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Wadkin LE, Makarenko I, Parker NG, Shukurov A, Figueiredo FC, Lako M. Human Stem Cells for Ophthalmology: Recent Advances in Diagnostic Image Analysis and Computational Modelling. CURRENT STEM CELL REPORTS 2023; 9:57-66. [PMID: 38145008 PMCID: PMC10739444 DOI: 10.1007/s40778-023-00229-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
Purpose of Review To explore the advances and future research directions in image analysis and computational modelling of human stem cells (hSCs) for ophthalmological applications. Recent Findings hSCs hold great potential in ocular regenerative medicine due to their application in cell-based therapies and in disease modelling and drug discovery using state-of-the-art 2D and 3D organoid models. However, a deeper characterisation of their complex, multi-scale properties is required to optimise their translation to clinical practice. Image analysis combined with computational modelling is a powerful tool to explore mechanisms of hSC behaviour and aid clinical diagnosis and therapy. Summary Many computational models draw on a variety of techniques, often blending continuum and discrete approaches, and have been used to describe cell differentiation and self-organisation. Machine learning tools are having a significant impact in model development and improving image classification processes for clinical diagnosis and treatment and will be the focus of much future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. E. Wadkin
- School of Mathematics, Statistics and Physics, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - I. Makarenko
- School of Mathematics, Statistics and Physics, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - N. G. Parker
- School of Mathematics, Statistics and Physics, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - A. Shukurov
- School of Mathematics, Statistics and Physics, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - F. C. Figueiredo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - M. Lako
- Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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Frank E, Cailleret M, Nelep C, Fragner P, Polentes J, Herardot E, El Kassar L, Giraud-Triboult K, Monville C, Ben M'Barek K. Semi-automated optimized method to isolate CRISPR/Cas9 edited human pluripotent stem cell clones. Stem Cell Res Ther 2023; 14:110. [PMID: 37106426 PMCID: PMC10142500 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-023-03327-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND CRISPR/Cas9 editing systems are currently used to generate mutations in a particular gene to mimic a genetic disorder in vitro. Such "disease in a dish" models based on human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) offer the opportunity to have access to virtually all cell types of the human body. However, the generation of mutated hPSCs remains fastidious. Current CRISPR/Cas9 editing approaches lead to a mixed cell population containing simultaneously non-edited and a variety of edited cells. These edited hPSCs need therefore to be isolated through manual dilution cloning, which is time-consuming, labor intensive and tedious. METHODS Following CRISPR/Cas9 edition, we obtained a mixed cell population with various edited cells. We then used a semi-automated robotic platform to isolate single cell-derived clones. RESULTS We optimized CRISPR/Cas9 editing to knock out a representative gene and developed a semi-automated method for the clonal isolation of edited hPSCs. This method is faster and more reliable than current manual approaches. CONCLUSIONS This novel method of hPSC clonal isolation will greatly improve and upscale the generation of edited hPSCs required for downstream applications including disease modeling and drug screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elie Frank
- INSERM U861, I-Stem, AFM, Institute for Stem cell Therapy and Exploration of Monogenic Diseases, 91100, Corbeil-Essonnes, France
- U861, I-Stem, AFM, Université Paris-Saclay, Université d'Evry, 91100, Corbeil-Essonnes, France
| | - Michel Cailleret
- INSERM U861, I-Stem, AFM, Institute for Stem cell Therapy and Exploration of Monogenic Diseases, 91100, Corbeil-Essonnes, France
- U861, I-Stem, AFM, Université Paris-Saclay, Université d'Evry, 91100, Corbeil-Essonnes, France
| | | | - Pascal Fragner
- INSERM U861, I-Stem, AFM, Institute for Stem cell Therapy and Exploration of Monogenic Diseases, 91100, Corbeil-Essonnes, France
- U861, I-Stem, AFM, Université Paris-Saclay, Université d'Evry, 91100, Corbeil-Essonnes, France
- CECS, Centre d'étude des cellules souches, 91100, Corbeil-Essonnes, France
| | - Jérome Polentes
- INSERM U861, I-Stem, AFM, Institute for Stem cell Therapy and Exploration of Monogenic Diseases, 91100, Corbeil-Essonnes, France
- U861, I-Stem, AFM, Université Paris-Saclay, Université d'Evry, 91100, Corbeil-Essonnes, France
- CECS, Centre d'étude des cellules souches, 91100, Corbeil-Essonnes, France
| | - Elise Herardot
- INSERM U861, I-Stem, AFM, Institute for Stem cell Therapy and Exploration of Monogenic Diseases, 91100, Corbeil-Essonnes, France
- U861, I-Stem, AFM, Université Paris-Saclay, Université d'Evry, 91100, Corbeil-Essonnes, France
| | - Lina El Kassar
- INSERM U861, I-Stem, AFM, Institute for Stem cell Therapy and Exploration of Monogenic Diseases, 91100, Corbeil-Essonnes, France
- U861, I-Stem, AFM, Université Paris-Saclay, Université d'Evry, 91100, Corbeil-Essonnes, France
- CECS, Centre d'étude des cellules souches, 91100, Corbeil-Essonnes, France
| | - Karine Giraud-Triboult
- INSERM U861, I-Stem, AFM, Institute for Stem cell Therapy and Exploration of Monogenic Diseases, 91100, Corbeil-Essonnes, France
- U861, I-Stem, AFM, Université Paris-Saclay, Université d'Evry, 91100, Corbeil-Essonnes, France
- CECS, Centre d'étude des cellules souches, 91100, Corbeil-Essonnes, France
| | - Christelle Monville
- INSERM U861, I-Stem, AFM, Institute for Stem cell Therapy and Exploration of Monogenic Diseases, 91100, Corbeil-Essonnes, France.
- U861, I-Stem, AFM, Université Paris-Saclay, Université d'Evry, 91100, Corbeil-Essonnes, France.
| | - Karim Ben M'Barek
- INSERM U861, I-Stem, AFM, Institute for Stem cell Therapy and Exploration of Monogenic Diseases, 91100, Corbeil-Essonnes, France.
- U861, I-Stem, AFM, Université Paris-Saclay, Université d'Evry, 91100, Corbeil-Essonnes, France.
- CECS, Centre d'étude des cellules souches, 91100, Corbeil-Essonnes, France.
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Wang J, Roberts S, Li W, Wright K. Phenotypic characterization of regional human meniscus progenitor cells. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:1003966. [PMID: 36338137 PMCID: PMC9629835 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.1003966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Stimulating meniscus regeneration using meniscal progenitor cells has been suggested as a promising new strategy. However, there is a lack of studies which decisively identify and characterize progenitor cell populations in human meniscus tissues. In this study, donor-matched progenitor cells were isolated via selective fibronectin adhesion from the avascular and vascular regions of the meniscus and chondroprogenitors from articular cartilage (n = 5). The mixed populations of cells from these regions were obtained by standard isolation techniques for comparison. The colony formation efficacy of avascular progenitors, vascular progenitors and chondroprogenitors was monitored using Cell-IQ® live cell imaging. Proliferation rates of progenitors were compared with their mixed population counterparts. Cell surface markers indicative of mesenchymal stromal cells profile and progenitor markers were characterized by flow cytometry in all populations. The fibrochondrogenic capacity was assessed via fibrochondrogenic differentiation and measuring GAG/DNA content and morphology. All meniscal progenitor and chondroprogenitor populations showed superior colony forming efficacy and faster proliferation rates compare to their mixed populations. Progenitor populations showed significantly higher positivity for CD49b and CD49c compared to their mixed population counterparts and chondroprogenitors had a higher positivity level of CD166 compared to mixed chondrocytes. GAG/DNA analysis demonstrated that progenitor cells generally produced more GAG than mixed populations. Our study demonstrates that the human meniscus contains meniscal progenitor populations in both the avascular and vascular regions. Meniscal progenitors derived from the vascular region exhibit enhanced proliferative and fibrochondrogenic characteristics compared to those from the avascular region; this may associate with the enhanced meniscal healing potential in the vascular region. These findings build on the body of evidence which suggests that meniscal progenitors represent an attractive cell therapy strategy for meniscal regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingsong Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Spinal Studies & Cartilage Research Group, Robert Jones and Agnes Hunt Orthopaedic Hospital NHS Trust, Oswestry, United Kingdom
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Keele University, Staffordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Sally Roberts
- Spinal Studies & Cartilage Research Group, Robert Jones and Agnes Hunt Orthopaedic Hospital NHS Trust, Oswestry, United Kingdom
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Keele University, Staffordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Weiping Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Karina Wright
- Spinal Studies & Cartilage Research Group, Robert Jones and Agnes Hunt Orthopaedic Hospital NHS Trust, Oswestry, United Kingdom
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Keele University, Staffordshire, United Kingdom
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4
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Methanol fixed feeder layers altered the pluripotency and metabolism of bovine pluripotent stem cells. Sci Rep 2022; 12:9177. [PMID: 35654935 PMCID: PMC9163156 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-13249-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The pluripotency maintenance of pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) requires the suitable microenvironment, which commonly provided by feeder layers. However, the preparation of feeder layers is time consuming and labor exhaustive, and the feeder cells treated with mitomycin C or γ-ray irradiation bring heterologous contamination. In this study, mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) were treated by methanol to generate chemical fixed feeder cells, and bovine embryonic stem cells F7 (bESC-F7) cultured on this feeder layer. Then the pluripotency and metabolism of bESC-F7 cultured on methanol-fixed MEFs (MT-MEFs) named MT-F7 was compared with mitomycin C treated MEFs (MC-MEFs). The results showed that bESC-F7 formed alkaline phosphatase positive colonies on MT-MEFs, the relative expression of pluripotent markers of these cells was different from the bESCs cultured on the MC-MEFs (MC-F7). The long-term cultured MT-F7 formed embryoid bodies, showed the ability to differentiate into three germ layers similar to MC-F7. The analyses of RNA-seq data showed that MT-MEFs lead bESCs to novel steady expression patterns of genes regulating pluripotency and metabolism. Furthermore, the bovine expanded pluripotent stem cells (bEPSCs) cultured on MT-MEFs formed classical colonies, maintained pluripotency, and elevated metabolism. In conclusion, MT-MEFs were efficient feeder layer that maintain the distinctive pluripotency and metabolism of PSCs.
