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Fujikawa K, Socorro M, Lukashova L, Hoskere P, Keskinidis P, Verdelis K, Napierala D. Deficiency of Trps1 in Cementoblasts Impairs Cementogenesis and Tooth Root Formation. Calcif Tissue Int 2024:10.1007/s00223-024-01277-2. [PMID: 39177752 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-024-01277-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 08/07/2024] [Indexed: 08/24/2024]
Abstract
Cementum is the least studied of all mineralized tissues and little is known about mechanisms regulating its formation. Therefore, the goal of this study was to provide new insights into the transcriptional regulation of cementum formation by determining the consequences of the deficiency of the Trps1 transcription factor in cementoblasts. We used Trps1Col1a1 cKO (2.3Co1a1-CreERT2;Trps1fl/fl) mice, in which Trps1 is deleted in cementoblasts. Micro-computed tomography analyses of molars of 4-week-old males and females demonstrated significantly shorter roots with thinner mineralized tissues (root dentin and cementum) in Trps1Col1a1 cKO compared to WT mice. Semi-quantitative histological analyses revealed a significantly reduced area of cellular cementum and localized deficiencies of acellular cementum in Trps1Col1a1 cKO mice. Immunohistochemical analyses revealed clustering of cementoblasts at the apex of roots, and intermittent absence of cementoblasts on Trps1Col1a1 cKO cementum surfaces. Fewer Osterix-positive cells adjacent to cellular cementum were also detected in Trps1Col1a1 cKO compared to WT mice. Decreased levels of tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase (TNAP), an enzyme required for proper cementogenesis, were apparent in cementum, periodontal ligament, and alveolar bone of Trps1Col1a1 cKO. There were no apparent differences in levels of bone sialoprotein (Bsp) in cementum. Quantitative analyses of picrosirius red-stained periodontal ligament revealed shorter and disorganized collagen fibers in Trps1Col1a1 cKO mice demonstrating impaired periodontal structure. In conclusion, this study has identified Trps1 transcription factor as one of the important regulators of cellular and acellular cementum formation. Furthermore, this study suggests that Trps1 supports the function of cementoblasts by upregulating expression of the major proteins required for cementogenesis, such as Osterix and TNAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaoru Fujikawa
- Center for Craniofacial Regeneration, Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, 501 Salk Pavilion, 335 Sutherland Drive, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
- Department of Oral Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Showa University School of Dentistry, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-Ku, Tokyo, 142-8555, Japan
| | - Mairobys Socorro
- Center for Craniofacial Regeneration, Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, 501 Salk Pavilion, 335 Sutherland Drive, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Lyudmila Lukashova
- Center for Craniofacial Regeneration, Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, 501 Salk Pavilion, 335 Sutherland Drive, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Priyanka Hoskere
- Center for Craniofacial Regeneration, Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, 501 Salk Pavilion, 335 Sutherland Drive, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Paulina Keskinidis
- Center for Craniofacial Regeneration, Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, 501 Salk Pavilion, 335 Sutherland Drive, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Kostas Verdelis
- Center for Craniofacial Regeneration, Department of Endodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, 501 Salk Pavilion, 335 Sutherland Drive, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Dobrawa Napierala
- Center for Craniofacial Regeneration, Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, 501 Salk Pavilion, 335 Sutherland Drive, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
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Stanwick M, Fenesha F, Hamid A, Kang K, Kanniard D, Kim I, Mandarano N, Schumacher FL, Peters SB. Impaired Tertiary Dentin Secretion after Shallow Injury in Tgfbr2-Deficient Dental Pulp Cells Is Rescued by Extended CGRP Signaling. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6847. [PMID: 38999956 PMCID: PMC11241056 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25136847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2024] [Revised: 06/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) superfamily is a master regulator of development, adult homeostasis, and wound repair. Dysregulated TGFβ signaling can lead to cancer, fibrosis, and musculoskeletal malformations. We previously demonstrated that TGFβ receptor 2 (Tgfbr2) signaling regulates odontoblast differentiation, dentin mineralization, root elongation, and sensory innervation during tooth development. Sensory innervation also modulates the homeostasis and repair response in adult teeth. We hypothesized that Tgfbr2 regulates the neuro-pulpal responses to dentin injury. To test this, we performed a shallow dentin injury with a timed deletion of Tgfbr2 in the dental pulp mesenchyme of mice and analyzed the levels of tertiary dentin and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) axon sprouting. Microcomputed tomography imaging and histology indicated lower dentin volume in Tgfbr2cko M1s compared to WT M1s 21 days post-injury, but the volume was comparable by day 56. Immunofluorescent imaging of peptidergic afferents demonstrated that the duration of axon sprouting was longer in injured Tgfbr2cko compared to WT M1s. Thus, CGRP+ sensory afferents may provide Tgfbr2-deficient odontoblasts with compensatory signals for healing. Harnessing these neuro-pulpal signals has the potential to guide the development of treatments for enhanced dental healing and to help patients with TGFβ-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Stanwick
- Division of Biosciences, College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (M.S.); (F.F.); (A.H.); (K.K.); (D.K.); (I.K.)
| | - Fatma Fenesha
- Division of Biosciences, College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (M.S.); (F.F.); (A.H.); (K.K.); (D.K.); (I.K.)
| | - Ahmed Hamid
- Division of Biosciences, College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (M.S.); (F.F.); (A.H.); (K.K.); (D.K.); (I.K.)
| | - Khushroop Kang
- Division of Biosciences, College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (M.S.); (F.F.); (A.H.); (K.K.); (D.K.); (I.K.)
| | - Dane Kanniard
- Division of Biosciences, College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (M.S.); (F.F.); (A.H.); (K.K.); (D.K.); (I.K.)
| | - Irene Kim
- Division of Biosciences, College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (M.S.); (F.F.); (A.H.); (K.K.); (D.K.); (I.K.)
| | - Nicholas Mandarano
- Division of Biostatistics, College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (N.M.); (F.L.S.)
| | - Fernanda L. Schumacher
- Division of Biostatistics, College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (N.M.); (F.L.S.)
| | - Sarah B. Peters
- Division of Biostatistics, College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (N.M.); (F.L.S.)
