1
|
Tatarsky RL, Akbari N, Wang K, Xu C, Bass AH. Label-free multiphoton imaging reveals volumetric shifts across development in sensory-related brain regions of a miniature transparent vertebrate. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.07.18.604134. [PMID: 39091824 PMCID: PMC11291088 DOI: 10.1101/2024.07.18.604134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
Animals integrate information from different sensory modalities as they mature and perform increasingly complex behaviors. This may parallel differential investment in specific brain regions depending on the demands of changing sensory inputs. To investigate developmental changes in the volume of canonical sensory integration brain regions, we used third harmonic generation imaging for morphometric analysis of forebrain and midbrain regions from 5 to 90 days post fertilization (dpf) in Danionella dracula , a transparent, miniature teleost fish whose brain is optically accessible throughout its lifespan. Relative to whole brain volume, increased volume or investment in telencephalon, a higher order sensory integration center, and torus longitudinalis (TL), a midbrain visuomotor integration center, is relatively consistent from 5 to 30 dpf, until it increases at 60 dpf, followed by another increase at 90 dpf, as animals reach adulthood. In contrast, investment in midbrain optic tectum (TeO), a retinal-recipient target, progressively decreases from 30-90 dpf, whereas investment is relatively consistent across all stages for the midbrain torus semicircularis (TS), a secondary auditory and mechanosensory lateral line center, and the olfactory bulb (OB), a direct target of the olfactory epithelium. In sum, increased investment in higher order integration centers (telencephalon, TL) occurs as juveniles reach adulthood and exhibit more complex cognitive tasks, whereas investment in modality-dominant regions occurs in earlier stages (TeO) or is relatively consistent across development (TS, OB). Complete optical access throughout Danionella 's lifespan provides a unique opportunity to investigate how changing brain structure over development correlates with changes in connectivity, microcircuitry, or behavior.
Collapse
|
2
|
Galli R, Uckermann O. Vibrational spectroscopy and multiphoton microscopy for label-free visualization of nervous system degeneration and regeneration. Biophys Rev 2024; 16:219-235. [PMID: 38737209 PMCID: PMC11078905 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-023-01158-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Neurological disorders, including spinal cord injury, peripheral nerve injury, traumatic brain injury, and neurodegenerative diseases, pose significant challenges in terms of diagnosis, treatment, and understanding the underlying pathophysiological processes. Label-free multiphoton microscopy techniques, such as coherent Raman scattering, two-photon excited autofluorescence, and second and third harmonic generation microscopy, have emerged as powerful tools for visualizing nervous tissue with high resolution and without the need for exogenous labels. Coherent Raman scattering processes as well as third harmonic generation enable label-free visualization of myelin sheaths, while their combination with two-photon excited autofluorescence and second harmonic generation allows for a more comprehensive tissue visualization. They have shown promise in assessing the efficacy of therapeutic interventions and may have future applications in clinical diagnostics. In addition to multiphoton microscopy, vibrational spectroscopy methods such as infrared and Raman spectroscopy offer insights into the molecular signatures of injured nervous tissues and hold potential as diagnostic markers. This review summarizes the application of these label-free optical techniques in preclinical models and illustrates their potential in the diagnosis and treatment of neurological disorders with a special focus on injury, degeneration, and regeneration. Furthermore, it addresses current advancements and challenges for bridging the gap between research findings and their practical applications in a clinical setting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Galli
- Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Ortrud Uckermann
- Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Division of Medical Biology, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Akbari N, Tatarsky RL, Kolkman KE, Fetcho JR, Xu C, Bass AH. Label-free, whole-brain in vivo mapping in an adult vertebrate with third harmonic generation microscopy. J Comp Neurol 2024; 532:e25614. [PMID: 38616537 PMCID: PMC11069316 DOI: 10.1002/cne.25614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Comprehensive understanding of interconnected networks within the brain requires access to high resolution information within large field of views and over time. Currently, methods that enable mapping structural changes of the entire brain in vivo are extremely limited. Third harmonic generation (THG) can resolve myelinated structures, blood vessels, and cell bodies throughout the brain without the need for any exogenous labeling. Together with deep penetration of long wavelengths, this enables in vivo brain-mapping of large fractions of the brain in small animals and over time. Here, we demonstrate that THG microscopy allows non-invasive label-free mapping of the entire brain of an adult vertebrate, Danionella dracula, which is a miniature species of cyprinid fish. We show this capability in multiple brain regions and in particular the identification of major commissural fiber bundles in the midbrain and the hindbrain. These features provide readily discernable landmarks for navigation and identification of regional-specific neuronal groups and even single neurons during in vivo experiments. We further show how this label-free technique can easily be coupled with fluorescence microscopy and used as a comparative tool for studies of other species with similar body features to Danionella, such as zebrafish (Danio rerio) and tetras (Trochilocharax ornatus). This new evidence, building on previous studies, demonstrates how small size and relative transparency, combined with the unique capabilities of THG microscopy, can enable label-free access to the entire adult vertebrate brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Najva Akbari
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY USA 14850
- Present address: Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA USA 94305
| | - Rose L. Tatarsky
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY USA 14850
| | - Kristine E. Kolkman
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY USA 14850
| | - Joseph R. Fetcho
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY USA 14850
| | - Chris Xu
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY USA 14850
| | - Andrew H. Bass
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY USA 14850
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Khoa Phan TN, Tomoki S, Wang YW, Kato K, Agulto VC, Isoyama G, Fujioka S, Nakajima M. Third harmonic generation due to free carrier in InSb using a terahertz free electron laser. OPTICS LETTERS 2024; 49:1073-1076. [PMID: 38359256 DOI: 10.1364/ol.514693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
We report on the third harmonic generation (THG) in InSb semiconductor irradiated by a terahertz (THz) free electron laser (FEL). The conversion of 4 THz (wavelength 70 µm) FEL outputs into its third harmonic 12 THz was observed. We found that by tuning the sample temperature to 360 K, high conversion efficiency up to 1% can be obtained and is the highest in the THz and FIR regions below 10 THz. We also discuss the observed intensity dependence of the THG with the nonlinear order lower than 3 when the pumping intensity was high.
Collapse
|
5
|
Sánchez-Ramírez E, Ung TPL, Stringari C, Aguilar-Arnal L. Emerging Functional Connections Between Metabolism and Epigenetic Remodeling in Neural Differentiation. Mol Neurobiol 2024:10.1007/s12035-024-04006-w. [PMID: 38340204 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-024-04006-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Stem cells possess extraordinary capacities for self-renewal and differentiation, making them highly valuable in regenerative medicine. Among these, neural stem cells (NSCs) play a fundamental role in neural development and repair processes. NSC characteristics and fate are intricately regulated by the microenvironment and intracellular signaling. Interestingly, metabolism plays a pivotal role in orchestrating the epigenome dynamics during neural differentiation, facilitating the transition from undifferentiated NSC to specialized neuronal and glial cell types. This intricate interplay between metabolism and the epigenome is essential for precisely regulating gene expression patterns and ensuring proper neural development. This review highlights the mechanisms behind metabolic regulation of NSC fate and their connections with epigenetic regulation to shape transcriptional programs of stemness and neural differentiation. A comprehensive understanding of these molecular gears appears fundamental for translational applications in regenerative medicine and personalized therapies for neurological conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edgar Sánchez-Ramírez
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Fisiología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Thi Phuong Lien Ung
- Laboratory for Optics and Biosciences, Ecole Polytechnique, CNRS, INSERM, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, Palaiseau, France
| | - Chiara Stringari
- Laboratory for Optics and Biosciences, Ecole Polytechnique, CNRS, INSERM, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, Palaiseau, France
| | - Lorena Aguilar-Arnal
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Fisiología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ge X, Xu X, Cai Q, Xiong H, Xie C, Hong Y, Gao X, Yao Y, Bachoo R, Qin Z. Live Mapping of the Brain Extracellular Matrix and Remodeling in Neurological Disorders. SMALL METHODS 2024; 8:e2301117. [PMID: 37922523 PMCID: PMC10842100 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202301117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Live imaging of the brain extracellular matrix (ECM) provides vital insights into changes that occur in neurological disorders. Current techniques such as second or third-harmonic generation offer limited contrast for live imaging of the brain ECM. Here, a new method, pan-ECM via chemical labeling of extracellular proteins, is introduced for live brain ECM imaging. pan-ECM labels all major ECM components in live tissue including the interstitial matrix, basement membrane, and perineuronal nets. pan-ECM enables in vivo observation of the ECM heterogeneity between the glioma core and margin, as well as the assessment of ECM deterioration under stroke condition, without ECM shrinkage from tissue fixation. These findings indicate that the pan-ECM approach is a novel way to image the entire brain ECM in live brain tissue with optical resolution. pan-ECM has the potential to advance the understanding of ECM in brain function and neurological diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqian Ge
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, 75080, USA
| | - Xueqi Xu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, 75080, USA
| | - Qi Cai
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, 75080, USA
| | - Hejian Xiong
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, 75080, USA
| | - Chen Xie
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, 75080, USA
| | - Yi Hong
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, 76010, USA
| | - Xiaofei Gao
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Yao Yao
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
| | - Robert Bachoo
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
- Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Zhenpeng Qin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, 75080, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, 75080, USA
- Center for Advanced Pain Studies, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, 75080, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Liu CJ, Ammon W, Jones RJ, Nolan JC, Gong D, Maffei C, Edlow BL, Augustinack JC, Magnain C, Yendiki A, Villiger M, Fischl B, Wang H. Quantitative imaging of three-dimensional fiber orientation in the human brain via two illumination angles using polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.10.20.563298. [PMID: 37961162 PMCID: PMC10634685 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.20.563298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
The accurate measurement of three-dimensional (3D) fiber orientation in the brain is crucial for reconstructing fiber pathways and studying their involvement in neurological diseases. Optical imaging methods such as polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography (PS-OCT) provide important tools to directly quantify fiber orientation at micrometer resolution. However, brain imaging based on the optic axis by PS-OCT so far has been limited to two-dimensional in-plane orientation, preventing the comprehensive study of connectivity in 3D. In this work, we present a novel method to obtain the 3D fiber orientation in full angular space with only two illumination angles. We measure the optic axis orientation and the apparent birefringence by PS-OCT from a normal and a 15 deg tilted illumination, and then apply a computational method yielding the 3D optic axis orientation and true birefringence. We verify that our method accurately recovers a large range of through-plane orientations from -85 deg to 85 deg with a high angular precision. We further present 3D fiber orientation maps of entire coronal sections of human cerebrum and brainstem with 10 μm in-plane resolution, revealing unprecedented details of fiber configurations. We envision that further development of our method will open a promising avenue towards large-scale 3D fiber axis mapping in the human brain and other complex fibrous tissues at microscopic level.