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5
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Singh SP, Kharche SD, Pathak M, Soni YK, Ranjan R, Singh MK, Chauhan MS. Reproductive stage- and season-dependent culture characteristics of enriched caprine male germline stem cells. Cytotechnology 2022; 74:123-140. [PMID: 35185290 PMCID: PMC8816984 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-021-00515-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study aims to evaluate season- and reproductive-stage dependent variation in culture characteristics and expression of pluripotency and adhesion markers in caprine-male germline stem cells (cmGSCs). For this, testes from pre-pubertal (4-6 months) and adult (~ 2 years) bucks during non-breeding (July-August; n = 4 each) and breeding (October-November; n = 4 each) seasons were used to isolated testicular cells by two-step enzymatic digestion. After cmGSCs enrichment by multiple methods (differential platting, Percoll density gradient centrifugation, and MACS), cell viability of CD90+ cells was assessed before co-cultured onto the Sertoli cell feeder layer up to 3rd-passage (P-3). The culture characteristics of cmGSCs were compared during primary culture (P-0) and P-3 with different assays [BrdU-assay (proliferation), MTT-assay (senescence), and Cluster-forming activity-assay] and transcript expression analyses by qRT-PCR. Moreover, the co-localization of UCHL-1, CD90, and DBA was examined by a double-immunofluorescence method. In adult bucks, significantly (p < 0.05) higher cell numbers with the ability to proliferate faster and form a greater number of cell clusters, besides up-regulation of pluripotency and adhesion markers expression were observed during the breeding season than the non-breeding season. In contrast, such season-dependent variation was lacking in pre-pubertal bucks. The expression of transcripts during non-breeding seasons was significantly (p < 0.05) higher in pre-pubertal cmGSCs than in adult cells (UCHL-1 = 2.38-folds; CD-90 = 6.66-folds; PLZF = 20.87-folds; ID-4 = 4.75-folds; E-cadherin = 3.89-folds and β1-integrin = 5.70-folds). Overall, the reproductive stage and season affect the population, culture characteristics, and expression of pluripotency and adhesion specific markers in buck testis. These results provide an insight to develop an efficient system for successful cell culture processes targeting cmGSCs. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10616-021-00515-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiva Pratap Singh
- Animal Physiology and Reproduction Division, ICAR-Central Institute for Research on Goats, Makhdoom, Farah, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh 281122 India
| | - Suresh Dinkar Kharche
- Animal Physiology and Reproduction Division, ICAR-Central Institute for Research on Goats, Makhdoom, Farah, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh 281122 India
| | - Manisha Pathak
- Animal Physiology and Reproduction Division, ICAR-Central Institute for Research on Goats, Makhdoom, Farah, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh 281122 India
| | - Yogesh Kumar Soni
- Animal Physiology and Reproduction Division, ICAR-Central Institute for Research on Goats, Makhdoom, Farah, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh 281122 India
| | - Ravi Ranjan
- Animal Physiology and Reproduction Division, ICAR-Central Institute for Research on Goats, Makhdoom, Farah, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh 281122 India
| | - Manoj Kumar Singh
- Animal Genetics and Breeding Division, ICAR-Central Institute for Research on Goats, Makhdoom, Farah, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh 281122 India
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6
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Zhang Z, Liu M, Zheng Y. Role of Rho GTPases in stem cell regulation. Biochem Soc Trans 2021; 49:2941-2955. [PMID: 34854916 PMCID: PMC9008577 DOI: 10.1042/bst20211071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The future of regenerative medicine relies on our understanding of stem cells which are essential for tissue/organ generation and regeneration to maintain and/or restore tissue homeostasis. Rho family GTPases are known regulators of a wide variety of cellular processes related to cytoskeletal dynamics, polarity and gene transcription. In the last decade, major new advances have been made in understanding the regulatory role and mechanism of Rho GTPases in self-renewal, differentiation, migration, and lineage specification in tissue-specific signaling mechanisms in various stem cell types to regulate embryonic development, adult tissue homeostasis, and tissue regeneration upon stress or damage. Importantly, implication of Rho GTPases and their upstream regulators or downstream effectors in the transformation, migration, invasion and tumorigenesis of diverse cancer stem cells highlights the potential of Rho GTPase targeting in cancer therapy. In this review, we discuss recent evidence of Rho GTPase signaling in the regulation of embryonic stem cells, multiple somatic stem cells, and cancer stem cells. We propose promising areas where Rho GTPase pathways may serve as useful targets for stem cell manipulation and related future therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Zhang
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Children’s Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229, U.S.A
| | - Ming Liu
- Department of Abdominal Oncology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yi Zheng
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Children’s Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229, U.S.A
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7
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Singh SP, Kharche SD, Pathak M, Soni YK, Gururaj K, Sharma AK, Singh MK, Chauhan MS. Temperature response of enriched pre-pubertal caprine male germline stem cells in vitro. Cell Stress Chaperones 2021; 26:989-1000. [PMID: 34553319 PMCID: PMC8578525 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-021-01236-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aims to evaluate culture temperature-dependent variation in survival, growth characteristics and expression of stress, pluripotency, apoptosis, and adhesion markers in enriched caprine male germline stem cells (cmGSCs). For this, testes from pre-pubertal bucks (4-5 months; n = 4) were used to isolated cells by a two-step enzymatic digestion method. After enrichment of cmGSCs by multiple methods (differential platting, Percoll density gradient centrifugation, and MACS), viability of CD90+ cells was assessed before co-cultured onto the Sertoli cell feeder layer at different temperatures (35.5, 37.0, 38.5, and 40.0 °C). The culture characteristics of cells were compared with MTT assay (viability); cluster-forming activity assay, SA-β1-gal assay (senescence), BrdU assay (proliferation), and transcript expression analyses by qRT-PCR. Moreover, the co-localization of pluripotency markers (UCHL-1, PLZF, and DBA) was examined by a double-immunofluorescence method. The cells grown at 37.0 °C showed faster proliferation with a significantly (p < 0.05) higher number of viable cells and greater number of cell clusters, besides higher expression of pluripotency markers. The transcript expression of HSPs (more noticeably HSP72 than HSP73), anti-oxidative enzymes (GPx and CuZnSOD), and adhesion molecule (β1-integrin) was significantly (p < 0.05) downregulated when grown at 35.0, 38.5, or 40.0 °C compared with 37.0 °C. The expression of pluripotency-specific transcripts was significantly (p < 0.05) lower in cmGSCs grown at the culture temperature lower (35.5 °C) or higher (38.5 °C and 40.0 °C) than 37.0 °C. Overall, the culture temperature significantly affects the proliferation, growth characteristics, and expression of heat stress, pluripotency, and adhesion-specific markers in pre-pubertal cmGSCs. These results provide an insight to develop strategies for the improved cultivation and downstream applications of cmGSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiva P Singh
- Animal Physiology and Reproduction Division, ICAR-Central Institute for Research On Goats, Makhdoom, Farah, 281 122, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Suresh D Kharche
- Animal Physiology and Reproduction Division, ICAR-Central Institute for Research On Goats, Makhdoom, Farah, 281 122, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Manisha Pathak
- Animal Physiology and Reproduction Division, ICAR-Central Institute for Research On Goats, Makhdoom, Farah, 281 122, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Yogesh K Soni
- Animal Physiology and Reproduction Division, ICAR-Central Institute for Research On Goats, Makhdoom, Farah, 281 122, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Kumaresan Gururaj
- Animal Health Division, ICAR-Central Institute for Research On Goats, Makhdoom, Farah, 281 122, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Atul K Sharma
- Animal Physiology and Reproduction Division, ICAR-Central Institute for Research On Goats, Makhdoom, Farah, 281 122, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Manoj K Singh
- Animal Genetics and Breeding Division, ICAR-Central Institute for Research On Goats, Makhdoom, Farah, 281 122, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, India
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8
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Riggs MJ, Sheridan SD, Rao RR. ARHGDIA Confers Selective Advantage to Dissociated Human Pluripotent Stem Cells. Stem Cells Dev 2021; 30:705-713. [PMID: 34036793 PMCID: PMC8309423 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2021.0079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) have generated significant interest in the scientific community based on their potential applications in regenerative medicine. However, numerous research groups have reported a propensity for genomic alterations during hPSC culture that poses concerns for basic research and clinical applications. Work from our laboratory and others has demonstrated that amplification of chromosomal regions is correlated with increased gene expression. To date, the phenotypic association of common genomic alterations remains unclear and is a cause for concern during clinical use. In this study, we focus on trisomy 17 and a list of candidate genes with increased gene expression to hypothesize that overexpressing 17q25 located ARHGDIA will confer selective advantage to hPSCs. HPSC lines overexpressing ARHGDIA exhibited culture dominance in co-cultures of overexpression lines with nonoverexpression lines. Furthermore, during low-density seeding, we demonstrate increased clonality of our ARHGDIA lines against matched controls. A striking observation is that we could reduce this selective advantage by varying the hPSC culture conditions with the addition of ROCK inhibitor (ROCKi). This work is unique in (1) demonstrating a novel gene that confers selective advantage to hPSCs when overexpressed and may help explain a common trisomy dominance, (2) providing a selection model for studying culture conditions that reduce the appearance of genomically altered hPSCs, and (3) aiding in elucidation of a mechanism that may act as a molecular switch during culture adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion J Riggs
- Department of Chemical and Life Science Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA.,Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Steven D Sheridan
- Center for Quantitative Health, Center for Genomic Medicine and Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Raj R Rao
- Department of Chemical and Life Science Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA
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Wadkin LE, Orozco-Fuentes S, Neganova I, Lako M, Barrio RA, Baggaley AW, Parker NG, Shukurov A. OCT4 expression in human embryonic stem cells: spatio-temporal dynamics and fate transitions. Phys Biol 2021; 18:026003. [PMID: 33296887 DOI: 10.1088/1478-3975/abd22b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The improved in vitro regulation of human embryonic stem cell (hESC) pluripotency and differentiation trajectories is required for their promising clinical applications. The temporal and spatial quantification of the molecular interactions controlling pluripotency is also necessary for the development of successful mathematical and computational models. Here we use time-lapse experimental data of OCT4-mCherry fluorescence intensity to quantify the temporal and spatial dynamics of the pluripotency transcription factor OCT4 in a growing hESC colony in the presence and absence of BMP4. We characterise the internal self-regulation of OCT4 using the Hurst exponent and autocorrelation analysis, quantify the intra-cellular fluctuations and consider the diffusive nature of OCT4 evolution for individual cells and pairs of their descendants. We find that OCT4 abundance in the daughter cells fluctuates sub-diffusively, showing anti-persistent self-regulation. We obtain the stationary probability distributions governing hESC transitions amongst the different cell states and establish the times at which pro-fate cells (which later give rise to pluripotent or differentiated cells) cluster in the colony. By quantifying the similarities between the OCT4 expression amongst neighbouring cells, we show that hESCs express similar OCT4 to cells within their local neighbourhood within the first two days of the experiment and before BMP4 treatment. Our framework allows us to quantify the relevant properties of proliferating hESC colonies and the procedure is widely applicable to other transcription factors and cell populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- L E Wadkin
- School of Mathematics, Statistics and Physics, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
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10
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Visualization and quantification of dynamic intercellular coupling in human embryonic stem cells using single cell sonoporation. Sci Rep 2020; 10:18253. [PMID: 33106521 PMCID: PMC7589565 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-75347-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Gap junctions (GJs), which are proteinaceous channels, couple adjacent cells by permitting direct exchange of intracellular molecules with low molecular weights. GJ intercellular communication (GJIC) plays a critical role in regulating behaviors of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs), affecting their proliferation and differentiation. Here we report a novel use of sonoporation that enables single cell intracellular dye loading and dynamic visualization/quantification of GJIC in hESC colonies. By applying a short ultrasound pulse to excite single microbubbles tethered to cell membranes, a transient pore on the cell membrane (sonoporation) is generated which allows intracellular loading of dye molecules and influx of Ca2+ into single hESCs. We employ live imaging for continuous visualization of intercellular dye transfer and Ca2+ diffusion in hESC colonies. We quantify cell–cell permeability based on dye diffusion using mass transport models. Our results reveal heterogeneous intercellular connectivity and a variety of spatiotemporal characteristics of intercellular Ca2+ waves in hESC colonies induced by sonoporation of single cells.
