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Sorg H, Hauser J, Bagheri M, Ehlers JP, Leifeld IH, Fuchs PC, Tilkorn DJ, Sorg CGG. [Academic Careers in Medicine: a Sex-Related Analysis of Career Goals]. DAS GESUNDHEITSWESEN 2023; 85:697-705. [PMID: 36720235 PMCID: PMC11248572 DOI: 10.1055/a-1974-8423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
AIM OF THE STUDY For female and male physicians of the clinical-academic mid-level staff, working conditions as well as the attitude towards profession and career play a decisive role. For years, there has been an increasing proportion of women in medicine. Despite this increase, a significant sex incongruence is still evident, especially in academic medicine. The aim of this work was to analyze current opinions of female and male physicians on sex-related aspects for career. METHODS By means of an online survey, medical mid-level staff from university and peripheral hospitals were asked about professional biographical as well as career-related topics and the data analyzed in terms of the sexes. RESULTS Compared to their male counterparts, female physicians had lower career goals and mainly aimed to qualify as senior physicians. Women planned to have families and raise children earlier in their careers. Men were more likely to have their professional careers in mind during the same time period. Although only just under 47% of respondents considered an academic career to be worthwhile, 65% continued to rate the acquisition of an academic title highly. When evaluating equal treatment by superiors, female physicians tended to feel disadvantaged in their professional careers compared to male physicians. Thus, physicians rated the treatment by their respective superiors as characterized by the quality of the work (44% for both genders of superiors) or dependent on sympathy (female superiors 30%; male superiors 24%). Female physicians, however, saw a preference for male colleagues in 37% of male superiors. CONCLUSION Despite a significantly larger proportion of women in medicine for decades, there is still an incongruence in sexes in favor of men in management positions. The professional and private goals of women and men differ significantly depending on their age decade. The academic career per se is increasingly losing importance, although the acquisition of academic degrees still seems to be desirable. Therefore, to improve the future of academic medicine, significant structural changes are needed to enable projectable career paths (e. g., tenure track, assistant professorship, young medical professionals model) for mid-level academic staff.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heiko Sorg
- Lehrstuhl für Didaktik und Bildungsforschung im
Gesundheitswesen, Universität Witten/Herdecke Fakultät
für Gesundheit, Witten
- Abteilung für Plastische und Rekonstruktive Chirurgie, Klinik
für Allgemein-, Viszeral- und Plastische Chirurgie, Marien Hospital
Witten, Witten
| | - Jörg Hauser
- Klinik für Plastische, Rekonstruktive und Ästhetische
Chirurgie, Handchirurgie, Alfried-Krupp-Krankenhaus, Essen
| | - Mahsa Bagheri
- Klinik für Plastische Chirurgie, Handchirurgie,
Schwerbrandverletztenzentrum, Universität Witten/Herdecke,
Klinikum Köln Merheim, Köln
| | - Jan Peter Ehlers
- Lehrstuhl für Didaktik und Bildungsforschung im
Gesundheitswesen, Universität Witten/Herdecke Fakultät
für Gesundheit, Witten
| | - Irini Helena Leifeld
- Klinik für Plastisch-rekonstruktive, Ästhetische und
Handchirurgie, Klinikum Kassel GmbH, Kassel
| | - Paul Christian Fuchs
- Klinik für Plastische Chirurgie, Handchirurgie,
Schwerbrandverletztenzentrum, Universität Witten/Herdecke,
Klinikum Köln Merheim, Köln
| | - Daniel Johannes Tilkorn
- Klinik für Plastische, Rekonstruktive und Ästhetische
Chirurgie, Handchirurgie, Alfried-Krupp-Krankenhaus, Essen
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Shaikh AT, Lall MD, Jalal S, Raja AS, Fares S, Siddiqi J, Khosa F. Trends in Racial and Gender Profiles of United States Academic Emergency Medicine Faculty: Cross-Sectional Survey From 2007 to 2018. J Emerg Med 2022; 63:617-628. [PMID: 36244854 DOI: 10.1016/j.jemermed.2022.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Numerous studies have reported existing disparities in academic medicine. The purpose of this study was to assess racial and gender disparity in academic emergency medicine (EM) faculty positions across the United States from 2007 to 2018. OBJECTIVE The primary objective was to identify the racial and ethnic and gender distributions across academic ranks in EM. The secondary objective was to describe the racial and gender proportions across different tenure tracks and degrees. METHODS We conducted a retrospective analysis using data from the Association of American Medical Colleges. Simple descriptive statistics and time series analysis were employed to assess the trends and relationship between race and gender across academic rank, type of degree, and tenure status. RESULTS When averaged, 75% of all faculty members were White physicians and 67.5% were male. Asian faculty members showed an increased representation in the lower academic ranks and underrepresented minority groups demonstrated a small increase. Asian faculty members demonstrated a significantly increasing trend at the level of instructor (t = 0.02; p = 0.034; 95% CI 0.05-1.03). Female faculty members showed a significantly decreasing trend over the study period (t = -0.01; p < 0.001; 95% CI 0.68-0.75). White academic physicians and male faculty members made up most of all degree types and tenure categories. CONCLUSIONS Despite an increase in proportional representation, the underrepresentation of female faculty members and those from minority groups persists in emergency medicine. Further studies are needed to identify and address the root causes of these differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Tariq Shaikh
