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Abettan A, Nguyen MH, Ladant D, Monticelli L, Chenal A. CyaA translocation across eukaryotic cell membranes. Front Mol Biosci 2024; 11:1359408. [PMID: 38584704 PMCID: PMC10995232 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2024.1359408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Amiel Abettan
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris Cité, CNRS UMR3528, Biochemistry of Macromolecular Interactions Unit, Paris, France
- Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry Laboratory, CNRS UMR 5086, University of Lyon, IBCP, Lyon, France
| | - Minh-Ha Nguyen
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris Cité, CNRS UMR3528, Biochemistry of Macromolecular Interactions Unit, Paris, France
- Université de Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris Cité, CNRS UMR3528, Biological NMR and HDX-MS Technological Platform, Paris, France
| | - Daniel Ladant
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris Cité, CNRS UMR3528, Biochemistry of Macromolecular Interactions Unit, Paris, France
- Université de Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Luca Monticelli
- Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry Laboratory, CNRS UMR 5086, University of Lyon, IBCP, Lyon, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Lyon, France
| | - Alexandre Chenal
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris Cité, CNRS UMR3528, Biochemistry of Macromolecular Interactions Unit, Paris, France
- Université de Paris Cité, Paris, France
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Ray MN, Kiyofuji M, Ozono M, Kogure K. Vitamin E succinate mediated apoptosis by juxtaposing endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2023; 1867:130485. [PMID: 37838355 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2023.130485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/16/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin E succinate (VES) is an esterified form of natural α-tocopherol, has turned out to be novel anticancer agent. However, its anticancer mechanisms have not been illustrated. Previously, we reported VES mediated Ca2+ release from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) causes mitochondrial Ca2+ overload, leading to mitochondrial depolarization and apoptosis. Here, we elucidated the mechanism of VES-induced Ca2+ transfer from ER to mitochondria by investigating the role of VES in ER-mitochondria contact formation. Transmission electron microscopic observation confirms VES mediated ER-mitochondria contact while fluorescence microscopic analysis revealed that VES increased mitochondria-associated ER membrane (MAM) formation. Pre-treatment with the inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate receptor (IP3R) antagonist 2-aminoethyl diphenylborinate (2-APB) decreased VES-induced MAM formation, suggesting the involvement of VES-induced Ca2+ efflux from ER in MAM formation. The ER IP3R receptor is known to interact with voltage-dependent anion channels (VDAC) via the chaperone glucose-regulated protein 75 kDa (GRP75) to bring ER and mitochondria nearby. Although we revealed that VES treatment does not affect GRP75 protein level, it increases GRP75 localization in the MAM. In addition, the inhibition of Ca2+ release from ER by 2-APB decreases GRP75 localization in the MAM, suggesting the possibility of Ca2+-induced conformational change of GRP75 that promotes formation of the IP3R-GRP75-VDAC complex and thereby encourages MAM formation. This study identifies the mechanism of VES-induced enhanced Ca2+ transfer from ER to mitochondria, which causes mitochondrial Ca2+ overload leading to apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manobendro Nath Ray
- Department of Pharmaceutical Health Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima University, 1-78-1 Shomachi, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan
| | - Michiko Kiyofuji
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, 1-78-1 Shomachi, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan
| | - Mizune Ozono
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, 1-78-1 Shomachi, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan
| | - Kentaro Kogure
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, 1-78-1 Shomachi, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan.
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Wang H, Miao X, Zhai C, Chen Y, Lin Z, Zhou X, Guo M, Chai Z, Wang R, Shen W, Li H, Hu C. Mechanistic Insights into the Folding Mechanism of Region V in Ice-Binding Protein Secreted by Marinomonas primoryensis Revealed by Single-Molecule Force Spectroscopy. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023; 39:16128-16137. [PMID: 37916685 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c02257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
The Gram-negative bacteria Marinomonas primoryensis secrete an ice-binding protein (MpIBP), which is a vital bacterial adhesin facilitating the adaptation and survival of the bacteria in the harsh Antarctic environment. The C-terminal region of MpIBP, known as region V (RV), is the first domain to be exported into the Ca2+-rich extracellular environment and acts as a folding nucleus for the entire adhesin. However, the mechanisms underlying the secretion and folding of RV remain poorly understood. Here, we used optical tweezers (OT) to investigate the secretion and folding mechanisms of RV at the single-molecule level. In the absence of Ca2+, apo-RV remains unstructured, while Ca2+-bound RV folds into a mechanically stable structure. The folding of RV could occur via the formation of an intermediate state. Even though this folding intermediate is "hidden" during the folding process of wild type RV in vitro, it likely forms in vivo and plays an important role in facilitating protein secretion. Additionally, our results revealed that the N-terminal part of the RV can significantly stabilize its C-terminal structure. Our study paves the way for further investigations into the structure and functions of MpIBP that help bacteria survive in challenging environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology and Instruments, School of Precision Instrument and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Xiaopu Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology and Instruments, School of Precision Instrument and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Cong Zhai
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology and Instruments, School of Precision Instrument and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Yulu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology and Instruments, School of Precision Instrument and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Zuzeng Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology and Instruments, School of Precision Instrument and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Xiaowei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology and Instruments, School of Precision Instrument and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Mengdi Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology and Instruments, School of Precision Instrument and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Zhongyan Chai
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology and Instruments, School of Precision Instrument and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Ruifen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology and Instruments, School of Precision Instrument and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Wanfu Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology and Instruments, School of Precision Instrument and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Hongbin Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Chunguang Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology and Instruments, School of Precision Instrument and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
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Chen G, Wang H, Bumba L, Masin J, Sebo P, Li H. The adenylate cyclase toxin RTX domain follows a series templated folding mechanism with implications for toxin activity. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:105150. [PMID: 37567473 PMCID: PMC10511787 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Folding of the Repeats-in-toxin (RTX) domain of the bacterial adenylate cyclase toxin-hemolysin (CyaA) is critical to its toxin activities and the virulence of the whooping cough agent Bordetella pertussis. The RTX domain (RD) contains five RTX blocks (RTX-i to RTX-v) and their folding is driven by the binding of calcium. However, the detailed molecular mechanism via which the folding signal transmits within the five RTX blocks remains unknown. By combining single molecule optical tweezers, protein engineering, and toxin activity assays, here we demonstrate that the folding of the RD follows a strict hierarchy, with the folding starting from its C-terminal block RTX-v and proceeding towards the N-terminal RTX-i block sequentially. Our results reveal a strict series, templated folding mechanism, where the folding signal is transmitted along the RD in a series fashion from its C terminus continuously to the N terminus. Due to the series nature of this folding signal transmission pathway, the folding of RD can be disrupted at any given RTX block, rendering the RTX blocks located N-terminally to the disruption site and the acylation region of CyaA unfolded and abolishing CyaA's toxin activities. Our results reveal key mechanistic insights into the secretion and folding process of CyaA and may open up new potential avenues towards designing new therapeutics to abolish toxin activity of CyaA and combat B. pertussis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guojun Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Han Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Ladislav Bumba
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v.v.i., Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Masin
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v.v.i., Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Peter Sebo
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v.v.i., Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Hongbin Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
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Wang H, Chen G, Li H. Templated folding of the RTX domain of the bacterial toxin adenylate cyclase revealed by single molecule force spectroscopy. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2784. [PMID: 35589788 PMCID: PMC9120197 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30448-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The RTX (repeats-in-toxin) domain of the bacterial toxin adenylate cyclase (CyaA) contains five RTX blocks (RTX-i to RTX-v) and its folding is essential for CyaA’s functions. It was shown that the C-terminal capping structure of RTX-v is critical for the whole RTX to fold. However, it is unknown how the folding signal transmits within the RTX domain. Here we use optical tweezers to investigate the interplay between the folding of RTX-iv and RTX-v. Our results show that RTX-iv alone is disordered, but folds into a Ca2+-loaded-β-roll structure in the presence of a folded RTX-v. Folding trajectories of RTX-iv-v reveal that the folding of RTX-iv is strictly conditional upon the folding of RTX-v, suggesting that the folding of RTX-iv is templated by RTX-v. This templating effect allows RTX-iv to fold rapidly, and provides significant mutual stabilization. Our study reveals a possible mechanism for transmitting the folding signal within the RTX domain. The authors use optical tweezers to show that the folding of repeats-in-toxin (RTX) block-iv in adenylate cyclase is templated by the folded RTX block-v. The findings suggest a possible mechanism for transmitting the folding signal in the RTX domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z1, Canada.,State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology and Instruments, School of Precision Instrument and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University, 300072, Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - Guojun Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Hongbin Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z1, Canada.
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Filipi K, Rahman WU, Osickova A, Osicka R. Kingella kingae RtxA Cytotoxin in the Context of Other RTX Toxins. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10030518. [PMID: 35336094 PMCID: PMC8953716 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10030518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The Gram-negative bacterium Kingella kingae is part of the commensal oropharyngeal flora of young children. As detection methods have improved, K. kingae has been increasingly recognized as an emerging invasive pathogen that frequently causes skeletal system infections, bacteremia, and severe forms of infective endocarditis. K. kingae secretes an RtxA cytotoxin, which is involved in the development of clinical infection and belongs to an ever-growing family of cytolytic RTX (Repeats in ToXin) toxins secreted by Gram-negative pathogens. All RTX cytolysins share several characteristic structural features: (i) a hydrophobic pore-forming domain in the N-terminal part of the molecule; (ii) an acylated segment where the activation of the inactive protoxin to the toxin occurs by a co-expressed toxin-activating acyltransferase; (iii) a typical calcium-binding RTX domain in the C-terminal portion of the molecule with the characteristic glycine- and aspartate-rich nonapeptide repeats; and (iv) a C-proximal secretion signal recognized by the type I secretion system. RTX toxins, including RtxA from K. kingae, have been shown to act as highly efficient ‘contact weapons’ that penetrate and permeabilize host cell membranes and thus contribute to the pathogenesis of bacterial infections. RtxA was discovered relatively recently and the knowledge of its biological role remains limited. This review describes the structure and function of RtxA in the context of the most studied RTX toxins, the knowledge of which may contribute to a better understanding of the action of RtxA in the pathogenesis of K. kingae infections.
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PGRS Domain of Rv0297 of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Functions in A Calcium Dependent Manner. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22179390. [PMID: 34502303 PMCID: PMC8430768 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb), the pathogen causing tuberculosis, is a major threat to human health worldwide. Nearly 10% of M.tb genome encodes for a unique family of PE/PPE/PGRS proteins present exclusively in the genus Mycobacterium. The functions of most of these proteins are yet unexplored. The PGRS domains of these proteins have been hypothesized to consist of Ca2+ binding motifs that help these intrinsically disordered proteins to modulate the host cellular responses. Ca2+ is an important secondary messenger that is involved in the pathogenesis of tuberculosis in diverse ways. This study presents the calcium-dependent function of the PGRS domain of Rv0297 (PE_PGRS5) in M.tb virulence and pathogenesis. Tandem repeat search revealed the presence of repetitive Ca2+ binding motifs in the PGRS domain of the Rv0297 protein (Rv0297PGRS). Molecular Dynamics simulations and fluorescence spectroscopy revealed Ca2+ dependent stabilization of the Rv0297PGRS protein. Calcium stabilized Rv0297PGRS enhances the interaction of Rv0297PGRS with surface localized Toll like receptor 4 (TLR4) of macrophages. The Ca2+ stabilized binding of Rv0297PGRS with the surface receptor of macrophages enhances its downstream consequences in terms of Nitric Oxide (NO) production and cytokine release. Thus, this study points to hitherto unidentified roles of calcium-modulated PE_PGRS proteins in the virulence of M.tb. Understanding the pathogenic potential of Ca2+ dependent PE_PGRS proteins can aid in targeting these proteins for therapeutic interventions.