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11
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Scalable Generation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Adipocytes from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells. Cells 2020; 9:cells9030710. [PMID: 32183164 PMCID: PMC7140720 DOI: 10.3390/cells9030710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) can provide unlimited supply for mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and adipocytes that can be used for therapeutic applications. Here we developed a simple and highly efficient all-trans-retinoic acid (RA)-based method for generating an off-the-shelf and scalable number of human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC)-derived MSCs with enhanced adipogenic potential. We showed that short exposure of multiple hPSC lines (hESCs/hiPSCs) to 10 μM RA dramatically enhances embryoid body (EB) formation through regulation of genes activating signaling pathways associated with cell proliferation, survival and adhesion, among others. Disruption of cell adhesion induced the subsequent differentiation of the highly expanded RA-derived EB-forming cells into a pure population of multipotent MSCs (up to 1542-fold increase in comparison to RA-untreated counterparts). Interestingly, the RA-derived MSCs displayed enhanced differentiation potential into adipocytes. Thus, these findings present a novel RA-based approach for providing an unlimited source of MSCs and adipocytes that can be used for regenerative medicine, drug screening and disease modeling applications.
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12
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The recent advances in the mathematical modelling of human pluripotent stem cells. SN APPLIED SCIENCES 2020; 2:276. [PMID: 32803125 PMCID: PMC7391994 DOI: 10.1007/s42452-020-2070-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cells hold great promise for developments in regenerative medicine and drug design. The mathematical modelling of stem cells and their properties is necessary to understand and quantify key behaviours and develop non-invasive prognostic modelling tools to assist in the optimisation of laboratory experiments. Here, the recent advances in the mathematical modelling of hPSCs are discussed, including cell kinematics, cell proliferation and colony formation, and pluripotency and differentiation.
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Quantification of the morphological characteristics of hESC colonies. Sci Rep 2019; 9:17569. [PMID: 31772193 PMCID: PMC6879623 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-53719-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The maintenance of the undifferentiated state in human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) is critical for further application in regenerative medicine, drug testing and studies of fundamental biology. Currently, the selection of the best quality cells and colonies for propagation is typically performed by eye, in terms of the displayed morphological features, such as prominent/abundant nucleoli and a colony with a tightly packed appearance and a well-defined edge. Using image analysis and computational tools, we precisely quantify these properties using phase-contrast images of hESC colonies of different sizes (0.1–1.1 \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$${{\bf{\text{mm}}}}^{{\bf{2}}}$$\end{document}mm2) during days 2, 3 and 4 after plating. Our analyses reveal noticeable differences in their structure influenced directly by the colony area \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$${\boldsymbol{A}}$$\end{document}A. Large colonies (A > 0.6 mm2) have cells with smaller nuclei and a short intercellular distance when compared with small colonies (A < 0.2 mm2). The gaps between the cells, which are present in small and medium sized colonies with A ≤ 0.6 mm2, disappear in large colonies (A > 0.6 mm2) due to the proliferation of the cells in the bulk. This increases the colony density and the number of nearest neighbours. We also detect the self-organisation of cells in the colonies where newly divided (smallest) cells cluster together in patches, separated from larger cells at the final stages of the cell cycle. This might influence directly cell-to-cell interactions and the community effects within the colonies since the segregation induced by size differences allows the interchange of neighbours as the cells proliferate and the colony grows. Our findings are relevant to efforts to determine the quality of hESC colonies and establish colony characteristics database.
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Abstract
Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have promising clinical applications which often rely on clonally-homogeneous cell populations. To achieve this, it is important to ensure that each colony originates from a single founding cell and to avoid subsequent merging of colonies during their growth. Clonal homogeneity can be obtained with low seeding densities; however, this leads to low yield and viability. It is therefore important to quantitatively assess how seeding density affects clonality loss so that experimental protocols can be optimised to meet the required standards. Here we develop a quantitative framework for modelling the growth of hESC colonies from a given seeding density based on stochastic exponential growth. This allows us to identify the timescales for colony merges and over which colony size no longer predicts the number of founding cells. We demonstrate the success of our model by applying it to our own experiments of hESC colony growth; while this is based on a particular experimental set-up, the model can be applied more generally to other cell lines and experimental conditions to predict these important timescales.
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Neganova I, Cotts L, Banks P, Gassner K, Shukurov A, Armstrong L, Ladds G, Lako M. Endothelial Differentiation G Protein-Coupled Receptor 5 Plays an Important Role in Induction and Maintenance of Pluripotency. Stem Cells 2019; 37:318-331. [PMID: 30512203 PMCID: PMC6446721 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Direct reprogramming of human somatic cells toward induced pluripotent stem cells holds great promise for regenerative medicine and basic biology. We used a high-throughput small interfering RNA screening assay in the initiation phase of reprogramming for 784 genes belonging to kinase and phosphatase families and identified 68 repressors and 22 effectors. Six new candidates belonging to the family of the G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) were identified, suggesting an important role for this key signaling pathway during somatic cell-induced reprogramming. Downregulation of one of the key GPCR effectors, endothelial differentiation GPCR5 (EDG5), impacted the maintenance of pluripotency, actin cytoskeleton organization, colony integrity, and focal adhesions in human embryonic stem cells, which were associated with the alteration in the RhoA-ROCK-Cofilin-PAXILLIN-actin signaling pathway. Similarly, downregulation of EDG5 during the initiation stage of somatic cell-induced reprogramming resulted in alteration of cytoskeleton, loss of human-induced pluripotent stem cell colony integrity, and a significant reduction in partially and fully reprogrammed cells as well as the number of alkaline phosphatase positive colonies at the end of the reprogramming process. Together, these data point to an important role of EDG5 in the maintenance and acquisition of pluripotency. Stem Cells 2019;37:318-331.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Neganova
- International Centre for Life, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle, United Kingdom
| | - Lewis Cotts
- International Centre for Life, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Banks
- High Throughput Screening Facility, Medical School, Newcastle, United Kingdom
| | - Katja Gassner
- International Centre for Life, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle, United Kingdom
| | - Anvar Shukurov
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Lyle Armstrong
- International Centre for Life, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle, United Kingdom
| | - Graham Ladds
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Majlinda Lako
- International Centre for Life, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle, United Kingdom
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Chen D, Hu S, Liu J, Li S. E-cadherin regulates biological behaviors of neural stem cells and promotes motor function recovery following spinal cord injury. Exp Ther Med 2019; 17:2061-2070. [PMID: 30783478 PMCID: PMC6364216 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2019.7176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Stem cell-based repair strategies for spinal cord injury (SCI) are a highly studied area of research. Multiple gene-modified stem cells have been transplanted into SCI models, in the hope of generating more neurons to repair a damaged nervous system. However, the results are not always successful, as the grafted cells may be unable to survive in the injured spinal cord. E-cadherin, a transmembrane adhesion protein, has been identified as an epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition marker and is vital for morphological structure maintenance and the functional integrity of epithelial cells. At present, few studies have examined the association between E-cadherin and neural stem cells (NSCs). The present study investigated the expression of E-cadherin in subcultured NSCs and differentiated NSCs. Furthermore, the effect of E-cadherin on NSC viability, migration, differentiation and neurosphere formation was assessed. An in vivo study was used to assess the long-term survival of grafted NSCs. Additionally, the protective effect of E-cadherin on SCI was assessed by analyzing tissue repair, Basso Mouse Scale scores and the expression of inflammatory cytokines. The results of the present study suggested that E-cadherin was able to promote NSC viability and neurosphere formation; however, it had no significant effect on NSC differentiation. To conclude, grafted NSCs with highly expressed E-cadherin facilitated motor function recovery following SCI by reducing the release of inflammatory cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, P.R. China
| | - Siyuan Hu
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, P.R. China
| | - Jie Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, P.R. China
| | - Shaohua Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, P.R. China