- Department of Internal Medicine, United Health Services Hospitals, Johnson City, New York
| | - Michelle D Lall
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Sabeena Jalal
- Department of Emergency and Trauma Radiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Ali S Raja
- Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Saleh Fares
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Zayed Military Hospital, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Javed Siddiqi
- Arrowhead Regional Medical Center, Colton, California
| | - Faisal Khosa
- Department of Radiology, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Eghosa-Aimufua O, Boam A, Webb KL, Browne J. 'I felt forced to find an alternative': a qualitative analysis of women medical educators' narratives of career transitions. BMJ Open 2022; 12:e059009. [PMID: 36109028 PMCID: PMC9478840 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-059009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES While institutional and systemic attempts to increase women's participation in medical education have enabled increasing numbers to enter the field and achieve more senior positions, little is known about lived experiences of female clinical educators. Women clinicians are more likely to change careers and work less than full time. This study focuses on women medical educators' narratives of career change, with the aim of exploring the interplay between factors affecting career decision-making, career trajectory and professional development. METHODS: We employed narrative enquiry approaches to two data sources (55 written accounts of turning points; 9 semistructured interviews reflecting on periods of career transition). Through analysing themes within each dataset before comparing and contrasting datasets simultaneously, we identified three areas of inconsistency and tension. RESULTS Participants reported feeling both drawn and pushed into medical education. Some respondents reported that they were compelled by circumstances to enter medical education. Participants' narratives were ambiguous regarding personal and professional identities. Additionally, participants asserted their position as autonomous agents while acknowledging their powerlessness when encountering organisational, social and cultural expectations limiting the ability to make independent choices. Even where primary decisions to pursue medical education were positive and motivated by interest, subsequent disappointments and challenges led some participants to doubt their choices. CONCLUSIONS Career advancement in medical education may involve women taking significant personal or career sacrifices, partly due to the continued existence of a medical culture allowing men to dominate senior ranks. Women medical educators achieving satisfying senior roles in the field may harbour lingering regret and resentment at the personal and career costs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alicia Boam
- School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | | | - Julie Browne
- Centre for Medical Education, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
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Fichera G, Busch IM, Rimondini M, Motta R, Giraudo C. Is Empowerment of Female Radiologists Still Needed? Findings of a Systematic Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18041542. [PMID: 33562881 PMCID: PMC7915271 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18041542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Considering that radiology is still a male-dominated specialty in which men make up more than two thirds of the workforce, this systematic review aimed to provide a comprehensive overview of the current role of women in radiological imaging, focusing on the main aspects such as career progression, leadership, academic practice, and perceived discrimination. Three electronic databases were searched up to 21 October 2020. To identify additional records, weekly automatic email alerts were set up on PubMed until December 2020 and reference lists of key studies and included papers were screened. Two reviewers independently performed the search, study selection, quality appraisal, data extraction, and formal narrative synthesis. In case of disagreement, a third reviewer was involved. Across the 61 included articles, women worked more often part-time and held fewer positions of power in hospitals, on editorial boards, and at the academic level (associate and full professors). Women were less often in relevant positions in scientific articles, had fewer publications, and had a lower H-index. Discrimination and sexual harassment were experienced by up to 40% and 47% of female radiologists, respectively. Our study highlights that women in radiology are still underrepresented and play a marginal role in the field, struggling to reach top and leading positions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Fichera
- Department of Medicine–DIMED, Institute of Radiology, University of Padova, 35122 Padova, Italy; (G.F.); (R.M.)
