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Barco VS, Gallego FQ, Miranda CA, Souza MR, Volpato GT, Damasceno DC. Hyperglycemia influences the cell proliferation and death of the rat endocrine pancreas in the neonatal period. Life Sci 2024; 351:122854. [PMID: 38901688 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2024.122854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
AIMS To evaluate the cell proliferation and death, and structural morphology of the pancreatic islet cells of the rats with hyperglycemia in the first month of life and compare to those of the control rats. MAIN METHODS Female Sprague-Dawley newborn rats received Streptozotocin (a beta-cytotoxic drug) at birth for diabetes induction. Control and hyperglycemic animals were euthanized on different days of life: 5, 10, 15, and 30. The pancreas was collected and processed for immunohistochemical analysis of cleaved Caspase-3 (cell death), Ki-67 (cell proliferation), PDX-1 (transcription factor responsible for insulin synthesis), and endocrine hormones (insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin). KEY FINDINGS Control females showed a higher percentage (%) of Ki-67-positive(+) cells on D10 and D15, a higher % of insulin+ and somatostatin+ cells on D15 and D30, a lower % of PDX-1+ cells on D10, and a higher % of glucagon+ cells on D10 and D30. Hyperglycemic females showed a lower % of Ki-67+ cells on D15, a higher % of cleaved Caspase-3+ cells on D15, and insulin+ cells on D15 and D30. In the comparison among the experimental groups, the hyperglycemic females showed an increased % of cleaved Caspase-3+ and Ki-67+ cells and a lower % of PDX-1+ cells. SIGNIFICANCE This study enabled a better understanding of the abnormal pancreas development regarding cellular proliferation, apoptosis, and hormonal synthesis in the neonatal period. Thus, the pancreatic islets of hyperglycemic rats do not reestablish the normal endocrine cell population, and cellular apoptosis overcame the proliferative activity of these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinícius S Barco
- Laboratory of Experimental Research on Gynecology and Obstetrics of UNIPEX, Postgraduate Course on Tocogynecology, Botucatu Medical School, Sao Paulo State University (Unesp), Botucatu, Sao Paulo State, Brazil.
| | - Franciane Q Gallego
- Laboratory of Experimental Research on Gynecology and Obstetrics of UNIPEX, Postgraduate Course on Tocogynecology, Botucatu Medical School, Sao Paulo State University (Unesp), Botucatu, Sao Paulo State, Brazil.
| | - Carolina A Miranda
- Laboratory of Experimental Research on Gynecology and Obstetrics of UNIPEX, Postgraduate Course on Tocogynecology, Botucatu Medical School, Sao Paulo State University (Unesp), Botucatu, Sao Paulo State, Brazil
| | - Maysa R Souza
- Laboratory of Experimental Research on Gynecology and Obstetrics of UNIPEX, Postgraduate Course on Tocogynecology, Botucatu Medical School, Sao Paulo State University (Unesp), Botucatu, Sao Paulo State, Brazil.
| | - Gustavo T Volpato
- Laboratory of System Physiology and Reproductive Toxicology, Institute of Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso (UFMT), Barra do Garças, Mato Grosso State, Brazil
| | - Débora C Damasceno
- Laboratory of Experimental Research on Gynecology and Obstetrics of UNIPEX, Postgraduate Course on Tocogynecology, Botucatu Medical School, Sao Paulo State University (Unesp), Botucatu, Sao Paulo State, Brazil.
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2
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Tixi W, Maldonado M, Chang YT, Chiu A, Yeung W, Parveen N, Nelson MS, Hart R, Wang S, Hsu WJ, Fueger P, Kopp JL, Huising MO, Dhawan S, Shih HP. Coordination between ECM and cell-cell adhesion regulates the development of islet aggregation, architecture, and functional maturation. eLife 2023; 12:e90006. [PMID: 37610090 PMCID: PMC10482429 DOI: 10.7554/elife.90006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic islets are three-dimensional cell aggregates consisting of unique cellular composition, cell-to-cell contacts, and interactions with blood vessels. Cell aggregation is essential for islet endocrine function; however, it remains unclear how developing islets establish aggregation. By combining genetic animal models, imaging tools, and gene expression profiling, we demonstrate that islet aggregation is regulated by extracellular matrix signaling and cell-cell adhesion. Islet endocrine cell-specific inactivation of extracellular matrix receptor integrin β1 disrupted blood vessel interactions but promoted cell-cell adhesion and the formation of larger islets. In contrast, ablation of cell-cell adhesion molecule α-catenin promoted blood vessel interactions yet compromised islet clustering. Simultaneous removal of integrin β1 and α-catenin disrupts islet aggregation and the endocrine cell maturation process, demonstrating that establishment of islet aggregates is essential for functional maturation. Our study provides new insights into understanding the fundamental self-organizing mechanism for islet aggregation, architecture, and functional maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilma Tixi
- Department of Translational Research and Cellular Therapeutics, Arthur Riggs Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute, City of HopeDuarteUnited States
| | - Maricela Maldonado
- Department of Translational Research and Cellular Therapeutics, Arthur Riggs Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute, City of HopeDuarteUnited States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, California State University, Long BeachLong BeachUnited States
| | - Ya-Ting Chang
- Department of Translational Research and Cellular Therapeutics, Arthur Riggs Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute, City of HopeDuarteUnited States
| | - Amy Chiu
- Department of Translational Research and Cellular Therapeutics, Arthur Riggs Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute, City of HopeDuarteUnited States
| | - Wilson Yeung
- Department of Translational Research and Cellular Therapeutics, Arthur Riggs Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute, City of HopeDuarteUnited States
| | - Nazia Parveen
- Department of Translational Research and Cellular Therapeutics, Arthur Riggs Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute, City of HopeDuarteUnited States
| | - Michael S Nelson
- Light Microscopy Core, Beckman Research Institute, City of HopeDuarteUnited States
| | - Ryan Hart
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, University of California, DavisDavisUnited States
| | - Shihao Wang
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British ColumbiaVancouverCanada
| | - Wu Jih Hsu
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British ColumbiaVancouverCanada
| | - Patrick Fueger
