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Zanghellini B, Zechmann N, Baurecht D, Grünewald TA, Burghammer M, Liegl-Atzwanger B, Leithner A, Davydok A, Lichtenegger H. Multimodal analysis and comparison of stoichiometric and structural characteristics of parosteal and conventional osteosarcoma with massive sclerosis in human bone. J Struct Biol 2024; 216:108106. [PMID: 38871094 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2024.108106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 06/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most common malignant primary bone tumor in humans and occurs in various subtypes. Tumor formation happens through malignant osteoblasts producing immature bone. In the present paper we studied two different subtypes of osteosarcoma, from one individual with conventional OS with massive sclerosis and one individual with parosteal OS, based on a multimodal approach including small angle x-ray scattering (SAXS), wide angle x-ray diffraction (WAXS), backscattered electron imaging (BEI) and Raman spectroscopy. It was found that both tumors showed reduced mineral particle sizes and degree of orientation of the collagen-mineral composite in the affected areas, alongside with a decreased crystallinity. Distinct differences between the tumor material from the two individuals were found in the degree of mineralization. Further differences were observed in the carbonate to phosphate ratio, which is related to the degree of carbonate substitution in bone mineral and indicative of the turnover rate. The contraction of the c-axis of the bone mineral crystals proved to be a further, very sensitive parameter, potentially indicative of malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicole Zechmann
- Department of Orthopedics and Trauma, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | - Dieter Baurecht
- Instiute of Physical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Tilman A Grünewald
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Med, Institut Fresnel, Marseille, France
| | | | | | - Andreas Leithner
- Department of Orthopedics and Trauma, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | - Anton Davydok
- Institute of Materials Physics, Helmholtz Zentrum Hereon, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Helga Lichtenegger
- Institute of Physics and Material Science, BOKU University, Vienna, Austria.
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2
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Differentiation of osteosarcoma from osteomyelitis using microarchitectural analysis on panoramic radiographs. Sci Rep 2022; 12:12339. [PMID: 35853929 PMCID: PMC9296473 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-16504-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Diagnosing osteosarcoma (OS) is very challenging and OS is often misdiagnosed as osteomyelitis (OM) due to the nonspecificity of its symptoms upon initial presentation. This study investigated the possibility of detecting OS-induced trabecular bone changes on panoramic radiographs and differentiating OS from OM by analyzing fractal dimensions (FDs) and degrees of anisotropy (DAs). Panoramic radiographs of patients with histopathologically proven OS and OM of the jaw were obtained. A total of 23 patients with OS and 40 patients with OM were enrolled. To investigate whether there was a microarchitectural difference between OS lesions and normal trabecular areas in each patient, two regions of interest (ROIs) were located on the CT images. Three microarchitectural parameters (box-counting FD, fast Fourier transform-based FD, and DA) were calculated. For both OS and OM, significant differences were found for all three microarchitectural parameters. Compared to normal trabecular bone, trabecular bone affected by OS and OM became isotropic and more complex. When comparing OS and OM, a statistically significant difference was found only in DA. Trabecular bones affected by OS became more isotropic than those affected by OM. Microarchitectural analysis, especially DA, could be useful for detecting OS-induced trabecular alterations and differentiating OS from OM.
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3
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Bailey S, Stadelmann MA, Zysset PK, Vashishth D, Alkalay RN. Influence of Metastatic Bone Lesion Type and Tumor Origin on Human Vertebral Bone Architecture, Matrix Quality, and Mechanical Properties. J Bone Miner Res 2022; 37:896-907. [PMID: 35253282 PMCID: PMC9158727 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.4539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Metastatic spine disease is incurable, causing increased vertebral fracture risk and severe patient morbidity. Here, we demonstrate that osteolytic, osteosclerotic, and mixed bone metastasis uniquely modify human vertebral bone architecture and quality, affecting vertebral strength and stiffness. Multivariable analysis showed bone metastasis type dominates vertebral strength and stiffness changes, with neither age nor gender having an independent effect. In osteolytic vertebrae, bone architecture rarefaction, lower tissue mineral content and connectivity, and accumulation of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) affected low vertebral strength and stiffness. In osteosclerotic vertebrae, high trabecular number and thickness but low AGEs, suggesting a high degree of bone remodeling, yielded high vertebral strength. Our study found that bone metastasis from prostate and breast primary cancers differentially impacted the osteosclerotic bone microenvironment, yielding altered bone architecture and accumulation of AGEs. These findings indicate that therapeutic approaches should target the restoration of bone structural integrity. © 2022 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacyann Bailey
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA
| | - Marc A. Stadelmann
- ARTORG Center for Biomedical Engineering Research, University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 3, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Philippe K. Zysset
- ARTORG Center for Biomedical Engineering Research, University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 3, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Deepak Vashishth
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY
| | - Ron N. Alkalay
- Center for Advanced Orthopedic Studies, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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4
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Skrajnowska D, Jagielska A, Ruszczyńska A, Idkowiak J, Bobrowska-Korczak B. Effect of Copper and Selenium Supplementation on the Level of Elements in Rats' Femurs under Neoplastic Conditions. Nutrients 2022; 14:1285. [PMID: 35334941 PMCID: PMC8951585 DOI: 10.3390/nu14061285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
A study was conducted to determine the effect of long-term supplementation with selenium and copper, administered at twice the level used in the standard diet of rats, on the content of selected elements in the femoral bones of healthy rats and rats with implanted LNCaP cancer cells. After an adaptation period, the animals were randomly divided into two experimental groups. The rats in the experimental group were implanted with prostate cancer cells. The rats in the control group were kept in the same conditions as those in the experimental group and fed the same diet, but without implanted cancer cells. The cancer cells (LNCaP) were intraperitoneally implanted in the amount of 1 × 106 (in PBS 0.4 mL) at the age of 90 days. The content of elements in the samples was determined by a quadrupole mass spectrometer with inductively coupled plasma ionization (ICP-MS). In the femoral bones of rats with implanted LNCaP cells, in the case of the standard diet and the copper-enriched diet, there was a marked decreasing trend in the content of the analysed elements relative to the control rats. This may indicate slow osteolysis taking place in the bone tissue. Contrasting results were obtained for the diet enriched with selenium; there was no significant reduction in the level of these elements, and there was even an increase in the concentrations of Fe and K in the bones of rats with implanted LNCaP cells. Particularly, numerous changes in the mineral composition of the bones were generated by enriching the diet with copper. The elements that most often underwent changes (losses) in the bones were cobalt, iron, manganese and molybdenum. The changes observed, most likely induced by the implantation of LNCaP cells, may indicate a disturbance of mineral homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Skrajnowska
- Department of Bromatology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Agata Jagielska
- Biological and Chemical Research Centre, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Zwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland; (A.J.); (A.R.)
| | - Anna Ruszczyńska
- Biological and Chemical Research Centre, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Zwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland; (A.J.); (A.R.)
| | - Jakub Idkowiak
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, 53210 Pardubice, Czech Republic;
| | - Barbara Bobrowska-Korczak
- Department of Bromatology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland;
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5
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Gaba F, Tipping WJ, Salji M, Faulds K, Graham D, Leung HY. Raman Spectroscopy in Prostate Cancer: Techniques, Applications and Advancements. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14061535. [PMID: 35326686 PMCID: PMC8946151 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14061535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Optical techniques are widely used tools in the visualisation of biological species within complex matrices, including biopsies, tissue resections and biofluids. Raman spectroscopy is an emerging analytical approach that probes the molecular signature of endogenous cellular biomolecules under biocompatible conditions with high spatial resolution. Applications of Raman spectroscopy in prostate cancer include biopsy analysis, assessment of surgical margins and monitoring of treatment efficacy. The advent of advanced Raman imaging techniques, such as stimulated Raman scattering, is creating opportunities for real-time in situ evaluation of prostate cancer. This review provides a focus on the recent preclinical and clinical achievements in implementing Raman-based techniques, highlighting remaining challenges for clinical applications. The research and clinical results achieved through in vivo and ex vivo Raman spectroscopy illustrate areas where these evolving technologies can be best translated into clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fortis Gaba
- Department of Urology, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde, Glasgow G51 4TF, UK; (F.G.); (M.S.)
- School of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - William J. Tipping
- Department for Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1RD, UK; (W.J.T.); (K.F.); (D.G.)
| | - Mark Salji
- Department of Urology, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde, Glasgow G51 4TF, UK; (F.G.); (M.S.)
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Karen Faulds
- Department for Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1RD, UK; (W.J.T.); (K.F.); (D.G.)
| | - Duncan Graham
- Department for Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1RD, UK; (W.J.T.); (K.F.); (D.G.)
| | - Hing Y. Leung
- Department of Urology, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde, Glasgow G51 4TF, UK; (F.G.); (M.S.)