Collapse
|
8
|
Mao W, Bui HTD, Cho W, Yoo HS. Spectroscopic techniques for monitoring stem cell and organoid proliferation in 3D environments for therapeutic development. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2023; 201:115074. [PMID: 37619771 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2023.115074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Revised: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Spectroscopic techniques for monitoring stem cell and organoid proliferation have gained significant attention in therapeutic development. Spectroscopic techniques such as fluorescence, Raman spectroscopy, and infrared spectroscopy offer noninvasive and real-time monitoring of biochemical and biophysical changes that occur during stem cell and organoid proliferation. These techniques provide valuable insight into the underlying mechanisms of action of potential therapeutic agents, allowing for improved drug discovery and screening. This review highlights the importance of spectroscopic monitoring of stem cell and organoid proliferation and its potential impact on therapeutic development. Furthermore, this review discusses recent advances in spectroscopic techniques and their applications in stem cell and organoid research. Overall, this review emphasizes the importance of spectroscopic techniques as valuable tools for studying stem cell and organoid proliferation and their potential to revolutionize therapeutic development in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Mao
- Department of Biomedical Materials Engineering, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea; Institute for Molecular Science and Fusion Technology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Hoai-Thuong Duc Bui
- Department of Biomedical Materials Engineering, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Wanho Cho
- Department of Biomedical Materials Engineering, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyuk Sang Yoo
- Department of Biomedical Materials Engineering, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea; Institute for Molecular Science and Fusion Technology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea; Institue of Biomedical Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea; Kangwon Radiation Convergence Research Support Center, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Turrini L, Roschi L, de Vito G, Pavone FS, Vanzi F. Imaging Approaches to Investigate Pathophysiological Mechanisms of Brain Disease in Zebrafish. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:9833. [PMID: 37372981 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24129833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Zebrafish has become an essential model organism in modern biomedical research. Owing to its distinctive features and high grade of genomic homology with humans, it is increasingly employed to model diverse neurological disorders, both through genetic and pharmacological intervention. The use of this vertebrate model has recently enhanced research efforts, both in the optical technology and in the bioengineering fields, aiming at developing novel tools for high spatiotemporal resolution imaging. Indeed, the ever-increasing use of imaging methods, often combined with fluorescent reporters or tags, enable a unique chance for translational neuroscience research at different levels, ranging from behavior (whole-organism) to functional aspects (whole-brain) and down to structural features (cellular and subcellular). In this work, we present a review of the imaging approaches employed to investigate pathophysiological mechanisms underlying functional, structural, and behavioral alterations of human neurological diseases modeled in zebrafish.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lapo Turrini
- European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy, Via Nello Carrara 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Roschi
- European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy, Via Nello Carrara 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Giuseppe de Vito
- European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy, Via Nello Carrara 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health, University of Florence, Viale Gaetano Pieraccini 6, 50139 Florence, Italy
- Interdepartmental Centre for the Study of Complex Dynamics, University of Florence, Via Giovanni Sansone 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Francesco Saverio Pavone
- European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy, Via Nello Carrara 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Florence, Via Giovanni Sansone 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- National Institute of Optics, National Research Council, Via Nello Carrara 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Francesco Vanzi
- European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy, Via Nello Carrara 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, Via Madonna del Piano 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Morizet J, Olivier N, Mahou P, Boutillon A, Stringari C, Beaurepaire E. Third harmonic imaging contrast from tubular structures in the presence of index discontinuity. Sci Rep 2023; 13:7850. [PMID: 37188736 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-34528-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Accurate interpretation of third harmonic generation (THG) microscopy images in terms of sample optical properties and microstructure is generally hampered by the presence of excitation field distortions resulting from sample heterogeneity. Numerical methods that account for these artifacts need to be established. In this work, we experimentally and numerically analyze the THG contrast obtained from stretched hollow glass pipettes embedded in different liquids. We also characterize the nonlinear optical properties of 2,2[Formula: see text]-thiodiethanol (TDE), a water-soluble index-matching medium. We find that index discontinuity not only changes the level and modulation amplitude of polarization-resolved THG signals, but can even change the polarization direction producing maximum THG near interfaces. We then show that a finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) modeling strategy can accurately account for contrast observed in optically heterogeneous samples, whereas reference Fourier-based numerical approaches are accurate only in the absence of index mismatch. This work opens perspectives for interpreting THG microscopy images of tubular objects and other geometries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joséphine Morizet
- Laboratory for Optics and Biosciences (LOB), CNRS, INSERM, École polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, 91120, Palaiseau, France
- SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, Fife, KY16 9SS, UK
| | - Nicolas Olivier
- Laboratory for Optics and Biosciences (LOB), CNRS, INSERM, École polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, 91120, Palaiseau, France
| | - Pierre Mahou
- Laboratory for Optics and Biosciences (LOB), CNRS, INSERM, École polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, 91120, Palaiseau, France
| | - Arthur Boutillon
- Laboratory for Optics and Biosciences (LOB), CNRS, INSERM, École polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, 91120, Palaiseau, France
- Cluster of Excellence Physics of Life, TU Dresden, Dresden, 01062, Germany
| | - Chiara Stringari
- Laboratory for Optics and Biosciences (LOB), CNRS, INSERM, École polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, 91120, Palaiseau, France
| | - Emmanuel Beaurepaire
- Laboratory for Optics and Biosciences (LOB), CNRS, INSERM, École polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, 91120, Palaiseau, France.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Throckmorton GA, Haugen E, Thomas G, Willmon P, Baba JS, Solórzano CC, Mahadevan-Jansen A. Label-free intraoperative nerve detection and visualization using ratiometric diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. Sci Rep 2023; 13:7599. [PMID: 37165016 PMCID: PMC10172349 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-34054-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Iatrogenic nerve injuries contribute significantly to postoperative morbidity across various surgical disciplines and occur in approximately 500,000 cases annually in the US alone. Currently, there are no clinically adopted means to intraoperatively visualize nerves beyond the surgeon's visual assessment. Here, we report a label-free method for nerve detection using diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS). Starting with an in vivo rat model, fiber- and imaging-based DRS independently identified similar wavelengths that provided optimal contrast for nerve identification with an accuracy of 92%. Optical property measurements of rat and human cadaver tissues verify that the source of contrast between nerve and surrounding tissues is largely due to higher scattering in nerve and differences in oxygenated hemoglobin content. Clinical feasibility was demonstrated in patients undergoing thyroidectomies using both probe-based and imaging-based approaches where the nerve were identified with 91% accuracy. Based on our preliminary results, DRS has the potential to both provide surgeons with a label-free, intraoperative means of nerve visualization and reduce the incidence of iatrogenic nerve injuries along with its detrimental complications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Graham A Throckmorton
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA
- Vanderbilt Biophotonics Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA
| | - Ezekiel Haugen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA
- Vanderbilt Biophotonics Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA
| | - Giju Thomas
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA
- Vanderbilt Biophotonics Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA
| | - Parker Willmon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA
- Vanderbilt Biophotonics Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA
| | | | - Carmen C Solórzano
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Anita Mahadevan-Jansen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA.
- Vanderbilt Biophotonics Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA.
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.