| | - Isolde Martina Busch
- Section of Clinical Psychology, Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy; (I.M.B.); (M.R.)
| | - Michela Rimondini
- Section of Clinical Psychology, Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy; (I.M.B.); (M.R.)
| | - Raffaella Motta
- Department of Medicine–DIMED, Institute of Radiology, University of Padova, 35122 Padova, Italy; (G.F.); (R.M.)
| | - Chiara Giraudo
- Department of Medicine–DIMED, Institute of Radiology, University of Padova, 35122 Padova, Italy; (G.F.); (R.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-049-8212357
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Shin HY, Lee HA. The current status of gender equity in medicine in Korea: an online survey about perceived gender discrimination. HUMAN RESOURCES FOR HEALTH 2020; 18:78. [PMID: 33081799 PMCID: PMC7574171 DOI: 10.1186/s12960-020-00513-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although the number of women doctors has increased in South Korea, and efforts to improve gender awareness have gained importance in recent years, the issue of gender equity in the medical field has not been fully evaluated. The aim of this study was to determine the current status of gender equity in the medical profession in Korea. METHODS An online survey on perceived gender discrimination was conducted for 2 months, with both men and women doctors participating. The results were analyzed using descriptive statistics. RESULTS A total of 1170 doctors responded to the survey (9.2% response rate). The survey found that 47.3% of the women respondents and 18.2% of the men had experienced gender discrimination in the resident selection process (P < 0.05), 17.2% of the women and 8.7% of the men had experienced discrimination during the fellowship application process (P < 0.05), and 36.2% of the women and 8.0% of the men had experienced discrimination during the professorship application process (P < 0.05). Both men and women cited the issue of childbirth and parenting as the number one cause of gender discrimination against women doctors. CONCLUSIONS This study revealed the presence of perceived gender discrimination in the Korean medical society. To address discrimination, a basic approach is necessary to change the working environment so that it is flexible for women doctors, and to change the current culture where the burden of family care, including pregnancy, childbirth, and childcare, is the primary responsibility of women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Young Shin
- Department of Family Medicine, Myongji Hospital, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, Gyeonggi-do, 10475, Republic of Korea.
- Korean Medical Women's Association, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- The National Assembly of The Republic of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hang Aie Lee
- Korean Medical Women's Association, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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ALobaid AM, Gosling CM, Khasawneh E, McKenna L, Williams B. Challenges Faced by Female Healthcare Professionals in the Workforce: A Scoping Review. J Multidiscip Healthc 2020; 13:681-691. [PMID: 32821112 PMCID: PMC7417925 DOI: 10.2147/jmdh.s254922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The number of women entering the medical and healthcare workforce globally has increased in the past several decades. Women have many roles and positions in healthcare organizations, hospitals and healthcare education settings. Although there has been an increase in the number of women, female workers continue to face many workplace challenges. This scoping review aimed to explore the challenges female healthcare professionals face in the workforce. Methods A scoping review utilizing Arksey and O’Malley’s six-step framework was undertaken to identify and map available literature addressing challenges faced by female healthcare professionals in the workforce. The databases searched included Embase, EmCare, Medline, Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) and Business Source Complete (BSC). Additional searches were performed using Google Scholar, Trove and grey literature. Results The initial search yielded 2455 publications (Medline n=369; EmCare n=276; Embase n=612; CINAHL n=1088; Business Source Complete n=109; mixed grey literature n=1). After removal of duplicates, 1782 citations remained. Abstract and title screening reduced the field to 36 publications, following which full-text reviews were conducted. Consensus was reached on 16 publications for final review. After analyzing the articles, three themes were identified: i) family responsibilities, ii) workplace environment and iii) stereotyping. Conclusion Findings confirm that female healthcare professionals face circumstances that may affect their family lives, as well as factors relating to the workplace environment and stereotypes. Implementing strategies such as reduced work hours, flexible timing and part-time work can support women in the workplace, which then enhances and supports gender equality in healthcare organizations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Mohammed ALobaid
- Department of Paramedicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Prince Sultan bin Abdulaziz College for Emergency Medical Services, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Cameron McR Gosling
- Department of Paramedicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Eihab Khasawneh
- Department of Paramedicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Lisa McKenna
- La Trobe University, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Brett Williams