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Sawada K, Shimomura J, Takedachi M, Murata M, Morimoto C, Kawasaki K, Kawakami K, Iwayama T, Murakami S. Activation of periodontal ligament cell cytodifferentiation by juxtacrine signaling from cementoblasts. J Periodontol 2024; 95:256-267. [PMID: 37492992 DOI: 10.1002/jper.23-0211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND New cementum forms from existing cementum during periodontal tissue regeneration, indicating that cementoblasts may interact with progenitor cells in the periodontal ligament to enhance cementogenesis. However, the molecular mechanisms of this process are currently unknown. This study aims to clarify the role of cell-cell interactions between cementoblasts and periodontal ligament cells in differentiation into cementoblasts. METHODS To analyze the role of human cementoblast-like cells (HCEMs) on human periodontal ligament cells (HPDLs), we mixed cell suspensions of enhanced green fluorescent protein-tagged HPDLs and HCEMs, and then seeded and cultured them in single wells (direct co-cultures). We sorted co-cultured HPDLs and analyzed their characteristics, including the expression of cementum-related genes. In addition, we cultured HPDLs and HCEMs in a non-contact environment using a culture system composed of an upper insert and a lower well separated by a semi-permeable membrane (indirect co-cultures), and similar analysis was performed. Gene expression of integrin-binding sialoprotein (IBSP) in cementoblasts was confirmed in mouse periodontal tissues. We also investigated the effect of Wingless-type (Wnt) signaling on the differentiation of HPDLs into cementoblasts. RESULTS Direct co-culture of HPDLs with HCEMs significantly upregulated the expression of cementoblast-related genes in HPDLs, whereas indirect co-culture exerted no effect. Wnt3A stimulation significantly upregulated IBSP expression in HPDLs, whereas inhibition of canonical Wnt signaling suppressed the effects of co-culture. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that direct cell interactions with cementoblasts promote periodontal ligament cell differentiation into cementoblasts. Juxtacrine signaling via the canonical Wnt pathway plays a role in this interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keigo Sawada
- Department of Periodontology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Junpei Shimomura
- Department of Periodontology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masahide Takedachi
- Department of Periodontology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Mari Murata
- Department of Periodontology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Chiaki Morimoto
- Department of Periodontology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kohsuke Kawasaki
- Department of Periodontology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kazuma Kawakami
- Department of Periodontology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Iwayama
- Department of Periodontology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shinya Murakami
- Department of Periodontology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka, Japan
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Chavez MB, Tan MH, Kolli TN, Andras NL, Foster BL. Functional defects in cementoblasts with disrupted bone sialoprotein functional domains, in vitro. Bone 2024; 179:116961. [PMID: 37951522 PMCID: PMC10841848 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2023.116961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Bone sialoprotein (BSP) is a multifunctional extracellular matrix (ECM) protein present in bone and cementum. Global in vivo ablation of BSP leads to bone mineralization defects, lack of acellular cementum, and periodontal breakdown. BSP harbors three main functional domains: N-terminal collagen-binding domain, hydroxyapatite-nucleating domain, and C-terminal RGD integrin-binding signaling domain. How each of these domains contributes to BSP function(s) is not understood. We hypothesized that collagen-binding and RGD domains play distinct roles in cementoblast functions. Three CRISPR/Cas9 gene-edited cell lines were derived from control wild-type (WT) OCCM.30 murine immortalized cementoblasts: 1) deletion of the N-terminus of BSP after signal peptide, including entire collagen binding domain (Ibsp∆N-Term); 2) deletion of exon 4 (majority of collagen-binding domain; Ibsp∆Ex4); and 3) deletion of C-terminus of BSP including the integrin binding RGD domain (Ibsp∆C-Term). Compared to WT, Ibsp∆Ex4 and Ibsp∆C-Term cell lines showed reduced BSP secretion, in vitro. Abnormal cell morphology was observed in all mutant cell lines, with Ibsp∆C-Term showing highly disorganized cytoskeleton. All mutant cell lines showed significantly lower cell proliferation compared to WT at all timepoints. Ibsp∆N-Term cells showed reduced cell migration by 24 h. All mutants exhibited over 50 % significant reduced mineralization at days 6 and 10. While WT cells were largely unaffected by seeding density, mutant cells failed to mineralize at lower cell density. Mutant cell lines diverged from WT and from each other by dysregulated expression in 23 genes involved in mineralization, ECM, and cell signaling. In summary, disabling BSP functional domains led to profound and distinct changes in cementoblast cell functions, especially dysregulated gene expression and reduced mineralization, in a way did not align with a straightforward narrative where each functional domain caused specific, expected differences. Instead, the study uncovered a significant level of complexity in how different mutant forms of BSP affected cell functions, in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael B Chavez
- Division of Biosciences, College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; College of Dentistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Michelle H Tan
- Division of Biosciences, College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Tamara N Kolli
- Division of Biosciences, College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Natalie L Andras
- Division of Biosciences, College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Brian L Foster
- Division of Biosciences, College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
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Michel ZD, Aitken SF, Glover OD, Alejandro LO, Randazzo D, Dambkowski C, Martin D, Collins MT, Somerman MJ, Chu EY. Infigratinib, a selective FGFR1-3 tyrosine kinase inhibitor, alters dentoalveolar development at high doses. Dev Dyn 2023; 252:1428-1448. [PMID: 37435833 PMCID: PMC10784415 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fibroblast growth factor receptor-3 (FGFR3) gain-of-function mutations are linked to achondroplasia. Infigratinib, a FGFR1-3 tyrosine kinase inhibitor, improves skeletal growth in an achondroplasia mouse model. FGFs and their receptors have critical roles in developing teeth, yet effects of infigratinib on tooth development have not been assessed. Dentoalveolar and craniofacial phenotype of Wistar rats dosed with low (0.1 mg/kg) and high (1.0 mg/kg) dose infigratinib were evaluated using micro-computed tomography, histology, and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Mandibular third molars were reduced in size and exhibited aberrant crown and root morphology in 100% of female rats and 80% of male rats at high doses. FGFR3 and FGF18 immunolocalization and extracellular matrix protein expression were unaffected, but cathepsin K (CTSK) was altered by infigratinib. Cranial vault bones exhibited alterations in dimension, volume, and density that were more pronounced in females. In both sexes, interfrontal sutures were significantly more patent with high dose vs vehicle. CONCLUSIONS High dose infigratinib administered to rats during early stages affects dental and craniofacial development. Changes in CTSK from infigratinib in female rats suggest FGFR roles in bone homeostasis. While dental and craniofacial disruptions are not expected at therapeutic doses, our findings confirm the importance of dental monitoring in clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary D Michel
- Skeletal Disorders and Mineral Homeostasis Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Sarah F Aitken
- Laboratory of Oral Connective Tissue Biology, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Omar D Glover
- Laboratory of Oral Connective Tissue Biology, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Lucy O Alejandro
- Laboratory of Oral Connective Tissue Biology, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Davide Randazzo
- Light Imaging Section, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | - David Martin
- QED Therapeutics, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Michael T Collins
- Skeletal Disorders and Mineral Homeostasis Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Martha J Somerman
- Laboratory of Oral Connective Tissue Biology, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Emily Y Chu
- Laboratory of Oral Connective Tissue Biology, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Department of Comprehensive Dentistry, Division of Cariology and Operative Dentistry, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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6
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Chavez M, Tan MH, Kolli TN, Zachariadou C, Farah F, Mohamed F, Chu E, Foster B. Bone Sialoprotein Is Critical for Alveolar Bone Healing in Mice. J Dent Res 2023; 102:187-196. [PMID: 36377066 PMCID: PMC9893390 DOI: 10.1177/00220345221126716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone sialoprotein (BSP) is an extracellular matrix (ECM) protein associated with mineralized tissues, particularly bone and cementum. BSP includes functional domains implicated in collagen binding, hydroxyapatite nucleation, and cell signaling, although its function(s) in osteoblast and osteoclast differentiation and function remain incompletely understood. Genetic ablation of BSP in Ibsp knockout (Ibsp-/-) mice results in developmental bone mineralization and remodeling defects, with alveolar bone more severely affected than the femurs and tibias of the postcranial skeleton. The role of BSP in alveolar bone healing has not been studied. We hypothesized that BSP ablation would cause defective alveolar bone healing. We employed a maxillary first molar extraction socket healing model in 42-d postnatalIbsp-/- and wild-type (WT) control mice. Tissues were collected at 0, 7, 14, 21, and 56 d postprocedure (dpp) for analysis by micro-computed tomography (microCT), histology, in situ hybridization (ISH), immunohistochemistry (IHC), and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) array. As expected, alveolar bone healing progressed in WT mice with increasing bone volume fraction (BV/TV), bone mineral density (BMD), and tissue mineral density (TMD), transitioning from woven to mature bone from 7 to 56 dpp. Ibsp messenger RNA (mRNA) and BSP protein were strongly expressed during alveolar bone healing in parallel with other osteogenic markers. Compared to WT, Ibsp-/- mice exhibited 50% to 70% reduced BV/TV and BMD at all time points, 7% reduced TMD at 21 dpp, abnormally increased Col1a1 and Alpl mRNA expression, and persistent presence of woven bone and increased bone marrow in healing sockets. qPCR revealed substantially dysregulated gene expression in alveolar bone of Ibsp-/- versus WT mice, with significantly disrupted expression of 45% of tested genes in functional groups, including markers for osteoblasts, osteoclasts, mineralization, ECM, cell signaling, and inflammation. We conclude that BSP is a critical and nonredundant factor for alveolar bone healing, and its absence disrupts multiple major pathways involved in appropriate healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- M.B. Chavez
- Division of Biosciences, College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- College of Dentistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - M. H. Tan
- Division of Biosciences, College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - T. N. Kolli
- Division of Biosciences, College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - C. Zachariadou
- Division of Biosciences, College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - F. Farah
- Division of Biosciences, College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - F.F. Mohamed
- Division of Biosciences, College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - E.Y. Chu
- Division of Operative Dentistry, Department of General Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - B.L. Foster