- Department of Otolaryngology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Klioutchnikov A, Wallace DJ, Sawinski J, Voit KM, Groemping Y, Kerr JND. A three-photon head-mounted microscope for imaging all layers of visual cortex in freely moving mice. Nat Methods 2023; 20:610-616. [PMID: 36443485 PMCID: PMC10089923 DOI: 10.1038/s41592-022-01688-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Advances in head-mounted microscopes have enabled imaging of neuronal activity using genetic tools in freely moving mice but these microscopes are restricted to recording in minimally lit arenas and imaging upper cortical layers. Here we built a 2-g, three-photon excitation-based microscope, containing a z-drive that enabled access to all cortical layers while mice freely behaved in a fully lit environment. The microscope had on-board photon detectors, robust to environmental light, and the arena lighting was timed to the end of each line-scan, enabling functional imaging of activity from cortical layer 4 and layer 6 neurons expressing jGCaMP7f in mice roaming a fully lit or dark arena. By comparing the neuronal activity measured from populations in these layers we show that activity in cortical layer 4 and layer 6 is differentially modulated by lit and dark conditions during free exploration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandr Klioutchnikov
- Department of Behavior and Brain Organization, Max Planck Institute for Neurobiology of Behavior-caesar, Bonn, Germany
| | - Damian J Wallace
- Department of Behavior and Brain Organization, Max Planck Institute for Neurobiology of Behavior-caesar, Bonn, Germany
| | - Juergen Sawinski
- Department of Behavior and Brain Organization, Max Planck Institute for Neurobiology of Behavior-caesar, Bonn, Germany
| | - Kay-Michael Voit
- Department of Behavior and Brain Organization, Max Planck Institute for Neurobiology of Behavior-caesar, Bonn, Germany
| | - Yvonne Groemping
- Department of Behavior and Brain Organization, Max Planck Institute for Neurobiology of Behavior-caesar, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jason N D Kerr
- Department of Behavior and Brain Organization, Max Planck Institute for Neurobiology of Behavior-caesar, Bonn, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Tong S, Zhong J, Chen X, Deng X, Huang J, Zhang Y, Qin M, Li Z, Cheng H, Zhang W, Zheng L, Xie W, Qiu P, Wang K. In Vivo Deep-Brain 3- and 4-Photon Fluorescence Imaging of Subcortical Structures Labeled by Quantum Dots Excited at the 2200 nm Window. ACS NANO 2023; 17:3686-3695. [PMID: 36799427 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c10724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Multiphoton microscopy (MPM) is an enabling technology for visualizing deep-brain structures at high spatial resolution in vivo. Within the low tissue absorption window, shifting to longer excitation wavelengths reduces tissue scattering and boosts penetration depth. Recently, the 2200 nm excitation window has emerged as the last and longest window suitable for deep-brain MPM. However, multiphoton fluorescence imaging at this window has not been demonstrated, due to the lack of characterization of multiphoton properties of fluorescent labels. Here we demonstrate technologies for measuring both the multiphoton excitation and emission properties of fluorescent labels at the 2200 nm window, using (1) 3-photon (ησ3) and 4-photon action cross sections (ησ4) and (2) 3-photon and 4-photon emission spectra both ex vivo and in vivo of quantum dots. Our results show that quantum dots have exceptionally large ησ3 and ησ4 for efficient generation of multiphoton fluorescence. Besides, the 3-photon and 4-photon emission spectra of quantum dots are essentially identical to those of one-photon emission, which change negligibly subject to the local environment of circulating blood. Based on these characterization results, we further demonstrate deep-brain vasculature imaging in vivo. Due to the superb multiphoton properties of quantum dots, 3-photon and 4-photon fluorescence imaging reaches a maximum brain imaging depth of 1060 and 940 μm below the surface of a mouse brain, respectively, which enables the imaging of subcortical structures. We thus fill the last gap in multiphoton fluorescence imaging in terms of wavelength selection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shen Tong
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Jincheng Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Xinlin Chen
- Advanced Life Imaging Lab, Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325001, China
| | - Xiangquan Deng
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Jie Huang
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Yingxian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Mengyuan Qin
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Zhenhui Li
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Hui Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Wanjian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Lei Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Weixin Xie
- College of Electronics and Information Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Ping Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Ke Wang
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Ferrer Ortas J, Mahou P, Escot S, Stringari C, David NB, Bally-Cuif L, Dray N, Négrerie M, Supatto W, Beaurepaire E. Label-free imaging of red blood cells and oxygenation with color third-order sum-frequency generation microscopy. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2023; 12:29. [PMID: 36702815 PMCID: PMC9879988 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-022-01064-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Mapping red blood cells (RBCs) flow and oxygenation is of key importance for analyzing brain and tissue physiology. Current microscopy methods are limited either in sensitivity or in spatio-temporal resolution. In this work, we introduce a novel approach based on label-free third-order sum-frequency generation (TSFG) and third-harmonic generation (THG) contrasts. First, we propose a novel experimental scheme for color TSFG microscopy, which provides simultaneous measurements at several wavelengths encompassing the Soret absorption band of hemoglobin. We show that there is a strong three-photon (3P) resonance related to the Soret band of hemoglobin in THG and TSFG signals from zebrafish and human RBCs, and that this resonance is sensitive to RBC oxygenation state. We demonstrate that our color TSFG implementation enables specific detection of flowing RBCs in zebrafish embryos and is sensitive to RBC oxygenation dynamics with single-cell resolution and microsecond pixel times. Moreover, it can be implemented on a 3P microscope and provides label-free RBC-specific contrast at depths exceeding 600 µm in live adult zebrafish brain. Our results establish a new multiphoton contrast extending the palette of deep-tissue microscopy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Júlia Ferrer Ortas
- Laboratory for Optics and Biosciences, CNRS, INSERM, École polytechnique, IP Paris, 91128, Palaiseau, France
| | - Pierre Mahou
- Laboratory for Optics and Biosciences, CNRS, INSERM, École polytechnique, IP Paris, 91128, Palaiseau, France
| | - Sophie Escot
- Laboratory for Optics and Biosciences, CNRS, INSERM, École polytechnique, IP Paris, 91128, Palaiseau, France
| | - Chiara Stringari
- Laboratory for Optics and Biosciences, CNRS, INSERM, École polytechnique, IP Paris, 91128, Palaiseau, France
| | - Nicolas B David
- Laboratory for Optics and Biosciences, CNRS, INSERM, École polytechnique, IP Paris, 91128, Palaiseau, France
| | - Laure Bally-Cuif
- Zebrafish Neurogenetics Unit, team supported by Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Institut Pasteur, CNRS, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Dray
- Zebrafish Neurogenetics Unit, team supported by Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Institut Pasteur, CNRS, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Michel Négrerie
- Laboratory for Optics and Biosciences, CNRS, INSERM, École polytechnique, IP Paris, 91128, Palaiseau, France
| | - Willy Supatto
- Laboratory for Optics and Biosciences, CNRS, INSERM, École polytechnique, IP Paris, 91128, Palaiseau, France
| | - Emmanuel Beaurepaire
- Laboratory for Optics and Biosciences, CNRS, INSERM, École polytechnique, IP Paris, 91128, Palaiseau, France.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Buttigieg E, Scheller A, El Waly B, Kirchhoff F, Debarbieux F. Contribution of Intravital Neuroimaging to Study Animal Models of Multiple Sclerosis. Neurotherapeutics 2023; 20:22-38. [PMID: 36653665 PMCID: PMC10119369 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-022-01324-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a complex and long-lasting neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system (CNS), characterized by the loss of myelin within the white matter and cortical fibers, axonopathy, and inflammatory responses leading to consequent sensory-motor and cognitive deficits of patients. While complete resolution of the disease is not yet a reality, partial tissue repair has been observed in patients which offers hope for therapeutic strategies. To address the molecular and cellular events of the pathomechanisms, a variety of animal models have been developed to investigate distinct aspects of MS disease. Recent advances of multiscale intravital imaging facilitated the direct in vivo analysis of MS in the animal models with perspective of clinical transfer to patients. This review gives an overview of MS animal models, focusing on the current imaging modalities at the microscopic and macroscopic levels and emphasizing the importance of multimodal approaches to improve our understanding of the disease and minimize the use of animals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emeline Buttigieg
- Molecular Physiology, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine (CIPMM), University of Saarland, 66421, Homburg, Germany
- Institut des Neurosciences de la Timone (INT), Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS UMR7289, 13005, Marseille, France
- Centre Européen de Recherche en Imagerie Médicale (CERIMED), Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Anja Scheller
- Molecular Physiology, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine (CIPMM), University of Saarland, 66421, Homburg, Germany
| | - Bilal El Waly
- Institut des Neurosciences de la Timone (INT), Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS UMR7289, 13005, Marseille, France
- Centre Européen de Recherche en Imagerie Médicale (CERIMED), Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Frank Kirchhoff
- Molecular Physiology, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine (CIPMM), University of Saarland, 66421, Homburg, Germany
| | - Franck Debarbieux
- Institut des Neurosciences de la Timone (INT), Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS UMR7289, 13005, Marseille, France.
- Centre Européen de Recherche en Imagerie Médicale (CERIMED), Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France.
- Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), Paris, France.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Xiao Y, Deng P, Zhao Y, Yang S, Li B. Three-photon excited fluorescence imaging in neuroscience: From principles to applications. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1085682. [PMID: 36891460 PMCID: PMC9986337 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1085682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of three-photon microscopy (3PM) has greatly expanded the capability of imaging deep within biological tissues, enabling neuroscientists to visualize the structure and activity of neuronal populations with greater depth than two-photon imaging. In this review, we outline the history and physical principles of 3PM technology. We cover the current techniques for improving the performance of 3PM. Furthermore, we summarize the imaging applications of 3PM for various brain regions and species. Finally, we discuss the future of 3PM applications for neuroscience.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Department of Neurology, Ministry of Education (MOE), Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institute for Translational Brain Research, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Peng Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Department of Neurology, Ministry of Education (MOE), Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institute for Translational Brain Research, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yaoguang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Department of Neurology, Ministry of Education (MOE), Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institute for Translational Brain Research, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shasha Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Department of Neurology, Ministry of Education (MOE), Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institute for Translational Brain Research, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Department of Neurology, Ministry of Education (MOE), Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institute for Translational Brain Research, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Pajić T, Todorović NV, Živić M, Nikolić SN, Rabasović MD, Clayton AHA, Krmpot AJ. Label-free third harmonic generation imaging and quantification of lipid droplets in live filamentous fungi. Sci Rep 2022; 12:18760. [PMID: 36335164 PMCID: PMC9637149 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-23502-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the utilization of Third-Harmonic Generation microscopy for label-free live cell imaging of lipid droplets in the hypha of filamentous fungus Phycomyces blakesleeanus. THG microscopy images showed bright spherical features dispersed throughout the hypha cytoplasm in control conditions and a transient increase in the number of bright features after complete nitrogen starvation. Colocalization analysis of THG and lipid-counterstained images disclosed that the cytoplasmic particles were lipid droplets. Particle Size Analysis and Image Correlation Spectroscopy were used to quantify the number density and size of lipid droplets. The two analysis methods both revealed an increase from 16 × 10-3 to 23 × 10-3 lipid droplets/µm2 after nitrogen starvation and a decrease in the average size of the droplets (range: 0.5-0.8 µm diameter). In conclusion, THG imaging, followed by PSA and ICS, can be reliably used for filamentous fungi for the in vivo quantification of lipid droplets without the need for labeling and/or fixation. In addition, it has been demonstrated that ICS is suitable for THG microscopy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Pajić
- grid.7149.b0000 0001 2166 9385Faculty of Biology, Institute of Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 16, Belgrade, 11158 Serbia
| | - Nataša V. Todorović
- grid.7149.b0000 0001 2166 9385Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković”, University of Belgrade, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, Bulevar Despota Stefana 142, Belgrade, 11000 Serbia
| | - Miroslav Živić
- grid.7149.b0000 0001 2166 9385Faculty of Biology, Institute of Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 16, Belgrade, 11158 Serbia
| | - Stanko N. Nikolić
- grid.7149.b0000 0001 2166 9385Institute of Physics Belgrade, University of Belgrade, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, Pregrevica 118, Belgrade, 11080 Serbia
| | - Mihailo D. Rabasović
- grid.7149.b0000 0001 2166 9385Institute of Physics Belgrade, University of Belgrade, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, Pregrevica 118, Belgrade, 11080 Serbia
| | - Andrew H. A. Clayton
- grid.1027.40000 0004 0409 2862Department of Physics and Astronomy, Optical Sciences Centre, School of Science, Computing and Engineering Technologies, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, VIC 3122 Australia
| | - Aleksandar J. Krmpot
- grid.7149.b0000 0001 2166 9385Institute of Physics Belgrade, University of Belgrade, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, Pregrevica 118, Belgrade, 11080 Serbia
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Cheng H, Chen X, Zhong J, Li J, Qiu P, Wang K. Label-free measurement of wall shear stress in the brain venule and arteriole using dual-wavelength third-harmonic-generation line-scanning imaging. OPTICS LETTERS 2022; 47:5618-5621. [PMID: 37219285 DOI: 10.1364/ol.472136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Wall shear stress (WSS) is of fundamental physiological and pathological significance. Current measurement technologies suffer from poor spatial resolution or cannot measure instantaneous values in a label-free manner. Here we demonstrate dual-wavelength third-harmonic-generation (THG) line-scanning imaging, for instantaneous wall shear rate and WSS measurement in vivo. We used the soliton self-frequency shift to generate dual-wavelength femtosecond pulses. Simultaneous acquisition of dual-wavelength THG line-scanning signals extract blood flow velocities at adjacent radial positions for instantaneous wall shear rate and WSS measurement. Our results show the oscillating behavior of WSS in brain venules and arterioles at micron spatial resolution in a label-free manner.