- Department of Paramedicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Hickman AW, Rosman IS. Lean in or out: How to balance when the world turns upside down? Int J Womens Dermatol 2020; 6:448-449. [PMID: 32838015 PMCID: PMC7391385 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijwd.2020.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra W Hickman
- Division of Dermatology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Ilana S Rosman
- Division of Dermatology and Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
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Lermann J, Knabl J, Neimann J, Schulte K, Proske K, Schott S, Raspe M. The work and training situation for young physicians undergoing specialty training in gynecology and obstetrics in Germany: an assessment of the status quo. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2020; 302:635-647. [PMID: 32458131 PMCID: PMC8328906 DOI: 10.1007/s00404-020-05616-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Purpose General conditions in the health-care system in Germany have changed dramatically in recent years. Factors affecting this include above all demographic change, rapid developments in diagnostic and therapeutic options, and the application of economic criteria to the health-care sector. This study aimed to establish the current status quo regarding conditions of work and training for young doctors in gynecology and obstetrics, analyze stress factors, and suggest potential improvements. Methods Between October 2015 and March 2016, a web-based survey was carried out among residents and members of the German Society for Gynecology and Obstetrics. The electronic questionnaire comprised 65 items on seven topics. Part of the survey included the short version of a validated model of professional gratification crises for analyzing psychosocial work-related stress. Results The analysis included a total of 391 complete datasets. Considerable negative findings in relation to psychosocial work pressure, time and organizational factors, quality of specialty training, and compatibility between work and family life and work and academic tasks were detected. A high level of psychosocial work pressure is associated with more frequent job changes, reduced working hours, poorer health among physicians, and a lower subjectively assessed quality of care. Conclusions Greater efforts are needed from all the participants involved in patient care to achieve high-quality training and working conditions that allow physicians to work in a healthy and effective way. These aspects are all prerequisites for sustainably maximizing the resource “physician” and for ensuring high-quality patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Lermann
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Erlangen University Hospital, Friedrich Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Universitätsstrasse 21-23, 91054, Erlangen,, Germany.
| | - Julia Knabl
- Department of Obstetrics and Perinatal Medicine, Hallerwiese Clinic, Nuremberg, Germany
| | | | - Kevin Schulte
- Department of Internal Medicine IV/Renal and Hypertensive Diseases, Schleswig-Holstein University Hospital, Kiel Campus, Kiel, Germany
| | - Kim Proske
- Department of Obstetrics and Perinatal Medicine, Hallerwiese Clinic, Nuremberg, Germany
| | - Sarah Schott
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Matthias Raspe
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
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Bosco L, Lorello GR, Flexman AM, Hastie MJ. Women in anaesthesia: a scoping review. Br J Anaesth 2020; 124:e134-e147. [PMID: 31983412 DOI: 10.1016/j.bja.2019.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite an increase in the proportion of women anaesthesiologists over time, women remain under-represented in academic and leadership positions, honour awards, and academic promotion. Current literature has identified several reasons for the observed gender disparity in anaesthesiology leadership and faculty positions, including unsupportive work environments, lack of mentorship, personal choices, childcare responsibilities, and active discrimination against women. A scoping review design was selected to examine the nature and extent of available research. Our review provides an overview of the literature that explores gender issues in anaesthesiology, identifies gaps in the literature, and appraises effective strategies to improve gender equity in anaesthesiology. We searched PubMed, MEDLINE, and EMBASE up to July 2019, and included 30 studies for analysis. Most reports used retrospective or survey methodologies. The review shows that women anaesthesiologists face gender biases in the work environment, are under-represented in various positions of leadership or influence, and as authors. Work-life demands may impose a challenge. Motivation and interest in career advancement of women anaesthesiologists have not been well studied. Several strategies have been proposed, ranging from an individual to administrative level, which may help anaesthesiologists achieve equal representation of women in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Bosco
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Postgraduate Medical Education, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Gianni R Lorello
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Toronto Western Hospital - University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada; The Wilson Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Alana M Flexman
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Care, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology, and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Maya J Hastie
- Department of Anesthesiology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Huma Farid
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
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