberg Trauma Research Group, Schlierbacher Landstraße 200a, Heidelberg 69118, Germany
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Hayashi-Sakai S, Kondo T, Kasuga Y, Sakamoto M, Endo H, Sakai J. Development of phantom for quantitative analyses of human dentin mineral density. Biomed Mater Eng 2015; 26:57-65. [PMID: 26484556 DOI: 10.3233/bme-151545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to develop a novel-designed phantom that could be scanned with a sample in the same image, that specialize for quantitative analyses of human dentin mineral density using the X-ray attenuation method. A further attempt was made to demonstrate the intracoronal dentin mineral density using this phantom in mandibular incisors. The phantom prepared with a 15 mm hole in the center of an acrylic resin bar having an outside diameter of 25 mm and 8 small holes (diameter, 3 mm) were made at equal intervals around the center. Liquid dipotassium hydrogen phosphate (K2HPO4) solutions were established at 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 and 1.0 g/cm3, and were arranged to these holes. The mean value of the intracoronal dentin mineral density was 1.486 ± 0.016 g/cm3 in the present study. As the results of the present study corresponded to previous reports, this new phantom was considered to be useful. This phantom enables the analysis of samples that are not readily available by conventional mechanical tests and may facilitate biomechanical investigations using X-ray images. It was suggested that this system is a simple, accurate and novel mineralization measuring system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachiko Hayashi-Sakai
- Division of Pediatric Dentistry, Department of Oral Health Science, Course for Oral Life Science, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Kondo
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Yuto Kasuga
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Makoto Sakamoto
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Hideaki Endo
- Division of Special Care Unit for Infection Control in Dentistry, Tohoku University Hospital, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Japan
| | - Jun Sakai
- Department of System and Automotive Engineering, Niigata College of Technology, Niigata, Japan
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Buchwald ZS, Yang C, Nellore S, Shashkova EV, Davis JL, Cline A, Ko J, Novack DV, DiPaolo R, Aurora R. A Bone Anabolic Effect of RANKL in a Murine Model of Osteoporosis Mediated Through FoxP3+ CD8 T Cells. J Bone Miner Res 2015; 30:1508-22. [PMID: 25656537 PMCID: PMC4506715 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.2472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Revised: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
TNF-α and IL-17 secreted by proinflammatory T cells (T(EFF)) promote bone erosion by activating osteoclasts. We previously demonstrated that in addition to bone resorption, osteoclasts act as antigen-presenting cells to induce FoxP3 in CD8 T cells (Tc(REG)). The osteoclast-induced regulatory CD8 T cells limit bone resorption in ovariectomized mice (a murine model of postmenopausal osteoporosis). Here we show that although low-dose receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL) maximally induces Tc(REG) via Notch signaling pathway to limit bone resorption, high-dose RANKL promotes bone resorption. In vitro, both TNF-α and IL-17, cytokines that are abundant in ovariectomized animals, suppress Tc(REG) induction by osteoclasts by repressing Notch ligand expression in osteoclasts, but this effect can be counteracted by addition of RANKL. Ovariectomized mice treated with low-dose RANKL induced Tc(REG) that suppressed bone resorption, decreased T(EFF) levels, and increased bone formation. High-dose RANKL had the expected osteolytic effect. Low-dose RANKL administration in ovariectomized mice lacking CD8 T cells was also osteolytic, confirming that Tc(REG) mediate this bone anabolic effect. Our results show that although RANKL directly stimulates osteoclasts to resorb bone, it also controls the osteoclasts' ability to induce regulatory T cells, engaging an important negative feedback loop. In addition to the conceivable clinical relevance to treatment of osteoporosis, these observations have potential relevance to induction of tolerance and autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary S. Buchwald
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine
| | - Chang Yang
- Division of Bone and Mineral Disease, Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis
| | - Suman Nellore
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine
| | - Elena V. Shashkova
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine
| | - Jennifer L. Davis
- Division of Bone and Mineral Disease, Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis
| | - Anna Cline
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine
| | - Je Ko
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine
| | - Deborah V. Novack
- Division of Bone and Mineral Disease, Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis
| | - Richard DiPaolo
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine
| | - Rajeev Aurora
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine