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Endocrinology, Arthur Riggs Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute, City of HopeDuarteUnited States
| | - Janel L Kopp
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British ColumbiaVancouverCanada
| | - Mark O Huising
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, University of California, DavisDavisUnited States
- Department of Physiology and Membrane Biology, School of Medicine, University of California, DavisDavisUnited States
| | - Sangeeta Dhawan
- Department of Translational Research and Cellular Therapeutics, Arthur Riggs Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute, City of HopeDuarteUnited States
| | - Hung Ping Shih
- Department of Translational Research and Cellular Therapeutics, Arthur Riggs Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute, City of HopeDuarteUnited States
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3
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Erener S, Ellis CE, Ramzy A, Glavas MM, O’Dwyer S, Pereira S, Wang T, Pang J, Bruin JE, Riedel MJ, Baker RK, Webber TD, Lesina M, Blüher M, Algül H, Kopp JL, Herzig S, Kieffer TJ. Deletion of pancreas-specific miR-216a reduces beta-cell mass and inhibits pancreatic cancer progression in mice. Cell Rep Med 2021; 2:100434. [PMID: 34841287 PMCID: PMC8606901 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2021.100434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
miRNAs have crucial functions in many biological processes and are candidate biomarkers of disease. Here, we show that miR-216a is a conserved, pancreas-specific miRNA with important roles in pancreatic islet and acinar cells. Deletion of miR-216a in mice leads to a reduction in islet size, β-cell mass, and insulin levels. Single-cell RNA sequencing reveals a subpopulation of β-cells with upregulated acinar cell markers under a high-fat diet. miR-216a is induced by TGF-β signaling, and inhibition of miR-216a increases apoptosis and decreases cell proliferation in pancreatic cells. Deletion of miR-216a in the pancreatic cancer-prone mouse line KrasG12D;Ptf1aCreER reduces the propensity of pancreatic cancer precursor lesions. Notably, circulating miR-216a levels are elevated in both mice and humans with pancreatic cancer. Collectively, our study gives insights into how β-cell mass and acinar cell growth are modulated by a pancreas-specific miRNA and also suggests miR-216a as a potential biomarker for diagnosis of pancreatic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suheda Erener
- Department of Cellular & Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Institute for Diabetes and Cancer, Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Cara E. Ellis
- Department of Cellular & Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Adam Ramzy
- Department of Cellular & Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Maria M. Glavas
- Department of Cellular & Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Shannon O’Dwyer
- Department of Cellular & Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Sandra Pereira
- Department of Cellular & Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Tom Wang
- Department of Cellular & Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Janice Pang
- Department of Cellular & Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Jennifer E. Bruin
- Department of Cellular & Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Biology and Institute of Biochemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Michael J. Riedel
- Department of Cellular & Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Robert K. Baker
- Department of Cellular & Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Travis D. Webber
- Department of Cellular & Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Marina Lesina
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Munich, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Matthias Blüher
- Helmholtz Institute for Metabolic, Obesity and Vascular Research (HI-MAG) of the Helmholtz Zentrum München at the University of Leipzig and University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Medical Department III – Endocrinology, Nephrology, Rheumatology, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Hana Algül
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Munich, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Janel L. Kopp
- Department of Cellular & Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Stephan Herzig
- Institute for Diabetes and Cancer, Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
- Joint Heidelberg-IDC Translational Diabetes Program, Inner Medicine 1, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
- Technical University Munich, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Diabetesforschung, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Timothy J. Kieffer
- Department of Cellular & Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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4
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Tracing the cellular basis of islet specification in mouse pancreas. Nat Commun 2020; 11:5037. [PMID: 33028844 PMCID: PMC7541446 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18837-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic islets play an essential role in regulating blood glucose level. Although the molecular pathways underlying islet cell differentiation are beginning to be resolved, the cellular basis of islet morphogenesis and fate allocation remain unclear. By combining unbiased and targeted lineage tracing, we address the events leading to islet formation in the mouse. From the statistical analysis of clones induced at multiple embryonic timepoints, here we show that, during the secondary transition, islet formation involves the aggregation of multiple equipotent endocrine progenitors that transition from a phase of stochastic amplification by cell division into a phase of sublineage restriction and limited islet fission. Together, these results explain quantitatively the heterogeneous size distribution and degree of polyclonality of maturing islets, as well as dispersion of progenitors within and between islets. Further, our results show that, during the secondary transition, α- and β-cells are generated in a contemporary manner. Together, these findings provide insight into the cellular basis of islet development. The cellular basis of islet morphogenesis and fate allocation remain unclear. Here, the authors use a R26-CreER-R26R-Confetti mouse line to follow quantitatively the clonal dynamics of islet formation showing how, during the secondary transition, islet progenitors amplify through rounds of stochastic cell division before becoming restricted to α and β cell sublineages.