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Espinosa-Vinals CA, Masin J, Holubova J, Stanek O, Jurnecka D, Osicka R, Sebo P, Bumba L. Almost half of the RTX domain is dispensable for complement receptor 3 binding and cell-invasive activity of the Bordetella adenylate cyclase toxin. J Biol Chem 2021; 297:100833. [PMID: 34051233 PMCID: PMC8214218 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The whooping cough agent Bordetella pertussis secretes an adenylate cyclase toxin (CyaA) that through its large carboxy-proximal Repeat-in-ToXin (RTX) domain binds the complement receptor 3 (CR3). The RTX domain consists of five blocks (I-V) of characteristic glycine and aspartate-rich nonapeptides that fold into five Ca2+-loaded parallel β-rolls. Previous work indicated that the CR3-binding structure comprises the interface of β-rolls II and III. To test if further portions of the RTX domain contribute to CR3 binding, we generated a construct with the RTX block II/III interface (CyaA residues 1132-1294) linked directly to the C-terminal block V fragment bearing the folding scaffold (CyaA residues 1562-1681). Despite deletion of 267 internal residues of the RTX domain, the Ca2+-driven folding of the hybrid block III/V β-roll still supported formation of the CR3-binding structure at the interface of β-rolls II and III. Moreover, upon stabilization by N- and C-terminal flanking segments, the block III/V hybrid-comprising constructs competed with CyaA for CR3 binding and induced formation of CyaA toxin-neutralizing antibodies in mice. Finally, a truncated CyaAΔ1295-1561 toxin bound and penetrated erythrocytes and CR3-expressing cells, showing that the deleted portions of RTX blocks III, IV, and V (residues 1295-1561) were dispensable for CR3 binding and for toxin translocation across the target cell membrane. This suggests that almost a half of the RTX domain of CyaA is not involved in target cell interaction and rather serves the purpose of toxin secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Angel Espinosa-Vinals
- Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic; University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Masin
- Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Holubova
- Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Stanek
- Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - David Jurnecka
- Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Radim Osicka
- Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Peter Sebo
- Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Ladislav Bumba
- Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic.
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Voegele A, Sadi M, O'Brien DP, Gehan P, Raoux‐Barbot D, Davi M, Hoos S, Brûlé S, Raynal B, Weber P, Mechaly A, Haouz A, Rodriguez N, Vachette P, Durand D, Brier S, Ladant D, Chenal A. A High-Affinity Calmodulin-Binding Site in the CyaA Toxin Translocation Domain is Essential for Invasion of Eukaryotic Cells. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:2003630. [PMID: 33977052 PMCID: PMC8097335 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202003630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms and forces involved in the translocation of bacterial toxins into host cells are still a matter of intense research. The adenylate cyclase (CyaA) toxin from Bordetella pertussis displays a unique intoxication pathway in which its catalytic domain is directly translocated across target cell membranes. The CyaA translocation region contains a segment, P454 (residues 454-484), which exhibits membrane-active properties related to antimicrobial peptides. Herein, the results show that this peptide is able to translocate across membranes and to interact with calmodulin (CaM). Structural and biophysical analyses reveal the key residues of P454 involved in membrane destabilization and calmodulin binding. Mutational analysis demonstrates that these residues play a crucial role in CyaA translocation into target cells. In addition, calmidazolium, a calmodulin inhibitor, efficiently blocks CyaA internalization. It is proposed that after CyaA binding to target cells, the P454 segment destabilizes the plasma membrane, translocates across the lipid bilayer and binds calmodulin. Trapping of CyaA by the CaM:P454 interaction in the cytosol may assist the entry of the N-terminal catalytic domain by converting the stochastic motion of the polypeptide chain through the membrane into an efficient vectorial chain translocation into host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Voegele
- Biochemistry of Macromolecular Interactions UnitDepartment of Structural Biology and ChemistryInstitut PasteurCNRS UMR3528Paris75015France
- Université de ParisSorbonne Paris CitéParis75006France
| | - Mirko Sadi
- Biochemistry of Macromolecular Interactions UnitDepartment of Structural Biology and ChemistryInstitut PasteurCNRS UMR3528Paris75015France
- Université de ParisSorbonne Paris CitéParis75006France
| | - Darragh Patrick O'Brien
- Biochemistry of Macromolecular Interactions UnitDepartment of Structural Biology and ChemistryInstitut PasteurCNRS UMR3528Paris75015France
| | - Pauline Gehan
- Sorbonne UniversitéÉcole normale supérieurePSL UniversityCNRSLaboratoire des biomoléculesLBMParis75005France
| | - Dorothée Raoux‐Barbot
- Biochemistry of Macromolecular Interactions UnitDepartment of Structural Biology and ChemistryInstitut PasteurCNRS UMR3528Paris75015France
| | - Maryline Davi
- Biochemistry of Macromolecular Interactions UnitDepartment of Structural Biology and ChemistryInstitut PasteurCNRS UMR3528Paris75015France
| | - Sylviane Hoos
- Plateforme de Biophysique MoléculaireInstitut PasteurUMR 3528 CNRSParis75015France
| | - Sébastien Brûlé
- Plateforme de Biophysique MoléculaireInstitut PasteurUMR 3528 CNRSParis75015France
| | - Bertrand Raynal
- Plateforme de Biophysique MoléculaireInstitut PasteurUMR 3528 CNRSParis75015France
| | - Patrick Weber
- Institut PasteurPlate‐forme de cristallographie‐C2RTUMR‐3528 CNRSParis75015France
| | - Ariel Mechaly
- Institut PasteurPlate‐forme de cristallographie‐C2RTUMR‐3528 CNRSParis75015France
| | - Ahmed Haouz
- Institut PasteurPlate‐forme de cristallographie‐C2RTUMR‐3528 CNRSParis75015France
| | - Nicolas Rodriguez
- Sorbonne UniversitéÉcole normale supérieurePSL UniversityCNRSLaboratoire des biomoléculesLBMParis75005France
| | - Patrice Vachette
- Université Paris‐SaclayCEACNRSInstitute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC)Gif‐sur‐Yvette91198France
| | - Dominique Durand
- Université Paris‐SaclayCEACNRSInstitute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC)Gif‐sur‐Yvette91198France
| | - Sébastien Brier
- Biological NMR Technological PlateformCenter for Technological Resources and ResearchDepartment of Structural Biology and ChemistryInstitut PasteurCNRS UMR3528Paris75015France
| | - Daniel Ladant
- Biochemistry of Macromolecular Interactions UnitDepartment of Structural Biology and ChemistryInstitut PasteurCNRS UMR3528Paris75015France
| | - Alexandre Chenal
- Biochemistry of Macromolecular Interactions UnitDepartment of Structural Biology and ChemistryInstitut PasteurCNRS UMR3528Paris75015France
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Tan F, Sun N, Zhang L, Wu J, Xiao S, Tan Q, Uversky VN, Liu Y. Functional characterization of an unknown soybean intrinsically disordered protein in vitro and in Escherichia coli. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 166:538-549. [PMID: 33137381 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.10.211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) possess a wide range of biological function in all organisms, however the specific functions of most IDPs are still unknown. Soybean LOC protein, LOC for short, is a heat-stable protein, which is more abundant in the stress-resistant radicles. Sequence alignment and phylogenetic analysis showed that LOC is a functionally unknown protein and conserved in Fabaceae. LOC, being enriched in most disorder-promoting residues and depleted in most order-promoting residues, was predicted to contain high levels of intrinsic disorder by several commonly used computational tools. However, it was also predicted to contain two disorder-based protein-protein binding sites and two short α-helical segments. The circular dichroism spectroscopic analysis showed that this protein is mostly disordered in water, but can form more α-helical structure in the presence of SDS and TFE. Functional in vitro studies showed that the LOC protein is able to prevent lactate dehydrogenase inactivation by freeze-thaw at a molar ratio of 10:1. Furthermore, in vivo analyses revealed the survival rate of Escherichia coli over-expressing LOC protein under the conditions of osmotic stress was noticeably increased in comparison with the control. These observations suggest that the intrinsically disordered protein LOC might serve as a chaperone and/or cell protector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangmei Tan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Epigenetics, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Nanhai Ave 3688, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518060, PR China
| | - Nan Sun
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Epigenetics, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Nanhai Ave 3688, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518060, PR China
| | - Linsong Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Epigenetics, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Nanhai Ave 3688, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518060, PR China
| | - Jiahui Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Epigenetics, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Nanhai Ave 3688, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518060, PR China
| | - Shifeng Xiao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Epigenetics, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Nanhai Ave 3688, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518060, PR China
| | - Qiulong Tan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Epigenetics, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Nanhai Ave 3688, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518060, PR China
| | - Vladimir N Uversky
- Department of Molecular Medicine and USF Health Byrd Alzheimer's Research Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd. MDC07, Tampa, Florida, USA; Laboratory of New Methods in Biology, Institute for Biological Instrumentation of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Federal Research Center "Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences", Pushchino, Moscow, region, Russia.
| | - Yun Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Epigenetics, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Nanhai Ave 3688, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518060, PR China.
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11
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Motlova L, Klimova N, Fiser R, Sebo P, Bumba L. Continuous Assembly of β-Roll Structures Is Implicated in the Type I-Dependent Secretion of Large Repeat-in-Toxins (RTX) Proteins. J Mol Biol 2020; 432:5696-5710. [PMID: 32860773 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2020.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Repeats-in-Toxin (RTX) proteins of Gram-negative bacteria are excreted through the type I secretion system (T1SS) that recognizes non-cleavable C-terminal secretion signals. These are preceded by arrays of glycine and aspartate-rich nonapeptide repeats grouped by four to eight β strands into blocks that fold into calcium-binding parallel β-roll structures. The β-rolls are interspersed by linkers of variable length and sequence and the organization of multiple RTX repeat blocks within large RTX domains remains unknown. Here we examined the structure and function of the RTX domain of Bordetella pertussis adenylate cyclase toxin (CyaA) that is composed of five β-roll RTX blocks. We show that the non-folded RTX repeats maintain the stability of the CyaA polypeptide in the Ca2+-depleted bacterial cytosol and thereby enable its efficient translocation through the T1SS apparatus. The efficacy of secretion of truncated CyaA constructs was dictated by the number of retained RTX repeat blocks and depended on the presence of extracellular Ca2+ ions. We further describe the crystal structure of the RTX blocks IV-V of CyaA (CyaA1372-1681) that consists of a contiguous assembly of two β-rolls that differs substantially from the arrangement of the RTX blocks observed in RTX lipases or other RTX proteins. These results provide a novel structural insight into the architecture of the RTX domains of large RTX proteins and support the "push-ratchet" mechanism of the T1SS-mediated secretion of very large RTX proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Motlova
- Faculty of Sciences, Charles University, Vinicna 5, 128 44 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Nela Klimova
- Faculty of Sciences, Charles University, Vinicna 5, 128 44 Prague 2, Czech Republic.; Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Radovan Fiser
- Faculty of Sciences, Charles University, Vinicna 5, 128 44 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Peter Sebo
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Ladislav Bumba
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic..