Collapse
|
19
|
Cordano C, Sin JH, Timmons G, Yiu HH, Stebbins K, Guglielmetti C, Cruz-Herranz A, Xin W, Lorrain D, Chan JR, Green AJ. Validating visual evoked potentials as a preclinical, quantitative biomarker for remyelination efficacy. Brain 2022; 145:3943-3952. [PMID: 35678509 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awac207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Many biomarkers in clinical neuroscience lack pathological certification. This issue is potentially a significant contributor to the limited success of neuroprotective and neurorestorative therapies for human neurological disease - and is evident even in areas with therapeutic promise such as myelin repair. Despite the identification of promising remyelinating candidates, biologically validated methods to demonstrate therapeutic efficacy or provide robust preclinical evidence of remyelination in the central nervous system are lacking. Therapies with potential to remyelinate the central nervous system constitute one of the most promising and highly anticipated therapeutic developments in the pipeline to treat multiple sclerosis and other demyelinating diseases. The optic nerve has been proposed as an informative pathway to monitor remyelination in animals and human subjects. Recent clinical trials using visual evoked potential (VEP) have had promising results, but without unequivocal evidence about the cellular and molecular basis for signal changes on VEP, the interpretation of these trials is constrained. The VEP was originally developed and utilized in the clinic as a diagnostic tool but its use as a quantitative method for assessing therapeutic response requires certification of its biological specificity. Here, using the tools of experimental pathology we demonstrate that quantitative measurements of myelination using both histopathological measures of nodal structure and ultrastructural assessments correspond to VEP latency in both inflammatory and chemical models of demyelination. VEP latency improves after treatment with a tool remyelinating compound (clemastine), mirroring both quantitative and qualitative myelin assessment. Furthermore, clemastine does not improve VEP latency following demyelinating injury when administered to a transgenic animal incapable of forming new myelin. Therefore, using the capacity for therapeutic enhancement and biological loss of function we demonstrate conclusively that VEP measures myelin status and is thereby a validated tool for preclinical verification of remyelination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Cordano
- Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco; San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Jung H Sin
- Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco; San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Garrett Timmons
- Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco; San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Hao H Yiu
- Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco; San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | | | - Caroline Guglielmetti
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of California, San Francisco; San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Andres Cruz-Herranz
- Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco; San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Wendy Xin
- Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco; San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | | | - Jonah R Chan
- Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco; San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Ari J Green
- Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco; San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Long-term in vivo imaging of mouse spinal cord through an optically cleared intervertebral window. Nat Commun 2022; 13:1959. [PMID: 35414131 PMCID: PMC9005710 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29496-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The spinal cord accounts for the main communication pathway between the brain and the peripheral nervous system. Spinal cord injury is a devastating and largely irreversible neurological trauma, and can result in lifelong disability and paralysis with no available cure. In vivo spinal cord imaging in mouse models without introducing immunological artifacts is critical to understand spinal cord pathology and discover effective treatments. We developed a minimally invasive intervertebral window by retaining the ligamentum flavum to protect the underlying spinal cord. By introducing an optical clearing method, we achieve repeated two-photon fluorescence and stimulated Raman scattering imaging at subcellular resolution with up to 15 imaging sessions over 6-167 days and observe no inflammatory response. Using this optically cleared intervertebral window, we study neuron-glia dynamics following laser axotomy and observe strengthened contact of microglia with the nodes of Ranvier during axonal degeneration. By enabling long-term, repetitive, stable, high-resolution and inflammation-free imaging of mouse spinal cord, our method provides a reliable platform in the research aiming at interpretation of spinal cord physiology and pathology.
Collapse
|
21
|
Moiseev AA, Achkasova KA, Kiseleva EB, Yashin KS, Potapov AL, Bederina EL, Kuznetsov SS, Sherstnev EP, Shabanov DV, Gelikonov GV, Ostrovskaya YV, Gladkova ND. Brain white matter morphological structure correlation with its optical properties estimated from optical coherence tomography (OCT) data. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 13:2393-2413. [PMID: 35519266 PMCID: PMC9045907 DOI: 10.1364/boe.457467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
A pilot post-mortem study identifies a strong correlation between the attenuation coefficient estimated from the OCT data and some morphological features of the sample, namely the number of nuclei in the field of view of the histological image and the fiber structural parameter introduced in the study to quantify the difference in the myelinated fibers arrangements. The morphological features were identified from the histopathological images of the sample taken from the same locations as the OCT images and stained with the immunohistochemical (IHC) staining specific to the myelin. It was shown that the linear regression of the IHC quantitative characteristics allows adequate prediction of the attenuation coefficient of the sample. This discovery opens the opportunity for the usage of the OCT as a neuronavigation tool.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander A. Moiseev
- Institute of Applied Physics Russian Academy of Sciences, 603155, 46, Ulyanova str., Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Ksenia A. Achkasova
- Privolzhsky Research Medical University, 603950, 10/1, Minin and Pozharsky sq., Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Elena B. Kiseleva
- Privolzhsky Research Medical University, 603950, 10/1, Minin and Pozharsky sq., Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Konstantin S. Yashin
- Privolzhsky Research Medical University, 603950, 10/1, Minin and Pozharsky sq., Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Arseniy L. Potapov
- Privolzhsky Research Medical University, 603950, 10/1, Minin and Pozharsky sq., Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Evgenia L. Bederina
- Privolzhsky Research Medical University, 603950, 10/1, Minin and Pozharsky sq., Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Sergey S. Kuznetsov
- N.A. Semashko Nizhny Novgorod Regional Clinical Hospital, 603093, 190, Rodionova str., Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Evgeny P. Sherstnev
- Institute of Applied Physics Russian Academy of Sciences, 603155, 46, Ulyanova str., Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Dmitry V. Shabanov
- Institute of Applied Physics Russian Academy of Sciences, 603155, 46, Ulyanova str., Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Grigory V. Gelikonov
- Institute of Applied Physics Russian Academy of Sciences, 603155, 46, Ulyanova str., Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | | | - Natalia D. Gladkova
- Privolzhsky Research Medical University, 603950, 10/1, Minin and Pozharsky sq., Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
In vivo imaging in experimental spinal cord injury – Techniques and trends. BRAIN AND SPINE 2022; 2:100859. [PMID: 36248104 PMCID: PMC9560701 DOI: 10.1016/j.bas.2021.100859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury (SCI) is one of the leading causes of disability in the world. Treatment is limited to supportive care and no curative therapy exists. Experimental research to understand the complex pathophysiology and potential mediators of spinal cord regeneration is essential to develop innovative translational therapies. A multitude of experimental imaging methods to monitor spinal cord regeneration in vivo have developed over the last years. However, little literature exists to deal with advanced imaging methods specifically available in SCI research. Research Question This systematic literature review examines the current standards in experimental imaging in SCI allowing for in vivo imaging of spinal cord regeneration on a neuronal, vascular, and cellular basis. Material and Methods Articles were included meeting the following criteria: experimental research, original studies, rodent subjects, and intravital imaging. Reviewed in detail are microstructural and functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Micro-Computed Tomography, Laser Speckle Imaging, Very High Resolution Ultrasound, and in vivo microscopy techniques. Results Following the PRISMA guidelines for systematic reviews, 689 articles were identified for review, of which 492 were sorted out after screening and an additional 104 after detailed review. For qualitative synthesis 93 articles were included in this publication. Discussion and Conclusion With this study we give an up-to-date overview about modern experimental imaging techniques with the potential to advance the knowledge on spinal cord regeneration following SCI. A thorough knowledge of the strengths and limitations of the reviewed techniques will help to optimally exploit our current experimental armamentarium in the field. In vivo imaging is essential to enhance the understanding of SCI pathophysiology. Multiple experimental imaging methods have evolved over the past years. Detailed review of in vivo (f)MRI, μCT, VHRUS, and Microcopy in experimental SCI. Experimental imaging allows for longitudinal examination to the cellular level. Knowledge of the strengths and limitations is essential for future research.