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
- Correspondence:
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6
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Shin KS, Men S, Wong A, Cobb-Bruno C, Chen EY, Fu D. Quantitative Chemical Imaging of Bone Tissue for Intraoperative and Diagnostic Applications. Anal Chem 2022; 94:3791-3799. [PMID: 35188370 PMCID: PMC8944199 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c04354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Bone is difficult to image using traditional histopathological methods, leading to challenges in intraoperative pathological evaluation that is critical in guiding surgical treatment, particularly in orthopedic oncology. In this study, we demonstrate that a multimodal quantitative imaging approach that combines stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) microscopy, two-photon fluorescence (TPF) microscopy, and second-harmonic generation (SHG) microscopy can provide useful diagnostic information regarding intact bone tissue fragments from surgical excision or biopsy specimens. We imaged bone samples from 17 patient cases and performed quantitative chemical and morphological analyses of both mineral and organic components of bone. Our main findings show that carbonate content combined with morphometric analysis of bone organic matrix can separate several major classes of bone cancer-associated diagnostic categories with an average accuracy of 92%. This proof-of-principle study demonstrates that quantitative multimodal imaging and machine learning-based analysis of bony tissue can provide crucial diagnostic information for guiding clinical decisions in orthopedic oncology. Moreover, the general methodology of morphological and chemical imaging combined with machine learning can be readily extended to other tissue types for tissue diagnosis in intraoperative and other clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kseniya S Shin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States.,School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Shuaiqian Men
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Angel Wong
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Colburn Cobb-Bruno
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Eleanor Y Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Dan Fu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
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7
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Coulombe JC, Sarazin BA, Mullen Z, Ortega AM, Livingston EW, Bateman TA, Stodieck LS, Lynch ME, Ferguson VL. Microgravity-induced alterations of mouse bones are compartment- and site-specific and vary with age. Bone 2021; 151:116021. [PMID: 34087386 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2021.116021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The age at which astronauts experience microgravity is a critical consideration for skeletal health and similarly has clinical relevance for musculoskeletal disuse on Earth. While astronauts are extensively studied for bone and other physiological changes, rodent studies enable direct evaluation of skeletal changes with microgravity. Yet, mouse spaceflight studies have predominately evaluated tissues from young, growing mice. We evaluated bone microarchitecture in tibiae and femurs from Young (9-week-old) and Mature (32-weeks-old) female, C57BL/6N mice flown in microgravity for ~2 and ~3 weeks, respectively. Microgravity-induced changes were both compartment- and site-specific. Changes were greater in trabecular versus cortical bone in Mature mice exposed to microgravity (-40.0% Tb. BV/TV vs -4.4% Ct. BV/TV), and bone loss was greater in the proximal tibia as compared to the distal femur. Trabecular thickness in Young mice increased by +25.0% on Earth and no significant difference following microgravity. In Mature mice exposed to microgravity, trabecular thickness rapidly decreased (-24.5%) while no change was detected in age-matched mice that were maintained on Earth. Mature mice exposed to microgravity experienced greater bone loss than Young mice with net skeletal growth. Moreover, machine learning classification models confirmed that microgravity exposure-driven decrements in trabecular microarchitecture and cortical structure occurred disproportionately in Mature than in Young mice. Our results suggest that age of disuse onset may have clinical implications in osteoporotic or other at-risk populations on Earth and may contribute to understanding bone loss patterns in astronauts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer C Coulombe
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, UCB 427, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, United States of America; BioFrontiers Institute, UCB 596, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, United States of America
| | - Blayne A Sarazin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, UCB 427, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, United States of America
| | - Zachary Mullen
- Laboratory for Interdisciplinary Statistical Analysis, UCB 526, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, United States of America
| | - Alicia M Ortega
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, UCB 427, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, United States of America
| | - Eric W Livingston
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
| | - Ted A Bateman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
| | - Louis S Stodieck
- Aerospace Engineering Sciences/BioServe Space Technologies, UCB 429, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, United States of America
| | - Maureen E Lynch
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, UCB 427, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, United States of America; BioFrontiers Institute, UCB 596, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, United States of America
| | - Virginia L Ferguson
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, UCB 427, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, United States of America; BioFrontiers Institute, UCB 596, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, United States of America; Aerospace Engineering Sciences/BioServe Space Technologies, UCB 429, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, United States of America.
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8
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Chiou AE, Liu C, Moreno-Jiménez I, Tang T, Wagermaier W, Dean MN, Fischbach C, Fratzl P. Breast cancer-secreted factors perturb murine bone growth in regions prone to metastasis. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabf2283. [PMID: 33731354 PMCID: PMC7968847 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abf2283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer frequently metastasizes to bone, causing osteolytic lesions. However, how factors secreted by primary tumors affect the bone microenvironment before the osteolytic phase of metastatic tumor growth remains unclear. Understanding these changes is critical as they may regulate metastatic dissemination and progression. To mimic premetastatic bone adaptation, immunocompromised mice were injected with MDA-MB-231-conditioned medium [tumor-conditioned media (TCM)]. Subsequently, the bones of these mice were subjected to multiscale, correlative analysis including RNA sequencing, histology, micro-computed tomography, x-ray scattering analysis, and Raman imaging. In contrast to overt metastasis causing osteolysis, TCM treatment induced new bone formation that was characterized by increased mineral apposition rate relative to control bones, altered bone quality with less matrix and more carbonate substitution, and the deposition of disoriented mineral near the growth plate. Our study suggests that breast cancer-secreted factors may promote perturbed bone growth before metastasis, which could affect initial seeding of tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron E Chiou
- Nancy E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Chuang Liu
- Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14424 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Inés Moreno-Jiménez
- Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14424 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Tengteng Tang
- Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14424 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Wagermaier
- Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14424 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Mason N Dean
- Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14424 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Claudia Fischbach
- Nancy E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
- Kavli Institute at Cornell for Nanoscale Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Peter Fratzl
- Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14424 Potsdam, Germany.
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Whyne CM, Ferguson D, Clement A, Rangrez M, Hardisty M. Biomechanical Properties of Metastatically Involved Osteolytic Bone. Curr Osteoporos Rep 2020; 18:705-715. [PMID: 33074529 DOI: 10.1007/s11914-020-00633-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Skeletal metastasis involves the uncoupling of physiologic bone remodeling resulting in abnormal bone turnover and radical changes in bony architecture, density, and quality. Bone strength assessment and fracture risk prediction are critical in clinical treatment decision-making. This review focuses on bone tissue and structural mechanisms altered by osteolytic metastasis and the resulting changes to its material and mechanical behavior. RECENT FINDINGS Both organic and mineral phases of bone tissue are altered by osteolytic metastatic disease, with diminished bone quality evident at multiple length-scales. The mechanical performance of bone with osteolytic lesions is influenced by a combination of tissue-level and structural changes. This review considers the effects of osteolytic metastasis on bone biomechanics demonstrating its negative impact at tissue and structural levels. Future studies need to assess the cumulative impact of cancer treatments on metastatically involved bone quality, and its utility in directing multimodal treatment planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cari M Whyne
- Orthopaedic Biomechanics Lab, Sunnybrook Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
- Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
- Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
| | - Dallis Ferguson
- Orthopaedic Biomechanics Lab, Sunnybrook Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Allison Clement
- Orthopaedic Biomechanics Lab, Sunnybrook Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Mohammedayaz Rangrez
- Orthopaedic Biomechanics Lab, Sunnybrook Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Michael Hardisty
- Orthopaedic Biomechanics Lab, Sunnybrook Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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Stadelmann MA, Schenk DE, Maquer G, Lenherr C, Buck FM, Bosshardt DD, Hoppe S, Theumann N, Alkalay RN, Zysset PK. Conventional finite element models estimate the strength of metastatic human vertebrae despite alterations of the bone's tissue and structure. Bone 2020; 141:115598. [PMID: 32829037 PMCID: PMC9206866 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2020.115598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pathologic vertebral fractures are a major clinical concern in the management of cancer patients with metastatic spine disease. These fractures are a direct consequence of the effect of bone metastases on the anatomy and structure of the vertebral bone. The goals of this study were twofold. First, we evaluated the effect of lytic, blastic and mixed (both lytic and blastic) metastases on the bone structure, on its material properties, and on the overall vertebral strength. Second, we tested the ability of bone mineral content (BMC) measurements and standard FE methodologies to predict the strength of real metastatic vertebral bodies. METHODS Fifty-seven vertebral bodies from eleven cadaver spines containing lytic, blastic, and mixed metastatic lesions from donors with breast, esophageal, kidney, lung, or prostate cancer were scanned using micro-computed tomography (μCT). Based on radiographic review, twelve vertebrae were selected for nanoindentation testing, while the remaining forty-five vertebrae were used for assessing their compressive strength. The μCT reconstruction was exploited to measure the vertebral BMC and to establish two finite element models. 1) a micro finite element (μFE) model derived at an image resolution of 24.5 μm and 2) homogenized FE (hFE) model derived at a resolution of 0.98 mm. Statistical analyses were conducted to measure the effect of the bone metastases on BV/TV, indentation modulus (Eit), ratio of plastic/total work (WPl/Wtot), and in vitro vertebral strength (Fexp). The predictive value of BMC, μFE stiffness, and hFE strength were evaluated against the in vitro measurements. RESULTS Blastic vertebral bodies exhibit significantly higher BV/TV compared to the mixed (p = 0.0205) and lytic (p = 0.0216) vertebral bodies. No significant differences were found between lytic and mixed vertebrae (p = 0.7584). Blastic bone tissue exhibited a 5.8% lower median Eit (p< 0.001) and a 3.3% lower median Wpl/Wtot (p<0.001) compared to non-involved bone tissue. No significant differences were measured between lytic and non-involved bone tissues. Fexp ranged from 1.9 to 13.8 kN, was strongly associated with hFE strength (R2=0.78, p< 0.001) and moderately associated with BMC (R2=0.66, p< 0.001) and μFE stiffness (R2=0.66, p< 0.001), independently of the lesion type. DISCUSSION Our findings show that tumour-induced osteoblastic metastases lead to slightly, but significantly lower bone tissue properties compared to controls, while osteolytic lesions appear to have a negligible impact. These effects may be attributed to the lower mineralization and woven nature of bone forming in blastic lesions whilst the material properties of bone in osteolytic vertebrae appeared little changed. The moderate association between BMC- and FE-based predictions to fracture strength suggest that vertebral strength is affected by the changes of bone mass induced by the metastatic lesions, rather than altered tissue properties. In a broader context, standard hFE approaches generated from CTs at clinical resolution are robust to the lesion type when predicting vertebral strength. These findings open the door for the development of FE-based prediction tools that overcomes the limitations of BMC in accounting for shape and size of the metastatic lesions. Such tools may help clinicians to decide whether a patient needs the prophylactic fixation of an impending fracture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc A Stadelmann