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5
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Miranda MA, Carson C, St. Pierre CL, Macias‐Velasco JF, Hughes JW, Kunzmann M, Schmidt H, Wayhart JP, Lawson HA. Spontaneous restoration of functional β-cell mass in obese SM/J mice. Physiol Rep 2020; 8:e14573. [PMID: 33113267 PMCID: PMC7592878 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Maintenance of functional β-cell mass is critical to preventing diabetes, but the physiological mechanisms that cause β-cell populations to thrive or fail in the context of obesity are unknown. High fat-fed SM/J mice spontaneously transition from hyperglycemic-obese to normoglycemic-obese with age, providing a unique opportunity to study β-cell adaptation. Here, we characterize insulin homeostasis, islet morphology, and β-cell function during SM/J's diabetic remission. As they resolve hyperglycemia, obese SM/J mice dramatically increase circulating and pancreatic insulin levels while improving insulin sensitivity. Immunostaining of pancreatic sections reveals that obese SM/J mice selectively increase β-cell mass but not α-cell mass. Obese SM/J mice do not show elevated β-cell mitotic index, but rather elevated α-cell mitotic index. Functional assessment of isolated islets reveals that obese SM/J mice increase glucose-stimulated insulin secretion, decrease basal insulin secretion, and increase islet insulin content. These results establish that β-cell mass expansion and improved β-cell function underlie the resolution of hyperglycemia, indicating that obese SM/J mice are a valuable tool for exploring how functional β-cell mass can be recovered in the context of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario A. Miranda
- Department of GeneticsWashington University School of MedicineSaint LouisMOUSA
| | - Caryn Carson
- Department of GeneticsWashington University School of MedicineSaint LouisMOUSA
| | | | | | - Jing W. Hughes
- Department of MedicineWashington University School of MedicineSaint LouisMOUSA
| | - Marcus Kunzmann
- Department of GeneticsWashington University School of MedicineSaint LouisMOUSA
| | - Heather Schmidt
- Department of GeneticsWashington University School of MedicineSaint LouisMOUSA
| | - Jessica P. Wayhart
- Department of GeneticsWashington University School of MedicineSaint LouisMOUSA
| | - Heather A. Lawson
- Department of GeneticsWashington University School of MedicineSaint LouisMOUSA
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6
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Park I, Hong S, Hwang Y, Kim P. A Novel Pancreatic Imaging Window for Stabilized Longitudinal In Vivo Observation of Pancreatic Islets in Murine Model. Diabetes Metab J 2020; 44:193-198. [PMID: 31237131 PMCID: PMC7043981 DOI: 10.4093/dmj.2018.0268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Longitudinal imaging of murine pancreas is technically challenging due to the mechanical softness of the tissue influenced by peristalsis. Here, we report a novel pancreatic imaging window for long-term stabilized cellular-level observation of the islets in the pancreas in vivo. By spatially separating the pancreas from the bowel movement and physiologic respiration with a metal plate integrated in the imaging window, we successfully tracked the pancreatic islets up to three weeks and visualized the dumbbell-shape transformation from the single islet. This window can be a useful tool for long-term cellular-level visualization of the microstructure in the pancreas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inwon Park
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Korea
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Korea
| | - Sujung Hong
- Graduate School of Nanoscience and Technology, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Korea
- KI for Health Science and Technology (KIHST), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Korea
| | - Yoonha Hwang
- Graduate School of Nanoscience and Technology, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Korea
- KI for Health Science and Technology (KIHST), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Korea
| | - Pilhan Kim
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Korea
- Graduate School of Nanoscience and Technology, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Korea
- KI for Health Science and Technology (KIHST), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Korea.
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7
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Kowalska M, Rupik W. Development of endocrine pancreatic islets in embryos of the grass snake Natrix natrix
(Lepidosauria, Serpentes). J Morphol 2018; 280:103-118. [DOI: 10.1002/jmor.20921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Kowalska
- Department of Animal Histology and Embryology; University of Silesia in Katowice; Poland
| | - Weronika Rupik
- Department of Animal Histology and Embryology; University of Silesia in Katowice; Poland
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8
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Huang HH, Harrington S, Stehno-Bittel L. The Flaws and Future of Islet Volume Measurements. Cell Transplant 2018; 27:1017-1026. [PMID: 29954219 PMCID: PMC6158542 DOI: 10.1177/0963689718779898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Revised: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
When working with isolated islet preparations, measuring the volume of tissue is not a trivial matter. Islets come in a large range of sizes and are often contaminated with exocrine tissue. Many factors complicate the procedure, and yet knowledge of the islet volume is essential for predicting the success of an islet transplant or comparing experimental groups in the laboratory. In 1990, Ricordi presented the islet equivalency (IEQ), defined as one IEQ equaling a single spherical islet of 150 μm in diameter. The method for estimating IEQ was developed by visualizing islets in a microscope, estimating their diameter in 50 μm categories and calculating a total volume for the preparation. Shortly after its introduction, the IEQ was adopted as the standard method for islet volume measurements. It has helped to advance research in the field by providing a useful tool improving the reproducibility of islet research and eventually the success of clinical islet transplants. However, the accuracy of the IEQ method has been questioned for years and many alternatives have been proposed, but none have been able to replace the widespread use of the IEQ. This article reviews the history of the IEQ, and discusses the benefits and failings of the measurement. A thorough evaluation of alternatives for estimating islet volume is provided along with the steps needed to uniformly move to an improved method of islet volume estimation. The lessons learned from islet researchers may serve as a guide for other fields of regenerative medicine as cell clusters become a more attractive therapeutic option.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Hung Huang
- Angelo State University, Texas Tech University System, San Angelo, TX, USA
| | | | - Lisa Stehno-Bittel
- Likarda, LLC, Kansas City, MO, USA
- University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