- Division of Biosciences, College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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Nagasaki K, Chavez M, Nagasaki A, Taylor J, Tan M, Ma M, Ralston E, Thew M, Kim DG, Somerman M, Foster B. The Bone Sialoprotein RGD Domain Modulates and Maintains Periodontal Development. J Dent Res 2022; 101:1238-1247. [PMID: 35686360 PMCID: PMC9403724 DOI: 10.1177/00220345221100794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone sialoprotein (gene: Ibsp; protein: BSP) is a multifunctional extracellular matrix protein present in bone, cementum, and dentin. Accumulating evidence supports BSP as a key regulator of mineralized tissue formation via evolutionarily conserved functional domains, including a C-terminal integrin-binding Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) domain implicated in extracellular matrix-cell signaling. Ablation of Ibsp in mice (Ibsp-/-) results in impaired bone growth and mineralization and defective osteoclastogenesis, with effects in the craniofacial region including reduced acellular cementum formation, detachment of the periodontal ligament (PDL), alveolar bone hypomineralization, and severe periodontal breakdown. We hypothesized that BSP-RGD plays an important role in cementum and alveolar bone formation and mineralization, as well as periodontal function. This hypothesis was tested by replacing the RGD motif with a nonfunctional Lys-Ala-Glu (KAE) sequence in (IbspKAE/KAE) mice and OCCM.30 murine (IbspKAE) cementoblasts. The RGD domain was not critical for acellular or cellular cementum formation in IbspKAE/KAE mice. However, PDL volume and thickness were increased, and significantly more tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase-positive osteoclasts were found on alveolar bone surfaces of IbspKAE/KAE mice versus wild type mice. PDL organization was disrupted as indicated by picrosirius red stain, second harmonic generation imaging, dynamic mechanical analysis, and decreased asporin proteoglycan localization. In vitro studies implicated RGD functions in cell migration, adhesion, and mineralization, and this was confirmed by an ossicle implant model where cells lacking BSP-RGD showed substantial defects as compared with controls. In total, the BSP-RGD domain is implicated in periodontal development, though the scale and scope of changes indicated by in vitro studies indicate that other factors may partially compensate for and reduce the phenotypic severity of mice lacking BSP-RGD in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Nagasaki
- Laboratory of Oral Connective Tissue Biology, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - M.B. Chavez
- Biosciences Division, College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - A. Nagasaki
- Laboratory of Oral Connective Tissue Biology, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - J.M. Taylor
- Laboratory of Oral Connective Tissue Biology, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - M.H. Tan
- Biosciences Division, College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - M. Ma
- Laboratory of Oral Connective Tissue Biology, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - E. Ralston
- Light Imaging Section, Office of Science and Technology, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - M.E. Thew
- Division of Orthodontics, College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - D.-G. Kim
- Division of Orthodontics, College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - M.J. Somerman
- Laboratory of Oral Connective Tissue Biology, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - B.L. Foster
- Biosciences Division, College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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Andras NL, Mohamed FF, Chu EY, Foster BL. Between a rock and a hard place: Regulation of mineralization in the periodontium. Genesis 2022; 60:e23474. [PMID: 35460154 PMCID: PMC9492628 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.23474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The periodontium supports and attaches teeth via mineralized and nonmineralized tissues. It consists of two, unique mineralized tissues, cementum and alveolar bone. In between these tissues, lies an unmineralized, fibrous periodontal ligament (PDL), which distributes occlusal forces, nourishes and invests teeth, and harbors progenitor cells for dentoalveolar repair. Many unanswered questions remain regarding periodontal biology. This review will focus on recent research providing insights into one enduring mystery: the precise regulation of the hard-soft tissue borders in the periodontium which define the interfaces of the cementum-PDL-alveolar bone structure. We will focus on advances in understanding the molecular mechanisms that maintain the unmineralized PDL "between a rock and a hard place" by regulating the mineralization of cementum and alveolar bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie L. Andras
- Biosciences Division, College of DentistryThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOhioUSA
| | - Fatma F. Mohamed
- Biosciences Division, College of DentistryThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOhioUSA
| | - Emily Y. Chu
- Division of Operative Dentistry, Department of General Dentistry, School of DentistryUniversity of MarylandBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Brian L. Foster
- Biosciences Division, College of DentistryThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOhioUSA
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Chen X, Gao CY, Chu XY, Zheng CY, Luan YY, He X, Yang K, Zhang DL. VEGF-Loaded Heparinised Gelatine-Hydroxyapatite-Tricalcium Phosphate Scaffold Accelerates Bone Regeneration via Enhancing Osteogenesis-Angiogenesis Coupling. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:915181. [PMID: 35757798 PMCID: PMC9216719 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.915181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Bone tissue defect, one of the common orthopaedicdiseases, is traumatizing and affects patient’s lifestyle. Although autologous and xenograft bone transplantations are performed in bone tissue engineering, clinical development of bone transplantation is limited because ofvarious factors, such as varying degrees of immune rejection, lack of bone sources, and secondary damage to bone harvesting. Methods: We synthesised a heparinised gelatine-hydroxyapatite-tricalcium phosphate (HG-HA-TCP) scaffold loaded with sustained-release vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) analysed their structure, mechanical properties, and biocompatibility. Additionally, the effects of HG-HA-TCP (VEGF) scaffolds on osteogenic differentiation and vascularisation of stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHED) in vitro and bone regeneration in vivo were investigated. Results: HG-HA-TCP scaffold possessed good pore structure, mechanical properties, and biocompatibility. HG-HA-TCP scaffold loaded with VEGF could effectively promote SHED proliferation, migration, and adhesion. Moreover, HG-HA-TCP (VEGF) scaffold increased the expression of osteogenesis- and angiogenesis-related genes and promoted osteogenic differentiation and vascularisation in cells. In vivo results demonstrated that VEGF-loaded HG-HA-TCP scaffold improved new bone regeneration and enhanced bone mineral density, revealed byhistological, micro-CT and histochemical straining analyses. Osteogenic and angiogenic abilities of the three biological scaffolds wereranked as follows: HG-HA-TCP (VEGF) > G-HA-TCP (VEGF) > G-HA-TCP. Conclusion: HG-HA-TCP (VEGF) scaffold with good biocompatibility could create an encouraging osteogenic microenvironment that could accelerate vessel formation and osteogenesis, providing an effective scaffold for bone tissue engineering and developing new clinical treatment strategies for bone tissue defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Chen
- Department of Orthodontics, Beijing Stomatological Hospital, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Department of Stomatology, Eighth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Chun-Yan Gao
- Department of Orthodontics, Beijing Stomatological Hospital, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Yang Chu
- Department of Stomatology, Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Chun-Yan Zheng
- Department of Orthodontics, Beijing Stomatological Hospital, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ying-Yi Luan
- Prenatal Diagnosis Center, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xin He
- Department of Orthodontics, Beijing Stomatological Hospital, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Kai Yang
- Prenatal Diagnosis Center, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Dong-Liang Zhang
- Department of Orthodontics, Beijing Stomatological Hospital, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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10
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Iwayama T, Bhongsatiern P, Takedachi M, Murakami S. Matrix Vesicle-Mediated Mineralization and Potential Applications. J Dent Res 2022; 101:1554-1562. [PMID: 35722955 DOI: 10.1177/00220345221103145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hard tissues, including the bones and teeth, are a fundamental part of the body, and their formation and homeostasis are critically regulated by matrix vesicle-mediated mineralization. Matrix vesicles have been studied for 50 y since they were first observed using electron microscopy. However, research progress has been hampered by various technical barriers. Recently, there have been great advancements in our understanding of the intracellular biosynthesis of matrix vesicles. Mitochondria and lysosomes are now considered key players in matrix vesicle formation. The involvement of mitophagy, mitochondrial-derived vesicles, and mitochondria-lysosome interaction have been suggested as potential detailed mechanisms of the intracellular pathway of matrix vesicles. Their main secretion pathway may be exocytosis, in addition to the traditionally understood mechanism of budding from the outer plasma membrane. This basic knowledge of matrix vesicles should be strengthened by novel nano-level microscopic technologies, together with basic cell biologies, such as autophagy and interorganelle interactions. In the field of tissue regeneration, extracellular vesicles such as exosomes are gaining interest as promising tools in cell-free bone and periodontal regenerative therapy. Matrix vesicles, which are recognized as a special type of extracellular vesicles, could be another potential alternative. In this review, we outline the recent significant progress in the process of matrix vesicle-mediated mineralization and the potential clinical applications of matrix vesicles for tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Iwayama
- Department of Periodontology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - P Bhongsatiern
- Department of Periodontology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - M Takedachi
- Department of Periodontology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - S Murakami
- Department of Periodontology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka, Japan
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11
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LncRNA GACAT2 binds with protein PKM1/2 to regulate cell mitochondrial function and cementogenesis in an inflammatory environment. Bone Res 2022; 10:29. [PMID: 35296649 PMCID: PMC8927299 DOI: 10.1038/s41413-022-00197-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Revised: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs) are a key cell type for restoring/regenerating lost/damaged periodontal tissues, including alveolar bone, periodontal ligament and root cementum, the latter of which is important for regaining tooth function. However, PDLSCs residing in an inflammatory environment generally exhibit compromised functions, as demonstrated by an impaired ability to differentiate into cementoblasts, which are responsible for regrowing the cementum. This study investigated the role of mitochondrial function and downstream long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) in regulating inflammation-induced changes in the cementogenesis of PDLSCs. We found that the inflammatory cytokine-induced impairment of the cementogenesis of PDLSCs was closely correlated with their mitochondrial function, and lncRNA microarray analysis and gain/loss-of-function studies identified GACAT2 as a regulator of the cellular events involved in inflammation-mediated mitochondrial function and cementogenesis. Subsequently, a comprehensive identification of RNA-binding proteins by mass spectrometry (ChIRP-MS) and parallel reaction monitoring (PRM) assays revealed that GACAT2 could directly bind to pyruvate kinase M1/2 (PKM1/2), a protein correlated with mitochondrial function. Further functional studies demonstrated that GACAT2 overexpression increased the cellular protein expression of PKM1/2, the PKM2 tetramer and phosphorylated PKM2, which led to enhanced pyruvate kinase (PK) activity and increased translocation of PKM2 into mitochondria. We then found that GACAT2 overexpression could reverse the damage to mitochondrial function and cementoblastic differentiation of PDLSCs induced by inflammation and that this effect could be abolished by PKM1/2 knockdown. Our data indicated that by binding to PKM1/2 proteins, the lncRNA GACAT2 plays a critical role in regulating mitochondrial function and cementogenesis in an inflammatory environment.