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12
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Krueger E, Brown AC. Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans leukotoxin: From mechanism to targeted anti-toxin therapeutics. Mol Oral Microbiol 2020; 35:85-105. [PMID: 32061022 PMCID: PMC7359886 DOI: 10.1111/omi.12284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans is a Gram-negative bacterium associated with localized aggressive periodontitis, as well as other systemic diseases. This organism produces a number of virulence factors, all of which provide some advantage to the bacterium. Several studies have demonstrated that clinical isolates from diseased patients, particularly those of African descent, frequently belong to specific clones of A. actinomycetemcomitans that produce significantly higher amounts of a protein exotoxin belonging to the repeats-in-toxin (RTX) family, leukotoxin (LtxA), whereas isolates from healthy patients harbor minimally leukotoxic strains. This finding suggests that LtxA might play a key role in A. actinomycetemcomitans pathogenicity. Because of this correlation, much work over the past 30 years has been focused on understanding the mechanisms by which LtxA interacts with and kills host cells. In this article, we review those findings, highlight the remaining open questions, and demonstrate how knowledge of these mechanisms, particularly the toxin's interactions with lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1 (LFA-1) and cholesterol, enables the design of targeted anti-LtxA strategies to prevent/treat disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Krueger
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA
| | - Angela C. Brown
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA
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13
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Wang H, Gao X, Li H. Single Molecule Force Spectroscopy Reveals the Mechanical Design Governing the Efficient Translocation of the Bacterial Toxin Protein RTX. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:20498-20506. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b11281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Han Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Xiaoqing Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology and Instruments School of Precision Instrument and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
| | - Hongbin Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
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14
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Baumann U. Structure-Function Relationships of the Repeat Domains of RTX Toxins. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11110657. [PMID: 31718085 PMCID: PMC6891781 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11110657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
RTX proteins are a large family of polypeptides of mainly Gram-negative origin that are secreted into the extracellular medium by a type I secretion system featuring a non-cleavable C-terminal secretion signal, which is preceded by a variable number of nine-residue tandem repeats. The three-dimensional structure forms a parallel β-roll, where β-strands of two parallel sheets are connected by calcium-binding linkers in such a way that a right-handed spiral is built. The Ca2+ ions are an integral part of the structure, which cannot form without them. The structural determinants of this unique architecture will be reviewed with its conservations and variations together with the implication for secretion and folding of these proteins. The general purpose of the RTX domains appears to act as an internal chaperone that keeps the polypeptide unfolded in the calcium-deprived cytosol and triggers folding in the calcium-rich extracellular medium. A rather recent addition to the structural biology of the RTX toxin is a variant occurring in a large RTX adhesin, where this non-canonical β-roll binds to ice and diatoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Baumann
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Cologne, Zülpicherstrasse 47, D-50674 Cologne, Germany
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15
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Sequential Translocation of Polypeptides across the Bacterial Outer Membrane through the Trimeric Autotransporter Pathway. mBio 2019; 10:mBio.01973-19. [PMID: 31641085 PMCID: PMC6805991 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01973-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Trimeric autotransporter adhesins (TAAs) are a family of bacterial outer membrane (OM) proteins that are comprised of three identical subunits. Each subunit contains an N-terminal extracellular ("passenger") domain and a short C-terminal segment that contributes four β strands to a single 12-stranded β barrel. The mechanism by which the passenger domains are translocated across the OM and the energetics of the translocation reaction are poorly understood. To address these issues, we examined the secretion of modified versions of the passenger domain of UpaG, a TAA produced by Escherichia coli CFT073. Using the SpyTag-SpyCatcher system to probe passenger domain localization, we found that both intrinsically disordered polypeptides fused to the UpaG passenger domain and artificially disulfide-bonded polypeptides were secreted effectively but relatively slowly. Surprisingly, we also found that in some cases, the three nonnative passenger domain segments associated with a single trimer were secreted sequentially. Photo-cross-linking experiments indicated that incompletely assembled UpaG derivatives remained bound to the barrel assembly machinery (Bam) complex until all three passenger domains were fully secreted. Taken together, our results strongly suggest that the secretion of polypeptides through the TAA pathway is coordinated with the assembly of the β barrel domain and that the folding of passenger domains in the extracellular space maximizes the rate of secretion. Furthermore, our work provides evidence for an unprecedented sequential mode of protein translocation, at least under specific experimental conditions.IMPORTANCE Trimeric autotransporter adhesins (TAAs) are specialized bacterial outer membrane proteins consisting of three identical subunits. TAAs contain large extracellular domains that trimerize and promote virulence, but the mechanism by which they are secreted is poorly understood. We found that the extracellular domains of a native TAA were secreted rapidly but that disordered and artificially folded polypeptides fused to native passenger domains were secreted in a slow, sequential fashion. Our results strongly suggest that the efficient secretion of native extracellular domains is driven by their trimerization following export but that alternative energy sources can be harnessed to secrete nonnative polypeptides. Furthermore, we obtained evidence that TAA extracellular domains are secreted before the assembly of the linked membrane spanning domain is completed.
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16
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O'Brien DP, Cannella SE, Voegele A, Raoux-Barbot D, Davi M, Douché T, Matondo M, Brier S, Ladant D, Chenal A. Post-translational acylation controls the folding and functions of the CyaA RTX toxin. FASEB J 2019; 33:10065-10076. [PMID: 31226003 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201802442rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The adenylate cyclase (CyaA) toxin is a major virulence factor of Bordetella pertussis, the causative agent of whooping cough. CyaA is synthetized as a pro-toxin, pro-CyaA, and converted into its cytotoxic form upon acylation of two lysines. After secretion, CyaA invades eukaryotic cells and produces cAMP, leading to host defense subversion. To gain further insights into the effect of acylation, we compared the functional and structural properties of pro-CyaA and CyaA proteins. HDX-MS results show that the refolding process of both proteins upon progressive urea removal is initiated by calcium binding to the C-terminal RTX domain. We further identified a critical hydrophobic segment, distal from the acylation region, that folds at higher urea concentration in CyaA than in pro-CyaA. Once refolded into monomers, CyaA is more compact and stable than pro-CyaA, due to a complex set of interactions between domains. Our HDX-MS data provide direct evidence that the presence of acyl chains in CyaA induces a significant stabilization of the apolar segments of the hydrophobic domain and of most of the acylation region. We propose a refolding model dependent on calcium and driven by local and distal acylation-dependent interactions within CyaA. Therefore, CyaA acylation is not only critical for cell intoxication, but also for protein refolding into its active conformation. Our data shed light on the complex relationship between post-translational modifications, structural disorder and protein folding. Coupling calcium-binding and acylation-driven folding is likely pertinent for other repeat-in-toxin cytolysins produced by many Gram-negative bacterial pathogens.-O'Brien, D. P., Cannella, S. E., Voegele, A., Raoux-Barbot, D., Davi, M., Douché, T., Matondo, M., Brier, S., Ladant, D., Chenal, A. Post-translational acylation controls the folding and functions of the CyaA RTX toxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darragh P O'Brien
- Institut Pasteur, Chemistry and Structural Biology Department, UMR CNRS 3528, Paris, France
| | - Sara E Cannella
- Institut Pasteur, Chemistry and Structural Biology Department, UMR CNRS 3528, Paris, France
| | - Alexis Voegele
- Institut Pasteur, Chemistry and Structural Biology Department, UMR CNRS 3528, Paris, France.,Université Paris Diderot Paris VII, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Dorothée Raoux-Barbot
- Institut Pasteur, Chemistry and Structural Biology Department, UMR CNRS 3528, Paris, France
| | - Marilyne Davi
- Institut Pasteur, Chemistry and Structural Biology Department, UMR CNRS 3528, Paris, France
| | - Thibaut Douché
- Institut Pasteur, Proteomics Platform, Mass Spectrometry for Biology Unit, USR CNRS 2000, Paris, France
| | - Mariette Matondo
- Institut Pasteur, Proteomics Platform, Mass Spectrometry for Biology Unit, USR CNRS 2000, Paris, France
| | - Sébastien Brier
- Institut Pasteur, Chemistry and Structural Biology Department, UMR CNRS 3528, Paris, France.,Biological NMR Technical Platform, Center for Technological Resources and Research, UMR CNRS 3528, Paris, France
| | - Daniel Ladant
- Institut Pasteur, Chemistry and Structural Biology Department, UMR CNRS 3528, Paris, France
| | - Alexandre Chenal
- Institut Pasteur, Chemistry and Structural Biology Department, UMR CNRS 3528, Paris, France
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17
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Bulutoglu B, Banta S. Calcium-Dependent RTX Domains in the Development of Protein Hydrogels. Gels 2019; 5:E10. [PMID: 30823512 PMCID: PMC6473919 DOI: 10.3390/gels5010010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The RTX domains found in some pathogenic proteins encode repetitive peptide sequences that reversibly bind calcium and fold into the unique the β-roll secondary structure. Several of these domains have been studied in isolation, yielding key insights into their structure/function relationships. These domains are increasingly being used in protein engineering applications, where the calcium-induced control over structure can be exploited to gain new functions. Here we review recent advances in the use of RTX domains in the creation of calcium responsive biomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beyza Bulutoglu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, 500 W 120th Street, New York, NY 10027, USA.
| | - Scott Banta
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, 500 W 120th Street, New York, NY 10027, USA.
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18
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Voegele A, Sadi M, Raoux-Barbot D, Douché T, Matondo M, Ladant D, Chenal A. The Adenylate Cyclase (CyaA) Toxin from Bordetella pertussis Has No Detectable Phospholipase A (PLA) Activity In Vitro. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:E111. [PMID: 30781809 PMCID: PMC6409671 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11020111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The adenylate cyclase (CyaA) toxin produced in Bordetella pertussis is the causative agent of whooping cough. CyaA exhibits the remarkable capacity to translocate its N-terminal adenyl cyclase domain (ACD) directly across the plasma membrane into the cytosol of eukaryotic cells. Once translocated, calmodulin binds and activates ACD, leading to a burst of cAMP that intoxicates the target cell. Previously, Gonzalez-Bullon et al. reported that CyaA exhibits a phospholipase A activity that could destabilize the membrane to facilitate ACD membrane translocation. However, Bumba and collaborators lately reported that they could not replicate these results. To clarify this controversy, we assayed the putative PLA activity of two CyaA samples purified in two different laboratories by using two distinct fluorescent probes reporting either PLA2 or both PLA1 and PLA2 activities, as well as in various experimental conditions (i.e., neutral or negatively charged membranes in different buffers.) However, we could not detect any PLA activity in these CyaA batches. Thus, our data independently confirm that CyaA does not possess any PLA activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Voegele
- Chemistry and Structural Biology Department, Institut Pasteur, UMR CNRS 3528, CEDEX 15, 75724 Paris, France.