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Chang J, Kim MH, Agung E, Senda S, Kino-Oka M. Effect of migratory behaviors on human induced pluripotent stem cell colony formation on different extracellular matrix proteins. Regen Ther 2018; 10:27-35. [PMID: 30525068 PMCID: PMC6260426 DOI: 10.1016/j.reth.2018.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Understanding how extracellular matrix (ECM) protein composition regulates the process of human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC) colony formation may facilitate the design of optimal cell culture environments. In this study, we investigated the effect of migratory behaviors on hiPSC colony formation on various ECM-coated surfaces. Methods To quantify how different ECM proteins affect migratory behavior during the colony formation process, single cells were seeded onto surfaces coated with varying concentrations of different ECM proteins. Cell behavior was monitored by time-lapse observation, and quantitative analysis of migration rates in relation to colony formation patterns was performed. Actin cytoskeleton, focal adhesions, and cell–cell interactions were detected by fluorescence microscopy. Results Time-lapse observations revealed that different mechanisms of colony formation were dependent upon the migratory behavior of cells on different ECM surfaces. HiPSCs formed tight colonies on concentrated ECM substrates, while coating with dilute concentrations of ECM yielded more motile cells and colonies capable of splitting into single cells or small clusters. Enhanced migration caused a reduction of cell–cell contacts that enabled splitting or merging between cells and cell clusters, consequently reducing the efficiency of clonal colony formation. High cell-to-cell variability in migration responses to ECM surfaces elicited differential focal adhesion formation and E-cadherin expression within cells and colonies. This resulted in variability within focal adhesions and further loss of E-cadherin expression by hiPSCs. Conclusions Migration is an important factor affecting hiPSC colony-forming patterns. Regulation of migratory behavior can be an effective way to improve the expansion of hiPSCs while improving the process of clonal colony formation. We believe that this investigation provides a valuable method for understanding cell phenotypes and heterogeneity during colony formation in culture. hiPSC colony-forming patterns were dependent on migratory behavior on different ECM surfaces. Colony formation without splitting during migration improved efficiency of clonal colony formation. Variability in migration behavior elicited differential cytoskeletal formation and E-cadherin expression. Our method is valuable for understanding cell phenotypes and heterogeneity during colony formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Chang
- Institute for Innovation, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., Kawasaki, 210-8681 Japan
| | - Mee-Hae Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Eviryanti Agung
- Institute for Innovation, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., Kawasaki, 210-8681 Japan
| | - Sho Senda
- Institute for Innovation, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., Kawasaki, 210-8681 Japan
| | - Masahiro Kino-Oka
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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Chen X, Li J, Huang Y, Liu P, Fan Y. Insoluble Microenvironment Facilitating the Generation and Maintenance of Pluripotency. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2018; 24:267-278. [PMID: 29327674 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2017.0415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) hold enormous potential as a tool to generate cells for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Since the initial report of iPSCs in 2006, many different methods have been developed to enhance the safety and efficiency of this technology. Recent studies indicate that the extracellular signals can promote the production of iPSCs, and even replace the Yamanaka factors. Noticeably, abundant evidences suggest that the insoluble microenvironment, including the culture substrate and neighboring cells, directly regulates the expression of core pluripotency genes and the epigenetic modification of the chromatins, hence, impacts the reprogramming dynamics. These studies provide new strategies for developing safer and more efficient method for iPSC generation. In this review, we examine the publications addressing the insoluble extracellular microenvironment that boosts iPSC generation and self-renewal. We also discuss cell adhesion-mediated molecular mechanisms, through which the insoluble extracellular cues interplay with reprogramming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofang Chen
- 1 Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University , Beijing, China
- 2 Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University , Beijing, China
| | - Jiaqi Li
- 1 Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University , Beijing, China
| | - Yan Huang
- 1 Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University , Beijing, China
- 2 Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University , Beijing, China
| | - Peng Liu
- 3 Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Tsinghua University , Beijing, China
| | - Yubo Fan
- 1 Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University , Beijing, China
- 2 Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University , Beijing, China
- 4 National Research Center for Rehabilitation Technical Aids , Beijing, China
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Wadkin LE, Orozco-Fuentes S, Neganova I, Swan G, Laude A, Lako M, Shukurov A, Parker NG. Correlated random walks of human embryonic stem cells in vitro. Phys Biol 2018; 15:056006. [DOI: 10.1088/1478-3975/aac008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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20
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Muzzio NE, Carballido M, Pasquale MA, González PH, Azzaroni O, Arvia AJ. Morphology and dynamics of tumor cell colonies propagating in epidermal growth factor supplemented media. Phys Biol 2018; 15:046001. [PMID: 29624182 DOI: 10.1088/1478-3975/aabc2f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The epidermal growth factor (EGF) plays a key role in physiological and pathological processes. This work reports on the influence of EGF concentration (c EGF) on the modulation of individual cell phenotype and cell colony kinetics with the aim of perturbing the colony front roughness fluctuations. For this purpose, HeLa cell colonies that remain confluent along the whole expansion process with initial quasi-radial geometry and different initial cell populations, as well as colonies with initial quasi-linear geometry and large cell population, are employed. Cell size and morphology as well as its adhesive characteristics depend on c EGF. Quasi-radial colonies (QRC) expansion kinetics in EGF-containing medium exhibits a complex behavior. Namely, at the first stages of growth, the average QRC radius evolution can be described by a t 1/2 diffusion term coupled with exponential growth kinetics up to a critical time, and afterwards a growth regime approaching constant velocity. The extension of each regime depends on c EGF and colony history. In the presence of EGF, the initial expansion of quasi-linear colonies (QLCs) also exhibits morphological changes at both the cell and the colony levels. In these cases, the cell density at the colony border region becomes smaller than in the absence of EGF and consequently, the extension of the effective rim where cell duplication and motility contribute to the colony expansion increases. QLC front displacement velocity increases with c EGF up to a maximum value in the 2-10 ng ml-1 range. Individual cell velocity is increased by EGF, and an enhancement in both the persistence and the ballistic characteristics of cell trajectories can be distinguished. For an intermediate c EGF, collective cell displacements contribute to the roughening of the colony contours. This global dynamics becomes compatible with the standard Kardar-Parisi-Zhang growth model, although a faster colony roughness saturation in EGF-containing medium than in the control medium is observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- N E Muzzio
- Instituto de Investigaciones Fisicoquímicas Teóricas y Aplicadas (INIFTA), Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP), CONICET, Sucursal 4, Casilla de Correo 16, 1900, La Plata, Argentina
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Abdal Dayem A, Lee S, Y. Choi H, Cho SG. The Impact of Adhesion Molecules on the In Vitro Culture and Differentiation of Stem Cells. Biotechnol J 2018; 13:1700575. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.201700575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Abdal Dayem
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology; Incurable Disease Animal Model and Stem Cell Institute (IDASI); Konkuk University; 120 Neungdong-ro Gwangjin-gu 05029 Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Soobin Lee
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology; Incurable Disease Animal Model and Stem Cell Institute (IDASI); Konkuk University; 120 Neungdong-ro Gwangjin-gu 05029 Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Y. Choi
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology; Incurable Disease Animal Model and Stem Cell Institute (IDASI); Konkuk University; 120 Neungdong-ro Gwangjin-gu 05029 Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Ssang-Goo Cho
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology; Incurable Disease Animal Model and Stem Cell Institute (IDASI); Konkuk University; 120 Neungdong-ro Gwangjin-gu 05029 Seoul Republic of Korea
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22
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An autocrine inflammatory forward-feedback loop after chemotherapy withdrawal facilitates the repopulation of drug-resistant breast cancer cells. Cell Death Dis 2017; 8:e2932. [PMID: 28703802 PMCID: PMC5550865 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2017.319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Revised: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Stromal cells, infiltrating immune cells, paracrine factors and extracellular matrix have been extensively studied in cancers. However, autocrine factors produced by tumor cells and communications between autocrine factors and intracellular signaling pathways in the development of drug resistance, cancer stem-like cells (CSCs) and tumorigenesis have not been well investigated, and the precise mechanism and tangible approaches remain elusive. Here we reveal a new mechanism by which cytokines produced by breast cancer cells after chemotherapy withdrawal activate both Wnt/β-catenin and NF-κB pathways, which in turn further promote breast cancer cells to produce and secrete cytokines, forming an autocrine inflammatory forward-feedback loop to facilitate the enrichment of drug-resistant breast cancer cells and/or CSCs. Such an unexpected autocrine forward-feedback loop and CSC enrichment can be effectively blocked by inhibition of Wnt/β-catenin and NF-κB signaling. It can also be diminished by IL8-neutralizing antibody or blockade of IL8 receptors CXCR1/2 with reparixin. Administration of reparixin after chemotherapy withdrawal effectively attenuates tumor masses in a human xenograft model and abolishes paclitaxel-enriched CSCs in the secondary transplantation. These results are partially supported by the latest clinical data set. Breast cancer patients treated with chemotherapeutic drugs exhibited poor survival rate (66.7 vs 282.8 months, P=0.00071) and shorter disease-free survival time if their tumor samples expressed high level of IL8, CXCR1, CXCR2 genes and Wnt target genes. Taken together, this study provides new insights into the communication between autocrine niches and signaling pathways in the development of chemotherapy resistance and CSCs; it also offers a tangible approach in breast cancer treatment.