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Davies OG, Cooper PR, Shelton RM, Smith AJ, Scheven BA. A comparison of the in vitro mineralisation and dentinogenic potential of mesenchymal stem cells derived from adipose tissue, bone marrow and dental pulp. J Bone Miner Metab 2015; 33:371-82. [PMID: 24997523 DOI: 10.1007/s00774-014-0601-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Accepted: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Stem-cell-based therapies provide a biological basis for the regeneration of mineralised tissues. Stem cells isolated from adipose tissue (ADSCs), bone marrow (BMSCs) and dental pulp (DPSCs) have the capacity to form mineralised tissue. However, studies comparing the capacity of ADSCs with BMSCs and DPSCs for mineralised tissue engineering are lacking, and their ability to regenerate dental tissues has not been fully explored. Characterisation of the cells using fluorescence-activated cell sorting and semi-quantitative reverse transcription PCR for MSC markers indicated that they were immunophenotypically similar. Alizarin red (AR) staining and micro-computed tomography (µCT) analyses demonstrated that the osteogenic potential of DPSCs was significantly greater than that of BMSCs and ADSCs. Scanning electron microscopy and AR staining showed that the pattern of mineralisation in DPSC cultures differed from ADSCs and BMSCs, with DPSC cultures lacking defined mineralised nodules and instead forming a diffuse layer of low-density mineral. Dentine matrix components (DMCs) were used to promote dentinogenic differentiation. Their addition to cultures resulted in increased amounts of mineral deposited in all three cultures and significantly increased the density of mineral deposited in BMSC cultures, as determined by µCT analysis. Addition of DMCs also increased the relative gene expression levels of the dentinogenic markers dentine sialophosphoprotein and dentine matrix protein 1 in ADSC and BMSC cultures. In conclusion, DPSCs show the greatest potential to produce a comparatively high volume of mineralised matrix; however, both dentinogenesis and mineral volume was enhanced in ADSC and BMSC cultures by DMCs, suggesting that these cells show promise for regenerative dental therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- O G Davies
- School of Dentistry, University of Birmingham, St Chad's Queensway, Birmingham, B4 6NN, UK,
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Sevilla RS, Cruz F, Chiu CS, Xue D, Bettano KA, Zhu J, Chakravarthy K, Faltus R, Wang S, Vanko A, Robinson G, Zielstorff M, Miao J, Leccese E, Conway D, Moy LY, Dogdas B, Cicmil M, Zhang W. Development and optimization of a high-throughput micro-computed tomography imaging method incorporating a novel analysis technique to evaluate bone mineral density of arthritic joints in a rodent model of collagen induced arthritis. Bone 2015; 73:32-41. [PMID: 25482211 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2014.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Revised: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease resulting in joint inflammation, pain, and eventual bone loss. Bone loss and remodeling caused by symmetric polyarthritis, the hallmark of RA, is readily detectable by bone mineral density (BMD) measurement using micro-CT. Abnormalities in these measurements over time reflect the underlying pathophysiology of the bone. To evaluate the efficacy of anti-rheumatic agents in animal models of arthritis, we developed a high throughput knee and ankle joint imaging assay to measure BMD as a translational biomarker. A bone sample holder was custom designed for micro-CT scanning, which significantly increased assay throughput. Batch processing 3-dimensional image reconstruction, followed by automated image cropping, significantly reduced image processing time. In addition, we developed a novel, automated image analysis method to measure BMD and bone volume of knee and ankle joints. These improvements significantly increased the throughput of ex vivo bone sample analysis, reducing data turnaround from 5 days to 24 hours for a study with 200 rat hind limbs. Taken together, our data demonstrate that BMD, as quantified by micro-CT, is a robust efficacy biomarker with a high degree of sensitivity. Our innovative approach toward evaluation of BMD using optimized image acquisition and novel image processing techniques in preclinical models of RA enables high throughput assessment of anti-rheumatic agents offering a powerful tool for drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel S Sevilla
- Imaging-Boston, Merck Research Laboratories, 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Francisco Cruz
- Informatics IT, Merck Research Laboratories, 126 E. Lincoln Avenue, PO Box 2000, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Chi-Sung Chiu
- Respiratory & Immunology Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Dahai Xue
- Imaging-West Point, Merck Research Laboratories, Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - Kimberly A Bettano
- Imaging-Boston, Merck Research Laboratories, 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Joe Zhu
- Imaging-Boston, Merck Research Laboratories, 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Kalyan Chakravarthy
- Respiratory & Immunology Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Robert Faltus
- Respiratory & Immunology Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Shubing Wang
- Biometrics Research, Merck Research Laboratories, RY34-300, 126 Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Amy Vanko
- Imaging-Boston, Merck Research Laboratories, 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Gain Robinson
- Imaging-Boston, Merck Research Laboratories, 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Mark Zielstorff
- Respiratory & Immunology Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - John Miao
- Respiratory & Immunology Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Erica Leccese
- Respiratory & Immunology Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Donald Conway
- Compound Management and Engineering, Merck Research Laboratories, 126 E. Lincoln Avenue, PO Box 2000, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Lily Y Moy
- Respiratory & Immunology Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Belma Dogdas
- Informatics IT, Merck Research Laboratories, 126 E. Lincoln Avenue, PO Box 2000, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Milenko Cicmil
- Respiratory & Immunology Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Weisheng Zhang
- Imaging-Boston, Merck Research Laboratories, 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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50
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Effendy NM, Ibrahim NI, Mohamed N, Shuid AN. An Evidence-Based Review of Micro-CT Assessments of the Postmenopausal Osteoporosis Rat Model. INT J PHARMACOL 2015. [DOI: 10.3923/ijp.2015.177.200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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