- Université Paris Diderot Paris VII, 75013 Paris, France.
| | - Mirko Sadi
- Chemistry and Structural Biology Department, Institut Pasteur, UMR CNRS 3528, CEDEX 15, 75724 Paris, France.
| | - Dorothée Raoux-Barbot
- Chemistry and Structural Biology Department, Institut Pasteur, UMR CNRS 3528, CEDEX 15, 75724 Paris, France.
| | - Thibaut Douché
- Mass Spectrometry for Biology Unit, Proteomics Platform, Institut Pasteur, USR CNRS 2000, CEDEX 15, 75724 Paris, France.
| | - Mariette Matondo
- Mass Spectrometry for Biology Unit, Proteomics Platform, Institut Pasteur, USR CNRS 2000, CEDEX 15, 75724 Paris, France.
| | - Daniel Ladant
- Chemistry and Structural Biology Department, Institut Pasteur, UMR CNRS 3528, CEDEX 15, 75724 Paris, France.
| | - Alexandre Chenal
- Chemistry and Structural Biology Department, Institut Pasteur, UMR CNRS 3528, CEDEX 15, 75724 Paris, France.
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19
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Voegele A, O'Brien DP, Subrini O, Sapay N, Cannella SE, Enguéné VYN, Hessel A, Karst J, Hourdel V, Perez ACS, Davi M, Veneziano R, Chopineau J, Vachette P, Durand D, Brier S, Ladant D, Chenal A. Translocation and calmodulin-activation of the adenylate cyclase toxin (CyaA) of Bordetella pertussis. Pathog Dis 2018; 76:5188676. [PMID: 30452651 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/fty085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The adenylate cyclase toxin (CyaA) is a multi-domain protein secreted by Bordetella pertussis, the causative agent of whooping cough. CyaA is involved in the early stages of respiratory tract colonization by Bordetella pertussis. CyaA is produced and acylated in the bacteria, and secreted via a dedicated secretion system. The cell intoxication process involves a unique mechanism of transport of the CyaA toxin catalytic domain (ACD) across the plasma membrane of eukaryotic cells. Once translocated, ACD binds to and is activated by calmodulin and produces high amounts of cAMP, subverting the physiology of eukaryotic cells. Here, we review our work on the identification and characterization of a critical region of CyaA, the translocation region, required to deliver ACD into the cytosol of target cells. The translocation region contains a segment that exhibits membrane-active properties, i.e. is able to fold upon membrane interaction and permeabilize lipid bilayers. We proposed that this region is required to locally destabilize the membrane, decreasing the energy required for ACD translocation. To further study the translocation process, we developed a tethered bilayer lipid membrane (tBLM) design that recapitulate the ACD transport across a membrane separating two hermetic compartments. We showed that ACD translocation is critically dependent on calcium, membrane potential, CyaA acylation and on the presence of calmodulin in the trans compartment. Finally, we describe how calmodulin-binding triggers key conformational changes in ACD, leading to its activation and production of supraphysiological concentrations of cAMP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Voegele
- Département de Biologie Structurale et Chimie, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3528, 28 Rue du Dr Roux, 75724 Paris, CEDEX 15, France.,Université Paris Diderot Paris VII, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Darragh P O'Brien
- Département de Biologie Structurale et Chimie, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3528, 28 Rue du Dr Roux, 75724 Paris, CEDEX 15, France.,University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Orso Subrini
- Département de Biologie Structurale et Chimie, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3528, 28 Rue du Dr Roux, 75724 Paris, CEDEX 15, France
| | - Nicolas Sapay
- Bioaster Technology Research Institute, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Sara E Cannella
- Département de Biologie Structurale et Chimie, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3528, 28 Rue du Dr Roux, 75724 Paris, CEDEX 15, France.,University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Véronique Yvette Ntsogo Enguéné
- Département de Biologie Structurale et Chimie, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3528, 28 Rue du Dr Roux, 75724 Paris, CEDEX 15, France
| | - Audrey Hessel
- Département de Biologie Structurale et Chimie, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3528, 28 Rue du Dr Roux, 75724 Paris, CEDEX 15, France
| | - Johanna Karst
- Département de Biologie Structurale et Chimie, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3528, 28 Rue du Dr Roux, 75724 Paris, CEDEX 15, France
| | - Véronique Hourdel
- Département de Biologie Structurale et Chimie, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3528, 28 Rue du Dr Roux, 75724 Paris, CEDEX 15, France
| | - Ana Cristina Sotomayor Perez
- Département de Biologie Structurale et Chimie, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3528, 28 Rue du Dr Roux, 75724 Paris, CEDEX 15, France
| | - Marilyne Davi
- Département de Biologie Structurale et Chimie, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3528, 28 Rue du Dr Roux, 75724 Paris, CEDEX 15, France
| | - Rémi Veneziano
- ICGM, UMR 5253 Univ Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier 34095, France.,Department of Bioengineering, Volgenau School of Engineering, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030-4422, USA
| | - Joel Chopineau
- ICGM, UMR 5253 Univ Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier 34095, France
| | - Patrice Vachette
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette cedex 91198, France
| | - Dominique Durand
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette cedex 91198, France
| | - Sébastien Brier
- Département de Biologie Structurale et Chimie, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3528, 28 Rue du Dr Roux, 75724 Paris, CEDEX 15, France
| | - Daniel Ladant
- Département de Biologie Structurale et Chimie, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3528, 28 Rue du Dr Roux, 75724 Paris, CEDEX 15, France
| | - Alexandre Chenal
- Département de Biologie Structurale et Chimie, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3528, 28 Rue du Dr Roux, 75724 Paris, CEDEX 15, France
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20
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Chenal A, Ladant D. Bioengineering of Bordetella pertussis Adenylate Cyclase Toxin for Antigen-Delivery and Immunotherapy. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:E302. [PMID: 30037010 PMCID: PMC6070788 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10070302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The adenylate cyclase toxin (CyaA) is one of the major virulence factors of Bordetella pertussis, the causative agent of whooping cough. CyaA is able to invade eukaryotic cells where, upon activation by endogenous calmodulin, it synthesizes massive amounts of cAMP that alters cellular physiology. The CyaA toxin is a 1706 residues-long bifunctional protein: the catalytic domain is located in the 400 amino-proximal residues, whereas the carboxy-terminal 1306 residues are implicated in toxin binding to the cellular receptor, the αMβ₂ (CD11b/CD18) integrin, and subsequently in the translocation of the catalytic domain across the cytoplasmic membrane of the target cells. Indeed, this protein is endowed with the unique capability of delivering its N-terminal catalytic domain directly across the plasma membrane of eukaryotic target cells. These properties have been exploited to engineer the CyaA toxin as a potent non-replicating vector able to deliver antigens into antigen presenting cells and elicit specific cell-mediated immune responses. Antigens of interest can be inserted into the CyaA protein to yield recombinant molecules that are targeted in vivo to dendritic cells, where the antigens are processed and presented by the major class I and class II histocompatibility complexes (MHC-I and II). CyaA turned out to be a remarkably effective and versatile vaccine vector capable of inducing all the components of the immune response (T-CD4, T-CD8, and antibody). In this chapter, we summarize the basic knowledge on the adenylate cyclase toxin and then describe the application of CyaA in vaccinology, including some recent results of clinical trials of immunotherapy using a recombinant CyaA vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Chenal
- Institut Pasteur, Biochemistry of Macromolecular Interactions Unit, UMR CNRS 3528, Structural Biology and Chemistry Department, 28 rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris CEDEX 15, France.
| | - Daniel Ladant
- Institut Pasteur, Biochemistry of Macromolecular Interactions Unit, UMR CNRS 3528, Structural Biology and Chemistry Department, 28 rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris CEDEX 15, France.
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21
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O'Brien DP, Perez ACS, Karst J, Cannella SE, Enguéné VYN, Hessel A, Raoux-Barbot D, Voegele A, Subrini O, Davi M, Guijarro JI, Raynal B, Baron B, England P, Hernandez B, Ghomi M, Hourdel V, Malosse C, Chamot-Rooke J, Vachette P, Durand D, Brier S, Ladant D, Chenal A. Calcium-dependent disorder-to-order transitions are central to the secretion and folding of the CyaA toxin of Bordetella pertussis, the causative agent of whooping cough. Toxicon 2018; 149:37-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2018.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Revised: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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22
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Liu L, Wang H, Han Y, Lv S, Chen J. Using single molecule force spectroscopy to facilitate a rational design of Ca2+-responsive β-roll peptide-based hydrogels. J Mater Chem B 2018; 6:5303-5312. [DOI: 10.1039/c8tb01511b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Mechanical stability of Ca2+-responsive β-roll peptides (RTX) is largely responsible for the Ca2+-dependent mechanical properties of the RTX-based hydrogels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lichao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic–Inorganic Composite Materials
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing 100029
- China
| | - Han Wang
- Department of Chemistry
- The University of British Columbia
- Vancouver
- Canada
| | - Yueying Han
- State Key Laboratory of Organic–Inorganic Composite Materials
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing 100029
- China
| | - Shanshan Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Organic–Inorganic Composite Materials
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing 100029
- China
- Department of Chemistry
| | - Jianfeng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Organic–Inorganic Composite Materials
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing 100029
- China
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23
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Membrane-Active Properties of an Amphitropic Peptide from the CyaA Toxin Translocation Region. Toxins (Basel) 2017; 9:toxins9110369. [PMID: 29135925 PMCID: PMC5705984 DOI: 10.3390/toxins9110369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Revised: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The adenylate cyclase toxin CyaA is involved in the early stages of infection by Bordetella pertussis, the causative agent of whooping cough. CyaA intoxicates target cells by a direct translocation of its catalytic domain (AC) across the plasma membrane and produces supraphysiological levels of cAMP, leading to cell death. The molecular process of AC translocation remains largely unknown, however. We have previously shown that deletion of residues 375–485 of CyaA selectively abrogates AC translocation into eukaryotic cells. We further identified within this “translocation region” (TR), P454 (residues 454–484), a peptide that exhibits membrane-active properties, i.e., is able to bind and permeabilize lipid vesicles. Here, we analyze various sequences from CyaA predicted to be amphipatic and show that although several of these peptides can bind membranes and adopt a helical conformation, only the P454 peptide is able to permeabilize membranes. We further characterize the contributions of the two arginine residues of P454 to membrane partitioning and permeabilization by analyzing the peptide variants in which these residues are substituted by different amino acids (e.g., A, K, Q, and E). Our data shows that both arginine residues significantly contribute, although diversely, to the membrane-active properties of P454, i.e., interactions with both neutral and anionic lipids, helix formation in membranes, and disruption of lipid bilayer integrity. These results are discussed in the context of the translocation process of the full-length CyaA toxin.