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9
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Buchwald P, Bernal A, Echeverri F, Tamayo-Garcia A, Linetsky E, Ricordi C. Fully Automated Islet Cell Counter (ICC) for the Assessment of Islet Mass, Purity, and Size Distribution by Digital Image Analysis. Cell Transplant 2018; 25:1747-1761. [PMID: 27196960 DOI: 10.3727/096368916x691655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
For isolated pancreatic islet cell preparations, it is important to be able to reliably assess their mass and quality, and for clinical applications, it is part of the regulatory requirement. Accurate assessment, however, is difficult because islets are spheroid-like cell aggregates of different sizes (<50 to 500 μm) resulting in possible thousandfold differences between the mass contribution of individual particles. The current standard manual counting method that uses size-based group classification is known to be error prone and operator dependent. Digital image analysis (DIA)-based methods can provide less subjective, more reproducible, and better-documented islet cell mass (IEQ) estimates; however, so far, none has become widely accepted or used. Here we present results obtained using a compact, self-contained islet cell counter (ICC3) that includes both the hardware and software needed for automated islet counting and requires minimal operator training and input; hence, it can be easily adapted at any center and could provide a convenient standardized cGMP-compliant IEQ assessment. Using cross-validated sample counting, we found that for most human islet cell preparations, ICC3 provides islet mass (IEQ) estimates that correlate well with those obtained by trained operators using the current manual SOP method ( r2 = 0.78, slope = 1.02). Variability and reproducibility are also improved compared to the manual method, and most of the remaining variability (CV = 8.9%) results from the rearrangement of the islet particles due to movement of the sample between counts. Characterization of the size distribution is also important, and the present digitally collected data allow more detailed analysis and coverage of a wider size range. We found again that for human islet cell preparations, a Weibull distribution function provides good description of the particle size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Buchwald
- Diabetes Research Institute, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA.,Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | | | | | | | - Elina Linetsky
- Diabetes Research Institute, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Camillo Ricordi
- Diabetes Research Institute, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
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10
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Beamish CA, Mehta S, Strutt BJ, Chakrabarti S, Hara M, Hill DJ. Decrease in Ins +Glut2 LO β-cells with advancing age in mouse and human pancreas. J Endocrinol 2017; 233:229-241. [PMID: 28348115 DOI: 10.1530/joe-16-0475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The presence and location of resident pancreatic β-cell progenitors is controversial. A subpopulation of insulin-expressing but glucose transporter-2-low (Ins+Glut2LO) cells may represent multipotent pancreatic progenitors in adult mouse and in human islets, and they are enriched in small, extra-islet β-cell clusters (<5 β cells) in mice. Here, we sought to identify and compare the ontogeny of these cells in mouse and human pancreata throughout life. Mouse pancreata were collected at postnatal days 7, 14, 21, 28, and at 3, 6, 12, and 18 months of age, and in the first 28 days after β-cell mass depletion following streptozotocin (STZ) administration. Samples of human pancreas were examined during fetal life (22-30 weeks gestation), infancy (0-1 year), childhood (2-9), adolescence (10-17), and adulthood (18-80). Tissues were analyzed by immunohistochemistry for the expression and location of insulin, GLUT2 and Ki67. The proportion of β cells within clusters relative to that in islets was higher in pancreas of human than of mouse at all ages examined, and decreased significantly at adolescence. In mice, the total number of Ins+Glut2LO cells decreased after 7 days concurrent with the proportion of clusters. These cells were more abundant in clusters than in islets in both species. A positive association existed between the appearance of new β cells after the STZ treatment of young mice, particularly in clusters and smaller islets, and an increased proportional presence of Ins+Glut2LO cells during early β-cell regeneration. These data suggest that Ins+Glut2LO cells are preferentially located within β-cell clusters throughout life in pancreas of mouse and human, and may represent a source of β-cell plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine A Beamish
- Lawson Health Research InstituteSt Joseph Health Care, London, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Physiology & PharmacologyWestern University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sofia Mehta
- Lawson Health Research InstituteSt Joseph Health Care, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Brenda J Strutt
- Lawson Health Research InstituteSt Joseph Health Care, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Subrata Chakrabarti
- Lawson Health Research InstituteSt Joseph Health Care, London, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory MedicineWestern University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Manami Hara
- Department of MedicineUniversity of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - David J Hill
- Lawson Health Research InstituteSt Joseph Health Care, London, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Physiology & PharmacologyWestern University, London, Ontario, Canada
- Department of MedicineWestern University, London, Ontario, Canada
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11
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Stereological analyses of the whole human pancreas. Sci Rep 2016; 6:34049. [PMID: 27658965 PMCID: PMC5034323 DOI: 10.1038/srep34049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The large size of human tissues requires a practical stereological approach to perform a comprehensive analysis of the whole organ. We have developed a method to quantitatively analyze the whole human pancreas, as one of the challenging organs to study, in which endocrine cells form various sizes of islets that are scattered unevenly throughout the exocrine pancreas. Furthermore, the human pancreas possesses intrinsic characteristics of intra-individual variability, i.e. regional differences in endocrine cell/islet distribution, and marked inter-individual heterogeneity regardless of age, sex and disease conditions including obesity and diabetes. The method is built based on large-scale image capture, computer-assisted unbiased image analysis and quantification, and further mathematical analyses, using widely-used software such as Fiji/ImageJ and MATLAB. The present study includes detailed protocols of every procedure as well as all the custom-written computer scripts, which can be modified according to specific experimental plans and specimens of interest.