- ARTORG Center for Biomedical Engineering Research, University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 3, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Denis E Schenk
- ARTORG Center for Biomedical Engineering Research, University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 3, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ghislain Maquer
- ARTORG Center for Biomedical Engineering Research, University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 3, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Christopher Lenherr
- ARTORG Center for Biomedical Engineering Research, University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 3, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Florian M Buck
- University of Zurich & MRI Schulthess Clinic, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Dieter D Bosshardt
- Robert K. Schenk Laboratory of Oral Histology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sven Hoppe
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Switzerland
| | | | - Ron N Alkalay
- Center for Advanced Orthopedic Studies, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Philippe K Zysset
- ARTORG Center for Biomedical Engineering Research, University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 3, 3010 Bern, Switzerland.
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11
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Wu J, Fan KJ, Wang QS, Xu BX, Cai Q, Wang TY. DMY protects the knee joints of rats with collagen-induced arthritis by inhibition of NF-κB signaling and osteoclastic bone resorption. Food Funct 2020; 11:6251-6264. [PMID: 32596704 DOI: 10.1039/d0fo00396d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) is a widely used animal model for studying rheumatoid arthritis (RA), which manifests serious joint dysfunction, progressive bone erosion and articular cartilage destruction. Considering that joint damage in RA is caused by systemic inflammation and dihydromyricetin (DMY), the main flavonoid of Ampelopsis Michx, possesses anti-inflammatory properties, in the present study we have investigated the potential capability of DMY to inhibit inflammation-mediated joint damage and explore the underlying mechanisms. A rat model of RA induced by CIA was administered with DMY for 5 weeks. Prior to histological analysis, the knee joints were scanned by microcomputed tomography (μCT) to detect bone damage. Articular cartilage destruction was assessed by Alcian blue and Toluidine blue staining and the pathological alteration of osteoblasts and osteoclasts in joints was evaluated by hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) staining, respectively. The effects of DMY on osteoblast differentiation and osteoclast formation in vitro were investigated. Consistent with the in vivo results, DMY had no significant effect on osteoblast differentiation but an inhibitory effect on osteoclast formation. Furthermore, we determined that the mechanism of the DMY-suppressed osteoclast formation was blocking the phosphorylation of I-κB kinase (IKK) so as to hinder the activation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB). Collectively, DMY could ameliorate knee joint damage, especially in articular cartilage, which is the weight-bearing region, by inhibiting osteoclast formation through NF-κB signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wu
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
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12
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D'Acunto M, Gaeta R, Capanna R, Franchi A. Contribution of Raman Spectroscopy to Diagnosis and Grading of Chondrogenic Tumors. Sci Rep 2020; 10:2155. [PMID: 32034187 PMCID: PMC7005702 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-58848-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last decade, Raman Spectroscopy has demonstrated to be a label-free and non-destructive optical spectroscopy able to improve diagnostic accuracy in cancer diagnosis. This is because Raman spectroscopic measurements can reveal a deep molecular understanding of the biochemical changes in cancer tissues in comparison with non-cancer tissues. In this pilot study, we apply Raman spectroscopy imaging to the diagnosis and grading of chondrogenic tumors, including enchondroma and chondrosarcomas of increasing histologic grades. The investigation included the analysis of areas of 50×50 μm2 to approximately 200×200 μm2, respectively. Multivariate statistical analysis, based on unsupervised (Principal Analysis Components) and supervised (Linear Discriminant Analysis) methods, differentiated between the various tumor samples, between cells and extracellular matrix, and between collagen and non-collagenous components. The results dealt out basic biochemical information on tumor progression giving the possibility to grade with certainty the malignant cartilaginous tumors under investigation. The basic processes revealed by Raman Spectroscopy are the progressive degrading of collagen type-II components, the formation of calcifications and the cell proliferation in tissues ranging from enchondroma to chondrosarcomas. This study highlights that Raman spectroscopy is particularly effective when cartilaginous tumors need to be subjected to histopathological analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario D'Acunto
- IBF-CNR, Istituto di Biofisica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Area della Ricerca di Pisa, via Moruzzi 1, I-56124, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Raffaele Gaeta
- Department of Translational Research and of New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Rodolfo Capanna
- Department of Translational Research and of New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Alessandro Franchi
- Department of Translational Research and of New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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13
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Molla MDS, Katti DR, Iswara J, Venkatesan R, Paulmurugan R, Katti KS. Prostate Cancer Phenotype Influences Bone Mineralization at Metastasis: A Study Using an In Vitro Prostate Cancer Metastasis Testbed. JBMR Plus 2020; 4:e10256. [PMID: 32083238 PMCID: PMC7017885 DOI: 10.1002/jbm4.10256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Revised: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, two types of prostate cancer cell lines, highly metastatic PC-3 and low metastatic MDA PCa 2b (PCa) were cultured on bone mimetic scaffolds to recapitulate metastasis to bone. A unique in vitro 3D tumor model that uses a sequential culture (SC) of human mesenchymal stem cells followed by seeding with cancer cells after bone formation was initiated to study the phenotype-specific interaction between prostate cancer cells and bone microenvironment. The PCa cells were observed to be less prolific and less metastatic, and to form multicellular tumoroids in the bone microenvironment, whereas PC-3 cells were more prolific and were highly metastatic, and did not form multicellular tumoroids in the bone microenvironment. The metastatic process exhibited by these two prostate cancer cell lines showed a significant and different effect on bone mineralization and extracellular matrix formation. Excessive bone formation in the presence of PC-3 and significant osteolysis in the presence of PCa were observed, which was also indicated by osteocalcin and MMP-9 expression as measured by ELISA and qRT-PCR. The field emission scanning electron microscopy images revealed that the structure of mineralized collagen in the presence of PC-3 is different than the one observed in healthy bone. All experimental results indicated that both osteolytic and osteoblastic bone lesions can be recapitulated in our tumor testbed model and that different cancer phenotypes have a very different influence on bone at metastasis. The 3D in vitro model presented in this study provides an improved, reproducible, and controllable system that is a useful tool to elucidate osteotropism of prostate cancer cells. © 2019 The Authors. JBMR Plus published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- MD Shahjahan Molla
- Center for Engineered Cancer TestbedsNorth Dakota State UniversityFargoNDUSA
- Department of Civil and Environmental EngineeringNorth Dakota State UniversityFargoNDUSA
- Scintillon InstituteSan DiegoUSA
| | - Dinesh R Katti
- Center for Engineered Cancer TestbedsNorth Dakota State UniversityFargoNDUSA
- Department of Civil and Environmental EngineeringNorth Dakota State UniversityFargoNDUSA
| | - Jairam Iswara
- Department of Urology, Saint Elizabeth's Medical CenterTufts UniversityBostonMAUSA
| | - Renugopalkrishnan Venkatesan
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical BiologyNortheastern UniversityBostonMAUSA
- Center for Life SciencesBoston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, BostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Ramasamy Paulmurugan
- Department of RadiologyCellular Pathway Imaging Laboratory (CPIL), Stanford University School of MedicinePalo AltoCAUSA
| | - Kalpana S Katti
- Center for Engineered Cancer TestbedsNorth Dakota State UniversityFargoNDUSA
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14
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Xu K, Ganapathy K, Andl T, Wang Z, Copland JA, Chakrabarti R, Florczyk SJ. 3D porous chitosan-alginate scaffold stiffness promotes differential responses in prostate cancer cell lines. Biomaterials 2019; 217:119311. [PMID: 31279100 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2019.119311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is a leading cause of death for men worldwide. Most PCa patients die from metastasis and bone is the most common metastatic site. Three dimensional (3D) porous chitosan-alginate (CA) scaffolds were developed for bone tissue engineering and demonstrated for culture of cancer cells and enrichment of cancer stem cells. However, only a single scaffold composition was studied. Three compositions of 3D porous CA scaffolds (2, 4, and 6 wt%) were used to investigate the effect of scaffold stiffness on PCa cell response with PC-3, C4-2B, and 22Rv1 cell lines. The PC-3 cells formed cell clusters while the C4-2B and 22Rv1 cells formed multicellular spheroids. The three cell lines demonstrated stiffness independent cell growth and expressed phenotypic PCa biomarkers. The osteoblastic PCa lines C4-2B and 22Rv1 mineralized in basal media, while the osteolytic PC-3 line did not, demonstrating that CA scaffold cultures revealed differences in PCa phenotypes. The CA scaffolds are a 3D culture platform that supports PCa growth and phenotypic expression with adjustable scaffold stiffness to mimic stages of metastatic progression. Further investigation of the scaffolds for co-culture of PCa cells with fibroblasts and primary PCa cell culture should be conducted to develop a platform for screening chemotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kailei Xu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32816-2455, USA
| | - Kavya Ganapathy
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32827, USA
| | - Thomas Andl
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32827, USA
| | - Zi Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32816-2455, USA
| | - John A Copland
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Ratna Chakrabarti
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32827, USA
| | - Stephen J Florczyk
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32816-2455, USA; Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32827, USA.