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O'Brien DP, Brier S, Ladant D, Durand D, Chenal A, Vachette P. SEC-SAXS and HDX-MS: A powerful combination. The case of the calcium-binding domain of a bacterial toxin. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2017; 65:62-68. [DOI: 10.1002/bab.1577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Darragh P. O'Brien
- Institut Pasteur; UMR CNRS 3528; Chemistry and Structural Biology Department; Paris France
| | - Sébastien Brier
- Institut Pasteur; USR CNRS 2000; CITECH; Chemistry and Structural Biology Department; Paris France
| | - Daniel Ladant
- Institut Pasteur; UMR CNRS 3528; Chemistry and Structural Biology Department; Paris France
| | - Dominique Durand
- Institut de Biologie Intégrative de la Cellule, UMR 9198; Université Paris-Sud; Orsay France
| | - Alexandre Chenal
- Institut Pasteur; UMR CNRS 3528; Chemistry and Structural Biology Department; Paris France
| | - Patrice Vachette
- Institut de Biologie Intégrative de la Cellule, UMR 9198; Université Paris-Sud; Orsay France
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Bulutoglu B, Banta S. Block V RTX Domain of Adenylate Cyclase from Bordetella pertussis: A Conformationally Dynamic Scaffold for Protein Engineering Applications. Toxins (Basel) 2017; 9:E289. [PMID: 28926974 PMCID: PMC5618222 DOI: 10.3390/toxins9090289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Revised: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The isolated Block V repeats-in-toxin (RTX) peptide domain of adenylate cyclase (CyaA) from Bordetella pertussis reversibly folds into a β-roll secondary structure upon calcium binding. In this review, we discuss how the conformationally dynamic nature of the peptide is being engineered and employed as a switching mechanism to mediate different protein functions and protein-protein interactions. The peptide has been used as a scaffold for diverse applications including: a precipitation tag for bioseparations, a cross-linking domain for protein hydrogel formation and as an alternative scaffold for biomolecular recognition applications. Proteins and peptides such as the RTX domains that exhibit natural stimulus-responsive behavior are valuable building blocks for emerging synthetic biology applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beyza Bulutoglu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, 500 W 120th Street, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Scott Banta
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, 500 W 120th Street, New York, NY 10027, USA.
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26
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Bulutoglu B, Dooley K, Szilvay G, Blenner M, Banta S. Catch and Release: Engineered Allosterically Regulated β-Roll Peptides Enable On/Off Biomolecular Recognition. ACS Synth Biol 2017; 6:1732-1741. [PMID: 28520402 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.7b00089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Alternative scaffolds for biomolecular recognition are being developed to overcome some of the limitations associated with immunoglobulin domains. The repeat-in-toxin (RTX) domain is a repeat protein sequence that reversibly adopts the β-roll secondary structure motif specifically upon calcium binding. This conformational change was exploited for controlled biomolecular recognition. Using ribosome display, an RTX peptide library was selected to identify binders to a model protein, lysozyme, exclusively in the folded state of the peptide. Several mutants were identified with low micromolar dissociation constants. After concatenation of the mutants, a 500-fold increase in the overall affinity for lysozyme was achieved leading to a peptide with an apparent dissociation constant of 65 nM. This mutant was immobilized for affinity chromatography experiments, and the on/off nature of the molecular recognition was demonstrated as the target is captured from a mixture in the presence of calcium and is released in the absence of calcium as the RTX peptides lose their β-roll structure. This work presents the design of a new stimulus-responsive scaffold that can be used for environmentally responsive specific molecular recognition and self-assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beyza Bulutoglu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Kevin Dooley
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Géza Szilvay
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Mark Blenner
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Scott Banta
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
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27
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Hepp C, Maier B. Bacterial Translocation Ratchets: Shared Physical Principles with Different Molecular Implementations: How bacterial secretion systems bias Brownian motion for efficient translocation of macromolecules. Bioessays 2017; 39. [PMID: 28895164 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201700099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Revised: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Secretion systems enable bacteria to import and secrete large macromolecules including DNA and proteins. While most components of these systems have been identified, the molecular mechanisms of macromolecular transport remain poorly understood. Recent findings suggest that various bacterial secretion systems make use of the translocation ratchet mechanism for transporting polymers across the cell envelope. Translocation ratchets are powered by chemical potential differences generated by concentration gradients of ions or molecules that are specific to the respective secretion systems. Bacteria employ these potential differences for biasing Brownian motion of the macromolecules within the conduits of the secretion systems. Candidates for this mechanism include DNA import by the type II secretion/type IV pilus system, DNA export by the type IV secretion system, and protein export by the type I secretion system. Here, we propose that these three secretion systems employ different molecular implementations of the translocation ratchet mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christof Hepp
- Department of Physics Universität zu Köln, Köln, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany
| | - Berenike Maier
- Department of Physics Universität zu Köln, Köln, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany
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28
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Guiso N. Bordetella Adenylate Cyclase-Hemolysin Toxins. Toxins (Basel) 2017; 9:E277. [PMID: 28892012 PMCID: PMC5618210 DOI: 10.3390/toxins9090277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Revised: 09/03/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Adenylate cyclase-hemolysin toxin is secreted and produced by three classical species of the genus Bordetella: Bordetella pertussis, B. parapertussis and B. bronchiseptica. This toxin has several properties such as: (i) adenylate cyclase activity, enhanced after interaction with the eukaryotic protein, calmodulin; (ii) a pore-forming activity; (iii) an invasive activity. It plays an important role in the pathogenesis of these Bordetella species responsible for whooping cough in humans or persistent respiratory infections in mammals, by modulating host immune responses. In contrast with other Bordetella toxins or adhesins, lack of (or very low polymorphism) is observed in the structural gene encoding this toxin, supporting its importance as well as a potential role as a vaccine antigen against whooping cough. In this article, an overview of the investigations undertaken on this toxin is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Guiso
- Institut Pasteur Unité de Prévention et Thérapies Moléculaires des Maladies Humaines, 25 rue du Dr. Roux, 75015 Paris, France.
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Molecular Modeling of the Catalytic Domain of CyaA Deepened the Knowledge of Its Functional Dynamics. Toxins (Basel) 2017; 9:toxins9070199. [PMID: 28672846 PMCID: PMC5535146 DOI: 10.3390/toxins9070199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2017] [Revised: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Although CyaA has been studied for over three decades and revealed itself to be a very good prototype for developing various biotechnological applications, only a little is known about its functional dynamics and about the conformational landscape of this protein. Molecular dynamics simulations helped to clarify the view on these points in the following way. First, the model of interaction between AC and calmodulin (CaM) has evolved from an interaction centered on the surface between C-CaM hydrophobic patch and the α helix H of AC, to a more balanced view, in which the C-terminal tail of AC along with the C-CaM Calcium loops play an important role. This role has been confirmed by the reduction of the affinity of AC for calmodulin in the presence of R338, D360 and N347 mutations. In addition, enhanced sampling studies have permitted to propose a representation of the conformational space for the isolated AC. It remains to refine this representation using structural low resolution information measured on the inactive state of AC. Finally, due to a virtual screening study on another adenyl cyclase from Bacillus anthracis, weak inhibitors of AC have been discovered.
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30
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Bulutoglu B, Yang SJ, Banta S. Conditional Network Assembly and Targeted Protein Retention via Environmentally Responsive, Engineered β-Roll Peptides. Biomacromolecules 2017; 18:2139-2145. [PMID: 28578565 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.7b00457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Beyza Bulutoglu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, 500 West 120th Street, Room 801, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Sarah J. Yang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, 500 West 120th Street, Room 801, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Scott Banta
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, 500 West 120th Street, Room 801, New York, New York 10027, United States
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Albumin, in the Presence of Calcium, Elicits a Massive Increase in Extracellular Bordetella Adenylate Cyclase Toxin. Infect Immun 2017; 85:IAI.00198-17. [PMID: 28396321 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00198-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 04/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Pertussis (whooping cough), caused by Bordetella pertussis, is resurging in the United States and worldwide. Adenylate cyclase toxin (ACT) is a critical factor in establishing infection with B. pertussis and acts by specifically inhibiting the response of myeloid leukocytes to the pathogen. We report here that serum components, as discovered during growth in fetal bovine serum (FBS), elicit a robust increase in the amount of ACT, and ≥90% of this ACT is localized to the supernatant, unlike growth without FBS, in which ≥90% is associated with the bacterium. We have found that albumin, in the presence of physiological concentrations of calcium, acts specifically to enhance the amount of ACT and its localization to the supernatant. Respiratory secretions, which contain albumin, promote an increase in amount and localization of active ACT that is comparable to that elicited by serum and albumin. The response to albumin is not mediated through regulation of ACT at the transcriptional level or activation of the Bvg two-component system. As further illustration of the specificity of this phenomenon, serum collected from mice that lack albumin does not stimulate an increase in ACT. These data, demonstrating that albumin and calcium act synergistically in the host environment to increase production and release of ACT, strongly suggest that this phenomenon reflects a novel host-pathogen interaction that is central to infection with B. pertussis and other Bordetella species.
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32
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Cannella SE, Ntsogo Enguéné VY, Davi M, Malosse C, Sotomayor Pérez AC, Chamot-Rooke J, Vachette P, Durand D, Ladant D, Chenal A. Stability, structural and functional properties of a monomeric, calcium-loaded adenylate cyclase toxin, CyaA, from Bordetella pertussis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:42065. [PMID: 28186111 PMCID: PMC5301233 DOI: 10.1038/srep42065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Bordetella pertussis, the causative agent of whooping cough, secretes an adenylate cyclase toxin, CyaA, which invades eukaryotic cells and alters their physiology by cAMP overproduction. Calcium is an essential cofactor of CyaA, as it is the case for most members of the Repeat-in-ToXins (RTX) family. We show that the calcium-bound, monomeric form of CyaA, hCyaAm, conserves its permeabilization and haemolytic activities, even in a fully calcium-free environment. In contrast, hCyaAm requires sub-millimolar calcium in solution for cell invasion, indicating that free calcium in solution is involved in the CyaA toxin translocation process. We further report the first in solution structural characterization of hCyaAm, as deduced from SAXS, mass spectrometry and hydrodynamic studies. We show that hCyaAm adopts a compact and stable state that can transiently conserve its conformation even in a fully calcium-free environment. Our results therefore suggest that in hCyaAm, the C-terminal RTX-domain is stabilized in a high-affinity calcium-binding state by the N-terminal domains while, conversely, calcium binding to the C-terminal RTX-domain strongly stabilizes the N-terminal regions. Hence, the different regions of hCyaAm appear tightly connected, leading to stabilization effects between domains. The hysteretic behaviour of CyaA in response to calcium is likely shared by other RTX cytolysins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara E. Cannella
- Institut Pasteur, UMR CNRS 3528, Chemistry and Structural Biology Department, 75724 PARIS cedex 15, France
| | | | - Marilyne Davi
- Institut Pasteur, UMR CNRS 3528, Chemistry and Structural Biology Department, 75724 PARIS cedex 15, France
| | - Christian Malosse
- Institut Pasteur, UMR CNRS 3528, Chemistry and Structural Biology Department, 75724 PARIS cedex 15, France
| | | | - Julia Chamot-Rooke
- Institut Pasteur, UMR CNRS 3528, Chemistry and Structural Biology Department, 75724 PARIS cedex 15, France
| | - Patrice Vachette
- Institut de Biologie Intégrative de la Cellule, UMR 9198, Université Paris-Sud, F-91405 ORSAY Cedex, France
| | - Dominique Durand
- Institut de Biologie Intégrative de la Cellule, UMR 9198, Université Paris-Sud, F-91405 ORSAY Cedex, France
| | - Daniel Ladant
- Institut Pasteur, UMR CNRS 3528, Chemistry and Structural Biology Department, 75724 PARIS cedex 15, France
| | - Alexandre Chenal
- Institut Pasteur, UMR CNRS 3528, Chemistry and Structural Biology Department, 75724 PARIS cedex 15, France
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33
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Yeruva VC, Kulkarni A, Khandelwal R, Sharma Y, Raghunand TR. The PE_PGRS Proteins of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Are Ca2+ Binding Mediators of Host–Pathogen Interaction. Biochemistry 2016; 55:4675-87. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.6b00289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Veena C. Yeruva
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Uppal Road, Hyderabad 500007, India
| | - Apoorva Kulkarni
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Uppal Road, Hyderabad 500007, India
| | - Radhika Khandelwal
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Uppal Road, Hyderabad 500007, India
| | - Yogendra Sharma
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Uppal Road, Hyderabad 500007, India
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34
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Amartely H, David A, Shamir M, Lebendiker M, Izraeli S, Friedler A. Differential effects of zinc binding on structured and disordered regions in the multidomain STIL protein. Chem Sci 2016; 7:4140-4147. [PMID: 30155058 PMCID: PMC6014068 DOI: 10.1039/c6sc00115g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we show that simultaneous binding of Zn2+ ions has different effects on structured and disordered domains in the same multidomain protein.