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12
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Mohamed FF, Chavez MB, de Oliveira FA, Narisawa S, Farquharson C, Millán JL, Foster BL. Perspective on Dentoalveolar Manifestations Resulting From PHOSPHO1 Loss-of-Function: A Form of Pseudohypophosphatasia? FRONTIERS IN DENTAL MEDICINE 2022; 3:826387. [PMID: 36185572 PMCID: PMC9521815 DOI: 10.3389/fdmed.2022.826387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Mineralization of the skeleton occurs by several physicochemical and biochemical processes and mechanisms that facilitate the deposition of hydroxyapatite (HA) in specific areas of the extracellular matrix (ECM). Two key phosphatases, phosphatase, orphan 1 (PHOSPHO1) and tissue-non-specific alkaline phosphatase (TNAP), play complementary roles in the mineralization process. The actions of PHOSPHO1 on phosphocholine and phosphoethanolamine in matrix vesicles (MVs) produce inorganic phosphate (Pi) for the initiation of HA mineral formation within MVs. TNAP hydrolyzes adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and the mineralization inhibitor, inorganic pyrophosphate (PPi), to generate Pi that is incorporated into MVs. Genetic mutations in the ALPL gene-encoding TNAP lead to hypophosphatasia (HPP), characterized by low circulating TNAP levels (ALP), rickets in children and/or osteomalacia in adults, and a spectrum of dentoalveolar defects, the most prevalent being lack of acellular cementum leading to premature tooth loss. Given that the skeletal manifestations of genetic ablation of the Phospho1 gene in mice resemble many of the manifestations of HPP, we propose that Phospho1 gene mutations may underlie some cases of "pseudo-HPP" where ALP may be normal to subnormal, but ALPL mutation(s) have not been identified. The goal of this perspective article is to compare and contrast the loss-of-function effects of TNAP and PHOSPHO1 on the dentoalveolar complex to predict the likely dental phenotype in humans that may result from PHOSPHO1 mutations. Potential cases of pseudo-HPP associated with PHOSPHO1 mutations may resist diagnosis, and the dental manifestations could be a key criterion for consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatma F. Mohamed
- Division of Biosciences, College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Michael B. Chavez
- Division of Biosciences, College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Flavia Amadeu de Oliveira
- Sanford Children’s Health Research Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Sonoko Narisawa
- Sanford Children’s Health Research Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Colin Farquharson
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies (RDSVS), The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - José Luis Millán
- Sanford Children’s Health Research Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Brian L. Foster
- Division of Biosciences, College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States,,Correspondence: Brian L. Foster,
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13
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Abstract
The development and repair of dentin are strictly regulated by hundreds of genes. Abnormal dentin development is directly caused by gene mutations and dysregulation. Understanding and mastering this signal network is of great significance to the study of tooth development, tissue regeneration, aging, and repair and the treatment of dental diseases. It is necessary to understand the formation and repair mechanism of dentin in order to better treat the dentin lesions caused by various abnormal properties, whether it is to explore the reasons for the formation of dentin defects or to develop clinical drugs to strengthen the method of repairing dentin. Molecular biology of genes related to dentin development and repair are the most important basis for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Craniomaxillofacial Development and Diseases, Shanghai Stomatological Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, P. R. China.,Department of Prosthodontics, Shanghai Stomatological Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Han Xie
- Department of Stomatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Shouliang Zhao
- Department of Stomatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Shuai Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Craniomaxillofacial Development and Diseases, Shanghai Stomatological Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoling Wei
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Craniomaxillofacial Development and Diseases, Shanghai Stomatological Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, P. R. China.,Department of Endodontics, Shanghai Stomatological Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Shangfeng Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Craniomaxillofacial Development and Diseases, Shanghai Stomatological Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, P. R. China
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14
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Immunohistochemical Evaluation of Periodontal Regeneration Using a Porous Collagen Scaffold. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222010915. [PMID: 34681574 PMCID: PMC8535773 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222010915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Aim: To immunohistochemically evaluate the effect of a volume-stable collagen scaffold (VCMX) on periodontal regeneration. (2) Methods: In eight beagle dogs, acute two-wall intrabony defects were treated with open flap debridement either with VCMX (test) or without (control). After 12 weeks, eight defects out of four animals were processed for paraffin histology and immunohistochemistry. (3) Results: All defects (four test + four control) revealed periodontal regeneration with cementum and bone formation. VCMX remnants were integrated in bone, periodontal ligament (PDL), and cementum. No differences in immunohistochemical labeling patterns were observed between test and control sites. New bone and cementum were labeled for bone sialoprotein, while the regenerated PDL was labeled for periostin and collagen type 1. Cytokeratin-positive epithelial cell rests of Malassez were detected in 50% of the defects. The regenerated PDL demonstrated a larger blood vessel area at the test (14.48% ± 3.52%) than at control sites (8.04% ± 1.85%, p = 0.0007). The number of blood vessels was higher in the regenerated PDL (test + control) compared to the pristine one (p = 0.012). The cell proliferative index was not statistically significantly different in pristine and regenerated PDL. (4) Conclusions: The data suggest a positive effect of VCMX on angiogenesis and an equally high cell turnover in the regenerated and pristine PDL. This VCMX supported periodontal regeneration in intrabony defects.