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12
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Abstract
After birth the endocrine pancreas continues its development, a complex process that involves both the maturation of islet cells and a marked expansion of their numbers. New beta cells are formed both by duplication of pre-existing cells and by new differentiation (neogenesis) across the first postnatal weeks, with the result of beta cells of different stages of maturation even after weaning. Improving our understanding of this period of beta cell expansion could provide valuable therapeutic insights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Bonner-Weir
- CONTACT Susan Bonner-Weir Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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13
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Renner S, Dobenecker B, Blutke A, Zöls S, Wanke R, Ritzmann M, Wolf E. Comparative aspects of rodent and nonrodent animal models for mechanistic and translational diabetes research. Theriogenology 2016; 86:406-21. [PMID: 27180329 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2016.04.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Revised: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of diabetes mellitus, which currently affects 387 million people worldwide, is permanently rising in both adults and adolescents. Despite numerous treatment options, diabetes mellitus is a progressive disease with severe comorbidities, such as nephropathy, neuropathy, and retinopathy, as well as cardiovascular disease. Therefore, animal models predictive of the efficacy and safety of novel compounds in humans are of great value to address the unmet need for improved therapeutics. Although rodent models provide important mechanistic insights, their predictive value for therapeutic outcomes in humans is limited. In recent years, the pig has gained importance for biomedical research because of its close similarity to human anatomy, physiology, size, and, in contrast to non-human primates, better ethical acceptance. In this review, anatomic, biochemical, physiological, and morphologic aspects relevant to diabetes research will be compared between different animal species, that is, mouse, rat, rabbit, pig, and non-human primates. The value of the pig as a model organism for diabetes research will be highlighted, and (dis)advantages of the currently available approaches for the generation of pig models exhibiting characteristics of metabolic syndrome or type 2 diabetes mellitus will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Renner
- Gene Center and Center for Innovative Medical Models (CiMM), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany.
| | - Britta Dobenecker
- Chair of Animal Nutrition and Dietetics, Department of Veterinary Science, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Andreas Blutke
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Center for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Germany
| | - Susanne Zöls
- Clinic for Swine, Center for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Wanke
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Center for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Germany
| | - Mathias Ritzmann
- Clinic for Swine, Center for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Germany
| | - Eckhard Wolf
- Gene Center and Center for Innovative Medical Models (CiMM), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
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14
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Beamish CA, Strutt BJ, Arany EJ, Hill DJ. Insulin-positive, Glut2-low cells present within mouse pancreas exhibit lineage plasticity and are enriched within extra-islet endocrine cell clusters. Islets 2016; 8:65-82. [PMID: 27010375 PMCID: PMC4987018 DOI: 10.1080/19382014.2016.1162367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Revised: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Regeneration of insulin-producing β-cells from resident pancreas progenitors requires an understanding of both progenitor identity and lineage plasticity. One model suggested that a rare β-cell sub-population within islets demonstrated multi-lineage plasticity. We hypothesized that β-cells from young mice (postnatal day 7, P7) exhibit such plasticity and used a model of islet dedifferentiation toward a ductal epithelial-cell phenotype to test this theory. RIPCre;Z/AP(+/+) mice were used to lineage trace the fate of β-cells during dedifferentiation culture by a human placental alkaline phosphatase (HPAP) reporter. There was a significant loss of HPAP-expressing β-cells in culture, but remaining HPAP(+) cells lost insulin expression while gaining expression of the epithelial duct cell marker cytokeratin-19 (Ck19). Flow cytometry and recovery of β-cell subpopulations from whole pancreas vs. islets suggest that the HPAP(+)Ck19(+) cells had derived from insulin-positive, glucose-transporter-2-low (Ins(+)Glut2(LO)) cells, representing 3.5% of all insulin-expressing cells. The majority of these cells were found outside of islets within clusters of <5 β-cells. These insulin(+)Glut2(LO) cells demonstrated a greater proliferation rate in vivo and in vitro as compared to insulin(+)Glut2(+) cells at P7, were retained into adulthood, and a subset differentiated into endocrine, ductal, and neural lineages, illustrating substantial plasticity. Results were confirmed using RIPCre;ROSA- eYFP mice. Quantitative PCR data indicated these cells possess an immature β-cell phenotype. These Ins(+)Glut2(LO) cells may represent a resident population of cells capable of forming new, functional β-cells, and which may be potentially exploited for regenerative therapies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine A. Beamish
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Western University, London, ON, Canada
- Children's Health Research Institute, London, ON, Canada
- Lawson Health Research Institute, St Joseph Health Care, London, ON, Canada
| | - Brenda J. Strutt
- Department of Medicine, Western University, London, ON, Canada
- Lawson Health Research Institute, St Joseph Health Care, London, ON, Canada
| | - Edith J. Arany
- Department of Medicine, Western University, London, ON, Canada
- Department of Pathology, Western University, London, ON, Canada
- Children's Health Research Institute, London, ON, Canada
- Lawson Health Research Institute, St Joseph Health Care, London, ON, Canada
| | - David J. Hill
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Western University, London, ON, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Western University, London, ON, Canada
- Children's Health Research Institute, London, ON, Canada
- Lawson Health Research Institute, St Joseph Health Care, London, ON, Canada
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15
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Pauerstein PT, Sugiyama T, Stanley SE, McLean GW, Wang J, Martín MG, Kim SK. Dissecting Human Gene Functions Regulating Islet Development With Targeted Gene Transduction. Diabetes 2015; 64:3037-49. [PMID: 25901096 PMCID: PMC4512220 DOI: 10.2337/db15-0042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