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15
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Cho N, Shokeen M. Changing landscape of optical imaging in skeletal metastases. J Bone Oncol 2019; 17:100249. [PMID: 31316892 PMCID: PMC6611980 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbo.2019.100249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Optical imaging is an emerging strategy for in vitro and in vivo visualization of the molecular mechanisms of cancer over time. An increasing number of optical imaging contrast agents and techniques have been developed in recent years specifically for bone research and skeletal metastases. Visualizing molecular processes in relation to bone remodeling in metastasized cancers provides valuable information for understanding disease mechanisms and monitoring expression of primary molecular targets and therapeutic efficacy. This review is intended to provide an overview of tumor-specific and non-specific contrast agents in the first near-infrared window (NIR-I) window from 650 nm to 950 nm that can be used to study functional and structural aspects of skeletal remodeling of cancer in preclinical animal models. Near-infrared (NIR) optical imaging techniques, specifically NIR spectroscopy and photoacoustic imaging, and their use in skeletal metastases will also be discussed. Perspectives on the promises and challenges facing this exciting field are then given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Cho
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, 4515 McKinley Ave, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States
| | - Monica Shokeen
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, 4515 McKinley Ave, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States.,Alvin J. Siteman Cancer Center at Washington University School of Medicine and Barnes Jewish Hospital, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States
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16
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Burke M, Akens M, Kiss A, Willett T, Whyne C. Mechanical behavior of metastatic vertebrae are influenced by tissue architecture, mineral content, and organic feature alterations. J Orthop Res 2018; 36:3013-3022. [PMID: 29978906 DOI: 10.1002/jor.24105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Diminished vertebral mechanical behavior with metastatic involvement is typically attributed to modified architecture and trabecular bone content. Previous work has identified organic and mineral phase bone quality changes in the presence of metastases, yet limited work exists on the potential influence of such tissue level modifications on vertebral mechanical characteristics. This work seeks to determine correlations between features of bone (structural and tissue level) and mechanical behavior in metastatically involved vertebral bone. It is hypothesized that tissue level properties (mineral and organic) will improve these correlations beyond architectural properties and BMD alone. Twenty-four female athymic rats were inoculated with HeLa or Ace-1 cancer cells lines producing osteolytic (N = 8) or mixed (osteolytic/osteoblastic, N = 7) metastases, respectively. Twenty-one days post-inoculation L1-L3 pathologic vertebral motion segments were excised and μCT imaged. 3D morphometric parameters and axial rigidity of the L2 vertebrae were quantified. Sequential loading and μCT imaging measured progression of failure, stiffness and peak force. Relationships between mechanical testing (whole bone and tissue-level) and tissue-level material property modifications with metastatic involvement were evaluated utilizing linear regression models. Osteolytic involvement reduced vertebral trabecular bone volume, structure, CT-derived axial rigidity, stiffness and failure force compared to healthy controls (N = 9). Mixed metastases demonstrated similar trends. Previously assessed collagen cross-linking and proline-based residues were correlated to mechanical behavior and improved the predictive ability of the regression models. Similarly, collagen organization improved predictive regression models for metastatic bone hardness. This work highlights the importance of both bone content/architecture and organic tissue-level features in characterizing metastatic vertebral mechanics. © 2018 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 36:3013-3022, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail Burke
- Orthopaedics Biomechanics Laboratory, Sunnybrook Research Institute, 2075 Bayview Ave., Room S620, Toronto, Ontario,. M4N 3M5.,Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario
| | - Margarete Akens
- Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario.,Techna, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario
| | - Alex Kiss
- Evaluative Clinical Sciences, Hurvitz Brain Science Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario
| | - Thomas Willett
- Centre for Bioengineering and Biotechnology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario
| | - Cari Whyne
- Orthopaedics Biomechanics Laboratory, Sunnybrook Research Institute, 2075 Bayview Ave., Room S620, Toronto, Ontario,. M4N 3M5.,Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario.,Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario
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17
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Rizzo S, Farlay D, Akhter M, Boskey A, Recker R, Lappe J, Boivin G. Variables Reflecting the Mineralization of Bone Tissue From Fracturing Versus Nonfracturing Postmenopausal Nonosteoporotic Women. JBMR Plus 2018; 2:323-327. [PMID: 30460335 PMCID: PMC6237211 DOI: 10.1002/jbm4.10062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Women with equivalent areal bone mineral densities may show a different fracture incidence due to differences in bone intrinsic quality. Previously, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic imaging (FTIRI) on the same iliac bone biopsies reported here, showed that the only significantly different variable was the carbonate/phosphate ratio, which was decreased in the fracturing group. Nanoindentation showed that fracturing bone was less mechanically heterogeneous than nonfracturing bone and could propagate damage (microcracks) more easily. The hypothesis is that fracturing women have reduced mineralization of bone tissue compared to nonfracturing women. Transiliac bone biopsies were collected from fracturing (n = 60, 62.5 ± 7.4 years old) and nonfracturing (n = 60, 62.3 ± 7.3 years old) postmenopausal women, to assess the mineralization of bone tissue using digitized microradiography. The degree of mineralization of bone (DMB, g/cm3) and the heterogeneity index (HI, g/cm3) of the DMB were calculated for cancellous (canc), cortical (cort) and total bone. Results were compared to variables from nanoindentation, FTIRI, and histomorphometry. DMB and HI were not significantly different between fracturing and nonfracturing groups. In the nonfracturing group, cort and canc HI were weakly negatively associated with cort and canc DMB (r' = -0.388, p < 0.003; r' = -0.532, p < 0.0001, respectively). In the fracturing group, DMB and HI were negatively correlated only in canc (r' = -0.295, p = 0.024). DMB and HI were not associated with nanoindentation variables. Cort and canc DMB were positively associated with mineral-to-matrix ratio measured by FTIRI (ratio between mineral and organic matrix representing the relative mineralization of the collagen matrix), and negatively associated with carbonate/phosphate ratio. None of the DMB variables were strongly associated with any of the histomorphometric variables. In conclusion, bone mineralization was not significantly different between fracturing and nonfracturing postmenopausal women, suggesting that bone fragility could be partly due to other variables, such as changes in hydration of bone matrix or an increase of non-enzymatic crosslinks in bone collagen. © 2018 The Authors. JBMR Plus published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Rizzo
- INSERM, UMR 1033, Univ LyonUniversité Claude Bernard Lyon 1LyonFrance
| | - Delphine Farlay
- INSERM, UMR 1033, Univ LyonUniversité Claude Bernard Lyon 1LyonFrance
| | - Mohammed Akhter
- Creighton University Osteoporosis Research Center,OmahaNEUSA
| | | | - Robert Recker
- Creighton University Osteoporosis Research Center,OmahaNEUSA
| | - Joan Lappe
- Creighton University Osteoporosis Research Center,OmahaNEUSA
| | - Georges Boivin
- INSERM, UMR 1033, Univ LyonUniversité Claude Bernard Lyon 1LyonFrance
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18
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19
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Tumor Burden and Intraosseous Metabolic Activity as Predictors of Bone Marrow Failure during Radioisotope Therapy in Metastasized Prostate Cancer Patients. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:3905216. [PMID: 29435457 PMCID: PMC5757096 DOI: 10.1155/2017/3905216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Rationale Radium-223-Dichloride (Ra-223) is an alpha-emitter, used to treat bone metastases. Patients with high metastatic burden and/or with increased trabecular bone uptake could present a higher incidence of hematologic toxicity. We hypothesized that these two factors are predictors of bone marrow failure. Material and Methods A computer algorithm discriminated between trabecular bone (BVol) and tumor metastases (MVol) within pretherapeutic whole-body skeletal SPECT/CT (N = 47). The program calculated the metastatic invasion percent (INV%) as the MVol/(MVol + BVol) ratio and extracted the BVol mean counts. BVol counts were correlated to % drop of hemoglobin (Hb), leukocytes (WBC), and platelets (PLT) after 3/6 Ra-223 cycles. Patient-specific and computational-derived parameters were tested as predictors of hematologic toxicity with MANOVA. Results BVol counts correlated with drop of Hb (R = 0,65, p < 0.01) and PLT (R = 0,45, p < 0.01). Appendicular BVol counts showed a better correlation (p < 0.05, p < 0.01, and p < 0.001 for Hb, WBC, and PLT, resp.). INV% directly correlated with BVol counts (R = 0.68, p < 0.001). At MANOVA, grade III/IV toxicity was predicted by INV% (p < 0.01), by long-bone invasion (p < 0.005), and by BVol counts (p < 0.05). Conclusions In patients with significant bone tumor burden, degree of bone invasion and trabecular bone uptake are predictors of subsequent bone marrow failure.