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23
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Ohgushi M, Minaguchi M, Eiraku M, Sasai Y. A RHO Small GTPase Regulator ABR Secures Mitotic Fidelity in Human Embryonic Stem Cells. Stem Cell Reports 2017; 9:58-66. [PMID: 28579391 PMCID: PMC5511046 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2017.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2016] [Revised: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Pluripotent stem cells can undergo repeated self-renewal while retaining genetic integrity, but they occasionally acquire aneuploidy during long-term culture, which is a practical obstacle for medical applications of human pluripotent stem cells. In this study, we explored the biological roles of ABR, a regulator of RHO family small GTPases, and found that it has pivotal roles during mitotic processes in human embryonic stem cells (hESCs). Although ABR has been shown to be involved in dissociation-induced hESC apoptosis, it does not appear to have direct effects on cell survival unless cell-cell contact is impaired. Instead, we found that it is important for faithful hESC division. Mechanistically, ABR depletion compromised centrosome dynamics and predisposed the cell to chromosome misalignment and missegregation, which raised the frequency of aneuploidy. These results provide insights into the mechanisms that support the genetic integrity of self-renewing hESCs. ABR depletion leads to G2/M accumulation in hESCs Centrosome dynamics and mitotic fidelity are compromised upon ABR depletion When mitosis progresses without ABR, hESCs show a high incidence of aneuploidy ABR safeguards faithful chromosome inheritance during hESC division
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Affiliation(s)
- Masatoshi Ohgushi
- Human Stem Cell Technology Unit, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, Kobe 650-0047, Japan; Laboratory for Organogenesis and Neurogenesis, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, Kobe 650-0047, Japan; Laboratory for in Vitro Histogenesis, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, Kobe 650-0047, Japan.
| | - Maki Minaguchi
- Human Stem Cell Technology Unit, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, Kobe 650-0047, Japan; Laboratory for Organogenesis and Neurogenesis, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Mototsugu Eiraku
- Laboratory for in Vitro Histogenesis, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, Kobe 650-0047, Japan; Laboratory for Developmental Systems, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Sasai
- Human Stem Cell Technology Unit, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, Kobe 650-0047, Japan; Laboratory for Organogenesis and Neurogenesis, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
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Wadkin LE, Elliot LF, Neganova I, Parker NG, Chichagova V, Swan G, Laude A, Lako M, Shukurov A. Dynamics of single human embryonic stem cells and their pairs: a quantitative analysis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:570. [PMID: 28373677 PMCID: PMC5428844 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-00648-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous biological approaches are available to characterise the mechanisms which govern the formation of human embryonic stem cell (hESC) colonies. To understand how the kinematics of single and pairs of hESCs impact colony formation, we study their mobility characteristics using time-lapse imaging. We perform a detailed statistical analysis of their speed, survival, directionality, distance travelled and diffusivity. We confirm that single and pairs of cells migrate as a diffusive random walk for at least 7 hours of evolution. We show that the presence of Cell Tracer significantly reduces hESC mobility. Our results open the path to employ the theoretical framework of the diffusive random walk for the prognostic modelling and optimisation of the growth of hESC colonies. Indeed, we employ this random walk model to estimate the seeding density required to minimise the occurrence of hESC colonies arising from more than one founder cell and the minimal cell number needed for successful colony formation. Our prognostic model can be extended to investigate the kinematic behaviour of somatic cells emerging from hESC differentiation and to enable its wide application in phenotyping of pluripotent stem cells for large scale stem cell culture expansion and differentiation platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- L E Wadkin
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - L F Elliot
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - I Neganova
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - N G Parker
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - V Chichagova
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - G Swan
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - A Laude
- Bio-Imaging Unit, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - M Lako
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - A Shukurov
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
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25
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Tobias IC, Brooks CR, Teichroeb JH, Villagómez DA, Hess DA, Séguin CA, Betts DH. Small-Molecule Induction of Canine Embryonic Stem Cells Toward Naïve Pluripotency. Stem Cells Dev 2016; 25:1208-22. [DOI: 10.1089/scd.2016.0103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ian C. Tobias
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, the University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Courtney R. Brooks
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, the University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jonathan H. Teichroeb
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, the University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Daniel A. Villagómez
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
- Departamento de Producción Animal, Universidad de Guadalajara, Zapopan, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - David A. Hess
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, the University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
- Children's Health Research Institute, the University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
- Molecular Medicine Research Group, Krembil Centre for Stem Cell Biology, Robarts Research Institute, the University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario Canada
| | - Cheryle A. Séguin
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, the University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
- Children's Health Research Institute, the University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dean H. Betts
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, the University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
- Children's Health Research Institute, the University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
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26
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Zhang L, Xu Y, Xu J, Wei Y, Xu X. Protein kinase A inhibitor, H89, significantly enhances survival rate of dissociated human embryonic stem cells following cryopreservation. Cell Prolif 2016; 49:589-98. [PMID: 27484641 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) have huge potential for establishment of disease models and for treating degenerative diseases. However, the extremely low survival level of dissociated hESCs following cryopreservation is been a tremendous problem to allow for their rapid expansion, genetic manipulation and future medical applications. In this study, we have aimed to develop an efficient strategy to improve survival of dissociated hESCs after cryopreservation. MATERIALS AND METHODS Human embryonic stem cells (H9 line), dissociated into single cells, were cryopreserved using the slow-freezing method. Viable cells and their colony numbers in culture after cryopreservation were evaluated when treated with protein kinase A inhibitor H89. Western blotting was carried out to investigate mechanisms of low survival levels of dissociated hESCs following cryopreservation. Immunofluorescence, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), in vitro and in vivo differentiation were performed to testify to pluripotency and differentiation ability of hte cryopreserved cells treated with H89. RESULTS H89 significantly improved survival level of dissociated hESCs after cryopreservation through ROCK inhibition. H89-treated cells still maintained their pluripotency and differentiation capacity. CONCLUSIONS This new approach for cryopreservation of single hESCs, using H89, can promote potential use of hESCs in regenerative medicine in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yanqing Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Jiandong Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Yuping Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Xia Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.
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27
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Muzzio NE, Pasquale MA, Huergo MAC, Bolzán AE, González PH, Arvia AJ. Spatio-temporal morphology changes in and quenching effects on the 2D spreading dynamics of cell colonies in both plain and methylcellulose-containing culture media. J Biol Phys 2016; 42:477-502. [PMID: 27270331 DOI: 10.1007/s10867-016-9418-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
To deal with complex systems, microscopic and global approaches become of particular interest. Our previous results from the dynamics of large cell colonies indicated that their 2D front roughness dynamics is compatible with the standard Kardar-Parisi-Zhang (KPZ) or the quenched KPZ equations either in plain or methylcellulose (MC)-containing gel culture media, respectively. In both cases, the influence of a non-uniform distribution of the colony constituents was significant. These results encouraged us to investigate the overall dynamics of those systems considering the morphology and size, the duplication rate, and the motility of single cells. For this purpose, colonies with different cell populations (N) exhibiting quasi-circular and quasi-linear growth fronts in plain and MC-containing culture media are investigated. For small N, the average radial front velocity and its change with time depend on MC concentration. MC in the medium interferes with cell mitosis, contributes to the local enlargement of cells, and increases the distribution of spatio-temporal cell density heterogeneities. Colony spreading in MC-containing media proceeds under two main quenching effects, I and II; the former mainly depending on the culture medium composition and structure and the latter caused by the distribution of enlarged local cell domains. For large N, colony spreading occurs at constant velocity. The characteristics of cell motility, assessed by measuring their trajectories and the corresponding velocity field, reflect the effect of enlarged, slow-moving cells and the structure of the medium. Local average cell size distribution and individual cell motility data from plain and MC-containing media are qualitatively consistent with the predictions of both the extended cellular Potts models and the observed transition of the front roughness dynamics from a standard KPZ to a quenched KPZ. In this case, quenching effects I and II cooperate and give rise to the quenched-KPZ equation. Seemingly, these results show a possible way of linking the cellular Potts models and the 2D colony front roughness dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- N E Muzzio
- Instituto de Investigaciones Fisicoquímicas Teóricas y Aplicadas (INIFTA), Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP), CONICET, Sucursal 4, Casilla de Correo 16, 1900, La Plata, Argentina
| | - M A Pasquale
- Instituto de Investigaciones Fisicoquímicas Teóricas y Aplicadas (INIFTA), Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP), CONICET, Sucursal 4, Casilla de Correo 16, 1900, La Plata, Argentina.