During pancreas development, endocrine precursors and their progeny differentiate, migrate, and cluster to form nascent islets. The transcription factor Neurogenin 3 (Neurog3) is required for islet development in mice, but its role in these dynamic morphogenetic steps has been inferred from fixed tissues. Moreover, little is known about the molecular genetic functions of NEUROG3 in human islet development. We developed methods for gene transduction by viral microinjection in the epithelium of cultured Neurog3-null mutant fetal pancreas, permitting genetic complementation in a developmentally relevant context. In addition, we developed methods for quantitative assessment of live-cell phenotypes in single developing islet cells. Delivery of wild-type NEUROG3 rescued islet differentiation, morphogenesis, and live cell deformation, whereas the patient-derived NEUROG3(R107S) allele partially restored indicators of islet development. NEUROG3(P39X), a previously unreported patient allele, failed to restore islet differentiation or morphogenesis and was indistinguishable from negative controls, suggesting that it is a null mutation. Our systems also permitted genetic suppression analysis and revealed that targets of NEUROG3, including NEUROD1 and RFX6, can partially restore islet development in Neurog3-null mutant mouse pancreata. Thus, advances described here permitted unprecedented assessment of gene functions in regulating crucial dynamic aspects of islet development in the fetal pancreas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip T Pauerstein
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Takuya Sugiyama
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Susan E Stanley
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Graeme W McLean
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Martín G Martín
- Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Seung K Kim
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
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16
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Grapov D, Fahrmann J, Hwang J, Poudel A, Jo J, Periwal V, Fiehn O, Hara M. Diabetes Associated Metabolomic Perturbations in NOD Mice. Metabolomics 2015; 11:425-437. [PMID: 25755629 PMCID: PMC4351755 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-014-0706-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice are a widely-used model oftype1 diabetes (T1D). However, not all animals develop overt diabetes. This study examined the circulating metabolomic profiles of NOD mice progressing or not progressing to T1D. Total beta-cell mass was quantified in the intact pancreas using transgenic NOD mice expressinggreen fluorescent protein under the control of mouse insulin I promoter.While both progressor and non-progressor animals displayed lymphocyte infiltration and endoplasmic reticulum stress in the pancreas tissue;overt T1D did not develop until animals lost ~70% of the total beta-cell mass.Gas chromatography time of flight mass spectrometry (GC-TOF) was used to measure >470 circulating metabolites in male and female progressor and non-progressor animals (n=76) across a wide range of ages (neonates to >40-wk).Statistical and multivariate analyses were used to identify age and sex independent metabolic markers which best differentiated progressor and non-progressor animals' metabolic profiles. Key T1D-associated perturbations were related with: (1) increased plasma glucose and reduced 1,5-anhydroglucitol markers of glycemic control; (2) increased allantoin, gluconic acid and nitric oxide-derived saccharic acid markers of oxidative stress; (3) reduced lysine, an insulin secretagogue; (4) increased branched-chain amino acids, isoleucine and valine; (5) reduced unsaturated fatty acids including arachidonic acid; and (6)perturbations in urea cycle intermediates suggesting increased arginine-dependent NO synthesis. Together these findings highlight the strength of the unique approach of comparing progressor and non-progressor NOD mice to identify metabolic perturbations involved in T1D progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry Grapov
- NIH West Coast Metabolomics Center, University of California Davis, Davis, California
| | - Johannes Fahrmann
- NIH West Coast Metabolomics Center, University of California Davis, Davis, California
| | - Jessica Hwang
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Ananta Poudel
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Junghyo Jo
- Laboratory of Biological Modeling, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Vipul Periwal
- Laboratory of Biological Modeling, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Oliver Fiehn
- NIH West Coast Metabolomics Center, University of California Davis, Davis, California
| | - Manami Hara
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
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17
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Khadra A, Schnell S. Development, growth and maintenance of β-cell mass: models are also part of the story. Mol Aspects Med 2015; 42:78-90. [PMID: 25720614 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2015.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Revised: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic β-cells in the islets of Langerhans play a crucial role in regulating glucose homeostasis in the circulation. Loss of β-cell mass or function due to environmental, genetic and immunological factors leads to the manifestation of diabetes mellitus. The mechanisms regulating the dynamics of pancreatic β-cell mass during normal development and diabetes progression are complex. To fully unravel such complexity, experimental and clinical approaches need to be combined with mathematical and computational models. In the natural sciences, mathematical and computational models have aided the identification of key mechanisms underlying the behavior of systems comprising multiple interacting components. A number of mathematical and computational models have been proposed to explain the development, growth and death of pancreatic β-cells. In this review, we discuss some of these models and how their predictions provide novel insight into the mechanisms controlling β-cell mass during normal development and diabetes progression. Lastly, we discuss a handful of the major open questions in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anmar Khadra
- Department of Physiology, McGill University, McIntyre Medical Building, 3655 Promenade Sir William Osler, Montreal, Quebec H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Santiago Schnell
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105, USA; Department of Computational Medicine & Bioinformatics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105, USA; Brehm Center for Diabetes Research, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105, USA.