Binding of metal ions is an important regulatory mechanism in proteins. Specifically, Zn2+ binding to disordered regions commonly induces a disorder to order transition and gain of structure or oligomerization. Here we show that simultaneous binding of Zn2+ ions has different effects on structured and disordered domains in the same multidomain protein. The centrosomal STIL protein bound Zn2+ ions via both its structured N-terminal domain (NTD) and disordered central region (IDR). Zn2+ binding induced structural rearrangement of the structured NTD but promoted oligomerization of the IDR. We suggest that by binding Zn2+ STIL acquires a different conformation, which allows its oligomerization and induces its activity. Sequence alignment of the oligomerization region revealed a new suggested motif, SxKxS/SxHxS/SxLxS, which may participate in STIL oligomerization. Binding of the same metal ion through a disordered and a structured domain in the same protein is a property that may have implications in regulating the protein activity. By doing so, the protein achieves two parallel outcomes: structural changes and oligomerization that can take place together. Our results describe a new important role of the delicate interplay between structure and intrinsic disorder in proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadar Amartely
- Institute of Chemistry , Hebrew University of Jerusalem , Safra Campus, Givat Ram , Jerusalem 91904 , Israel
| | - Ahuvit David
- Sheba Cancer Research Center and the Edmond and Lily Safra Children Hospital , Sheba Medical Center , Tel-Hashomer 52621 , Israel.,Department of Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry , Faculty of Medicine , Tel Aviv University , Tel Aviv , Israel
| | - Mai Shamir
- Institute of Chemistry , Hebrew University of Jerusalem , Safra Campus, Givat Ram , Jerusalem 91904 , Israel
| | - Mario Lebendiker
- The Wolfson Centre for Applied Structural Biology , Hebrew University of Jerusalem , Safra Campus, Givat Ram , Jerusalem 91904 , Israel
| | - Shai Izraeli
- Sheba Cancer Research Center and the Edmond and Lily Safra Children Hospital , Sheba Medical Center , Tel-Hashomer 52621 , Israel.,Department of Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry , Faculty of Medicine , Tel Aviv University , Tel Aviv , Israel
| | - Assaf Friedler
- Institute of Chemistry , Hebrew University of Jerusalem , Safra Campus, Givat Ram , Jerusalem 91904 , Israel
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35
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Araye A, Goudet A, Barbier J, Pichard S, Baron B, England P, Pérez J, Zinn-Justin S, Chenal A, Gillet D. The Translocation Domain of Botulinum Neurotoxin A Moderates the Propensity of the Catalytic Domain to Interact with Membranes at Acidic pH. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0153401. [PMID: 27070312 PMCID: PMC4829238 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0153401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Botulinum neurotoxin A (BoNT/A) is composed of three domains: a catalytic domain (LC), a translocation domain (HN) and a receptor-binding domain (HC). Like most bacterial toxins BoNT/A is an amphitropic protein, produced in a soluble form that is able to interact, penetrate and/or cross a membrane to achieve its toxic function. During intoxication BoNT/A is internalized by the cell by receptor-mediated endocytosis. Then, LC crosses the membrane of the endocytic compartment and reaches the cytosol. This translocation is initiated by the low pH found in this compartment. It has been suggested that LC passes in an unfolded state through a transmembrane passage formed by HN. We report here that acidification induces no major conformational change in either secondary or tertiary structures of LC and HN of BoNT/A in solution. GdnHCl-induced denaturation experiments showed that the stability of LC and HN increases as pH drops, and that HN further stabilizes LC. Unexpectedly we found that LC has a high propensity to interact with and permeabilize anionic lipid bilayers upon acidification without the help of HN. This property is downplayed when LC is linked to HN. HN thus acts as a chaperone for LC by enhancing its stability but also as a moderator of the membrane interaction of LC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Araye
- CEA, iBiTec-S/SIMOPRO, CEA-Saclay, Paris Saclay University, LabEx LERMIT, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Amélie Goudet
- CEA, iBiTec-S/SIMOPRO, CEA-Saclay, Paris Saclay University, LabEx LERMIT, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Julien Barbier
- CEA, iBiTec-S/SIMOPRO, CEA-Saclay, Paris Saclay University, LabEx LERMIT, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Sylvain Pichard
- CEA, iBiTec-S/SIMOPRO, CEA-Saclay, Paris Saclay University, LabEx LERMIT, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Bruno Baron
- Institut Pasteur, Proteopole, Plateforme de Biophysique des Macromolécules et de leurs Interactions (PFBMI), 25–28 rue du Dr Roux, F-75724 Paris cedex 15, France
| | - Patrick England
- Institut Pasteur, Proteopole, Plateforme de Biophysique des Macromolécules et de leurs Interactions (PFBMI), 25–28 rue du Dr Roux, F-75724 Paris cedex 15, France
| | - Javier Pérez
- Synchrotron Soleil, BP 48, F-91192 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | | | - Alexandre Chenal
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Biochimie des Interactions Macromoléculaires, UMR 3528, 25–28 rue du Dr Roux, F-75724 Paris cedex 15, France
| | - Daniel Gillet
- CEA, iBiTec-S/SIMOPRO, CEA-Saclay, Paris Saclay University, LabEx LERMIT, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- * E-mail:
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36
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Bumba L, Masin J, Macek P, Wald T, Motlova L, Bibova I, Klimova N, Bednarova L, Veverka V, Kachala M, Svergun D, Barinka C, Sebo P. Calcium-Driven Folding of RTX Domain β-Rolls Ratchets Translocation of RTX Proteins through Type I Secretion Ducts. Mol Cell 2016; 62:47-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2016.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Revised: 12/31/2015] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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37
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Matyska Liskova P, Fiser R, Macek P, Chmelik J, Sykora J, Bednarova L, Konopasek I, Bumba L. Probing the Ca(2+)-assisted π-π interaction during Ca(2+)-dependent protein folding. SOFT MATTER 2016; 12:531-541. [PMID: 26489523 DOI: 10.1039/c5sm01796c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Protein folding is governed by a balance of non-covalent interactions, of which cation-π and π-π play important roles. Theoretical calculations revealed a strong cooperativity between cation-π involving alkali and alkaline earth metal ions and π-π interactions, but however, no experimental evidence was provided in this regard. Here, we characterized a Ca(2+)-binding self-processing module (SPM), which mediates a highly-specific Ca(2+)-dependent autocatalytic processing of iron-regulated protein FrpC secreted by the pathogenic Gram-negative bacterium Neisseria meningitidis. The SPM undergoes a Ca(2+)-induced transition from an intrinsically unstructured conformation to the compact protein fold that is ultimately stabilized by the π-π interaction between two unique tryptophan residues arranged in the T-shaped orientation. Moreover, the pair of tryptophans is located in a close vicinity of a calcium-binding site, suggesting the involvement of a Ca(2+)-assisted π-π interaction in the stabilization of the tertiary structure of the SPM. This makes the SPM an excellent model for the investigation of the Ca(2+)-assisted π-π interaction during Ca(2+)-induced protein folding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Matyska Liskova
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Bacterial Pathogens, Institute of Microbiology of the ASCR, v.v.i., Videnska 1083, 14200 Prague, Czech Republic.