| | - M A C Huergo
- Instituto de Investigaciones Fisicoquímicas Teóricas y Aplicadas (INIFTA), Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP), CONICET, Sucursal 4, Casilla de Correo 16, 1900, La Plata, Argentina
| | - A E Bolzán
- Instituto de Investigaciones Fisicoquímicas Teóricas y Aplicadas (INIFTA), Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP), CONICET, Sucursal 4, Casilla de Correo 16, 1900, La Plata, Argentina
| | - P H González
- Cátedra de Patología, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, UNLP, CIC, Calle 60 y 120, 1900, La Plata, Bs. As., Argentina
| | - A J Arvia
- Instituto de Investigaciones Fisicoquímicas Teóricas y Aplicadas (INIFTA), Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP), CONICET, Sucursal 4, Casilla de Correo 16, 1900, La Plata, Argentina
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28
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Chen D, Sun Y, Deng CX, Fu J. Improving survival of disassociated human embryonic stem cells by mechanical stimulation using acoustic tweezing cytometry. Biophys J 2016; 108:1315-1317. [PMID: 25809245 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2015.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Revised: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Dissociation-induced apoptosis of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) hampers their large-scale culture. Herein we leveraged the mechanosensitivity of hESCs and employed, to our knowledge, a novel technique, acoustic tweezing cytometry (ATC), for subcellular mechanical stimulation of disassociated single hESCs to improve their survival. By acoustically actuating integrin-bound microbubbles (MBs) to live cells, ATC increased the survival rate and cloning efficiency of hESCs by threefold. A positive correlation was observed between the increased hESC survival rate and total accumulative displacement of integrin-anchored MBs during ATC stimulation. ATC may serve as a promising biocompatible tool to improve hESC culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Yubing Sun
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Cheri X Deng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
| | - Jianping Fu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
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29
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Huang TS, Li L, Moalim-Nour L, Jia D, Bai J, Yao Z, Bennett SAL, Figeys D, Wang L. A Regulatory Network Involving β-Catenin, e-Cadherin, PI3k/Akt, and Slug Balances Self-Renewal and Differentiation of Human Pluripotent Stem Cells In Response to Wnt Signaling. Stem Cells 2016; 33:1419-33. [PMID: 25538040 PMCID: PMC5297972 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Accepted: 11/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms underlying disparate roles of the canonical Wnt signaling pathway in maintaining self‐renewal or inducing differentiation and lineage specification in embryonic stem cells (ESCs) are not clear. In this study, we provide the first demonstration that self‐renewal versus differentiation of human ESCs (hESCs) in response to Wnt signaling is predominantly determined by a two‐layer regulatory circuit involving β‐catenin, E‐cadherin, PI3K/Akt, and Slug in a time‐dependent manner. Short‐term upregulation of β‐catenin does not lead to the activation of T‐cell factor (TCF)‐eGFP Wnt reporter in hESCs. Instead, it enhances E‐cadherin expression on the cell membrane, thereby enhancing hESC self‐renewal through E‐cadherin‐associated PI3K/Akt signaling. Conversely, long‐term Wnt activation or loss of E‐cadherin intracellular β‐catenin binding domain induces TCF‐eGFP activity and promotes hESC differentiation through β‐catenin‐induced upregulation of Slug. Enhanced expression of Slug leads to a further reduction of E‐cadherin that serves as a β‐catenin “sink” sequestering free cytoplasmic β‐catenin. The formation of such a framework reinforces hESCs to switch from a state of temporal self‐renewal associated with short‐term Wnt/β‐catenin activation to definitive differentiation. Stem Cells2015;33:1419–1433
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyng-Shyan Huang
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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30
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Carlson AL, Bennett NK, Francis NL, Halikere A, Clarke S, Moore JC, Hart RP, Paradiso K, Wernig M, Kohn J, Pang ZP, Moghe PV. Generation and transplantation of reprogrammed human neurons in the brain using 3D microtopographic scaffolds. Nat Commun 2016; 7:10862. [PMID: 26983594 PMCID: PMC4800432 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell replacement therapy with human pluripotent stem cell-derived neurons has the potential to ameliorate neurodegenerative dysfunction and central nervous system injuries, but reprogrammed neurons are dissociated and spatially disorganized during transplantation, rendering poor cell survival, functionality and engraftment in vivo. Here, we present the design of three-dimensional (3D) microtopographic scaffolds, using tunable electrospun microfibrous polymeric substrates that promote in situ stem cell neuronal reprogramming, neural network establishment and support neuronal engraftment into the brain. Scaffold-supported, reprogrammed neuronal networks were successfully grafted into organotypic hippocampal brain slices, showing an ∼3.5-fold improvement in neurite outgrowth and increased action potential firing relative to injected isolated cells. Transplantation of scaffold-supported neuronal networks into mouse brain striatum improved survival ∼38-fold at the injection site relative to injected isolated cells, and allowed delivery of multiple neuronal subtypes. Thus, 3D microscale biomaterials represent a promising platform for the transplantation of therapeutic human neurons with broad neuro-regenerative relevance. Human pluripotent stem cell derived neurons have the potential for cell replacement therapy for brain injury and disease but problems on transplantation need to be overcome. Here, the authors use a microtopographic scaffold to graft neurons into both hippocampal organoids and the mouse brain striatum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron L Carlson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, 599 Taylor Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
| | - Neal K Bennett
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, 599 Taylor Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
| | - Nicola L Francis
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, 599 Taylor Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
| | - Apoorva Halikere
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, 89 French Street, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08854, USA.,Child Health Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, 89 French Street, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08854, USA
| | - Stephen Clarke
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, 604 Allison Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
| | - Jennifer C Moore
- Human Genetics Institute of New Jersey, 145 Bevier Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
| | - Ronald P Hart
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, 604 Allison Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA.,Human Genetics Institute of New Jersey, 145 Bevier Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
| | - Kenneth Paradiso
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, 604 Allison Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
| | - Marius Wernig
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Joachim Kohn
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, New Jersey Center for Biomaterials, 145 Bevier Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
| | - Zhiping P Pang
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, 89 French Street, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08854, USA.,Child Health Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, 89 French Street, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08854, USA
| | - Prabhas V Moghe
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, 599 Taylor Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA.,Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Rutgers University, 98 Brett Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
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31
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Zhang L, Xu Y, Xu J, Wei Y, Xu X. Protein kinase A inhibitor, H89, enhances survival and clonogenicity of dissociated human embryonic stem cells through Rho-associated coiled-coil containing protein kinase (ROCK) inhibition. Hum Reprod 2016; 31:832-43. [PMID: 26848187 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/dew011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY QUESTION Can cell survival of dissociated human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) be increased during culture? SUMMARY ANSWER A protein kinase A (PKA) inhibitor, H89, can significantly enhance survival and clonogenicity of dissociated hESCs without affecting their pluripotency. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY hESCs are vulnerable to massive cell death upon cellular detachment and dissociation. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION hESCs were dissociated into single cells and then cultured in feeder-dependent and -independent manners. H89 was added to the culture medium at different concentrations for 1 day. The statistical results were obtained from at least three independent experiments (n ≥ 4). The group without treatment was used as the negative control. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS 4 µM H89 was added in the culture medium to promote cell survival and colony formation of dissociated hESCs. MTT method and propidium iodide (PI) staining were used to determine cell proliferation, cell death and cell cycle, respectively. To count colony formation, alkaline phosphatase (AP) staining was carried out. Western blot was performed to determine protein expression. Except AP staining, immunofluorescence, RT-PCR and karyotype analysis were used to confirm the pluripotent state of H89 treated hESCs. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE H89 inhibits the dissociation-induced phosphorylation of PKA and two substrates of Rho-associated coiled-coil containing protein kinase (ROCK), myosin light chain (MLC2) and myosin phosphatase target subunit 1 (MYPT1), significantly increases cell survival and colony formation, and strongly depresses dissociation-induced cell death and cell blebbing without affecting the pluripotency of hESCs and their differentiation in vitro. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION Appropriate H89 concentration should be used and 1 day of H89 treatment is sufficient for promoting survival and colony formation of dissociated hESCs. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS These results provide an alternative for human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC) culture, broaden the scope of participants in the cell death of single hES cells after dissociation and further enlighten clues to understand the mechanism of dissociation-induced cell death. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTERESTS This research was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (21176238, 21576266), and Chinese Academy of Sciences. There is no conflict of interest to declare. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER Nil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P.R. China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P.R. China
| | - Yanqing Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P.R. China
| | - Jiandong Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P.R. China
| | - Yuping Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P.R. China
| | - Xia Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P.R. China
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32
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Huang H, Wang S, Gui J, Shen H. A study to identify and characterize the stem/progenitor cell in rabbit meniscus. Cytotechnology 2016; 68:2083-103. [PMID: 26820973 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-016-9949-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The repair of meniscus in the avascular zone remains a great challenge, largely owing to their limited healing capacity. Stem cells based tissue engineering provides a promising treatment option for damaged meniscus because of their multiple differentiation potential. We hypothesized that meniscus-derived stromal cells (MMSCs) may be present in meniscal tissue, and if their pluripotency and character can be established, they may play a role in meniscal healing. To test our hypothesis, we isolated MMSCs, bone marrow-derived stromal cells (BMSCs) and fibrochondrocytes from rabbits. In order to avoid bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cell contamination, the parameniscal tissues and vascular zone of meniscus were removed. The characters of these three types of cells were identified by evaluating morphology, colony formation, proliferation, immunocytochemistry and multi-differentiation. Moreover, a wound in the center of rabbit meniscus was created and used to analyze the effect of BMSCs and MMSCs on wounded meniscus healing. BMSCs & MMSCs expressed the stem cell markers SSEA-4, Nanog, nucleostemin and STRO-1, while fibrochondrocytes expressed none of these markers. Morphologically, MMSCs displayed smaller cell bodies and larger nuclei than ordinary fibrochondrocytes. Moreover, it was certified that MMSCs and BMSCs were all able to differentiate into adipocytes, osteocytes, and chondrocytes in vitro. However, more cartilage formation was found in wounded meniscus filled with MMSCs than that filled with BMSCs. We showed that rabbit menisci harbor the unique cell population MMSCs that has universal stem cell characteristics and posses a tendency to differentiate into chondrocytes. Future research should investigate the mechanobiology of MMSCs and explore the possibility of using MMSCs to more effectively repair or regenerate injured meniscus.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Huang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, 68 Changle Road, Nanjing, 210006, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shukui Wang
- Central Laboratory, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210006, China
| | - Jianchao Gui
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, 68 Changle Road, Nanjing, 210006, Jiangsu, China
| | - Haiqi Shen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, 68 Changle Road, Nanjing, 210006, Jiangsu, China.
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33
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Slow Cooling Cryopreservation Optimized to Human Pluripotent Stem Cells. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 951:57-65. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-45457-3_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/06/2022]
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34
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Clonal culturing of human embryonic stem cells on laminin-521/E-cadherin matrix in defined and xeno-free environment. Nat Commun 2015; 5:3195. [PMID: 24463987 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms4195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2013] [Accepted: 01/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Lack of robust methods for establishment and expansion of pluripotent human embryonic stem (hES) cells still hampers development of cell therapy. Laminins (LN) are a family of highly cell-type specific basement membrane proteins important for cell adhesion, differentiation, migration and phenotype stability. Here we produce and isolate a human recombinant LN-521 isoform and develop a cell culture matrix containing LN-521 and E-cadherin, which both localize to stem cell niches in vivo. This matrix allows clonal derivation, clonal survival and long-term self-renewal of hES cells under completely chemically defined and xeno-free conditions without ROCK inhibitors. Neither LN-521 nor E-cadherin alone enable clonal survival of hES cells. The LN-521/E-cadherin matrix allows hES cell line derivation from blastocyst inner cell mass and single blastomere cells without a need to destroy the embryo. This method can facilitate the generation of hES cell lines for development of different cell types for regenerative medicine purposes.