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15
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Lira Dos Santos EJ, Salmon CR, Chavez MB, de Almeida AB, Tan MH, Chu EY, Sallum EA, Casati MZ, Ruiz KGS, Kantovitz KR, Foster BL, Nociti Júnior FH. Cementocyte alterations associated with experimentally induced cellular cementum apposition in hyp mice. J Periodontol 2021; 92:116-127. [PMID: 34003518 DOI: 10.1002/jper.21-0119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cellular cementum, a mineralized tissue covering apical tooth roots, grows by apposition to maintain the tooth in its occlusal position. We hypothesized that resident cementocytes would show morphological changes in response to cementum apposition, possibly implicating a role in cementum biology. METHODS Mandibular first molars were induced to super-erupt (EIA) by extraction of maxillary molars, promoting rapid new cementum formation. Tissue and cell responses were analyzed at 6 and/or 21 days post-procedure (dpp). RESULTS High-resolution micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) and confocal laser scanning microscopy showed increased cellular cementum by 21 dpp. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed that cementocytes under EIA were 50% larger than control cells, supported by larger pore sizes detected by micro-CT. Cementocytes under EIA displayed ultrastructural changes consistent with increased activity, including increased cytoplasm and nuclear size. We applied EIA to Hyp mutant mice, where cementocytes have perilacunar hypomineralization defects, to test cell and tissue responses in an altered mechanoresponsive milieu. Hyp and WT molars displayed similar super-eruption, with Hyp molars exhibiting 28% increased cellular cementum area versus 22% in WT mice at 21 dpp. Compared to control, Hyp cementocytes featured well-defined, disperse euchromatin and a thick layer of peripherally condensed heterochromatin in nuclei, indicating cellular activity. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) for cementum markers revealed intense dentin matrix protein-1 expression and abnormal osteopontin deposition in Hyp mice. Both WT and Hyp cementocytes expressed gap junction protein, connexin 43. CONCLUSION This study provides new insights into the EIA model and cementocyte activity in association with new cementum formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elis J Lira Dos Santos
- Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontics, Division of Periodontics, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
- Division of Biosciences, College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Cristiane R Salmon
- Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontics, Division of Periodontics, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
- Faculty of Dentistry, N. Sra. do Patrocínio University Center, Itu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Michael B Chavez
- Division of Biosciences, College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Amanda B de Almeida
- Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontics, Division of Periodontics, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Michelle H Tan
- Division of Biosciences, College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Emily Y Chu
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD
| | - Enilson A Sallum
- Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontics, Division of Periodontics, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcio Z Casati
- Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontics, Division of Periodontics, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Karina G S Ruiz
- Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontics, Division of Periodontics, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Kamila R Kantovitz
- Department of Dental Materials, São Leopoldo Mandic Research Center, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Brian L Foster
- Division of Biosciences, College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Francisco H Nociti Júnior
- Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontics, Division of Periodontics, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
- São Leopoldo Mandic Research Center, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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16
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Nagasaki A, Nagasaki K, Kear BD, Tadesse WD, Thumbigere-Math V, Millán JL, Foster BL, Somerman MJ. Delivery of Alkaline Phosphatase Promotes Periodontal Regeneration in Mice. J Dent Res 2021; 100:993-1001. [PMID: 33840251 DOI: 10.1177/00220345211005677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Factors regulating the ratio of pyrophosphate (PPi) to phosphate (Pi) modulate biomineralization. Tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase (TNAP) is a key promineralization enzyme that hydrolyzes the potent mineralization inhibitor PPi. The goal of this study was to determine whether TNAP could promote periodontal regeneration in bone sialoprotein knockout mice (Ibsp-/- mice), which are known to have a periodontal disease phenotype. Delivery of TNAP was accomplished either systemically (through a lentiviral construct expressing a mineral-targeted TNAP-D10 protein) or locally (through addition of recombinant human TNAP to a fenestration defect model). Systemic TNAP-D10 delivered by intramuscular injection at 5 d postnatal (dpn) increased circulating alkaline phosphatase (ALP) levels in Ibsp-/- mice by 5-fold at 30 dpn, with levels returning to normal by 60 dpn when tissues were evaluated by micro-computed tomography and histology. Local delivery of recombinant human TNAP to fenestration defects in 5-wk-old wild type (WT) and Ibsp-/- mice did not alter long-term circulating ALP levels, and tissues were evaluated by micro-computed tomography and histology at postoperative day 45. Systemic and local delivery of TNAP significantly increased alveolar bone volume (20% and 37%, respectively) and cementum thickness (3- and 42-fold) in Ibsp-/- mice, with evidence for periodontal ligament attachment and bone/cementum marker localization. Local delivery significantly increased regenerated cementum and bone in WT mice. Addition of 100-μg/mL bovine intestinal ALP to culture media to increase ALP in vitro increased media Pi concentration, mineralization, and Spp1 and Dmp1 marker gene expression in WT and Ibsp-/- OCCM.30 cementoblasts. Use of phosphonoformic acid, a nonspecific inhibitor of sodium Pi cotransport, indicated that effects of bovine intestinal ALP on mineralization and marker gene expression were in part through Pi transport. These findings show for the first time through multiple in vivo and in vitro approaches that pharmacologic modulation of Pi/PPi metabolism can overcome periodontal breakdown and accomplish regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Nagasaki
- Laboratory of Oral Connective Tissue Biology, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - K Nagasaki
- Laboratory of Oral Connective Tissue Biology, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - B D Kear
- Laboratory of Oral Connective Tissue Biology, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - W D Tadesse
- Laboratory of Oral Connective Tissue Biology, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - V Thumbigere-Math
- Division of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - J L Millán
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - B L Foster
- Biosciences Division, College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - M J Somerman
- Laboratory of Oral Connective Tissue Biology, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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17
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Chavez MB, Chu EY, Kram V, de Castro LF, Somerman MJ, Foster BL. Guidelines for Micro-Computed Tomography Analysis of Rodent Dentoalveolar Tissues. JBMR Plus 2021; 5:e10474. [PMID: 33778330 PMCID: PMC7990153 DOI: 10.1002/jbm4.10474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Micro–computed tomography (μCT) has become essential for analysis of mineralized as well as nonmineralized tissues and is therefore widely applicable in the life sciences. However, lack of standardized approaches and protocols for scanning, analyzing, and reporting data often makes it difficult to understand exactly how analyses were performed, how to interpret results, and if findings can be broadly compared with other models and studies. This problem is compounded in analysis of the dentoalveolar complex by the presence of four distinct mineralized tissues: enamel, dentin, cementum, and alveolar bone. Furthermore, these hard tissues interface with adjacent soft tissues, the dental pulp and periodontal ligament (PDL), making for a complex organ. Drawing on others' and our own experience analyzing rodent dentoalveolar tissues by μCT, we introduce techniques to successfully analyze dentoalveolar tissues with similar or disparate compositions, densities, and morphological characteristics. Our goal is to provide practical guidelines for μCT analysis of rodent dentoalveolar tissues, including approaches to optimize scan parameters (filters, voltage, voxel size, and integration time), reproducibly orient samples, define regions and volumes of interest, segment and subdivide tissues, interpret findings, and report methods and results. We include illustrative examples of analyses performed on genetically engineered mouse models with phenotypes in enamel, dentin, cementum, and alveolar bone. The recommendations are designed to increase transparency and reproducibility, promote best practices, and provide a basic framework to apply μCT analysis to the dentoalveolar complex that can also be extrapolated to a variety of other tissues of the body. © 2021 The Authors. JBMR Plus published by Wiley Periodicals LLC. on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael B Chavez
- Division of Biosciences, College of Dentistry The Ohio State University Columbus OH USA
| | - Emily Y Chu
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS) National Institutes of Health (NIH) Bethesda MD USA
| | - Vardit Kram
- National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR)National Institutes of Health (NIH) Bethesda MD USA
| | - Luis F de Castro
- National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR)National Institutes of Health (NIH) Bethesda MD USA
| | - Martha J Somerman
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS) National Institutes of Health (NIH) Bethesda MD USA
| | - Brian L Foster
- Division of Biosciences, College of Dentistry The Ohio State University Columbus OH USA
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18
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Azraq I, Craveiro RB, Niederau C, Brockhaus J, Bastian A, Knaup I, Neuss S, Wolf M. Gene expression and phosphorylation of ERK and AKT are regulated depending on mechanical force and cell confluence in murine cementoblasts. Ann Anat 2021; 234:151668. [PMID: 33400981 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2020.151668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Cementoblasts, located on the tooth root surface covered with cementum, are considered to have tooth protecting abilities. They prevent tissue damage and secure teeth anchorage inside the periodontal ligament during mechanical stress. However, the involvement of cementoblasts in mechanical compression induced periodontal remodeling needs to be identified and better understood. Here, we investigated the effect of static compressive stimulation, simulating the compression side of orthodontic force and cell confluence on a murine cementoblast cell line (OC/CM). The influence of cell confluence in cementoblast cells was analyzed by MTS assay and immunostaining. Furthermore, mRNA and protein expression were investigated by real-time RT-PCR and western blotting at different confluence grades and after mechanical stimulation. We observed that cementoblast cell proliferation increases with increasing confluence grades, while cell viability decreases in parallel. Gene expression of remodeling markers is regulated by compressive force. In addition, cementoblast confluence plays a crucial role in this regulation. Confluent cementoblasts show a significantly higher basal expression of Bsp, Osterix, Alpl, Vegfa, Mmp9, Tlr2 and Tlr4 compared to sub-confluent cells. After compressive force of 48 h at 60% confluence, an upregulation of Bsp, Osterix, Alpl, Vegf and Mmp9 is observed. In contrast, at high confluence, all analyzed genes were downregulated through mechanical stress. We also proved a regulation of ERK, phospho-ERK and phospho-AKT dependent on compressive force. In summary, our findings provide evidence that cementoblast physiology and metabolism is highly regulated in a cell confluence-dependent manner and by mechanical stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irma Azraq
- Department of Orthodontics, Dental Clinic, University of Aachen, Germany
| | - Rogerio B Craveiro
- Department of Orthodontics, Dental Clinic, University of Aachen, Germany.