Collapse
|
23
|
Pallen S, Shetty Y, Das S, Vaz JM, Mazumder N. Advances in nonlinear optical microscopy techniques for in vivo and in vitro neuroimaging. Biophys Rev 2021; 13:1199-1217. [PMID: 35047093 PMCID: PMC8724370 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-021-00832-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the mechanism of the brain via optical microscopy is one of the challenges in neuroimaging, considering the complex structures. Advanced neuroimaging techniques provide a more comprehensive insight into patho-mechanisms of brain disorders, which is useful in the early diagnosis of the pathological and physiological changes associated with various neurodegenerative diseases. Recent advances in optical microscopy techniques have evolved powerful tools to overcome scattering of light and provide improved in vivo neuroimaging with sub-cellular resolution, endogenous contrast specificity, pinhole less optical sectioning capability, high penetration depth, and so on. The following article reviews the developments in various optical imaging techniques including two-photon and three-photon fluorescence, second-harmonic generation, third-harmonic generation, coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering, and stimulated Raman scattering in neuroimaging. We have outlined the potentials and drawbacks of these techniques and their possible applications in the investigation of neurodegenerative diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sparsha Pallen
- Department of Biophysics, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576104 India
| | - Yuthika Shetty
- Department of Biophysics, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576104 India
| | - Subir Das
- Institute of Biophotonics, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, No. 155, Sec. 2, Linong St., Taipei, 112 Taiwan
| | - Joel Markus Vaz
- Department of Biotechnology, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal, Karnataka 576104 India
| | - Nirmal Mazumder
- Department of Biophysics, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576104 India
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Chorghay Z, MacFarquhar D, Li VJ, Aufmkolk S, Schohl A, Wiseman PW, Káradóttir RT, Ruthazer ES. Activity-dependent alteration of early myelin ensheathment in a developing sensory circuit. J Comp Neurol 2021; 530:871-885. [PMID: 34599848 DOI: 10.1002/cne.25253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Myelination allows for the regulation of conduction velocity, affecting the precise timing of neuronal inputs important for the development and function of brain circuits. In turn, myelination may be altered by changes in experience, neuronal activity, and vesicular release, but the links between sensory experience, corresponding neuronal activity, and resulting alterations in myelination require further investigation. We thus studied the development of myelination in the Xenopus laevis tadpole, a classic model for studies of visual system development and function because it is translucent and visually responsive throughout the formation of its retinotectal system. We begin with a systematic characterization of the timecourse of early myelin ensheathment in the Xenopus retinotectal system using immunohistochemistry of myelin basic protein (MBP) along with third harmonic generation (THG) microscopy, a label-free structural imaging technique. Based on the mid-larval developmental progression of MBP expression in Xenopus, we identified an appropriate developmental window in which to assess the effects of early temporally patterned visual experience on myelin ensheathment. We used calcium imaging of axon terminals in vivo to characterize the responses of retinal ganglion cells over a range of stroboscopic stimulation frequencies. Strobe frequencies that reliably elicited robust versus dampened calcium responses were then presented to animals for 7 d, and differences in the amount of early myelin ensheathment at the optic chiasm were subsequently quantified. This study provides evidence that it is not just the presence but also to the specific temporal properties of sensory stimuli that are important for myelin plasticity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zahraa Chorghay
- Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital and Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - David MacFarquhar
- Department of Chemistry, Otto Maass Building, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Department of Physics, Otto Maass Building, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Vanessa J Li
- Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital and Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Sarah Aufmkolk
- Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital and Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Department of Chemistry, Otto Maass Building, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Department of Physics, Otto Maass Building, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Anne Schohl
- Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital and Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Paul W Wiseman
- Department of Chemistry, Otto Maass Building, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Department of Physics, Otto Maass Building, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Ragnhildur Thóra Káradóttir
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute and Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Department of Physiology, BioMedical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Edward S Ruthazer
- Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital and Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Redlich MJ, Prall B, Canto-Said E, Busarov Y, Shirinyan-Tuka L, Meah A, Lim H. High-pulse-energy multiphoton imaging of neurons and oligodendrocytes in deep murine brain with a fiber laser. Sci Rep 2021; 11:7950. [PMID: 33846422 PMCID: PMC8041775 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-86924-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we demonstrate high-pulse-energy multiphoton microscopy (MPM) for intravital imaging of neurons and oligodendrocytes in the murine brain. Pulses with an order of magnitude higher energy (~ 10 nJ) were employed from a ytterbium doped fiber laser source at a 1-MHz repetition rate, as compared to the standard 80-MHz Ti:Sapphire laser. Intravital imaging was performed on mice expressing common fluorescent proteins, including green (GFP) and yellow fluorescent proteins (YFP), and TagRFPt. One fifth of the average power could be used for superior depths of MPM imaging, as compared to the Ti:Sapphire laser: A depth of ~ 860 µm was obtained by imaging the Thy1-YFP brain in vivo with 6.5 mW, and cortical myelin as deep as 400 µm ex vivo by intrinsic third-harmonic generation using 50 mW. The substantially higher pulse energy enables novel regimes of photophysics to be exploited for microscopic imaging. The limitation from higher order phototoxicity is also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Redlich
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Hunter College, New York, NY, 10065, USA
- Department of Physics, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Brad Prall
- Clark-MXR, Inc., 7300 W. Huron River Drive, Dexter, MI, 48130, USA
| | | | - Yevgeniy Busarov
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Hunter College, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | | | - Arafat Meah
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Hunter College, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Hyungsik Lim
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Hunter College, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
- Department of Physics, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, NY, 10016, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Borile G, Sandrin D, Filippi A, Anderson KI, Romanato F. Label-Free Multiphoton Microscopy: Much More Than Fancy Images. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:2657. [PMID: 33800802 PMCID: PMC7961783 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiphoton microscopy has recently passed the milestone of its first 30 years of activity in biomedical research. The growing interest around this approach has led to a variety of applications from basic research to clinical practice. Moreover, this technique offers the advantage of label-free multiphoton imaging to analyze samples without staining processes and the need for a dedicated system. Here, we review the state of the art of label-free techniques; then, we focus on two-photon autofluorescence as well as second and third harmonic generation, describing physical and technical characteristics. We summarize some successful applications to a plethora of biomedical research fields and samples, underlying the versatility of this technique. A paragraph is dedicated to an overview of sample preparation, which is a crucial step in every microscopy experiment. Afterwards, we provide a detailed review analysis of the main quantitative methods to extract important information and parameters from acquired images using second harmonic generation. Lastly, we discuss advantages, limitations, and future perspectives in label-free multiphoton microscopy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Borile
- Laboratory of Optics and Bioimaging, Institute of Pediatric Research Città della Speranza, 35127 Padua, Italy;
- Department of Physics and Astronomy “G. Galilei”, University of Padua, 35131 Padua, Italy; (D.S.); (A.F.)
| | - Deborah Sandrin
- Department of Physics and Astronomy “G. Galilei”, University of Padua, 35131 Padua, Italy; (D.S.); (A.F.)
- L.I.F.E.L.A.B. Program, Consorzio per la Ricerca Sanitaria (CORIS), Veneto Region, 35128 Padua, Italy
| | - Andrea Filippi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy “G. Galilei”, University of Padua, 35131 Padua, Italy; (D.S.); (A.F.)
| | - Kurt I. Anderson
- Crick Advanced Light Microscopy Facility (CALM), The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK;
| | - Filippo Romanato
- Laboratory of Optics and Bioimaging, Institute of Pediatric Research Città della Speranza, 35127 Padua, Italy;
- Department of Physics and Astronomy “G. Galilei”, University of Padua, 35131 Padua, Italy; (D.S.); (A.F.)
- L.I.F.E.L.A.B. Program, Consorzio per la Ricerca Sanitaria (CORIS), Veneto Region, 35128 Padua, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Hontani Y, Xia F, Xu C. Multicolor three-photon fluorescence imaging with single-wavelength excitation deep in mouse brain. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabf3531. [PMID: 33731355 PMCID: PMC7968831 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abf3531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Multiphoton fluorescence microscopy is a powerful technique for deep-tissue observation of living cells. In particular, three-photon microscopy is highly beneficial for deep-tissue imaging because of the long excitation wavelength and the high nonlinear confinement in living tissues. Because of the large spectral separation of fluorophores of different color, multicolor three-photon imaging typically requires multiple excitation wavelengths. Here, we report a new three-photon excitation scheme: excitation to a higher-energy electronic excited state instead of the conventional excitation to the lowest-energy excited state, enabling multicolor three-photon fluorescence imaging with deep-tissue penetration in the living mouse brain using single-wavelength excitation. We further demonstrate that our excitation method results in ≥10-fold signal enhancement for some of the common red fluorescent molecules. The multicolor imaging capability and the possibility of enhanced three-photon excitation cross section will open new opportunities for life science applications of three-photon microscopy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yusaku Hontani
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
| | - Fei Xia
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Chris Xu
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Blanke N, Go V, Rosene DL, Bigio IJ. Quantitative birefringence microscopy for imaging the structural integrity of CNS myelin following circumscribed cortical injury in the rhesus monkey. NEUROPHOTONICS 2021; 8:015010. [PMID: 33763502 PMCID: PMC7984970 DOI: 10.1117/1.nph.8.1.015010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Significance: Myelin breakdown is likely a key factor in the loss of cognitive and motor function associated with many neurodegenerative diseases. Aim: New methods for imaging myelin structure are needed to characterize and quantify the degradation of myelin in standard whole-brain sections of nonhuman primates and in human brain. Approach: Quantitative birefringence microscopy (qBRM) is a label-free technique for rapid histopathological assessment of myelin structural breakdown following cortical injury in rhesus monkeys. Results: We validate birefringence microscopy for structural imaging of myelin in rhesus monkey brain sections, and we demonstrate the power of qBRM by characterizing the breakdown of myelin following cortical injury, as a model of stroke, in the motor cortex. Conclusions: Birefringence microscopy is a valuable tool for histopathology of myelin and for quantitative assessment of myelin structure. Compared to conventional methods, this label-free technique is sensitive to subtle changes in myelin structure, is fast, and enables more quantitative assessment, without the variability inherent in labeling procedures such as immunohistochemistry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Blanke
- Boston University, Neurophotonics Center, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Veronica Go
- Boston University School of Medicine, Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Douglas L. Rosene
- Boston University School of Medicine, Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Irving J. Bigio
- Boston University, Neurophotonics Center, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
- Boston University, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
- Address all correspondence to Irving J. Bigio,
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Deng X, He C, Cheng H, Li J, Lu Y, Qiu P, Wang K. Measurement of two-photon properties of indocyanine green in water and human plasma excited at the 1700-nm window. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2020; 13:e202000299. [PMID: 33026179 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.202000299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Indocyanine green (ICG) is a human compatible dye and is ideal for deep-tissue two-photon fluorescence (2PF) microscopy excited at the 1700-nm window in vivo. However, the two-photon excitation and emission properties of this dye remain unknown. Here we demonstrate measurement of the two-photon excitation and emission properties of ICG in both water and human plasma, using home-built two-photon action cross-sectional measurement and two-photon emission spectrum measurement systems. Our results show that excited from 1600 to 1800 nm, 2PF can be generated from ICG dissolved in both water and human plasma. The measured two-photon action cross-sectional ησ2 of ICG dissolved in human plasma is an order-of-magnitude larger than that dissolved in water. The measured two-photon emission spectrum overlaps with the one-photon emission spectrum for ICG dissolved in both human plasma and water. Our results will provide key two-photon parameters for the clinical use of ICG.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiangquan Deng
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Chen He
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hui Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jia Li
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yuan Lu
- Department of Dermatology, The Sixth Hospital of Shenzhen University (Nanshan Hospital), Shenzhen, China
| | - Ping Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ke Wang
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Yildirim M, Hu M, Le NM, Sugihara H, So PTC, Sur M. Quantitative third-harmonic generation imaging of mouse visual cortex areas reveals correlations between functional maps and structural substrates. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 11:5650-5673. [PMID: 33149977 PMCID: PMC7587247 DOI: 10.1364/boe.396962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The structure of brain regions is assumed to correlate with their function, but there are very few instances in which the relationship has been demonstrated in the live brain. This is due to the difficulty of simultaneously measuring functional and structural properties of brain areas, particularly at cellular resolution. Here, we performed label-free, third-harmonic generation (THG) microscopy to obtain a key structural signature of cortical areas, their effective attenuation lengths (EAL), in the vertical columns of functionally defined primary visual cortex and five adjacent visual areas in awake mice. EALs measured by THG microscopy in the cortex and white matter showed remarkable correspondence with the functional retinotopic sign map of each area. Structural features such as cytoarchitecture, myeloarchitecture and blood vessel architecture were correlated with areal EAL values, suggesting that EAL is a function of these structural features as an optical property of these areas. These results demonstrate for the first time a strong relationship between structural substrates of visual cortical areas and their functional representation maps in vivo. This study may also help in understanding the coupling between structure and function in other animal models as well as in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Murat Yildirim
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Ming Hu
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Nhat M Le
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Hiroki Sugihara
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Peter T C So
- Departments of Mechanical and Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Mriganka Sur
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Simons Center for the Social Brain, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Cheng H, Tong S, Deng X, Li J, Qiu P, Wang K. In vivo deep-brain imaging of microglia enabled by three-photon fluorescence microscopy. OPTICS LETTERS 2020; 45:5271-5274. [PMID: 32932509 DOI: 10.1364/ol.408329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Microglia act as the first and main form of active immune defense in brain. However, in animal models, research on these cells is limited to the superficial layer of the brain, due to the lack of a deep-imaging technique. Here we break this depth limit using three-photon fluorescence (3PF) microscopy excited at the 1700-nm window. Three-photon action cross-section (ησ3) measurement lays the basis for dye selection and the resultant maximization of 3PF generation. 3PF imaging suppresses the surface background, leading to a much improved signal-to-background ratio compared to the commonly used two-photon microscopy (2PM). We can image microglia 1124 µm below the brain surface in vivo, 3.7 times deeper than previous results using 2PM for microglia imaging. This technique enables us to visualize microglia in the white matter layer in vivo for the first time.