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35
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Phadnis SM, Loewke NO, Dimov IK, Pai S, Amwake CE, Solgaard O, Baer TM, Chen B, Reijo Pera RA. Dynamic and social behaviors of human pluripotent stem cells. Sci Rep 2015; 5:14209. [PMID: 26381699 PMCID: PMC4585647 DOI: 10.1038/srep14209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) can self-renew or differentiate to diverse cell types, thus providing a platform for basic and clinical applications. However, pluripotent stem cell populations are heterogeneous and functional properties at the single cell level are poorly documented leading to inefficiencies in differentiation and concerns regarding reproducibility and safety. Here, we use non-invasive time-lapse imaging to continuously examine hPSC maintenance and differentiation and to predict cell viability and fate. We document dynamic behaviors and social interactions that prospectively distinguish hPSC survival, self-renewal, and differentiation. Results highlight the molecular role of E-cadherin not only for cell-cell contact but also for clonal propagation of hPSCs. Results indicate that use of continuous time-lapse imaging can distinguish cellular heterogeneity with respect to pluripotency as well as a subset of karyotypic abnormalities whose dynamic properties were monitored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smruti M Phadnis
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Stanford University, California, USA.,Department of Genetics, School of Medicine, Stanford University, California, USA.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, California, USA
| | - Nathan O Loewke
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA.,Edward L. Ginzton Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Ivan K Dimov
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Stanford University, California, USA
| | - Sunil Pai
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Stanford University, California, USA
| | - Christine E Amwake
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA.,Edward L. Ginzton Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Olav Solgaard
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA.,Edward L. Ginzton Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Thomas M Baer
- Stanford Photonics Research Center, Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Bertha Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, California, USA
| | - Renee A Reijo Pera
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Stanford University, California, USA.,Department of Genetics, School of Medicine, Stanford University, California, USA.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, California, USA
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36
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Self-organizing human cardiac microchambers mediated by geometric confinement. Nat Commun 2015; 6:7413. [PMID: 26172574 PMCID: PMC4503387 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms8413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue morphogenesis and organ formation are the consequences of biochemical and biophysical cues that lead to cellular spatial patterning in development. To model such events in vitro, we use PEG-patterned substrates to geometrically confine human pluripotent stem cell colonies and spatially present mechanical stress. Modulation of the WNT/β-catenin pathway promotes spatial patterning via geometric confinement of the cell condensation process during epithelial–mesenchymal transition, forcing cells at the perimeter to express an OCT4+ annulus, which is coincident with a region of higher cell density and E-cadherin expression. The biochemical and biophysical cues synergistically induce self-organizing lineage specification and creation of a beating human cardiac microchamber confined by the pattern geometry. These highly defined human cardiac microchambers can be used to study aspects of embryonic spatial patterning, early cardiac development and drug-induced developmental toxicity. Organogenesis is orchestrated by biochemical and biophysical stimuli. Here, Ma et al. generate a micro-patterned surface that provides mechanical cues which, when combined with biochemical signals, drive human pluripotent stem cells' differentiation into beating cardiac microchambers resembling primitive hearts.
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37
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Liao J, Karnik R, Gu H, Ziller MJ, Clement K, Tsankov AM, Akopian V, Gifford CA, Donaghey J, Galonska C, Pop R, Reyon D, Tsai SQ, Mallard W, Joung JK, Rinn JL, Gnirke A, Meissner A. Targeted disruption of DNMT1, DNMT3A and DNMT3B in human embryonic stem cells. Nat Genet 2015; 47:469-78. [PMID: 25822089 PMCID: PMC4414868 DOI: 10.1038/ng.3258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 345] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
DNA methylation is a key epigenetic modification involved in regulating gene expression and maintaining genomic integrity. Here we inactivated all three catalytically active DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) in human embryonic stem cells (ESCs) using CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing to further investigate the roles and genomic targets of these enzymes. Disruption of DNMT3A or DNMT3B individually as well as of both enzymes in tandem results in viable, pluripotent cell lines with distinct effects on the DNA methylation landscape, as assessed by whole-genome bisulfite sequencing. Surprisingly, in contrast to findings in mouse, deletion of DNMT1 resulted in rapid cell death in human ESCs. To overcome this immediate lethality, we generated a doxycycline-responsive tTA-DNMT1* rescue line and readily obtained homozygous DNMT1-mutant lines. However, doxycycline-mediated repression of exogenous DNMT1* initiates rapid, global loss of DNA methylation, followed by extensive cell death. Our data provide a comprehensive characterization of DNMT-mutant ESCs, including single-base genome-wide maps of the targets of these enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Liao
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Rahul Karnik
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Hongcang Gu
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Michael J. Ziller
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kendell Clement
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Alexander M. Tsankov
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Veronika Akopian
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Casey A. Gifford
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Julie Donaghey
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Christina Galonska
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ramona Pop
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Deepak Reyon
- Department of Pathology, Molecular Pathology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Shengdar Q. Tsai
- Department of Pathology, Molecular Pathology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
| | - William Mallard
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - J. Keith Joung
- Department of Pathology, Molecular Pathology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
| | - John L. Rinn
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Andreas Gnirke
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Alexander Meissner
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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38
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Kim JT, Chung HJ, Seo JY, Yang YI, Choi MY, Kim HI, Yang TH, Lee WJ, Youn YC, Kim HJ, Kim YM, Lee H, Jang YS, Lee SJ. A fibrin-supported myocardial organ culture for isolation of cardiac stem cells via the recapitulation of cardiac homeostasis. Biomaterials 2015; 48:66-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2015.01.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Revised: 01/11/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Curry EL, Moad M, Robson CN, Heer R. Using induced pluripotent stem cells as a tool for modelling carcinogenesis. World J Stem Cells 2015; 7:461-469. [PMID: 25815129 PMCID: PMC4369501 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v7.i2.461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Revised: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a highly heterogeneous group of diseases that despite improved treatments remain prevalent accounting for over 14 million new cases and 8.2 million deaths per year. Studies into the process of carcinogenesis are limited by lack of appropriate models for the development and pathogenesis of the disease based on human tissues. Primary culture of patient samples can help but is difficult to grow for a number of tissues. A potential opportunity to overcome these barriers is based on the landmark study by Yamanaka which demonstrated the ability of four factors; Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc to reprogram human somatic cells in to pluripotency. These cells were termed induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and display characteristic properties of embryonic stem cells. This technique has a wide range of potential uses including disease modelling, drug testing and transplantation studies. Interestingly iPSCs also share a number of characteristics with cancer cells including self-renewal and proliferation, expression of stem cell markers and altered metabolism. Recently, iPSCs have been generated from a number of human cancer cell lines and primary tumour samples from a range of cancers in an attempt to recapitulate the development of cancer and interrogate the underlying mechanisms involved. This review will outline the similarities between the reprogramming process and carcinogenesis, and how these similarities have been exploited to generate iPSC models for a number of cancers.
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40
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Ding Z, Huang H. Mesenchymal stem cells in rabbit meniscus and bone marrow exhibit a similar feature but a heterogeneous multi-differentiation potential: superiority of meniscus as a cell source for meniscus repair. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2015; 16:65. [PMID: 25887689 PMCID: PMC4373281 DOI: 10.1186/s12891-015-0511-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The restoration of damaged meniscus has always been a challenge due to its limited healing capacity. Recently, bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) provide a promising alternative to repair meniscal defects. However, BMSCs are not ideal chondroprogenitor cells for meniscus repair because they have a high propensity for cartilage hypertrophy and bone formation. Our hypothesis is that mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) reside in meniscus maintain specific traits distinct from others which may be more conducive to meniscus regeneration. Methods MSCs were isolated from bone marrow and menisci of the rabbits. The similarities and differences between BMSCs and MMSCs were investigated in vitro by a cell culture model, ex vivo by a rabbit meniscus defect model and in vivo by a nude rat implantation model using histochemistry, immunocytochemistry, qRT-PCR and western blotting. Results Our data showed that two types of MSCs have universal stem cell characteristics including clonogenicity, multi-potency and self-renewal capacity. They both express stem cell markers including SSEA-4, Nanog, nucleostemin, strol-1, CD44 and CD90. However, MMSCs differed from BMSCs. MMSC colonies were much smaller and grew more slowly than BMSC colonies. Moreover, fewer MMSCs expressed CD34 than BMSCs. Finally, MMSCs always appeared a pronounced tendency to chondrogenic differentiation while BMSCs exhibited significantly greater osteogenic potential, whatever in vitro and in vivo. Conclusions This study shows the similarities and differences between MMSCs and BMSCs for the first time. MMSCs are a promising source of mesenchymal stem cells in repairing meniscus defect. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12891-015-0511-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Ding
- Department of Ophthalmology, The 3rd Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1 Jinling Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210001, China.
| | - He Huang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, 68 Changle Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210006, China.
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41
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Mournetas V, Nunes QM, Murray PA, Sanderson CM, Fernig DG. Network based meta-analysis prediction of microenvironmental relays involved in stemness of human embryonic stem cells. PeerJ 2014; 2:e618. [PMID: 25374775 PMCID: PMC4217173 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) are pluripotent cells derived from the inner cell mass of in vitro fertilised blastocysts, which can either be maintained in an undifferentiated state or committed into lineages under determined culture conditions. These cells offer great potential for regenerative medicine, but at present, little is known about the mechanisms that regulate hESC stemness; in particular, the role of cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix interactions remain relatively unexplored. Methods and Results. In this study we have performed an in silico analysis of cell-microenvironment interactions to identify novel proteins that may be responsible for the maintenance of hESC stemness. A hESC transcriptome of 8,934 mRNAs was assembled using a meta-analysis approach combining the analysis of microarrays and the use of databases for annotation. The STRING database was utilised to construct a protein-protein interaction network focused on extracellular and transcription factor components contained within the assembled transcriptome. This interactome was structurally studied and filtered to identify a short list of 92 candidate proteins, which may regulate hESC stemness. Conclusion. We hypothesise that this list of proteins, either connecting extracellular components with transcriptional networks, or with hub or bottleneck properties, may contain proteins likely to be involved in determining stemness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginie Mournetas
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool , Liverpool , United Kingdom ; Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool , Liverpool , United Kingdom
| | - Quentin M Nunes
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool , Liverpool , United Kingdom ; NIHR Liverpool Pancreas Biomedical Research Unit, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool , Liverpool , United Kingdom
| | - Patricia A Murray
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool , Liverpool , United Kingdom
| | - Christopher M Sanderson
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool , Liverpool , United Kingdom
| | - David G Fernig
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool , Liverpool , United Kingdom
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Atkinson SP, Lako M, Armstrong L. Potential for pharmacological manipulation of human embryonic stem cells. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 169:269-89. [PMID: 22515554 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2012.01978.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The therapeutic potential of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) is vast, allowing disease modelling, drug discovery and testing and perhaps most importantly regenerative therapies. However, problems abound; techniques for cultivating self-renewing hESCs tend to give a heterogeneous population of self-renewing and partially differentiated cells and general include animal-derived products that can be cost-prohibitive for large-scale production, and effective lineage-specific differentiation protocols also still remain relatively undefined and are inefficient at producing large amounts of cells for therapeutic use. Furthermore, the mechanisms and signalling pathways that mediate pluripotency and differentiation are still to be fully appreciated. However, over the recent years, the development/discovery of a range of effective small molecule inhibitors/activators has had a huge impact in hESC biology. Large-scale screening techniques, coupled with greater knowledge of the pathways involved, have generated pharmacological agents that can boost hESC pluripotency/self-renewal and survival and has greatly increased the efficiency of various differentiation protocols, while also aiding the delineation of several important signalling pathways. Within this review, we hope to describe the current uses of small molecule inhibitors/activators in hESC biology and their potential uses in the future.