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20
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Zhang C, Winnard PT, Dasari S, Kominsky SL, Doucet M, Jayaraman S, Raman V, Barman I. Label-free Raman spectroscopy provides early determination and precise localization of breast cancer-colonized bone alterations. Chem Sci 2017; 9:743-753. [PMID: 29629144 PMCID: PMC5869989 DOI: 10.1039/c7sc02905e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Raman spectral markers offer new routes to recognition of biomolecular alterations at sites of nascent and progressing metastatic cancer in bone.
Breast neoplasms frequently colonize bone and induce development of osteolytic bone lesions by disrupting the homeostasis of the bone microenvironment. This degenerative process can lead to bone pain and pathological bone fracture, a major cause of cancer morbidity and diminished quality of life, which is exacerbated by our limited ability to monitor early metastatic disease in bone and assess fracture risk. Spurred by its label-free, real-time nature and its exquisite molecular specificity, we employed spontaneous Raman spectroscopy to assess and quantify early metastasis driven biochemical alterations to bone composition. As early as two weeks after intracardiac inoculations of MDA-MB-435 breast cancer cells in NOD-SCID mice, Raman spectroscopic measurements in the femur and spine revealed consistent changes in carbonate substitution, overall mineralization as well as crystallinity increase in tumor-bearing bones when compared with their normal counterparts. Our observations reveal the possibility of early stage detection of biochemical changes in the tumor-bearing bones – significantly before morphological variations are captured through radiographic diagnosis. This study paves the way for a better molecular understanding of altered bone remodeling in such metastatic niches, and for further clinical studies with the goal of establishing a non-invasive tool for early metastasis detection and prediction of pathological fracture risk in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Zhang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , Johns Hopkins University , Whiting School of Engineering , Latrobe Hall 103 , Baltimore , MD 21218 , USA . ; Tel: +1-410-516-0656
| | - Paul T Winnard
- Division of Cancer Imaging Research , Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science , Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , 720 Rutland Avenue, Rm 340 Traylor Building , Baltimore , MD , USA 21205 . ; Tel: +1-410-955-7492
| | - Sidarth Dasari
- Indiana University School of Medicine , Indianapolis , IN , USA
| | - Scott L Kominsky
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery , Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore , MD , USA
| | - Michele Doucet
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery , Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore , MD , USA
| | - Swaathi Jayaraman
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery , Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore , MD , USA
| | - Venu Raman
- Division of Cancer Imaging Research , Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science , Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , 720 Rutland Avenue, Rm 340 Traylor Building , Baltimore , MD , USA 21205 . ; Tel: +1-410-955-7492.,Department of Oncology , Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore , MD , USA
| | - Ishan Barman
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , Johns Hopkins University , Whiting School of Engineering , Latrobe Hall 103 , Baltimore , MD 21218 , USA . ; Tel: +1-410-516-0656.,Department of Oncology , Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore , MD , USA
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21
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Multiscale characterization of the mineral phase at skeletal sites of breast cancer metastasis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:10542-10547. [PMID: 28923958 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1708161114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal metastases, the leading cause of death in advanced breast cancer patients, depend on tumor cell interactions with the mineralized bone extracellular matrix. Bone mineral is largely composed of hydroxyapatite (HA) nanocrystals with physicochemical properties that vary significantly by anatomical location, age, and pathology. However, it remains unclear whether bone regions typically targeted by metastatic breast cancer feature distinct HA materials properties. Here we combined high-resolution X-ray scattering analysis with large-area Raman imaging, backscattered electron microscopy, histopathology, and microcomputed tomography to characterize HA in mouse models of advanced breast cancer in relevant skeletal locations. The proximal tibial metaphysis served as a common metastatic site in our studies; we identified that in disease-free bones this skeletal region contained smaller and less-oriented HA nanocrystals relative to ones that constitute the diaphysis. We further observed that osteolytic bone metastasis led to a decrease in HA nanocrystal size and perfection in remnant metaphyseal trabecular bone. Interestingly, in a model of localized breast cancer, metaphyseal HA nanocrystals were also smaller and less perfect than in corresponding bone in disease-free controls. Collectively, these results suggest that skeletal sites prone to tumor cell dissemination contain less-mature HA (i.e., smaller, less-perfect, and less-oriented crystals) and that primary tumors can further increase HA immaturity even before secondary tumor formation, mimicking alterations present during tibial metastasis. Engineered tumor models recapitulating these spatiotemporal dynamics will permit assessing the functional relevance of the detected changes to the progression and treatment of breast cancer bone metastasis.