| | - Christian Niederau
- Department of Orthodontics, Dental Clinic, University of Aachen, Germany
| | - Julia Brockhaus
- Department of Orthodontics, Dental Clinic, University of Aachen, Germany
| | - Asisa Bastian
- Department of Orthodontics, Dental Clinic, University of Aachen, Germany
| | - Isabel Knaup
- Department of Orthodontics, Dental Clinic, University of Aachen, Germany
| | - Sabine Neuss
- Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering, BioInterface Group, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany; Institute of Pathology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Michael Wolf
- Department of Orthodontics, Dental Clinic, University of Aachen, Germany
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19
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Nagasaki A, Nagasaki K, Chu EY, Kear BD, Tadesse WD, Ferebee SE, Li L, Foster BL, Somerman MJ. Ablation of Pyrophosphate Regulators Promotes Periodontal Regeneration. J Dent Res 2020; 100:639-647. [PMID: 33356859 DOI: 10.1177/0022034520981854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Biomineralization is regulated by inorganic pyrophosphate (PPi), a potent physiological inhibitor of hydroxyapatite crystal growth. Progressive ankylosis protein (ANK) and ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 1 (ENPP1) act to increase local extracellular levels of PPi, inhibiting mineralization. The periodontal complex includes 2 mineralized tissues, cementum and alveolar bone (AB), both essential for tooth attachment. Previous studies demonstrated that loss of function of ANK or ENPP1 (reducing PPi) resulted in increased cementum formation, suggesting PPi metabolism may be a target for periodontal regenerative therapies. To compare the effects of genetic ablation of Ank, Enpp1, and both factors concurrently on cementum and AB regeneration, mandibular fenestration defects were created in Ank knockout (Ank KO), Enpp1 mutant (Enpp1asj/asj), and double KO (dKO) mice. Genetic ablation of Ank, Enpp1, or both factors increased cementum regeneration compared to controls at postoperative days (PODs) 15 and 30 (Ank KO: 8-fold, 3-fold; Enpp1asj/asj: 7-fold, 3-fold; dKO: 11-fold, 4-fold, respectively) associated with increased fluorochrome labeling and expression of mineralized tissue markers, dentin matrix protein 1 (Dmp1/DMP1), osteopontin (Spp1/OPN), and bone sialoprotein (Ibsp/BSP). Furthermore, dKO mice featured increased cementum thickness compared to single KOs at POD15 and Ank KO at POD30. No differences were noted in AB volume between genotypes, but osteoblast/osteocyte markers were increased in all KOs, partially mineralized osteoid volume was increased in dKO versus controls at POD15 (3-fold), and mineral density was decreased in Enpp1asj/asj and dKOs at POD30 (6% and 9%, respectively). Increased numbers of osteoclasts were present in regenerated AB of all KOs versus controls. These preclinical studies suggest PPi modulation as a potential and novel approach for cementum regeneration, particularly targeting ENPP1 and/or ANK. Differences in cementum and AB regeneration in response to reduced PPi conditions highlight the need to consider tissue-specific responses in strategies targeting regeneration of the entire periodontal complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Nagasaki
- Laboratory of Oral Connective Tissue Biology, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - K Nagasaki
- Laboratory of Oral Connective Tissue Biology, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - E Y Chu
- Laboratory of Oral Connective Tissue Biology, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - B D Kear
- Laboratory of Oral Connective Tissue Biology, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - W D Tadesse
- Laboratory of Oral Connective Tissue Biology, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - S E Ferebee
- Laboratory of Oral Connective Tissue Biology, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - L Li
- Craniofacial and Skeletal Diseases Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - B L Foster
- Biosciences Division, College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - M J Somerman
- Laboratory of Oral Connective Tissue Biology, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
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Insights into dental mineralization from three heritable mineralization disorders. J Struct Biol 2020; 212:107597. [PMID: 32758526 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2020.107597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Teeth are comprised of three unique mineralized tissues, enamel, dentin, and cementum, that are susceptible to developmental defects similar to those affecting bone. X-linked hypophosphatemia (XLH), caused by PHEX mutations, leads to increased fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23)-driven hypophosphatemia and local extracellular matrix disturbances. Hypophosphatasia (HPP), caused by ALPL mutations, results in increased levels of inorganic pyrophosphate (PPi), a mineralization inhibitor. Generalized arterial calcification in infancy (GACI), caused by ENPP1 mutations, results in vascular calcification due to decreased PPi, later compounded by FGF23-driven hypophosphatemia. In this perspective, we compare and contrast dental defects in primary teeth associated with XLH, HPP, and GACI, briefly reviewing genetic and biochemical features of these disorders and findings of clinical and preclinical studies to date, including some of our own recent observations. The distinct dental defects associated with the three heritable mineralization disorders reflect unique processes of the respective dental hard tissues, revealing insights into their development and clues about pathological mechanisms underlying such disorders.
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21
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Chu EY, Vo TD, Chavez MB, Nagasaki A, Mertz EL, Nociti FH, Aitken SF, Kavanagh D, Zimmerman K, Li X, Stabach PR, Braddock DT, Millán JL, Foster BL, Somerman MJ. Genetic and pharmacologic modulation of cementogenesis via pyrophosphate regulators. Bone 2020; 136:115329. [PMID: 32224162 PMCID: PMC7482720 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2020.115329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Pyrophosphate (PPi) serves as a potent and physiologically important regulator of mineralization, with systemic and local concentrations determined by several key regulators, including: tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase (ALPL gene; TNAP protein), the progressive ankylosis protein (ANKH; ANK), and ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 1 (ENPP1; ENPP1). Results to date have indicated important roles for PPi in cementum formation, and we addressed several gaps in knowledge by employing genetically edited mouse models where PPi metabolism was disrupted and pharmacologically modulating PPi in a PPi-deficient mouse model. We demonstrate that acellular cementum growth is inversely proportional to PPi levels, with reduced cementum in Alpl KO (increased PPi levels) mice and excess cementum in Ank KO mice (decreased PPi levels). Moreover, simultaneous ablation of Alpl and Ank results in reestablishment of functional cementum in dKO mice. Additional reduction of PPi by dual deletion of Ank and Enpp1 does not further increase cementogenesis, and PDL space is maintained in part through bone modeling/remodeling by osteoclasts. Our results provide insights into cementum formation and expand our knowledge of how PPi regulates cementum. We also demonstrate for the first time that pharmacologic manipulation of PPi through an ENPP1-Fc fusion protein can regulate cementum growth, supporting therapeutic interventions targeting PPi metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Y Chu
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - T D Vo
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - M B Chavez
- Biosciences Division, College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - A Nagasaki
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - E L Mertz
- National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - F H Nociti
- Department of Prosthodontics & Periodontics, State University of Campinas, Piracicaba Dental School, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - S F Aitken
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - D Kavanagh
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - K Zimmerman
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - X Li
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - P R Stabach
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - D T Braddock
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - J L Millán
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - B L Foster
- Biosciences Division, College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - M J Somerman
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