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Lee M, Ji H, Furuta Y, Park JI, McCrea PD. p120-catenin regulates REST and CoREST, and modulates mouse embryonic stem cell differentiation. J Cell Sci 2014; 127:4037-51. [PMID: 25074806 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.151944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the canonical Wnt pathway and β-catenin have been extensively studied, less is known about the role of p120-catenin (also known as δ1-catenin) in the nuclear compartment. Here, we report that p120-catenin binds and negatively regulates REST and CoREST (also known as Rcor1), a repressive transcriptional complex that has diverse developmental and pathological roles. Using mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs), mammalian cell lines, Xenopus embryos and in vitro systems, we find that p120-catenin directly binds the REST-CoREST complex, displacing it from established gene targets to permit their transcriptional activation. Importantly, p120-catenin levels further modulate the mRNA and protein levels of Oct4 (also known as POU5F1), Nanog and Sox2, and have an impact upon the differentiation of mESCs towards neural fates. In assessing potential upstream inputs to this new p120-catenin-REST-CoREST pathway, REST gene targets were found to respond to the level of E-cadherin, with evidence suggesting that p120-catenin transduces signals between E-cadherin and the nucleus. In summary, we provide the first evidence for a direct upstream modulator and/or pathway regulating REST-CoREST, and reveal a substantial role for p120-catenin in the modulation of stem cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moonsup Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA Program in Genes and Development, The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Science-Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Hong Ji
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Yasuhide Furuta
- Laboratory for Animal Resources and Genetic Engineering, Riken Center for Developmental Biology, 2-2-3 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
| | - Jae-il Park
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, Division of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas M D Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Pierre D McCrea
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA Program in Genes and Development, The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Science-Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Viswanathan P, Gaskell T, Moens N, Culley OJ, Hansen D, Gervasio MKR, Yeap YJ, Danovi D. Human pluripotent stem cells on artificial microenvironments: a high content perspective. Front Pharmacol 2014; 5:150. [PMID: 25071572 PMCID: PMC4078252 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2014.00150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Self-renewing stem cell populations are increasingly considered as resources for cell therapy and tools for drug discovery. Human pluripotent stem (hPS) cells in particular offer a virtually unlimited reservoir of homogeneous cells and can be differentiated toward diverse lineages. Many diseases show impairment in self-renewal or differentiation, abnormal lineage choice or other aberrant cell behavior in response to chemical or physical cues. To investigate these responses, there is a growing interest in the development of specific assays using hPS cells, artificial microenvironments and high content analysis. Several hurdles need to be overcome that can be grouped into three areas: (i) availability of robust, homogeneous, and consistent cell populations as a starting point; (ii) appropriate understanding and use of chemical and physical microenvironments; (iii) development of assays that dissect the complexity of cell populations in tissues while mirroring specific aspects of their behavior. Here we review recent progress in the culture of hPS cells and we detail the importance of the environment surrounding the cells with a focus on synthetic material and suitable high content analysis approaches. The technologies described, if properly combined, have the potential to create a paradigm shift in the way diseases are modeled and drug discovery is performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyalakshmi Viswanathan
- HipSci Cell Phenotyping, Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Guy’s Hospital, King’s College LondonLondon, UK
| | | | - Nathalie Moens
- HipSci Cell Phenotyping, Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Guy’s Hospital, King’s College LondonLondon, UK
| | - Oliver J. Culley
- HipSci Cell Phenotyping, Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Guy’s Hospital, King’s College LondonLondon, UK
| | - Darrick Hansen
- HipSci Cell Phenotyping, Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Guy’s Hospital, King’s College LondonLondon, UK
| | - Mia K. R. Gervasio
- HipSci Cell Phenotyping, Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Guy’s Hospital, King’s College LondonLondon, UK
| | - Yee J. Yeap
- HipSci Cell Phenotyping, Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Guy’s Hospital, King’s College LondonLondon, UK
| | - Davide Danovi
- HipSci Cell Phenotyping, Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Guy’s Hospital, King’s College LondonLondon, UK
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Time-lapse analysis of human embryonic stem cells reveals multiple bottlenecks restricting colony formation and their relief upon culture adaptation. Stem Cell Reports 2014; 3:142-55. [PMID: 25068128 PMCID: PMC4110749 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2014.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Revised: 05/07/2014] [Accepted: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Using time-lapse imaging, we have identified a series of bottlenecks that restrict growth of early-passage human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and that are relieved by karyotypically abnormal variants that are selected by prolonged culture. Only a minority of karyotypically normal cells divided after plating, and these were mainly cells in the later stages of cell cycle at the time of plating. Furthermore, the daughter cells showed a continued pattern of cell death after division, so that few formed long-term proliferating colonies. These colony-forming cells showed distinct patterns of cell movement. Increasing cell density enhanced cell movement facilitating cell:cell contact, which resulted in increased proportion of dividing cells and improved survival postplating of normal hESCs. In contrast, most of the karyotypically abnormal cells reentered the cell cycle on plating and gave rise to healthy progeny, without the need for cell:cell contacts and independent of their motility patterns. The growth of karyotypically normal hESCs is limited by multiple bottlenecks Bottlenecks include initial survival, entry into mitosis, and death following mitosis A privileged clonogenic state in normal hESCs is characterized by distinct motility Variant adapted cells and ROCK inhibition alleviate identified bottlenecks
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Muzzio NE, Pasquale MA, González PH, Arvia AJ. Influence of individual cell motility on the 2D front roughness dynamics of tumour cell colonies. J Biol Phys 2014; 40:285-308. [PMID: 24893945 DOI: 10.1007/s10867-014-9349-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2013] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The dynamics of in situ 2D HeLa cell quasi-linear and quasi-radial colony fronts in a standard culture medium is investigated. For quasi-radial colonies, as the cell population increased, a kinetic transition from an exponential to a constant front average velocity regime was observed. Special attention was paid to individual cell motility evolution under constant average colony front velocity looking for its impact on the dynamics of the 2D colony front roughness. From the directionalities and velocity components of cell trajectories in colonies with different cell populations, the influence of both local cell density and cell crowding effects on individual cell motility was determined. The average dynamic behaviour of individual cells in the colony and its dependence on both local spatio-temporal heterogeneities and growth geometry suggested that cell motion undergoes under a concerted cell migration mechanism, in which both a limiting random walk-like and a limiting ballistic-like contribution were involved. These results were interesting to infer how biased cell trajectories influenced both the 2D colony spreading dynamics and the front roughness characteristics by local biased contributions to individual cell motion. These data are consistent with previous experimental and theoretical cell colony spreading data and provide additional evidence of the validity of the Kardar-Parisi-Zhang equation, within a certain range of time and colony front size, for describing the dynamics of 2D colony front roughness.
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Affiliation(s)
- N E Muzzio
- Instituto de Investigaciones Fisicoquímicas Teóricas y Aplicadas (INIFTA), Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP), CONICET, Sucursal 4, Casilla de Correo 16, 1900, La Plata, Argentina
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Zangle TA, Chun J, Zhang J, Reed J, Teitell MA. Quantification of biomass and cell motion in human pluripotent stem cell colonies. Biophys J 2014; 105:593-601. [PMID: 23931307 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2013.06.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2013] [Revised: 06/11/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Somatic cell reprogramming to pluripotency requires an immediate increase in cell proliferation and reduction in cell size. It is unknown whether proliferation and biomass controls are similarly coordinated with early events during the differentiation of pluripotent stem cells (PSCs). This impasse exists because PSCs grow in tight clusters or colonies, precluding most quantifying approaches. Here, we investigate live cell interferometry as an approach to quantify the biomass and growth of HSF1 human PSC colonies before and during retinoic acid-induced differentiation. We also provide an approach for measuring the rate and coordination of intracolony mass redistribution in HSF1 clusters using live cell interferometry images. We show that HSF1 cells grow at a consistent, exponential rate regardless of colony size and display coordinated intracolony movement that ceases with the onset of differentiation. By contrast, growth and proliferation rates show a decrease of only ∼15% decrease during early differentiation despite global changes in gene expression and previously reported changes in energy metabolism. Overall, these results suggest that cell biomass and proliferation are regulated independent of pluripotency during early differentiation, which is distinct from what occurs with successful reprogramming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A Zangle
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California at Los Angeles, USA
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48
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Bae D, Moon SH, Park BG, Park SJ, Jung T, Kim JS, Lee KB, Chung HM. Nanotopographical control for maintaining undifferentiated human embryonic stem cell colonies in feeder free conditions. Biomaterials 2014; 35:916-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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49
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Laminin E8 fragments support efficient adhesion and expansion of dissociated human pluripotent stem cells. Nat Commun 2013; 3:1236. [PMID: 23212365 PMCID: PMC3535336 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms2231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 262] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2012] [Accepted: 10/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) have the potential to provide an infinite source of tissues for regenerative medicine. Although defined xeno-free media have been developed, culture conditions for reliable propagation of hESCs still require considerable improvement. Here we show that recombinant E8 fragments of laminin isoforms (LM-E8s), which are the minimum fragments conferring integrin-binding activity, promote greater adhesion of hESCs and hiPSCs than do Matrigel and intact laminin isoforms. Furthermore, LM-E8s sustain long-term self-renewal of hESCs and hiPSCs in defined xeno-free media with dissociated cell passaging. We successfully maintained three hESC and two hiPSC lines on LM-E8s in three defined media for 10 passages. hESCs maintained high level expression of pluripotency markers, had a normal karyotype after 30 passages and could differentiate into all three germ layers. This culture system allows robust proliferation of hESCs and hiPSCs for therapeutic applications.
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50
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Hao J, Li W, Dan J, Ye X, Wang F, Zeng X, Wang L, Wang H, Cheng Y, Liu L, Shui W. Reprogramming- and pluripotency-associated membrane proteins in mouse stem cells revealed by label-free quantitative proteomics. J Proteomics 2013; 86:70-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2013.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2012] [Revised: 03/10/2013] [Accepted: 04/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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