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22
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Lietman CD, Lim J, Grafe I, Chen Y, Ding H, Bi X, Ambrose CG, Fratzl-Zelman N, Roschger P, Klaushofer K, Wagermaier W, Schmidt I, Fratzl P, Rai J, Weis M, Eyre D, Keene DR, Krakow D, Lee BH. Fkbp10 Deletion in Osteoblasts Leads to Qualitative Defects in Bone. J Bone Miner Res 2017; 32:1354-1367. [PMID: 28206698 PMCID: PMC5466482 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.3108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Revised: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI), also known as brittle bone disease, displays a spectrum of clinical severity from mild (OI type I) to severe early lethality (OI type II), with clinical features including low bone mass, fractures, and deformities. Mutations in the FK506 Binding Protein 10 (FKBP10), gene encoding the 65-kDa protein FKBP65, cause a recessive form of OI and Bruck syndrome, the latter being characterized by joint contractures in addition to low bone mass. We previously showed that Fkbp10 expression is limited to bone, tendon, and ligaments in postnatal tissues. Furthermore, in both patients and Fkbp10 knockout mice, collagen telopeptide hydroxylysine crosslinking is dramatically reduced. To further characterize the bone specific contributions of Fkbp10, we conditionally ablated FKBP65 in Fkbp10fl/fl mice (Mus musculus; C57BL/6) using the osteoblast-specific Col1a1 2.3-kb Cre recombinase. Using μCT, histomorphometry and quantitative backscattered electron imaging, we found minimal alterations in the quantity of bone and no differences in the degree of bone matrix mineralization in this model. However, mass spectroscopy (MS) of bone collagen demonstrated a decrease in mature, hydroxylysine-aldehyde crosslinking. Furthermore, bone of mutant mice exhibits a reduction in mineral-to-matrix ratio and in crystal size as shown by Raman spectroscopy and small-angle X-ray scattering, respectively. Importantly, abnormalities in bone quality were associated with impaired bone biomechanical strength in mutant femurs compared with those of wild-type littermates. Taken together, these data suggest that the altered collagen crosslinking through Fkbp10 ablation in osteoblasts primarily leads to a qualitative defect in the skeleton. © 2017 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caressa D Lietman
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Joohyun Lim
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ingo Grafe
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Yuqing Chen
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Hao Ding
- Department of Nanomedicine and Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Xiaohong Bi
- Department of Nanomedicine and Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Catherine G Ambrose
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Nadja Fratzl-Zelman
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute of Osteology, Hanusch Hospital of WGKK and AUVA Trauma Centre Meidling 1st Med. Dept. Hanusch Hospital, Vienna, Austria
| | - Paul Roschger
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute of Osteology, Hanusch Hospital of WGKK and AUVA Trauma Centre Meidling 1st Med. Dept. Hanusch Hospital, Vienna, Austria
| | - Klaus Klaushofer
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute of Osteology, Hanusch Hospital of WGKK and AUVA Trauma Centre Meidling 1st Med. Dept. Hanusch Hospital, Vienna, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Wagermaier
- Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Research Campus Golm, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Ingo Schmidt
- Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Research Campus Golm, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Peter Fratzl
- Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Research Campus Golm, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Jyoti Rai
- Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - MaryAnn Weis
- Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - David Eyre
- Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Douglas R Keene
- Micro-Imaging Center, Shriners Hospital for Children, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Deborah Krakow
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Brendan H Lee
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
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Burke M, Atkins A, Kiss A, Akens M, Yee A, Whyne C. The impact of metastasis on the mineral phase of vertebral bone tissue. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2017; 69:75-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2016.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Revised: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Bi X, Grafe I, Ding H, Flores R, Munivez E, Jiang MM, Dawson B, Lee B, Ambrose CG. Correlations Between Bone Mechanical Properties and Bone Composition Parameters in Mouse Models of Dominant and Recessive Osteogenesis Imperfecta and the Response to Anti-TGF-β Treatment. J Bone Miner Res 2017; 32:347-359. [PMID: 27649409 PMCID: PMC7894383 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.2997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Revised: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) is a group of genetic disorders characterized by brittle bones that are prone to fracture. Although previous studies in animal models investigated the mechanical properties and material composition of OI bone, little work has been conducted to statistically correlate these parameters to identify key compositional contributors to the impaired bone mechanical behaviors in OI. Further, although increased TGF-β signaling has been demonstrated as a contributing mechanism to the bone pathology in OI models, the relationship between mechanical properties and bone composition after anti-TGF-β treatment in OI has not been studied. Here, we performed follow-up analyses of femurs collected in an earlier study from OI mice with and without anti-TGF-β treatment from both recessive (Crtap-/- ) and dominant (Col1a2+/P.G610C ) OI mouse models and WT mice. Mechanical properties were determined using three-point bending tests and evaluated for statistical correlation with molecular composition in bone tissue assessed by Raman spectroscopy. Statistical regression analysis was conducted to determine significant compositional determinants of mechanical integrity. Interestingly, we found differences in the relationships between bone composition and mechanical properties and in the response to anti-TGF-β treatment. Femurs of both OI models exhibited increased brittleness, which was associated with reduced collagen content and carbonate substitution. In the Col1a2+/P.G610C femurs, reduced hydroxyapatite crystallinity was also found to be associated with increased brittleness, and increased mineral-to-collagen ratio was correlated with increased ultimate strength, elastic modulus, and bone brittleness. In both models of OI, regression analysis demonstrated that collagen content was an important predictor of the increased brittleness. In summary, this work provides new insights into the relationships between bone composition and material properties in models of OI, identifies key bone compositional parameters that correlate with the impaired mechanical integrity of OI bone, and explores the effects of anti-TGF-β treatment on bone-quality parameters in these models. © 2016 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohong Bi
- Department of Nanomedicine and Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ingo Grafe
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Hao Ding
- Department of Nanomedicine and Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Rene Flores
- Academic and Research Affairs, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Elda Munivez
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ming Ming Jiang
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Brian Dawson
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Brendan Lee
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Catherine G Ambrose
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
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25
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Villasante A, Marturano-Kruik A, Robinson ST, Liu Z, Guo XE, Vunjak-Novakovic G. Tissue-Engineered Model of Human Osteolytic Bone Tumor. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2017; 23:98-107. [PMID: 28068876 PMCID: PMC5314970 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2016.0371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Ewing's sarcoma (ES) is a poorly differentiated pediatric tumor of aggressive behavior characterized by propensity to metastasize to bone. Interactions between the tumor and bone cells orchestrate a vicious cycle in which tumor cells induce osteoclast differentiation and activation to cause osteolytic lesions, broken bones, pain, and hypercalcemia. The lack of controllable models that can recapitulate osteolysis in ES impedes the development of new therapies and limits our understanding of how tumor cells invade bone. In response to this need, tissue-engineered models are now being developed to enable quantitative, predictive studies of human tumors. In this study, we report a novel bioengineered model of ES that incorporates the osteolytic process. Our strategy is based on engineering human bone containing both osteoclasts and osteoblasts within three-dimensional mineralized bone matrix. We show that the bone matrix is resorbed by mature osteoclasts while the new bone matrix is formed by osteoblasts, leading to calcium release and bone remodeling. Introduction of ES cell aggregates into the bone niche induced decreases in bone density, connectivity, and matrix deposition. Additionally, therapeutic reagents, such as zoledronic acid, which have demonstrated efficacy in ES treatment, inhibited bone resorption mediated by osteoclasts in the tumor model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aranzazu Villasante
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Alessandro Marturano-Kruik
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “G. Natta,” Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Samuel T. Robinson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Zen Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - X. Edward Guo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Gordana Vunjak-Novakovic
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York
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26
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Burke MV, Atkins A, Akens M, Willett TL, Whyne CM. Osteolytic and mixed cancer metastasis modulates collagen and mineral parameters within rat vertebral bone matrix. J Orthop Res 2016; 34:2126-2136. [PMID: 27027407 DOI: 10.1002/jor.23248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Metastatic involvement in vertebral bone diminishes the mechanical integrity of the spine; however minimal data exist on the potential impact of metastases on the intrinsic material characteristics of the bone matrix. Thirty-four (34) female athymic rats were inoculated with HeLa (N = 17) or Ace-1 (N = 17) cancer cells lines producing osteolytic or mixed (osteolytic and osteoblastic) metastases, respectively. A maximum of 21 days was allowed between inoculation and rat sacrifice for vertebrae extraction. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was utilized to determine modifications in collagen-I parameters such as proline hydroxylation and the formation of specific enzymatic and non-enzymatic (pentosidine) cross-links. Raman spectroscopy was used to determine relative changes in mineral crystallinity, mineral carbonation, mineral/collagen matrix ratio, collagen quality ratio, and proline hydroxylation. HPLC results showed significant increase in the formation of pentosidine and decrease in the formation of the enzymatic cross-link deoxy-pryridinoline within osteolytic bone compared to mixed bone. Raman results showed decreased crystallinity, increased carbonation, and collagen quality (aka 1660/1690 sub-band) ratio with osteolytic bone compared to mixed bone and healthy controls along with an observed increase in proline hydroxylation with metastatic involvement. The mineral/matrix ratio decreased in both osteolytic and mixed bone compared to healthy controls. Quantifying modifications within the intrinsic characteristics of bone tissue will provide a foundation to assess the impact of current therapies on the material behavior of bone tissue in the metastatic spine and highlight targets for the development of new therapeutics and approaches for treatment. © 2016 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 34:2126-2136, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail V Burke
- Orthopaedics Biomechanics Laboratory, Sunnybrook Research Institute, 2075 Bayview Ave., Room S620, Toronto, Ontario, M4N 3M5, Canada.,Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ayelet Atkins
- Orthopaedics Biomechanics Laboratory, Sunnybrook Research Institute, 2075 Bayview Ave., Room S620, Toronto, Ontario, M4N 3M5, Canada