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38
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Juntapremjit S, Thamwiriyasati N, Kurehong C, Prangkio P, Shank L, Powthongchin B, Angsuthanasombat C. Functional importance of the Gly cluster in transmembrane helix 2 of the Bordetella pertussis CyaA-hemolysin: Implications for toxin oligomerization and pore formation. Toxicon 2015; 106:14-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2015.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Revised: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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39
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O'Brien DP, Hernandez B, Durand D, Hourdel V, Sotomayor-Pérez AC, Vachette P, Ghomi M, Chamot-Rooke J, Ladant D, Brier S, Chenal A. Structural models of intrinsically disordered and calcium-bound folded states of a protein adapted for secretion. Sci Rep 2015; 5:14223. [PMID: 26374675 PMCID: PMC4642704 DOI: 10.1038/srep14223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Many Gram-negative bacteria use Type I secretion systems, T1SS, to secrete virulence factors that contain calcium-binding Repeat-in-ToXin (RTX) motifs. Here, we present structural models of an RTX protein, RD, in both its intrinsically disordered calcium-free Apo-state and its folded calcium-bound Holo-state. Apo-RD behaves as a disordered polymer chain comprising several statistical elements that exhibit local rigidity with residual secondary structure. Holo-RD is a folded multi-domain protein with an anisometric shape. RTX motifs thus appear remarkably adapted to the structural and mechanistic constraints of the secretion process. In the low calcium environment of the bacterial cytosol, Apo-RD is an elongated disordered coil appropriately sized for transport through the narrow secretion machinery. The progressive folding of Holo-RD in the extracellular calcium-rich environment as it emerges form the T1SS may then favor its unidirectional export through the secretory channel. This process is relevant for hundreds of bacterial species producing virulent RTX proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darragh P O'Brien
- Institut Pasteur, UMR CNRS 3528, Chemistry and Structural Biology Department, 75724 PARIS cedex 15, France
| | - Belen Hernandez
- Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris 13, Groupe de Biophysique Moléculaire, UFR Santé-Médecine-Biologie Humaine, 74 rue Marcel Cachin, 93017 Bobigny Cedex, France
| | - Dominique Durand
- Institut de Biologie Intégrative de la Cellule, UMR 9198, Université Paris-Sud, F-91405 ORSAY Cedex, France
| | - Véronique Hourdel
- Institut Pasteur, UMR CNRS 3528, Chemistry and Structural Biology Department, 75724 PARIS cedex 15, France
| | | | - Patrice Vachette
- Institut de Biologie Intégrative de la Cellule, UMR 9198, Université Paris-Sud, F-91405 ORSAY Cedex, France
| | - Mahmoud Ghomi
- Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris 13, Groupe de Biophysique Moléculaire, UFR Santé-Médecine-Biologie Humaine, 74 rue Marcel Cachin, 93017 Bobigny Cedex, France
| | - Julia Chamot-Rooke
- Institut Pasteur, UMR CNRS 3528, Chemistry and Structural Biology Department, 75724 PARIS cedex 15, France
| | - Daniel Ladant
- Institut Pasteur, UMR CNRS 3528, Chemistry and Structural Biology Department, 75724 PARIS cedex 15, France
| | - Sébastien Brier
- Institut Pasteur, UMR CNRS 3528, Chemistry and Structural Biology Department, 75724 PARIS cedex 15, France
| | - Alexandre Chenal
- Institut Pasteur, UMR CNRS 3528, Chemistry and Structural Biology Department, 75724 PARIS cedex 15, France
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40
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Varela Chavez C, Hoos S, Haustant GM, Chenal A, England P, Blondel A, Pauillac S, Lacy DB, Popoff MR. The catalytic domains of Clostridium sordellii lethal toxin and related large clostridial glucosylating toxins specifically recognize the negatively charged phospholipids phosphatidylserine and phosphatidic acid. Cell Microbiol 2015; 17:1477-93. [PMID: 25882477 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Clostridium sordellii lethal toxin (TcsL) is a potent virulence factor belonging to the large clostridial glucosylating toxin family. TcsL enters target cells via receptor-mediated endocytosis and delivers the N-terminal catalytic domain (TcsL-cat) into the cytosol upon an autoproteolytic process. TcsL-cat inactivates small GTPases including Rac and Ras by glucosylation with uridine-diphosphate (UDP)-glucose as cofactor leading to drastic changes in cytoskeleton and cell viability. TcsL-cat was found to preferentially bind to phosphatidylserine (PS)-containing membranes and to increase the glucosylation of Rac anchored to lipid membrane. We here report binding affinity measurements of TcsL-cat for brain PS-containing membranes by surface plasmon resonance and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). In addition, TcsL-cat bound to phosphatidic acid (PA) and, to a lesser extent, to other anionic lipids, but not to neutral lipids, sphingolipids or sterol. We further show that the lipid unsaturation status influenced TcsL-cat binding to phospholipids, PS with unsaturated acyl chains and PA with saturated acyl chains being the preferred bindingsubstrates. Phospholipid binding site is localized at the N-terminal four helical bundle structure (1-93 domain). However, TcsL-1-93 bound to a broad range of substrates, whereas TcsL-cat, which is the active domain physiologically delivered into the cytosol, selectively bound to PS and PA. Similar findings were observed with the other large clostridial glucosylating toxins from C. difficile, C. novyi and C. perfringens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sylviane Hoos
- Plateforme de Biophysique Moléculaire, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | | | - Alexandre Chenal
- Unité de Biochimie des Interactions Macromoléculaires, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Patrick England
- Plateforme de Biophysique Moléculaire, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Arnaud Blondel
- Unité de Bioinformatique Structurale, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Serge Pauillac
- Unité des Bactéries anaérobies et Toxines, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - D Borden Lacy
- Unité de Bioinformatique Structurale, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
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41
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Selwa E, Davi M, Chenal A, Sotomayor-Pérez AC, Ladant D, Malliavin TE. Allosteric activation of Bordetella pertussis adenylyl cyclase by calmodulin: molecular dynamics and mutagenesis studies. J Biol Chem 2015; 289:21131-41. [PMID: 24907274 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.530410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Adenylyl cyclase (AC) toxin is an essential toxin that allows Bordetella pertussis to invade eukaryotic cells, where it is activated after binding to calmodulin (CaM). Based on the crystal structure of the AC catalytic domain in complex with the C-terminal half of CaM (C-CaM), our previous molecular dynamics simulations (Selwa, E., Laine, E., and Malliavin, T. (2012) Differential role of calmodulin and calcium ions in the stabilization of the catalytic domain of adenyl cyclase CyaA from Bordetella pertussis. Proteins 80, 1028–1040) suggested that three residues (i.e. Arg(338), Asn(347), and Asp(360)) might be important for stabilizing the AC/CaM interaction. These residues belong to a loop-helix-loop motif at the C-terminal end of AC, which is located at the interface between CaM and the AC catalytic loop. In the present study, we conducted the in silico and in vitro characterization of three AC variants, where one (Asn(347); ACm1A), two (Arg(338) and Asp(360); ACm2A), or three residues (Arg(338), Asn(347), and Asp(360); ACm3A) were substituted with Ala. Biochemical studies showed that the affinities of ACm1A and ACm2A for CaM were not affected significantly, whereas that of ACm3A was reduced dramatically. To understand the effects of these modifications, molecular dynamics simulations were performed based on the modified proteins. The molecular dynamics trajectories recorded for the ACm3AC-CaM complex showed that the calcium-binding loops of C-CaM exhibited large fluctuations, which could be related to the weakened interaction between ACm3A and its activator. Overall, our results suggest that the loop-helix-loop motif at the C-terminal end of AC is crucial during CaM binding for stabilizing the AC catalytic loop in an active configuration.
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42
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Disorder-to-order transition in the CyaA toxin RTX domain: implications for toxin secretion. Toxins (Basel) 2014; 7:1-20. [PMID: 25559101 PMCID: PMC4303809 DOI: 10.3390/toxins7010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 12/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The past decade has seen a fundamental reappraisal of the protein structure-to-function paradigm because it became evident that a significant fraction of polypeptides are lacking ordered structures under physiological conditions. Ligand-induced disorder-to-order transition plays a key role in the biological functions of many proteins that contain intrinsically disordered regions. This trait is exhibited by RTX (Repeat in ToXin) motifs found in more than 250 virulence factors secreted by Gram-negative pathogenic bacteria. We have investigated several RTX-containing polypeptides of different lengths, all derived from the Bordetella pertussis adenylate cyclase toxin, CyaA. Using a combination of experimental approaches, we showed that the RTX proteins exhibit the hallmarks of intrinsically disordered proteins in the absence of calcium. This intrinsic disorder mainly results from internal electrostatic repulsions between negatively charged residues of the RTX motifs. Calcium binding triggers a strong reduction of the mean net charge, dehydration and compaction, folding and stabilization of secondary and tertiary structures of the RTX proteins. We propose that the intrinsically disordered character of the RTX proteins may facilitate the uptake and secretion of virulence factors through the bacterial secretion machinery. These results support the hypothesis that the folding reaction is achieved upon protein secretion and, in the case of proteins containing RTX motifs, could be finely regulated by the calcium gradient across bacterial cell wall.
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Hendrix J, Read T, Lalonde JF, Jensen PK, Heymann W, Lovelace E, Zimmermann SA, Brasino M, Rokicki J, Dowell RD. Engineered calcium-precipitable restriction enzyme. ACS Synth Biol 2014; 3:969-71. [PMID: 25524101 DOI: 10.1021/sb500042m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We have developed a simple system for tagging and purifying proteins. Recent experiments have demonstrated that RTX (Repeat in Toxin) motifs from the adenylate cyclase toxin gene (CyaA) of B. pertussis undergo a conformational change upon binding calcium, resulting in precipitation of fused proteins and making this method a viable alternative for bioseparation. We have designed an iGEM Biobrick comprised of an RTX tag that can be easily fused to any protein of interest. In this paper, we detail the process of creating an RTX tagged version of the restriction enzyme EcoRI and describe a method for expression and purification of the functional enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josephina Hendrix
- Department
of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, ‡Department of Chemical
and Biological Engineering, §Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, ∥BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Timothy Read
- Department
of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, ‡Department of Chemical
and Biological Engineering, §Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, ∥BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Jean-Francois Lalonde
- Department
of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, ‡Department of Chemical
and Biological Engineering, §Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, ∥BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Phillip K. Jensen
- Department
of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, ‡Department of Chemical
and Biological Engineering, §Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, ∥BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - William Heymann
- Department
of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, ‡Department of Chemical
and Biological Engineering, §Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, ∥BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Elijah Lovelace
- Department
of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, ‡Department of Chemical
and Biological Engineering, §Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, ∥BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Sarah A. Zimmermann
- Department
of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, ‡Department of Chemical
and Biological Engineering, §Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, ∥BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Michael Brasino
- Department
of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, ‡Department of Chemical
and Biological Engineering, §Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, ∥BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Joseph Rokicki
- Department
of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, ‡Department of Chemical
and Biological Engineering, §Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, ∥BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Robin D. Dowell
- Department
of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, ‡Department of Chemical
and Biological Engineering, §Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, ∥BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
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44
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Karst JC, Ntsogo Enguéné VY, Cannella SE, Subrini O, Hessel A, Debard S, Ladant D, Chenal A. Calcium, acylation, and molecular confinement favor folding of Bordetella pertussis adenylate cyclase CyaA toxin into a monomeric and cytotoxic form. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:30702-30716. [PMID: 25231985 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.580852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The adenylate cyclase (CyaA) toxin, a multidomain protein of 1706 amino acids, is one of the major virulence factors produced by Bordetella pertussis, the causative agent of whooping cough. CyaA is able to invade eukaryotic target cells in which it produces high levels of cAMP, thus altering the cellular physiology. Although CyaA has been extensively studied by various cellular and molecular approaches, the structural and functional states of the toxin remain poorly characterized. Indeed, CyaA is a large protein and exhibits a pronounced hydrophobic character, making it prone to aggregation into multimeric forms. As a result, CyaA has usually been extracted and stored in denaturing conditions. Here, we define the experimental conditions allowing CyaA folding into a monomeric and functional species. We found that CyaA forms mainly multimers when refolded by dialysis, dilution, or buffer exchange. However, a significant fraction of monomeric, folded protein could be obtained by exploiting molecular confinement on size exclusion chromatography. Folding of CyaA into a monomeric form was found to be critically dependent upon the presence of calcium and post-translational acylation of the protein. We further show that the monomeric preparation displayed hemolytic and cytotoxic activities suggesting that the monomer is the genuine, physiologically active form of the toxin. We hypothesize that the structural role of the post-translational acylation in CyaA folding may apply to other RTX toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna C Karst
- Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3528, Unité de Biochimie des Interactions Macromoléculaires, Département de Biologie Structurale et Chimie, 28 Rue du Dr. Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - V Yvette Ntsogo Enguéné
- Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3528, Unité de Biochimie des Interactions Macromoléculaires, Département de Biologie Structurale et Chimie, 28 Rue du Dr. Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Sara E Cannella
- Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3528, Unité de Biochimie des Interactions Macromoléculaires, Département de Biologie Structurale et Chimie, 28 Rue du Dr. Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Orso Subrini
- Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3528, Unité de Biochimie des Interactions Macromoléculaires, Département de Biologie Structurale et Chimie, 28 Rue du Dr. Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Audrey Hessel
- Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3528, Unité de Biochimie des Interactions Macromoléculaires, Département de Biologie Structurale et Chimie, 28 Rue du Dr. Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Sylvain Debard
- Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3528, Unité de Biochimie des Interactions Macromoléculaires, Département de Biologie Structurale et Chimie, 28 Rue du Dr. Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Daniel Ladant
- Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3528, Unité de Biochimie des Interactions Macromoléculaires, Département de Biologie Structurale et Chimie, 28 Rue du Dr. Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France.
| | - Alexandre Chenal
- Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3528, Unité de Biochimie des Interactions Macromoléculaires, Département de Biologie Structurale et Chimie, 28 Rue du Dr. Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France.