Collapse
|
32
|
Mehravar S, Cromey B, Kieu K. Characterization of multiphoton microscopes by the nonlinear knife-edge technique. APPLIED OPTICS 2020; 59:G219-G224. [PMID: 32749336 DOI: 10.1364/ao.391881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Imaging submicron fluorescent microspheres are the standard method for measuring resolution in multiphoton microscopy. However, when using high-energy pulsed lasers, photobleaching and heating of the solution medium may deteriorate the images, resulting in an inaccurate resolution measurement. Moreover, due to the weak higher-order response of fluorescent microspheres, measuring three-photon resolution using three-photon fluorescence (3PEF) and third-harmonic generation (THG) signals is more difficult. In this report, we demonstrate a methodology for complete characterization of multiphoton microscopes based on second- and third-harmonic generation signals from the sharp edge of GaAs wafers. This simple methodology, which we call the nonlinear knife-edge technique, provides fast and consistent lateral and axial resolution measurement with negligible photobleaching effect on semiconductor wafers. In addition, this technique provides information on the field curvature of the imaging system, and perhaps other distortions of the imaging system, adding greater capability compared to existing techniques.
Collapse
|
33
|
Sun CK, Wu PJ, Chen ST, Su YH, Wei ML, Wang CY, Gao HC, Sung KB, Liao YH. Slide-free clinical imaging of melanin with absolute quantities using label-free third-harmonic-generation enhancement-ratio microscopy. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 11:3009-3024. [PMID: 32637238 PMCID: PMC7316008 DOI: 10.1364/boe.391451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The capability to image the 3D distribution of melanin in human skin in vivo with absolute quantities and microscopic details will not only enable noninvasive histopathological diagnosis of melanin-related cutaneous disorders, but also make long term treatment assessment possible. In this paper, we demonstrate clinical in vivo imaging of the melanin distribution in human skin with absolute quantities on mass density and with microscopic details by using label-free third-harmonic-generation (THG) enhancement-ratio microscopy. As the dominant absorber in skin, melanin provides the strongest THG nonlinearity in human skin due to resonance enhancement. We show that the THG-enhancement-ratio (erTHG) parameter can be calibrated in vivo and can indicate the melanin mass density. With an unprecedented clinical imaging resolution, our study revealed erTHG-microscopy's unique capability for long-term treatment assessment and direct clinical observation of melanin's micro-distribution to shed light into the unknown pathway and regulation mechanism of melanosome transfer and translocation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Kuang Sun
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Graduate Institute of Photonics and Optoelectronics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Electronics and Bioinformatics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Jhe Wu
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Graduate Institute of Photonics and Optoelectronics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Tse Chen
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Graduate Institute of Photonics and Optoelectronics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hsiang Su
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Graduate Institute of Photonics and Optoelectronics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Liang Wei
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Electronics and Bioinformatics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Chiao-Yi Wang
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Electronics and Bioinformatics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Hao-Cheng Gao
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Graduate Institute of Photonics and Optoelectronics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Kung-Bing Sung
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Electronics and Bioinformatics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hua Liao
- Department of Dermatology, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei 10002, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Liu H, Chen X, Deng X, Zhuang Z, Tong S, Xie W, Li J, Qiu P, Wang K. In vivo deep-brain blood flow speed measurement through third-harmonic generation imaging excited at the 1700-nm window. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 11:2738-2744. [PMID: 32499956 PMCID: PMC7249836 DOI: 10.1364/boe.389662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 03/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Measurement of the hemodynamic physical parameter blood flow speed in the brain in vivo is key to understanding brain physiology and pathology. 2-photon fluorescence microscopy with single blood vessel resolution is typically used, which necessitates injection of toxic fluorescent dyes. Here we demonstrate a label-free nonlinear optical technique, third-harmonic generation microscopy excited at the 1700-nm window, that is promising for such measurement. Using a simple femtosecond laser system based on soliton self-frequency shift, we can measure blood flow speed through the whole cortical grey matter, even down to the white matter layer. Together with 3-photon fluorescence microscopy, we further demonstrate that the blood vessel walls generate strong THG signals, and that plasma and circulating blood cells are mutually exclusive in space. This technique can be readily applied to brain research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongji Liu
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Xinlin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Xiangquan Deng
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Ziwei Zhuang
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Shen Tong
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Weixin Xie
- College of Electronics and information engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Jia Li
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Ping Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Ke Wang
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Ahn SJ, Ruiz-Uribe NE, Li B, Porter J, Sakadzic S, Schaffer CB. Label-free assessment of hemodynamics in individual cortical brain vessels using third harmonic generation microscopy. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 11:2665-2678. [PMID: 32499951 PMCID: PMC7249811 DOI: 10.1364/boe.385848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
We show that third harmonic generation (THG) microscopy using a 1-MHz train of 1,300-nm femtosecond duration laser pulses enabled visualization of the structure and quantification of flow speed in the cortical microvascular network of mice to a depth of > 1 mm. Simultaneous three-photon imaging of an intravascular fluorescent tracer enabled us to quantify the cell free layer thickness. Using the label-free imaging capability of THG, we measured flow speed in different types of vessels with and without the presence of an intravascular tracer conjugated to a high molecular weight dextran (2 MDa FITC-dextran, 5% w/v in saline, 100 µl). We found a ∼20% decrease in flow speeds in arterioles and venules due to the dextran-conjugated FITC, which we confirmed with Doppler optical coherence tomography. Capillary flow speeds did not change, although we saw a ∼7% decrease in red blood cell flux with dextran-conjugated FITC injection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sung Ji Ahn
- Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
| | - Nancy E. Ruiz-Uribe
- Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
| | - Baoqiang Li
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Jason Porter
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Sava Sakadzic
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Chris B. Schaffer
- Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Chow DM, Sinefeld D, Kolkman KE, Ouzounov DG, Akbari N, Tatarsky R, Bass A, Xu C, Fetcho JR. Deep three-photon imaging of the brain in intact adult zebrafish. Nat Methods 2020; 17:605-608. [PMID: 32341543 PMCID: PMC7359951 DOI: 10.1038/s41592-020-0819-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Behaviors emerge from activity throughout the brain, but non-invasive optical access in adult vertebrate brains is limited. We show that three-photon (3P) imaging through the head of intact adult zebrafish allows structural and functional imaging at cellular resolution throughout the telencephalon and deep into the cerebellum and optic tectum. With 3P imaging, considerable portions of the brain become non-invasively accessible from embryo to sexually mature adult in a vertebrate model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dawnis M Chow
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - David Sinefeld
- Department of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Kristine E Kolkman
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Dimitre G Ouzounov
- Department of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Najva Akbari
- Department of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Rose Tatarsky
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Andrew Bass
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Chris Xu
- Department of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
| | - Joseph R Fetcho
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Min E, Ban S, Lee J, Vavilin A, Baek S, Jung S, Ahn Y, Park K, Shin S, Han S, Cho H, Lee-Kwon W, Kim J, Lee CJ, Jung W. Serial optical coherence microscopy for label-free volumetric histopathology. Sci Rep 2020; 10:6711. [PMID: 32317719 PMCID: PMC7174280 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-63460-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The observation of histopathology using optical microscope is an essential procedure for examination of tissue biopsies or surgically excised specimens in biological and clinical laboratories. However, slide-based microscopic pathology is not suitable for visualizing the large-scale tissue and native 3D organ structure due to its sampling limitation and shallow imaging depth. Here, we demonstrate serial optical coherence microscopy (SOCM) technique that offers label-free, high-throughput, and large-volume imaging of ex vivo mouse organs. A 3D histopathology of whole mouse brain and kidney including blood vessel structure is reconstructed by deep tissue optical imaging in serial sectioning techniques. Our results demonstrate that SOCM has unique advantages as it can visualize both native 3D structures and quantitative regional volume without introduction of any contrast agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eunjung Min
- Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Sungbea Ban
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Junwon Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Andrey Vavilin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Songyee Baek
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunwoo Jung
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Yujin Ahn
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Kibeom Park
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungwon Shin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - SoHyun Han
- Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Charlestown, MA, 02129, United States
| | - Hyungjoon Cho
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Whaseon Lee-Kwon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeehyun Kim
- School of Electronics Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - C Justin Lee
- Center for Cognition and Sociality, Institute for Basic Science, Daejeon, 34126, Republic of Korea
| | - Woonggyu Jung
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Chakraborty S, Chen ST, Hsiao YT, Chiu MJ, Sun CK. Additive-color multi-harmonic generation microscopy for simultaneous label-free differentiation of plaques, tangles, and neuronal axons. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 11:571-585. [PMID: 32206388 PMCID: PMC7041468 DOI: 10.1364/boe.378447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Multicolor fluorescence imaging has been widely used by neuroscientists to simultaneously observe different neuropathological features of the brain. However, these optical modalities rely on exogenous labeling. Here, we demonstrate, for the first time, a label-free additive-color multi-harmonic generation microscopy to elucidate, concurrently with different hues, Alzheimer's disease (AD) neuropathological hallmarks: amyloid β (Aβ) plaques and neurofibrillary tangles (NFT). By treating third harmonic generation (THG) and second harmonic generation (SHG) as two primary colors, our study can simultaneously label-free differentiate AD hallmarks by providing different additive colors between Aβ plaques, NFT, and neuronal axons, with weaker THG presentation from NFT in most places of the brain. Interestingly our pixel-based quantification and Pearson's correlation results further corroborated these findings. Our proposed label-free technique fulfills the unmet challenge in the clinical histopathology for stain-free slide-free differential visualization of neurodegenerative disease pathologies, with a sub-femtoliter resolution in a single image field-of-view.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Chakraborty