| | - Margarete Akens
- Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Techna, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Thomas L Willett
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Cari M Whyne
- Orthopaedics Biomechanics Laboratory, Sunnybrook Research Institute, 2075 Bayview Ave., Room S620, Toronto, Ontario, M4N 3M5, Canada.,Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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27
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Zhang Q, Sun X, Yang J, Ding H, LeBrun D, Ding K, Houchen CW, Postier RG, Ambrose CG, Li Z, Bi X, Li M. ZIP4 silencing improves bone loss in pancreatic cancer. Oncotarget 2016; 6:26041-51. [PMID: 26305676 PMCID: PMC4694884 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic bone disorders are associated with several types of human cancers. Pancreatic cancer patients usually suffer from severe nutrition deficiency, muscle wasting, and loss of bone mass. We have previously found that silencing of a zinc transporter ZIP4 prolongs the survival and reduces the severity of the cachexia in vivo. However, the role of ZIP4 in the pancreatic cancer related bone loss remains unknown. In this study we investigated the effect of ZIP4 knockdown on the bone structure, composition and mechanical properties of femurs in an orthotopic xenograft mouse model. Our data showed that silencing of ZIP4 resulted in increased bone tissue mineral density, decreased bone crystallinity and restoration of bone strength through the RANK/RANKL pathway. The results further support the impact of ZIP4 on the progression of pancreatic cancer, and suggest its potential significance as a therapeutic target for treating patients with such devastating disease and cancer related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, General Hospital of The Jinan Military Command, Jinan, Shandong 250031, China.,The Vivian L. Smith Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Xiaotian Sun
- The Vivian L. Smith Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA.,Department of Gastroenterology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China.,Department of Medicine, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA.,Department of Surgery, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Jingxuan Yang
- The Vivian L. Smith Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA.,Department of Medicine, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA.,Department of Surgery, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Hao Ding
- Department of Nanomedicine and Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Drake LeBrun
- The Vivian L. Smith Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Kai Ding
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, College of Public Health, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Courtney W Houchen
- Department of Medicine, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Russell G Postier
- Department of Surgery, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Catherine G Ambrose
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Zhaoshen Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xiaohong Bi
- Department of Nanomedicine and Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Min Li
- The Vivian L. Smith Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA.,Department of Medicine, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA.,Department of Surgery, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
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28
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Structural simulation of adenosine phosphate via plumbagin and zoledronic acid competitively targets JNK/Erk to synergistically attenuate osteoclastogenesis in a breast cancer model. Cell Death Dis 2016; 7:e2094. [PMID: 26866274 PMCID: PMC4849151 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2016.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2015] [Revised: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The treatment of breast cancer-induced osteolysis remains a challenge in clinical settings. Here, we explored the effect and mechanism of combined treatment with zoledronic acid (ZA) and plumbagin (PL), a widely investigated component derived from Plumbago zeylanica, against breast cancer-induced osteoclastogenesis. We found that the combined treatment with PL and ZA suppressed cell viability of precursor osteoclasts and synergistically inhibited MDA-MB-231-induced osteoclast formation (combination index=0.28) with the abrogation of recombinant mouse receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL)-induced activation of NF-κB/MAPK (nuclear factor-κB/mitogen-activated protein kinase) pathways. Molecular docking suggested a putative binding area within c-Jun N-terminal kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (JNK/Erk) protease active sites through the structural mimicking of adenosine phosphate (ANP) by the spatial combination of PL with ZA. A homogeneous time-resolved fluorescence assay further illustrated the direct competitiveness of the dual drugs against ANP docking to phosphorylated JNK/Erk, contributing to the inhibited downstream expression of c-Jun/c-Fos/NFATc-1 (nuclear factor of activated T cells, cytoplasmic, calcineurin-dependent 1). Then, in vivo testing demonstrated that the combined administration of PL and ZA attenuated breast cancer growth in the bone microenvironment. Additionally, these molecules prevented the destruction of proximal tibia, with significant reduction of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAcP)-positive osteoclast cells and potentiation of apoptotic cancer cells, to a greater extent when combined than when the drugs were applied independently. Altogether, the combination treatment with PL and ZA could significantly and synergistically suppress osteoclastogenesis and inhibit tumorigenesis both in vitro and in vivo by simulating the spatial structure of ANP to inhibit competitively phosphorylation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (JNK/Erk).
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29
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Misbah MH, Espanol M, Quintanilla L, Ginebra MP, Rodríguez-Cabello JC. Formation of calcium phosphate nanostructures under the influence of self-assembling hybrid elastin-like-statherin recombinamers. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra01100d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The self-assembly properties of elastin-like-statherin recombinamers have great influence on calcium phosphate mineralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Hamed Misbah
- G.I.R. Bioforge
- University of Valladolid
- CIBER-BBN
- 47011 Valladolid
- Spain
| | - M. Espanol
- Biomaterials, Biomechanics and Tissue Engineering Group
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy
- Technical University of Catalonia
- 08028 Barcelona
- Spain
| | - Luis Quintanilla
- G.I.R. Bioforge
- University of Valladolid
- CIBER-BBN
- 47011 Valladolid
- Spain
| | - M. P. Ginebra
- Biomaterials, Biomechanics and Tissue Engineering Group
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy
- Technical University of Catalonia
- 08028 Barcelona
- Spain
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30
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Fitzgerald KA, Guo J, Tierney EG, Curtin CM, Malhotra M, Darcy R, O'Brien FJ, O'Driscoll CM. The use of collagen-based scaffolds to simulate prostate cancer bone metastases with potential for evaluating delivery of nanoparticulate gene therapeutics. Biomaterials 2015. [PMID: 26196533 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2015.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer bone metastases are a leading cause of cancer-related death in men with current treatments offering only marginally improved rates of survival. Advances in the understanding of the genetic basis of prostate cancer provide the opportunity to develop gene-based medicines capable of treating metastatic disease. The aim of this work was to establish a 3D cell culture model of prostate cancer bone metastasis using collagen-based scaffolds, to characterise this model, and to assess the potential of the model to evaluate delivery of gene therapeutics designed to target bone metastases. Two prostate cancer cell lines (PC3 and LNCaP) were cultured in 2D standard culture and compared to 3D cell growth on three different collagen-based scaffolds (collagen and composites of collagen containing either glycosaminoglycan or nanohydroxyapatite). The 3D model was characterised for cell proliferation, viability and for matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) enzyme and Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA) secretion. Chemosensitivity to docetaxel treatment was assessed in 2D in comparison to 3D. Nanoparticles (NPs) containing siRNA formulated using a modified cyclodextrin were delivered to the cells on the scaffolds and gene silencing was quantified. Both prostate cancer cell lines actively infiltrated and proliferated on the scaffolds. Cell culture in 3D resulted in reduced levels of MMP1 and MMP9 secretion in PC3 cells. In contrast, LNCaP cells grown in 3D secreted elevated levels of PSA, particularly on the scaffold composed of collagen and glycosaminoglycans. Both cell lines grown in 3D displayed increased resistance to docetaxel treatment. The cyclodextrin.siRNA nanoparticles achieved cellular uptake and knocked down the endogenous GAPDH gene in the 3D model. In conclusion, development of a novel 3D cell culture model of prostate cancer bone metastasis has been initiated resulting, for the first time, in the successful delivery of gene therapeutics in a 3D in vitro model. Further enhancement of this model will help elucidate the pathogenesis of prostate cancer and also accelerate the design of effective therapies which can penetrate into the bone microenvironment for prostate cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jianfeng Guo
- Pharmacodelivery Group, School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, Ireland
| | - Erica G Tierney
- Tissue Engineering Research Group, Anatomy Department, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland; Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland; Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research (AMBER) Centre, RCSI & TCD, Ireland
| | - Caroline M Curtin
- Tissue Engineering Research Group, Anatomy Department, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland; Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland; Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research (AMBER) Centre, RCSI & TCD, Ireland
| | - Meenakshi Malhotra
- Pharmacodelivery Group, School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, Ireland
| | - Raphael Darcy
- Centre for Synthesis and Chemical Biology, University College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Fergal J O'Brien
- Tissue Engineering Research Group, Anatomy Department, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland; Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland; Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research (AMBER) Centre, RCSI & TCD, Ireland
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31
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Quantitative analysis of bone and soft tissue by micro-computed tomography: applications to ex vivo and in vivo studies. BONEKEY REPORTS 2014; 3:564. [PMID: 25184037 DOI: 10.1038/bonekey.2014.59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2014] [Accepted: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) is a high-resolution imaging modality that is capable of analysing bone structure with a voxel size on the order of 10 μm. With the development of in vivo micro-CT, where disease progression and treatment can be monitored in a living animal over a period of time, this modality has become a standard tool for preclinical assessment of bone architecture during disease progression and treatment. For meaningful comparison between micro-CT studies, it is essential that the same parameters for data acquisition and analysis methods be used. This protocol outlines the common procedures that are currently used for sample preparation, scanning, reconstruction and analysis in micro-CT studies. Scan and analysis methods for trabecular and cortical bone are covered for the femur, tibia, vertebra and the full neonate body of small rodents. The analysis procedures using the software provided by ScancoMedical and Bruker are discussed, and the routinely used bone architectural parameters are outlined. This protocol also provides a section dedicated to in vivo scanning and analysis, which covers the topics of anaesthesia, radiation dose and image registration. Because of the expanding research using micro-CT to study other skeletal sites, as well as soft tissues, we also provide a review of current techniques to examine the skull and mandible, adipose tissue, vasculature, tumour severity and cartilage. Lists of recommended further reading and literature references are included to provide the reader with more detail on the methods described.