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Zhang H, Chavez MB, Kolli TN, Tan MH, Fong H, Chu EY, Li Y, Ren X, Watanabe K, Kim DG, Foster BL. Dentoalveolar Defects in the Hyp Mouse Model of X-linked Hypophosphatemia. J Dent Res 2020; 99:419-428. [PMID: 31977267 DOI: 10.1177/0022034520901719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in PHEX cause X-linked hypophosphatemia (XLH), a form of hypophosphatemic rickets. Hyp (Phex mutant) mice recapitulate the XLH phenotype. Dental disorders are prevalent in individuals with XLH; however, underlying dentoalveolar defects remain incompletely understood. We analyzed Hyp mouse dentoalveolar defects at 42 and 90 d postnatal to comparatively define effects of XLH on dental formation and function. Phex mRNA was expressed by odontoblasts (dentin), osteocytes (bone), and cementocytes (cellular cementum) in wild-type (WT) mice. Enamel density was unaffected, though enamel volume was significantly reduced in Hyp mice. Dentin defects in Hyp molars were indicated histologically by wide predentin, thin dentin, and extensive interglobular dentin, confirming micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) findings of reduced dentin volume and density. Acellular cementum was thin and showed periodontal ligament detachment. Mechanical testing indicated dramatically altered periodontal mechanical properties in Hyp versus WT mice. Hyp mandibles demonstrated expanded alveolar bone with accumulation of osteoid, and micro-CT confirmed decreased bone volume fraction and alveolar bone density. Cellular cementum area was significantly increased in Hyp versus WT molars owing to accumulation of hypomineralized cementoid. Histology, scanning electron microscopy, and nanoindentation revealed hypomineralized "halos" surrounding Hyp cementocyte and osteocyte lacunae. Three-dimensional micro-CT analyses confirmed larger cementocyte/osteocyte lacunae and significantly reduced perilacunar mineral density. While long bone and alveolar bone osteocytes in Hyp mice overexpressed fibroblast growth factor 23 (Fgf23), its expression in molars was much lower, with cementocyte Fgf23 expression particularly low. Expression and distribution of other selected markers were disturbed in Hyp versus WT long bone, alveolar bone, and cementum, including osteocyte/cementocyte marker dentin matrix protein 1 (Dmp1). This study reports for the first time a quantitative analysis of the Hyp mouse dentoalveolar phenotype, including all mineralized tissues. Novel insights into cellular cementum provide evidence for a role for cementocytes in perilacunar mineralization and cementum biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Zhang
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - M B Chavez
- Division of Biosciences, College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - T N Kolli
- Division of Biosciences, College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - M H Tan
- Division of Biosciences, College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - H Fong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - E Y Chu
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Y Li
- Department of Oral Maxillofacial Surgery, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - X Ren
- Department of Periodontics, School of Stomatology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - K Watanabe
- Division of Orthodontics, College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - D G Kim
- Division of Orthodontics, College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - B L Foster
- Division of Biosciences, College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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23
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Li X, He XT, Kong DQ, Xu XY, Wu RX, Sun LJ, Tian BM, Chen FM. M2 Macrophages Enhance the Cementoblastic Differentiation of Periodontal Ligament Stem Cells via the Akt and JNK Pathways. Stem Cells 2019; 37:1567-1580. [PMID: 31400241 DOI: 10.1002/stem.3076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Although macrophage (Mφ) polarization has been demonstrated to play crucial roles in cellular osteogenesis across the cascade of events in periodontal regeneration, how polarized Mφ phenotypes influence the cementoblastic differentiation of periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs) remains unknown. In the present study, human monocyte leukemic cells (THP-1) were induced into M0, M1, and M2 subsets, and the influences of these polarized Mφs on the cementoblastic differentiation of PDLSCs were assessed in both conditioned medium-based and Transwell-based coculture systems. Furthermore, the potential pathways and cyto-/chemokines involved in Mφ-mediated cementoblastic differentiation were screened and identified. In both systems, M2 subsets increased cementoblastic differentiation-related gene/protein expression levels in cocultured PDLSCs, induced more PDLSCs to differentiate into polygonal and square cells, and enhanced alkaline phosphatase activity in PDLSCs. Furthermore, Akt and c-Jun N-terminal Kinase (JNK) signaling was identified as a potential pathway involved in M2 Mφ-enhanced PDLSC cementoblastic differentiation, and cyto-/chemokines (interleukin (IL)-10 and vascular endothelial growth factor [VEGF]) secreted by M2 Mφs were found to be key players that promoted cell cementoblastic differentiation by activating Akt signaling. Our data indicate for the first time that Mφs are key modulators during PDLSC cementoblastic differentiation and are hence very important for the regeneration of multiple periodontal tissues, including the cementum. Although the Akt and JNK pathways are involved in M2 Mφ-enhanced cementoblastic differentiation, only the Akt pathway can be activated via a cyto-/chemokine-associated mechanism, suggesting that players other than cyto-/chemokines also participate in the M2-mediated cementoblastic differentiation of PDLSCs. Stem Cells 2019;37:1567-1580.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Li
- Department of Periodontology, State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Dental Materials and Advanced Manufacture, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Tao He
- Department of Periodontology, State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Dental Materials and Advanced Manufacture, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - De-Qin Kong
- Department of Toxicology, Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Free Radical Biology and Medicine, The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational Environment, School of Public Health, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin-Yue Xu
- Department of Periodontology, State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Dental Materials and Advanced Manufacture, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui-Xin Wu
- Department of Periodontology, State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Dental Materials and Advanced Manufacture, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Juan Sun
- Department of Periodontology, State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Dental Materials and Advanced Manufacture, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Bei-Min Tian
- Department of Periodontology, State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Dental Materials and Advanced Manufacture, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Fa-Ming Chen
- Department of Periodontology, State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Dental Materials and Advanced Manufacture, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
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24
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Choi H, Liu Y, Jeong JK, Kim TH, Cho ES. Antagonistic interactions between osterix and pyrophosphate during cementum formation. Bone 2019; 125:8-15. [PMID: 31059863 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2019.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
During cementum formation, the key roles of osterix (Osx) and inorganic pyrophosphate (PPi), mainly controlled by nucleotide pyrophosphatase 1 (Npp1; encoded by the Enpp1 gene) and progressive ankylosis protein (Ank), have been demonstrated by animal models displaying altered cementum formation. In this study, we analyzed the relationship of Osx and local PPi during cementum formation using compound mutant mice with their wildtype and corresponding single gene mutants. Importantly, functional defects in PPi regulation led to the induction of Osx expression at the cervical cementum as demonstrated by Enpp1 mutant mice and cementoblasts with the retroviral transduction of small hairpin RNA for Enpp1 or Ank. Conversely, cementoblasts exposed to inorganic PPi or with the enforced expression of Enpp1 or Ank reduced Osx expression in a concentration-dependent manner. Furthermore, the loss of Osx induced the higher expression of Npp1 and Ank at the apical region of the developing tooth root as observed in Osx-deficient mice. The activity of PPi-generating ectoenzymes (nucleoside triphosphate pyrophosphohydrolase, NTPPPHase) and the level of extracellular PPi were significantly increased in Osx-knockdown cementoblasts. However, the formation of ectopic cervical cementum was not completely diminished by inactivation of Osx in Enpp1 mutant mice. In addition, fibroblast growth factor (FGF) receptor 1 (Fgfr1) was strongly localized in cementoblasts lining the acellular cementum and involved in the inhibitory regulation of matrix accumulation and further mineralization by supporting PPi production. Taken together, these results suggest that local PPi suppresses matrix accumulation and further mineralization through an antagonistic interaction with Osx under the synergistic influence of FGF signaling during cementum formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hwajung Choi
- Cluster for Craniofacial Development and Regeneration Research, Institute of Oral Biosciences, Chonbuk National University School of Dentistry, Jeonju 54896, South Korea
| | - Yudong Liu
- Cluster for Craniofacial Development and Regeneration Research, Institute of Oral Biosciences, Chonbuk National University School of Dentistry, Jeonju 54896, South Korea
| | - Ju-Kyeong Jeong
- Cluster for Craniofacial Development and Regeneration Research, Institute of Oral Biosciences, Chonbuk National University School of Dentistry, Jeonju 54896, South Korea
| | - Tak-Heun Kim
- Cluster for Craniofacial Development and Regeneration Research, Institute of Oral Biosciences, Chonbuk National University School of Dentistry, Jeonju 54896, South Korea
| | - Eui-Sic Cho
- Cluster for Craniofacial Development and Regeneration Research, Institute of Oral Biosciences, Chonbuk National University School of Dentistry, Jeonju 54896, South Korea.