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Graduate Institute of Photonics and Optoelectronics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Tse Chen
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Graduate Institute of Photonics and Optoelectronics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Yang-Ting Hsiao
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Graduate Institute of Photonics and Optoelectronics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Jang Chiu
- Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 10051, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10051, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Brain and Mind Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10051, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Electronics and Bioinformatics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Psychology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Kuang Sun
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Graduate Institute of Photonics and Optoelectronics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10051, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Electronics and Bioinformatics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
- Molecular Imaging Center, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Das A, Bastian C, Trestan L, Suh J, Dey T, Trapp BD, Baltan S, Dana H. Reversible Loss of Hippocampal Function in a Mouse Model of Demyelination/Remyelination. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 13:588. [PMID: 32038176 PMCID: PMC6987410 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Demyelination of axons in the central nervous system (CNS) is a hallmark of multiple sclerosis (MS) and other demyelinating diseases. Cycles of demyelination, followed by remyelination, appear in the majority of MS patients and are associated with the onset and quiescence of disease-related symptoms, respectively. Previous studies in human patients and animal models have shown that vast demyelination is accompanied by wide-scale changes to brain activity, but details of this process are poorly understood. We used electrophysiological recordings and non-linear fluorescence imaging from genetically encoded calcium indicators to monitor the activity of hippocampal neurons during demyelination and remyelination over a period of 100 days. We found that synaptic transmission in CA1 neurons was diminished in vitro, and that neuronal firing rates in CA1 and the dentate gyrus (DG) were substantially reduced during demyelination in vivo, which partially recovered after a short remyelination period. This new approach allows monitoring how changes in synaptic transmission induced by cuprizone diet affect neuronal activity, and it can potentially be used to study the effects of therapeutic interventions in protecting the functionality of CNS neurons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aniruddha Das
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Chinthasagar Bastian
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Lexie Trestan
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Jason Suh
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Tanujit Dey
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Bruce D Trapp
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Selva Baltan
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Hod Dana
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Hirbec H, Déglon N, Foo LC, Goshen I, Grutzendler J, Hangen E, Kreisel T, Linck N, Muffat J, Regio S, Rion S, Escartin C. Emerging technologies to study glial cells. Glia 2020; 68:1692-1728. [PMID: 31958188 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Development, physiological functions, and pathologies of the brain depend on tight interactions between neurons and different types of glial cells, such as astrocytes, microglia, oligodendrocytes, and oligodendrocyte precursor cells. Assessing the relative contribution of different glial cell types is required for the full understanding of brain function and dysfunction. Over the recent years, several technological breakthroughs were achieved, allowing "glio-scientists" to address new challenging biological questions. These technical developments make it possible to study the roles of specific cell types with medium or high-content workflows and perform fine analysis of their mutual interactions in a preserved environment. This review illustrates the potency of several cutting-edge experimental approaches (advanced cell cultures, induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived human glial cells, viral vectors, in situ glia imaging, opto- and chemogenetic approaches, and high-content molecular analysis) to unravel the role of glial cells in specific brain functions or diseases. It also illustrates the translation of some techniques to the clinics, to monitor glial cells in patients, through specific brain imaging methods. The advantages, pitfalls, and future developments are discussed for each technique, and selected examples are provided to illustrate how specific "gliobiological" questions can now be tackled.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Hirbec
- Institute for Functional Genomics (IGF), University of Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Nicole Déglon
- Laboratory of Neurotherapies and Neuromodulation, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Laboratory of Neurotherapies and Neuromodulation, Neuroscience Research Center, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Lynette C Foo
- Neuroimmunology and Neurodegeneration Section, The Neuroscience and Rare Diseases Discovery and Translational Area, F. Hoffman-La Roche, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Inbal Goshen
- Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Jaime Grutzendler
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Emilie Hangen
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Département de la Recherche Fondamentale, Institut de Biologie François Jacob, MIRCen, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Neurodegenerative Diseases Laboratory, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, UMR 9199, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Tirzah Kreisel
- Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Nathalie Linck
- Institute for Functional Genomics (IGF), University of Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Julien Muffat
- Program in Neurosciences and Mental Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, and Department of Molecular Genetics, The University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Sara Regio
- Laboratory of Neurotherapies and Neuromodulation, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Laboratory of Neurotherapies and Neuromodulation, Neuroscience Research Center, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sybille Rion
- Neuroimmunology and Neurodegeneration Section, The Neuroscience and Rare Diseases Discovery and Translational Area, F. Hoffman-La Roche, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Carole Escartin
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Département de la Recherche Fondamentale, Institut de Biologie François Jacob, MIRCen, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Neurodegenerative Diseases Laboratory, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, UMR 9199, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Chapman TW, Hill RA. Myelin plasticity in adulthood and aging. Neurosci Lett 2019; 715:134645. [PMID: 31765728 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2019.134645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The central nervous system maintains the potential for molecular and cellular plasticity throughout life. This flexibility underlies fundamental features of neural circuitry including the brain's ability to sense, store, and properly adapt to everchanging external stimuli on time scales from seconds to years. Evidence for most forms of plasticity are centered around changes in neuronal structure and synaptic strength, however recent data suggests that myelinating oligodendrocytes exhibit certain forms of plasticity in the adult. This plasticity ranges from the generation of entirely new myelinating cells to more subtle changes in myelin sheath length, thickness, and distribution along axons. The extent to which these changes dynamically modify axonal function and neural circuitry and whether they are directly related to mechanisms of learning and memory remains an open question. Here we describe different forms of myelin plasticity, highlight some recent evidence for changes in myelination throughout life, and discuss how defects in these forms of plasticity could be associated with cognitive decline in aging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy W Chapman
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Robert A Hill
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Gonsalvez DG, Yoo S, Fletcher JL, Wood RJ, Craig GA, Murray SS, Xiao J. Imaging and Quantification of Myelin Integrity After Injury With Spectral Confocal Reflectance Microscopy. Front Mol Neurosci 2019; 12:275. [PMID: 31803018 PMCID: PMC6877500 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2019.00275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Developing a high-throughput approach to quantify the extent of myelin integrity in preclinical models of demyelinating diseases will enhance our capacity to identify novel therapies for myelin repair. In light of the technical limitations of electron microscopy and immunohistochemical analyses of myelination, we have utilized a novel imaging technique, spectral confocal reflectance (SCoRe) microscopy. SCoRe takes advantage of the optically reflective properties of compact myelin, allowing the integrity of compact myelin to be quantified over the course of the cuprizone-induced model of central demyelination. We applied SCoRe imaging on fixed frozen brain sections. SCoRe analysis of control mice identified an increase in corpus callosum myelination during the period of cuprizone administration and recovery, suggesting that the normal developmental processes of myelination are ongoing at this time. Importantly, analysis of mice subjected to cuprizone identified a significant reduction in compact myelin in both rostral and caudal corpus callosum compared to age-matched control mice. SCoRe microscopy also allowed the visualization and quantification of the amount of myelin debris in demyelinating lesions. Combining SCoRe imaging with immunohistochemistry, we quantified the amount of myelin debris within IBA-1+ microglia and found that 11% of myelin debris colocalized in microglia irrespective of the callosal regions, with the vast majority of debris outside of microglia. In summary, we have demonstrated that SCoRe microscopy is an effective and powerful tool to perform both quantitative and qualitative analyses of compact myelin integrity in health or after injury in vivo, demonstrating its future application in high-throughput assessments and screening of the therapeutic efficacy of myelin repair therapies in preclinical animal models of demyelinating diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David G Gonsalvez
- Neurotrophin and Myelin Laboratory, Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - SangWon Yoo
- Neurotrophin and Myelin Laboratory, Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Jessica L Fletcher
- Neurotrophin and Myelin Laboratory, Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Rhiannon J Wood
- Neurotrophin and Myelin Laboratory, Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Georgina A Craig
- Neurotrophin and Myelin Laboratory, Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Simon S Murray
- Neurotrophin and Myelin Laboratory, Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Junhua Xiao
- Neurotrophin and Myelin Laboratory, Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Saliani A, Zaimi A, Nami H, Duval T, Stikov N, Cohen-Adad J. Construction of a rat spinal cord atlas of axon morphometry. Neuroimage 2019; 202:116156. [PMID: 31491525 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.116156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Atlases of the central nervous system are essential for understanding the pathophysiology of neurological diseases, which remains one of the greatest challenges in neuroscience research today. These atlases provide insight into the underlying white matter microstructure and have been created from a variety of animal models, including rats. Although existing atlases of the rat spinal cord provide some details of axon microstructure, there is currently no histological dataset that quantifies axon morphometry exhaustively in the entire spinal cord. In this study, we created the first comprehensive rat spinal cord atlas of the white matter microstructure with quantifiable axon and myelin morphometrics. Using full-slice scanning electron microscopy images and state-of-the-art segmentation algorithms, we generated an atlas of microstructural metrics such as axon diameter, axonal density and g-ratio. After registering the Watson spinal cord white matter atlas to our template, we computed statistics across metrics, spinal levels and tracts. We notably found that g-ratio is relatively constant, whereas axon diameter showed the greatest variation. The atlas, data and full analysis code are freely available at: https://github.com/neuropoly/atlas-rat.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ariane Saliani
- NeuroPoly Lab, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Polytechnique Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada.