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45
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Thomas S, Bakkes PJ, Smits SHJ, Schmitt L. Equilibrium folding of pro-HlyA from Escherichia coli reveals a stable calcium ion dependent folding intermediate. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2014; 1844:1500-10. [PMID: 24865936 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2014.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Revised: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
HlyA from Escherichia coli is a member of the repeats in toxin (RTX) protein family, produced by a wide range of Gram-negative bacteria and secreted by a dedicated Type 1 Secretion System (T1SS). RTX proteins are thought to be secreted in an unfolded conformation and to fold upon secretion by Ca(2+) binding. However, the exact mechanism of secretion, ion binding and folding to the correct native state remains largely unknown. In this study we provide an easy protocol for high-level pro-HlyA purification from E. coli. Equilibrium folding studies, using intrinsic tryptophan fluorescence, revealed the well-known fact that Ca(2+) is essential for stability as well as correct folding of the whole protein. In the absence of Ca(2+), pro-HlyA adopts a non-native conformation. Such molecules could however be rescued by Ca(2+) addition, indicating that these are not dead-end species and that Ca(2+) drives pro-HlyA folding. More importantly, pro-HlyA unfolded via a two-state mechanism, whereas folding was a three-state process. The latter is indicative of the presence of a stable folding intermediate. Analysis of deletion and Trp mutants revealed that the first folding transition, at 6-7M urea, relates to Ca(2+) dependent structural changes at the extreme C-terminus of pro-HlyA, sensed exclusively by Trp914. Since all Trp residues of HlyA are located outside the RTX domain, our results demonstrate that Ca(2+) induced folding is not restricted to the RTX domain. Taken together, Ca(2+) binding to the pro-HlyA RTX domain is required to drive the folding of the entire protein to its native conformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Thomas
- Institute of Biochemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Patrick J Bakkes
- Institute of Biochemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Sander H J Smits
- Institute of Biochemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Lutz Schmitt
- Institute of Biochemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
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46
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Subrini O, Sotomayor-Pérez AC, Hessel A, Spiaczka-Karst J, Selwa E, Sapay N, Veneziano R, Pansieri J, Chopineau J, Ladant D, Chenal A. Characterization of a membrane-active peptide from the Bordetella pertussis CyaA toxin. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:32585-32598. [PMID: 24064217 PMCID: PMC3820891 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.508838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Revised: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Bordetella pertussis, the pathogenic bacteria responsible for whooping cough, secretes several virulence factors, among which is the adenylate cyclase toxin (CyaA) that plays a crucial role in the early stages of human respiratory tract colonization. CyaA invades target cells by translocating its catalytic domain directly across the plasma membrane and overproduces cAMP, leading to cell death. The molecular process leading to the translocation of the catalytic domain remains largely unknown. We have previously shown that the catalytic domain per se, AC384, encompassing residues 1-384 of CyaA, did not interact with lipid bilayer, whereas a longer polypeptide, AC489, spanning residues 1-489, binds to membranes and permeabilizes vesicles. Moreover, deletion of residues 375-485 within CyaA abrogated the translocation of the catalytic domain into target cells. Here, we further identified within this region a peptidic segment that exhibits membrane interaction properties. A synthetic peptide, P454, corresponding to this sequence (residues 454-485 of CyaA) was characterized by various biophysical approaches. We found that P454 (i) binds to membranes containing anionic lipids, (ii) adopts an α-helical structure oriented in plane with respect to the lipid bilayer, and (iii) permeabilizes vesicles. We propose that the region encompassing the helix 454-485 of CyaA may insert into target cell membrane and induce a local destabilization of the lipid bilayer, thus favoring the translocation of the catalytic domain across the plasma membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orso Subrini
- From the Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3528, Unité de Biochimie des Interactions Macromoléculaires, Département de Biologie Structurale et Chimie, 28 Rue du Dr. Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Ana-Cristina Sotomayor-Pérez
- From the Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3528, Unité de Biochimie des Interactions Macromoléculaires, Département de Biologie Structurale et Chimie, 28 Rue du Dr. Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Audrey Hessel
- From the Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3528, Unité de Biochimie des Interactions Macromoléculaires, Département de Biologie Structurale et Chimie, 28 Rue du Dr. Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Johanna Spiaczka-Karst
- From the Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3528, Unité de Biochimie des Interactions Macromoléculaires, Département de Biologie Structurale et Chimie, 28 Rue du Dr. Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Edithe Selwa
- the Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3528, Unité de Bio-Informatique Structurale, Département de Biologie Structurale et Chimie, 28 Rue du Dr. Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Nicolas Sapay
- the Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Direction des Sciences de la Vie, Institut de Recherches en Technologies et Sciences pour le Vivant, Laboratoire de Chimie et Biologie des Métaux, CEA Grenoble, 17 Rue des Martyrs, 38054 Grenoble, France
| | - Rémi Veneziano
- the Institut Charles Gerhardt, UMR 5253 CNRS/ENSCM/UM2/UM1, Equipe "Matériaux Avancés pour la Catalyse et la Santé", UFR des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, 15 Avenue Charles Flahault-BP 14 491, 34093 Montpellier Cedex 05, France
| | - Jonathan Pansieri
- the Institut Charles Gerhardt, UMR 5253 CNRS/ENSCM/UM2/UM1, Equipe "Matériaux Avancés pour la Catalyse et la Santé", UFR des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, 15 Avenue Charles Flahault-BP 14 491, 34093 Montpellier Cedex 05, France
| | - Joel Chopineau
- the Institut Charles Gerhardt, UMR 5253 CNRS/ENSCM/UM2/UM1, Equipe "Matériaux Avancés pour la Catalyse et la Santé", UFR des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, 15 Avenue Charles Flahault-BP 14 491, 34093 Montpellier Cedex 05, France; the Université de Nîmes, Rue Docteur Georges Salan, 30021 Nîmes, France
| | - Daniel Ladant
- From the Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3528, Unité de Biochimie des Interactions Macromoléculaires, Département de Biologie Structurale et Chimie, 28 Rue du Dr. Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France,.
| | - Alexandre Chenal
- From the Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3528, Unité de Biochimie des Interactions Macromoléculaires, Département de Biologie Structurale et Chimie, 28 Rue du Dr. Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France,.
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47
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Charge-dependent secretion of an intrinsically disordered protein via the autotransporter pathway. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:E4246-55. [PMID: 24145447 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1310345110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Autotransporters are a large class of virulence proteins produced by Gram-negative bacteria. They contain an N-terminal extracellular ("passenger") domain that folds into a β-helical structure and a C-terminal β-barrel ("β") domain that anchors the protein to the outer membrane. Because the periplasm lacks ATP, the source of energy that drives passenger domain secretion is unknown. The prevailing model postulates that vectorial folding of the β-helix in the extracellular space facilitates unidirectional secretion of the passenger domain. In this study we used a chimeric protein composed of the 675-residue receptor-binding domain (RD) of the Bordetella pertussis adenylate cyclase toxin CyaA fused to the C terminus of the Escherichia coli O157:H7 autotransporter EspP to test this hypothesis. The RD is a highly acidic, repetitive polypeptide that is intrinsically disordered in the absence of calcium. Surprisingly, we found that the RD moiety was efficiently secreted when it remained in an unfolded conformation. Furthermore, we found that neutralizing or reversing the charge of acidic amino acid clusters stalled translocation in the vicinity of the altered residues. These results challenge the vectorial folding model and, together with the finding that naturally occurring passenger domains are predominantly acidic, provide evidence that a net negative charge plays a significant role in driving the translocation reaction.
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48
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Zhou XR, Ge R, Luo SZ. Self-assembly of pH and calcium dual-responsive peptide-amphiphilic hydrogel. J Pept Sci 2013; 19:737-44. [DOI: 10.1002/psc.2569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2013] [Revised: 08/28/2013] [Accepted: 09/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xi-Rui Zhou
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioprocess, College of Life Science and Technology; Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Beijing 100029 China
| | - Rui Ge
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioprocess, College of Life Science and Technology; Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Beijing 100029 China
| | - Shi-Zhong Luo
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioprocess, College of Life Science and Technology; Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Beijing 100029 China
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49
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Sotomayor-Pérez AC, Subrini O, Hessel A, Ladant D, Chenal A. Molecular Crowding Stabilizes Both the Intrinsically Disordered Calcium-Free State and the Folded Calcium-Bound State of a Repeat in Toxin (RTX) Protein. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:11929-34. [DOI: 10.1021/ja404790f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ana-Cristina Sotomayor-Pérez
- Unité
de Biochimie des Interactions Macromoléculaires, CNRS UMR 3528,
Département de Biologie Structurale et Chimie, Institut Pasteur, 28 rue du Dr Roux, 75724 Paris cedex
15, France
| | - Orso Subrini
- Unité
de Biochimie des Interactions Macromoléculaires, CNRS UMR 3528,
Département de Biologie Structurale et Chimie, Institut Pasteur, 28 rue du Dr Roux, 75724 Paris cedex
15, France
| | - Audrey Hessel
- Unité
de Biochimie des Interactions Macromoléculaires, CNRS UMR 3528,
Département de Biologie Structurale et Chimie, Institut Pasteur, 28 rue du Dr Roux, 75724 Paris cedex
15, France
| | - Daniel Ladant
- Unité
de Biochimie des Interactions Macromoléculaires, CNRS UMR 3528,
Département de Biologie Structurale et Chimie, Institut Pasteur, 28 rue du Dr Roux, 75724 Paris cedex
15, France
| | - Alexandre Chenal
- Unité
de Biochimie des Interactions Macromoléculaires, CNRS UMR 3528,
Département de Biologie Structurale et Chimie, Institut Pasteur, 28 rue du Dr Roux, 75724 Paris cedex
15, France
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Shur O, Banta S. Rearranging and concatenating a native RTX domain to understand sequence modularity. Protein Eng Des Sel 2012; 26:171-80. [PMID: 23173179 DOI: 10.1093/protein/gzs092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of repetitive peptide sequences forming predictable secondary structures has been a key paradigm in recent efforts to engineer biomolecular recognition. The modularity and predictability of these scaffolds enables precise identification and mutation of the active interface, providing a level of control which non-repetitive scaffolds often lack. However, the majority of these scaffolds are well-folded stable structures. If the structures had a stimulus-responsive character, this would enable the allosteric regulation of their function. The calcium-responsive beta roll-forming repeats in toxin (RTX) domain potentially offer both of these properties. To further develop this scaffold, we synthesized a set of RTX peptides ranging in size from 5 to 17 repeats, with and without C-terminal capping. We found that while the number of repeats can be altered to tune the size of the RTX face, repeat ordering and C-terminal capping are critical for successful folding. Comparing all of the constructs, we also observed that native configuration with nine repeats exhibited the highest affinity for calcium. In addition, we performed a comparison on a set of known RTX-containing proteins and find that C-terminal repeats often possess deviations from the consensus RTX sequence which may be essential for proper folding. We further find that there seems to be a narrow size range in which RTX domains exist. These results demonstrate that the deviations from the consensus RTX sequence that are observed in natural proteins are important for high-affinity calcium binding and folding. Therefore, the RTX scaffolds will be less modular as compared with other, non-responsive scaffolds, and the sequence-dependent interactions between different repeats will need to be retained in these scaffolds as they are developed in future protein-engineering efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oren Shur
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University in the City of New York, New York, NY 10027, USA
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