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25
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Dillon S, Staines KA, Millán JL, Farquharson C. How To Build a Bone: PHOSPHO1, Biomineralization, and Beyond. JBMR Plus 2019; 3:e10202. [PMID: 31372594 PMCID: PMC6659447 DOI: 10.1002/jbm4.10202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Since its characterization two decades ago, the phosphatase PHOSPHO1 has been the subject of an increasing focus of research. This work has elucidated PHOSPHO1's central role in the biomineralization of bone and other hard tissues, but has also implicated the enzyme in other biological processes in health and disease. During mineralization PHOSPHO1 liberates inorganic phosphate (Pi) to be incorporated into the mineral phase through hydrolysis of its substrates phosphocholine (PCho) and phosphoethanolamine (PEA). Localization of PHOSPHO1 within matrix vesicles allows accumulation of Pi within a protected environment where mineral crystals may nucleate and subsequently invade the organic collagenous scaffold. Here, we examine the evidence for this process, first discussing the discovery and characterization of PHOSPHO1, before considering experimental evidence for its canonical role in matrix vesicle–mediated biomineralization. We also contemplate roles for PHOSPHO1 in disorders of dysregulated mineralization such as vascular calcification, along with emerging evidence of its activity in other systems including choline synthesis and homeostasis, and energy metabolism. © 2019 The Authors. JBMR Plus published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Dillon
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Midlothian UK
| | | | - José Luis Millán
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla CA USA
| | - Colin Farquharson
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Midlothian UK
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26
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Bouleftour W, Juignet L, Verdière L, Machuca-Gayet I, Thomas M, Laroche N, Vanden-Bossche A, Farlay D, Thomas C, Gineyts E, Concordet JP, Renaud JB, Aubert D, Teixeira M, Peyruchaud O, Vico L, Lafage-Proust MH, Follet H, Malaval L. Deletion of OPN in BSP knockout mice does not correct bone hypomineralization but results in high bone turnover. Bone 2019; 120:411-422. [PMID: 30529011 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2018.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The two SIBLING (Small Integrin Binding Ligand N-linked Glycoproteins), bone sialoprotein (BSP) and osteopontin (OPN) are expressed in osteoblasts and osteoclasts. In mature BSP knockout (KO, -/-) mice, both bone formation and resorption as well as mineralization are impaired. OPN-/- mice display impaired resorption, and OPN is described as an inhibitor of mineralization. However, OPN is overexpressed in BSP-/- mice, complicating the understanding of their phenotype. We have generated and characterized mice with a double KO (DKO) of OPN and BSP, to try and unravel their respective contributions. Despite the absence of OPN, DKO bones are still hypomineralized. The SIBLING, matrix extracellular phosphoglycoprotein with ASARM motif (MEPE) is highly overexpressed in both BSP-/- and DKO and may impair mineralization through liberation of its ASARM (Acidic Serine-Aspartate Rich MEPE associated) peptides. DKO mice also display evidence of active formation of trabecular, secondary bone as well as primary bone in the marrow-ablation repair model. A higher number of osteoclasts form in DKO marrow cultures, with higher resorption activity, and DKO long bones display a localized and conspicuous cortical macroporosity. High bone formation and resorption parameters, and high cortical porosity in DKO mice suggest an active bone modeling/remodeling, in the absence of two key regulators of bone cell performance. This first double KO of SIBLING proteins thus results in a singular, non-trivial phenotype leading to reconsider the interpretation of each single KO, concerning in particular matrix mineralization and the regulation of bone cell activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Bouleftour
- Inserm U1059-Sainbiose, Université de Lyon, F 42270 Saint Priest en Jarez, France
| | - L Juignet
- Inserm U1059-Sainbiose, Université de Lyon, F 42270 Saint Priest en Jarez, France
| | - L Verdière
- Inserm U1059-Sainbiose, Université de Lyon, F 42270 Saint Priest en Jarez, France
| | | | - M Thomas
- Inserm U1059-Sainbiose, Université de Lyon, F 42270 Saint Priest en Jarez, France
| | - N Laroche
- Inserm U1059-Sainbiose, Université de Lyon, F 42270 Saint Priest en Jarez, France
| | - A Vanden-Bossche
- Inserm U1059-Sainbiose, Université de Lyon, F 42270 Saint Priest en Jarez, France
| | - D Farlay
- Inserm U1033-Lyos, Université de Lyon, F69372 Lyon, France
| | - C Thomas
- Inserm U1033-Lyos, Université de Lyon, F69372 Lyon, France
| | - E Gineyts
- Inserm U1033-Lyos, Université de Lyon, F69372 Lyon, France
| | - J P Concordet
- Inserm U1154/Cnrs UMR7196/Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, F75231 Paris, France
| | - J B Renaud
- Inserm U1154/Cnrs UMR7196/Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, F75231 Paris, France
| | - D Aubert
- AniRa PBES, Gerland, F69007 Lyon Sud, France
| | - M Teixeira
- AniRa PBES, Gerland, F69007 Lyon Sud, France
| | - O Peyruchaud
- Inserm U1033-Lyos, Université de Lyon, F69372 Lyon, France
| | - L Vico
- Inserm U1059-Sainbiose, Université de Lyon, F 42270 Saint Priest en Jarez, France
| | - M H Lafage-Proust
- Inserm U1059-Sainbiose, Université de Lyon, F 42270 Saint Priest en Jarez, France
| | - H Follet
- Inserm U1033-Lyos, Université de Lyon, F69372 Lyon, France
| | - L Malaval
- Inserm U1059-Sainbiose, Université de Lyon, F 42270 Saint Priest en Jarez, France.
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27
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Basic fibroblast growth factor regulates phosphate/pyrophosphate regulatory genes in stem cells isolated from human exfoliated deciduous teeth. Stem Cell Res Ther 2018; 9:345. [PMID: 30526676 PMCID: PMC6288970 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-018-1093-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) regulates maintenance of stemness and modulation of osteo/odontogenic differentiation and mineralization in stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHEDs). Mineralization in the bones and teeth is in part controlled by pericellular levels of inorganic phosphate (Pi), a component of hydroxyapatite, and inorganic pyrophosphate (PPi), an inhibitor of mineralization. The progressive ankylosis protein (gene ANKH; protein ANKH) and ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase phosphodiesterase 1 (ENPP1/ENPP1) increase PPi and inhibit mineralization, while tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase (ALPL; TNAP) is a critical pro-mineralization enzyme that hydrolyzes PPi. We hypothesized that regulation by bFGF of mineralization in SHEDs occurs by modulation of Pi/PPi-associated genes. Methods Cells were isolated from human exfoliated deciduous teeth and characterized for mesenchymal stem cell characteristics. Cells were treated with bFGF, and the osteogenic differentiation ability was determined. The mRNA expression was evaluated using real-time polymerase chain reaction. The mineralization was examined using alizarin red S staining. Results Cells isolated from primary teeth expressed mesenchymal stem cell markers, CD44, CD90, and CD105, and were able to differentiate into osteo/odontogenic and adipogenic lineages. Addition of 10 ng/ml bFGF to SHEDs during in vitro osteo/odontogenic differentiation decreased ALPL mRNA expression and ALP enzyme activity, increased ANKH mRNA, and decreased both Pi/PPi ratio and mineral deposition. Effects of bFGF on ALPL and ANKH expression were detected within 24 h. Addition of 20 mM fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) inhibitor SU5402 revealed the necessity of FGFR-mediated signaling, and inclusion of 1 μg/ml cyclohexamide (CHX) implicated the necessity of protein synthesis for effects on ALPL and ANKH. Addition of exogenous 10 μm PPi inhibited mineralization and increased ANKH, collagen type 1a1 (COL1A1), and osteopontin (SPP1) mRNA, while addition of exogenous Pi increased mineralization and osterix (OSX), ANKH, SPP1, and dentin matrix protein 1 (DMP1) mRNA. The effects of PPi and Pi on mineralization could be replicated by short-term 3- and 7-day treatments, suggesting signaling effects in addition to physicochemical regulation of mineral deposition. Conclusion This study reveals for the first time the effects of bFGF on Pi/PPi regulators in SHEDs and implicates these factors in how bFGF directs osteo/odontogenic differentiation and mineralization by these cells. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13287-018-1093-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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