| | - Aldo Zaimi
- NeuroPoly Lab, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Polytechnique Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Harris Nami
- NeuroPoly Lab, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Polytechnique Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Tanguy Duval
- NeuroPoly Lab, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Polytechnique Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Nikola Stikov
- NeuroPoly Lab, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Polytechnique Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada; Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Julien Cohen-Adad
- NeuroPoly Lab, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Polytechnique Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada; Functional Neuroimaging Unit, CRIUGM, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Wu M, Small DM, Nishimura N, Adie SG. Computed optical coherence microscopy of mouse brain ex vivo. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2019; 24:1-18. [PMID: 31773937 PMCID: PMC6880187 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.24.11.116002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The compromise between lateral resolution and usable imaging depth range is a bottleneck for optical coherence tomography (OCT). Existing solutions for optical coherence microscopy (OCM) suffer from either large data size and long acquisition time or a nonideal point spread function. We present volumetric OCM of mouse brain ex vivo with a large depth coverage by leveraging computational adaptive optics (CAO) to significantly reduce the number of OCM volumes that need to be acquired with a Gaussian beam focused at different depths. We demonstrate volumetric reconstruction of ex-vivo mouse brain with lateral resolution of 2.2 μm, axial resolution of 4.7 μm, and depth range of ∼1.2 mm optical path length, using only 11 OCT data volumes acquired on a spectral-domain OCM system. Compared to focus scanning with step size equal to the Rayleigh length of the beam, this is a factor of 4 fewer datasets required for volumetric imaging. Coregistered two-photon microscopy confirmed that CAO-OCM reconstructions can visualize various tissue microstructures in the brain. Our results also highlight the limitations of CAO in highly scattering media, particularly when attempting to reconstruct far from the focal plane or when imaging deep within the sample.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meiqi Wu
- Cornell University, Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Ithaca, New York, United States
| | - David M. Small
- Cornell University, Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Ithaca, New York, United States
| | - Nozomi Nishimura
- Cornell University, Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Ithaca, New York, United States
| | - Steven G. Adie
- Cornell University, Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Ithaca, New York, United States
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Lim H. Harmonic Generation Microscopy 2.0: New Tricks Empowering Intravital Imaging for Neuroscience. Front Mol Biosci 2019; 6:99. [PMID: 31649934 PMCID: PMC6794408 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2019.00099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Optical harmonic generation, e.g., second- (SHG) and third-harmonic generation (THG), provides intrinsic contrasts for three-dimensional intravital microscopy. Contrary to two-photon excited fluorescence (TPEF), however, they have found relatively specialized applications, such as imaging collagenous and non-specific tissues, respectively. Here we review recent advances that broaden the capacity of SHG and THG for imaging the central nervous system in particular. The fundamental contrast mechanisms are reviewed as they encode novel information including molecular origin, spectroscopy, functional probes, and image analysis, which lay foundations for promising future applications in neuroscience.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyungsik Lim
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Hunter College and the Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, NY, United States
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Boppart SA, You S, Li L, Chen J, Tu H. Simultaneous label-free autofluorescence-multiharmonic microscopy and beyond. APL PHOTONICS 2019; 4:100901. [PMID: 33585678 PMCID: PMC7880241 DOI: 10.1063/1.5098349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Without sophisticated data inversion algorithms, nonlinear optical microscopy can acquire images at subcellular resolution and relatively large depth, with plausible endogenous contrasts indicative of authentic biological and pathological states. Although independent contrasts have been derived by sequentially imaging the same sample plane or volume under different and often optimized excitation conditions, new laser source engineering with inputs from key biomolecules surprisingly enable real-time simultaneous acquisition of multiple endogenous molecular contrasts to segment a rich set of cellular and extracellular components. Since this development allows simple single-beam single-shot excitation and simultaneous multicontrast epidirected signal detection, the resulting platform avoids perturbative sample pretreatments such as fluorescent labeling, mechanical sectioning, scarce or interdependent contrast generation, constraints to the sample or imaging geometry, and intraimaging motion artifacts that have limited in vivo nonlinear optical molecular imaging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen A. Boppart
- Biophotonics Imaging Laboratory, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Sixian You
- Biophotonics Imaging Laboratory, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Lianhuang Li
- Key Laboratory of OptoElectronic Science and Technology for Medicine of Ministry of Education, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Photonics Technology, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China
| | - Jianxin Chen
- Key Laboratory of OptoElectronic Science and Technology for Medicine of Ministry of Education, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Photonics Technology, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China
| | - Haohua Tu
- Biophotonics Imaging Laboratory, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Liu CJ, Shamsan GA, Akkin T, Odde DJ. Glioma Cell Migration Dynamics in Brain Tissue Assessed by Multimodal Optical Imaging. Biophys J 2019; 117:1179-1188. [PMID: 31474305 PMCID: PMC6818150 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2019.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 07/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma is a primary malignant brain tumor characterized by highly infiltrative glioma cells. Vasculature and white matter tracts are considered to be the preferred and fastest routes for glioma invasion through brain tissue. In this study, we systematically quantified the routes and motility of the U251 human glioblastoma cell line in mouse brain slices by multimodal imaging. Specifically, we used polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography to delineate nerve fiber tracts while confocal fluorescence microscopy was used to image cell migration and brain vasculature. Somewhat surprisingly, we found that in mouse brain slices, U251 glioma cells do not follow white matter tracts but rather preferentially migrate along vasculature in both gray and white matter. In addition, U251 cell motility is ∼2-fold higher in gray matter than in white matter (91 vs. 43 μm2/h), with a substantial fraction (44%) of cells in both regions invading without close association with vasculature. Interestingly, within both regions, the rates of migration for the perivascular and televascular routes of invasion were indistinguishable. Furthermore, by imaging of local vasculature deformation dynamics during cell migration, we found that U251 cells are capable of exerting traction forces that locally pull on their environment, suggesting the applicability of a "motor-clutch"-based model for migration in vivo. Overall, by quantitatively analyzing the migration dynamics along the diverse pathways followed by invading U251 glioma cells as observed by our multimodal imaging approach, our studies suggest that effective antiinvasive strategies will need to simultaneously limit parallel routes of both perivascular and televascular invasion through both gray and white matter.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chao J Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Ghaidan A Shamsan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Taner Akkin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - David J Odde
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota.
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Cheng H, Tong S, Deng X, Liu H, Du Y, He C, Qiu P, Wang K. Deep-brain 2-photon fluorescence microscopy in vivo excited at the 1700 nm window. OPTICS LETTERS 2019; 44:4432-4435. [PMID: 31465421 DOI: 10.1364/ol.44.004432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Here we demonstrate deep-brain 2-photon fluorescence microscopy in mouse in vivo, excited at the 1700 nm window. Through signal versus power measurement, we show that indocyanine green (ICG) is a promising 2-photon fluorescent dye excitable at the 1700 nm window. In order to excite ICG circulating in the vasculature in the deep brain, we employ a circular-polarization soliton self-frequency shift technique to generate energetic femtosecond pulses at 1617 nm. Combining the labeling and laser technologies, we achieve a record 2-photon fluorescence brain vasculature imaging depth of 2000 μm in vivo. Both the effective attenuation length measurement and signal-to-background ratio measurement indicate that we have reached the theoretical depth limit in 2-photon fluorescence microscopy.
Collapse
|
49
|
Kazarine A, Gopal AA, Wiseman PW. Nonlinear microscopy of common histological stains reveals third harmonic generation harmonophores. Analyst 2019; 144:3239-3249. [PMID: 30920574 DOI: 10.1039/c9an00267g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Since its invention over a hundred years ago, histological analysis using coloured dye staining remains the gold standard for histopathology. While these stains provide critical information for a variety of diagnostic purposes, they offer limited two-dimensional histological information. Extending classical histological analysis to three dimensions requires novel imaging approaches such as multiphoton microscopy. Multiphoton microscopy enables multimodal, three-dimensional imaging of histologically stained samples. Specifically, third harmonic generation (THG), a nonlinear optical process in which three incident photons are combined into one by the sample, allows high contrast imaging of tissues stained with absorbing dyes, which in turn act as harmonophores. While this technique has previously been applied to hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) tissue sections, we extend this approach to other commonly used histological stains to demonstrate further potential applications of the technique. We demonstrate THG imaging of both human skin and liver tissue stained with H&E, Verhoeff-Van Gieson (VVG) and Picrosirius Red stains. We find that these stains provide excellent contrast as THG harmonophores, enabling high resolution imaging of histological samples. THG imaging of the Verhoeff stain enables easy detection of elastic fibers while Picrosirius Red acts as an effective harmonophore for imaging collagen fibers of all sizes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexei Kazarine
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke St West, Montreal, QC H3A 0B8, Canada.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Liu H, Deng X, Tong S, He C, Cheng H, Zhuang Z, Gan M, Li J, Xie W, Qiu P, Wang K. In Vivo Deep-Brain Structural and Hemodynamic Multiphoton Microscopy Enabled by Quantum Dots. NANO LETTERS 2019; 19:5260-5265. [PMID: 31268725 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b01708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Visualizing deep-brain vasculature and hemodynamics is key to understanding brain physiology and pathology. Among the various adopted imaging modalities, multiphoton microscopy (MPM) is well-known for its deep-brain structural and hemodynamic imaging capability. However, the largest imaging depth in MPM is limited by signal depletion in the deep brain. Here we demonstrate that quantum dots are an enabling material for significantly deeper structural and hemodynamic MPM in mouse brain in vivo. We characterized both three-photon excitation and emission parameters for quantum dots: the measured three-photon cross sections of quantum dots are 4-5 orders of magnitude larger than those of conventional fluorescent dyes excited at the 1700 nm window, while the three-photon emission spectrum measured in the circulating blood in vivo shows a slight red shift and broadening compared with ex vivo measurement. On the basis of these measured results, we further demonstrate both structural and hemodynamic three-photon microscopy in the mouse brain in vivo labeled by quantum dots, at record depths among all MPM modalities at all demonstrated excitation wavelengths.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongji Liu
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering , Shenzhen University , Shenzhen , 518060 , China
| | - Xiangquan Deng
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering , Shenzhen University , Shenzhen , 518060 , China
| | - Shen Tong
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering , Shenzhen University , Shenzhen , 518060 , China
| | - Chen He
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering , Shenzhen University , Shenzhen , 518060 , China
| | - Hui Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering , Shenzhen University , Shenzhen , 518060 , China
| | - Ziwei Zhuang
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering , Shenzhen University , Shenzhen , 518060 , China
| | - Mengyao Gan
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering , Shenzhen University , Shenzhen , 518060 , China
| | - Jia Li
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering , Shenzhen University , Shenzhen , 518060 , China
| | - Weixin Xie
- College of Electronics and Information Engineering , Shenzhen University , Shenzhen , 518060 , China
| | - Ping Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering , Shenzhen University , Shenzhen , 518060 , China
| | - Ke Wang
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering , Shenzhen University , Shenzhen , 518060 , China
| |
Collapse
|