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32
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Hoang B, Ernsting MJ, Murakami M, Undzys E, Li SD. Docetaxel-carboxymethylcellulose nanoparticles display enhanced anti-tumor activity in murine models of castration-resistant prostate cancer. Int J Pharm 2014; 471:224-33. [PMID: 24853460 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2014.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2014] [Revised: 03/06/2014] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Docetaxel (DTX) remains the only effective drug for prolonging survival and improving quality of life of metastatic castration resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) patients. Despite some clinical successes with DTX-based therapies, advent of cumulative toxicity and development of drug resistance limit its long-term clinical application. The integration of nanotechnology for drug delivery can be exploited to overcome the major intrinsic limitations of DTX therapy for mCRPC. We evaluated whether reformulation of DTX by facile conjugation to carboxymethylcellulose nanoparticles (Cellax) can improve the efficacy and safety of the drug in s.c. and bone metastatic models of CRPC. A single dose of the nanoparticles completely regressed s.c. PC3 tumor xenografts in mice. In addition, Cellax elicited fewer side effects compared to native DTX. Importantly, Cellax did not increase the expression of drug resistance molecules in androgen-independent PC3 prostate cancer cells in comparison with DTX. Lastly, in a bone metastatic model of CRPC, Cellax treatment afforded a 2- to 3-fold improvement in survival and enhancements in quality-of-life of the animals over DTX and saline controls. These results demonstrate the potential of Cellax in improving the treatment of mCRPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan Hoang
- Drug Delivery and Formulation, Drug Discovery Program, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Mark J Ernsting
- Drug Delivery and Formulation, Drug Discovery Program, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, ON, Canada; Faculty of Engineering and Architectural Science, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Mami Murakami
- Drug Delivery and Formulation, Drug Discovery Program, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Elijus Undzys
- Drug Delivery and Formulation, Drug Discovery Program, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Shyh-Dar Li
- Drug Delivery and Formulation, Drug Discovery Program, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, ON, Canada; Faculty of Engineering and Architectural Science, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON, Canada; Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; The Techna Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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33
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Joeng KS, Lee YC, Jiang MM, Bertin TK, Chen Y, Abraham AM, Ding H, Bi X, Ambrose CG, Lee BH. The swaying mouse as a model of osteogenesis imperfecta caused by WNT1 mutations. Hum Mol Genet 2014; 23:4035-42. [PMID: 24634143 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddu117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) is a heritable disorder of connective tissue characterized by bone fragility and low bone mass. Recently, our group and others reported that WNT1 recessive mutations cause OI, whereas WNT1 heterozygous mutations cause early onset osteoporosis. These findings support the hypothesis that WNT1 is an important WNT ligand regulating bone formation and bone homeostasis. While these studies provided strong human genetic and in vitro functional data, an in vivo animal model to study the mechanism of WNT1 function in bone is lacking. Here, we show that Swaying (Wnt1(sw/sw)) mice previously reported to carry a spontaneous mutation in Wnt1 share major features of OI including propensity to fractures and severe osteopenia. In addition, biomechanical and biochemical analyses showed that Wnt1(sw/sw) mice exhibit reduced bone strength with altered levels of mineral and collagen in the bone matrix that is also distinct from the type I collagen-related form of OI. Further histomorphometric analyses and gene expression studies demonstrate that the bone phenotype is associated with defects in osteoblast activity and function. Our study thus provides in vivo evidence that WNT1 mutations contribute to bone fragility in OI patients and demonstrates that the Wnt1(sw/sw) mouse is a murine model of OI caused by WNT1 mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyu Sang Joeng
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Yi-Chien Lee
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Ming-Ming Jiang
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA Howard Hughes Medical Institute, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Terry K Bertin
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Yuqing Chen
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA Howard Hughes Medical Institute, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Annie M Abraham
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Hao Ding
- Department of Nanomedicine and Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77584, USA
| | - Xiaohong Bi
- Department of Nanomedicine and Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77584, USA
| | - Catherine G Ambrose
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Brendan H Lee
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA Howard Hughes Medical Institute, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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34
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Ding H, Nyman JS, Sterling JA, Perrien DS, Mahadevan-Jansen A, Bi X. Development of Raman spectral markers to assess metastatic bone in breast cancer. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2014; 19:111606. [PMID: 24933683 PMCID: PMC4059340 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.19.11.111606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Revised: 05/17/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Bone is the most common site for breast cancer metastases. One of the major complications of bone metastasis is pathological bone fracture caused by chronic bone loss and degeneration. Current guidelines for the prediction of pathological fracture mainly rely on radiographs or computed tomography, which are limited in their ability to predict fracture risk. The present study explored the feasibility of using Raman spectroscopy to estimate pathological fracture risk by characterizing the alterations in the compositional properties of metastatic bones. Tibiae with evident bone destruction were investigated using Raman spectroscopy. The carbonation level calculated by the ratio of carbonate/phosphate ν1 significantly increased in the tumor-bearing bone at all the sampling regions at the proximal metaphysis and diaphysis, while tumor-induced elevation in mineralization and crystallinity was more pronounced in the metaphysis. Furthermore, the increased carbonation level is positively correlated to bone lesion size, indicating that this parameter could serve as a unique spectral marker for tumor progression and bone loss. With the promising advances in the development of spatially offset Raman spectroscopy for deep tissue measurement, this spectral marker can potentially be used for future noninvasive evaluation of metastatic bone and prediction of pathological fracture risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Ding
- University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Department of Nanomedicine and Biomedical Engineering, 1881 East Road, Houston, Texas 77054
| | - Jeffry S. Nyman
- Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Department of Veterans Affairs, 1310 24th Avenue South, Nashville, Tennessee 37212
- Vanderbilt University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, VU Station B#351631, 2301 Vanderbilt Place, Nashville, Tennessee 37235
- Vanderbilt University, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation, Medical Center East, South Tower, Suite 4200, Nashville, Tennessee 37232
- Vanderbilt University, Vanderbilt Center for Bone Biology, 2215B Garland Avenue, Nashville, Tennessee 37232
| | - Julie A. Sterling
- Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Department of Veterans Affairs, 1310 24th Avenue South, Nashville, Tennessee 37212
- Vanderbilt University, Vanderbilt Center for Bone Biology, 2215B Garland Avenue, Nashville, Tennessee 37232
- Vanderbilt University, Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, 2200 Pierce Ave., Nashville, Tennessee 37235
- Vanderbilt University, Department of Cancer Biology, 2220 Pierce Ave., Nashville, Tennessee 37235
| | - Daniel S. Perrien
- Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Department of Veterans Affairs, 1310 24th Avenue South, Nashville, Tennessee 37212
- Vanderbilt University, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation, Medical Center East, South Tower, Suite 4200, Nashville, Tennessee 37232
- Vanderbilt University, Vanderbilt Center for Bone Biology, 2215B Garland Avenue, Nashville, Tennessee 37232
- Vanderbilt University, Institute of Imaging Sciences, 1161 21st Avenue South, Medical Center North, AA-1105, Nashville, Tennessee 37232
| | - Anita Mahadevan-Jansen
- Vanderbilt University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, VU Station B#351631, 2301 Vanderbilt Place, Nashville, Tennessee 37235
| | - Xiaohong Bi
- University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Department of Nanomedicine and Biomedical Engineering, 1881 East Road, Houston, Texas 77054
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An in vivo mouse model of intraosseous spinal cancer causing evolving paraplegia. J Neurooncol 2013; 115:189-96. [PMID: 23955595 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-013-1226-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2013] [Accepted: 08/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The spine is the commonest site of skeletal metastatic disease and uncontrolled growth of cancer in the spine will inevitably cause pain and neurologic compromise. Improved understanding of the pathobiology behind this devastating condition is urgently needed. For this reason, the aim of this study was to establish a clinically relevant, animal model of spinal cancer. A percutaneous orthotopic injection of human breast (MDA-MB-231) or human prostate (PC-3) cancer cells was administered into the upper lumbar spine of nude mice (n = 6). Animals were monitored twice daily for general welfare, gait asymmetry or disturbance, and hindlimb weakness. After sacrifice, plain radiographs, micro-CT imaging and histological analysis of the spines were performed on each mouse. All mice recovered fully from the inoculation procedure and displayed normal gait and behaviour patterns for at least 3 weeks post-inoculation. Subsequently, between 3 and 5 weeks post-inoculation, each mouse developed evolving paralysis in their hindlimbs over 48-72 h. All followed the same pattern of decline following onset of neurological dysfunction; from gait asymmetry and unilateral hindlimb weakness, to complete unilateral hindlimb paralysis and finally to complete bilateral hindlimb paralysis. Plain radiographs, micro-CT scanning and histological analysis confirmed local tumour growth and destruction of the spine in all six mice. An in vivo mouse model of human intraosseous spinal cancer has been established forming cancers that grow within the spine and cause epidural spinal cord compression, resulting in a reproducible, evolving neurological deficit and paralysis that closely resembles the human condition.
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