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18
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Khuvis S, Gobbert MK, Peercy BE. Time-stepping techniques to enable the simulation of bursting behavior in a physiologically realistic computational islet. Math Biosci 2015; 263:1-17. [PMID: 25688913 DOI: 10.1016/j.mbs.2015.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Revised: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Physiologically realistic simulations of computational islets of beta cells require the long-time solution of several thousands of coupled ordinary differential equations (ODEs), resulting from the combination of several ODEs in each cell and realistic numbers of several hundreds of cells in an islet. For a reliable and accurate solution of complex nonlinear models up to the desired final times on the scale of several bursting periods, an appropriate ODE solver designed for stiff problems is eventually a necessity, since other solvers may not be able to handle the problem or are exceedingly inefficient. But stiff solvers are potentially significantly harder to use, since their algorithms require at least an approximation of the Jacobian matrix. For sophisticated models, systems of several complex ODEs in each cell, it is practically unworkable to differentiate these intricate nonlinear systems analytically and to manually program the resulting Jacobian matrix in computer code. This paper demonstrates that automatic differentiation can be used to obtain code for the Jacobian directly from code for the ODE system, which allows a full accounting for the sophisticated model equations. This technique is also feasible in source-code languages Fortran and C, and the conclusions apply to a wide range of systems of coupled, nonlinear reaction equations. However, when we combine an appropriately supplied Jacobian with slightly modified memory management in the ODE solver, simulations on the realistic scale of one thousand cells in the islet become possible that are several orders of magnitude faster than the original solver in the software Matlab, a language that is particularly user friendly for programming complicated model equations. We use the efficient simulator to analyze electrical bursting and show non-monotonic average burst period between fast and slow cells for increasing coupling strengths. We also find that interestingly, the arrangement of the connected fast and slow heterogeneous cells impacts the peak bursting period monotonically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Khuvis
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
| | - Matthias K Gobbert
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
| | - Bradford E Peercy
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA.
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19
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Dolenšek J, Rupnik MS, Stožer A. Structural similarities and differences between the human and the mouse pancreas. Islets 2015; 7:e1024405. [PMID: 26030186 PMCID: PMC4589993 DOI: 10.1080/19382014.2015.1024405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Revised: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Mice remain the most studied animal model in pancreas research. Since the findings of this research are typically extrapolated to humans, it is important to understand both similarities and differences between the 2 species. Beside the apparent difference in size and macroscopic organization of the organ in the 2 species, there are a number of less evident and only recently described differences in organization of the acinar and ductal exocrine tissue, as well as in the distribution, composition, and architecture of the endocrine islets of Langerhans. Furthermore, the differences in arterial, venous, and lymphatic vessels, as well as innervation are potentially important. In this article, the structure of the human and the mouse pancreas, together with the similarities and differences between them are reviewed in detail in the light of conceivable repercussions for basic research and clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jurij Dolenšek
- Institute of Physiology; Faculty of Medicine; University of Maribor; Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Marjan Slak Rupnik
- Institute of Physiology; Faculty of Medicine; University of Maribor; Maribor, Slovenia
- Centre for Open Innovations and Research Core@UM; University of Maribor; Maribor, Slovenia
- Institute of Physiology; Center for Physiology and Pharmacology; Medical University of Vienna; Vienna, Austria
| | - Andraž Stožer
- Institute of Physiology; Faculty of Medicine; University of Maribor; Maribor, Slovenia
- Centre for Open Innovations and Research Core@UM; University of Maribor; Maribor, Slovenia
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20
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Tarussio D, Metref S, Seyer P, Mounien L, Vallois D, Magnan C, Foretz M, Thorens B. Nervous glucose sensing regulates postnatal β cell proliferation and glucose homeostasis. J Clin Invest 2014; 124:413-24. [PMID: 24334455 PMCID: PMC3871223 DOI: 10.1172/jci69154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2013] [Accepted: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
How glucose sensing by the nervous system impacts the regulation of β cell mass and function during postnatal development and throughout adulthood is incompletely understood. Here, we studied mice with inactivation of glucose transporter 2 (Glut2) in the nervous system (NG2KO mice). These mice displayed normal energy homeostasis but developed late-onset glucose intolerance due to reduced insulin secretion, which was precipitated by high-fat diet feeding. The β cell mass of adult NG2KO mice was reduced compared with that of WT mice due to lower β cell proliferation rates in NG2KO mice during the early postnatal period. The difference in proliferation between NG2KO and control islets was abolished by ganglionic blockade or by weaning the mice on a carbohydrate-free diet. In adult NG2KO mice, first-phase insulin secretion was lost, and these glucose-intolerant mice developed impaired glucagon secretion when fed a high-fat diet. Electrophysiological recordings showed reduced parasympathetic nerve activity in the basal state and no stimulation by glucose. Furthermore, sympathetic activity was also insensitive to glucose. Collectively, our data show that GLUT2-dependent control of parasympathetic activity defines a nervous system/endocrine pancreas axis that is critical for β cell mass establishment in the postnatal period and for long-term maintenance of β cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Tarussio
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland.
Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Montpellier, France.
Laboratoire de Physiologie et Physiopathologie du Système Nerveux Somato-Moteur et Neurovégétatif, Université EA4674 Aix-Marseille — Faculté Saint Jérôme, Marseille, France.
CNRS-University Paris Diderot, Paris, France.
Institut Cochin — INSERM U1016 — CNRS UMR8104 — Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Salima Metref
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland.
Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Montpellier, France.
Laboratoire de Physiologie et Physiopathologie du Système Nerveux Somato-Moteur et Neurovégétatif, Université EA4674 Aix-Marseille — Faculté Saint Jérôme, Marseille, France.
CNRS-University Paris Diderot, Paris, France.
Institut Cochin — INSERM U1016 — CNRS UMR8104 — Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Pascal Seyer
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland.
Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Montpellier, France.
Laboratoire de Physiologie et Physiopathologie du Système Nerveux Somato-Moteur et Neurovégétatif, Université EA4674 Aix-Marseille — Faculté Saint Jérôme, Marseille, France.
CNRS-University Paris Diderot, Paris, France.
Institut Cochin — INSERM U1016 — CNRS UMR8104 — Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Lourdes Mounien
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland.
Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Montpellier, France.
Laboratoire de Physiologie et Physiopathologie du Système Nerveux Somato-Moteur et Neurovégétatif, Université EA4674 Aix-Marseille — Faculté Saint Jérôme, Marseille, France.
CNRS-University Paris Diderot, Paris, France.
Institut Cochin — INSERM U1016 — CNRS UMR8104 — Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - David Vallois
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland.
Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Montpellier, France.
Laboratoire de Physiologie et Physiopathologie du Système Nerveux Somato-Moteur et Neurovégétatif, Université EA4674 Aix-Marseille — Faculté Saint Jérôme, Marseille, France.
CNRS-University Paris Diderot, Paris, France.
Institut Cochin — INSERM U1016 — CNRS UMR8104 — Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Christophe Magnan
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland.
Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Montpellier, France.
Laboratoire de Physiologie et Physiopathologie du Système Nerveux Somato-Moteur et Neurovégétatif, Université EA4674 Aix-Marseille — Faculté Saint Jérôme, Marseille, France.
CNRS-University Paris Diderot, Paris, France.
Institut Cochin — INSERM U1016 — CNRS UMR8104 — Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Marc Foretz
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland.
Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Montpellier, France.
Laboratoire de Physiologie et Physiopathologie du Système Nerveux Somato-Moteur et Neurovégétatif, Université EA4674 Aix-Marseille — Faculté Saint Jérôme, Marseille, France.
CNRS-University Paris Diderot, Paris, France.
Institut Cochin — INSERM U1016 — CNRS UMR8104 — Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Bernard Thorens
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland.
Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Montpellier, France.
Laboratoire de Physiologie et Physiopathologie du Système Nerveux Somato-Moteur et Neurovégétatif, Université EA4674 Aix-Marseille — Faculté Saint Jérôme, Marseille, France.
CNRS-University Paris Diderot, Paris, France.
Institut Cochin — INSERM U1016 — CNRS UMR8104 — Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
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21
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Shiota C, Prasadan K, Guo P, El-Gohary Y, Wiersch J, Xiao X, Esni F, Gittes GK. α-Cells are dispensable in postnatal morphogenesis and maturation of mouse pancreatic islets. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2013; 305:E1030-40. [PMID: 23982158 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00022.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Glucagon-producing α-cells are the second-most abundant cell type in the islet. Whereas α-cells make up less than 20% of the cells in a mature mouse islet, they occupy a much larger proportion of the pancreatic endocrine cell population during the early postnatal period, the time when morphological and functional maturation occurs to form adult islets. To determine whether α-cells have a role in postnatal islet development, a diphtheria toxin-mediated α-cell ablation mouse model was established. Rapid and persistent depletion of α-cells was achieved by daily injection of the toxin for 2 wk starting at postnatal day 1 (P1). Total pancreatic glucagon content in the α-cell-ablated mice was undetectable at P14 and still less than 0.3% of that of the control mice at 4 mo of age. Histological analyses revealed that formation of spherical islets occurred normally, and the islet size distribution was not changed despite the near-total lack of α-cells. Furthermore, there were no differences in expression of β-cell maturation marker proteins, including urocortin 3 and glucose transporter 2, in the α-cell-ablated islets at P14. Mice lacking α-cells grew normally and appeared healthy. Both glucose and insulin tolerance tests demonstrated that the α-cell-ablated mice had normal glucose homeostasis. These results indicate that α-cells do not play a critical role in postnatal islet morphogenesis or functional maturation of β-cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiyo Shiota
- Division of Pediatric General and Thoracic Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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22
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Abstract
Islets form in the pancreas after the first endocrine cells have arisen as either single cells or small cell clusters in the epithelial cords. These cords constitute the developing pancreas in one of its earliest recognizable stages. Islet formation begins at the time the cords transform into a branching ductal system, continues while the ductal system expands, and finally stops before the exocrine tissue of ducts and acini reaches its final expansion. Thus, islets continuously arise from founder cells located in the branching and ramifying ducts. Islets arising from proximal duct cells locate between the exocrine lobules, develop strong autonomic and sensory innervations, and pass their blood to efferent veins (insulo-venous efferent system). Islets arising from cells of more distal ducts locate within the exocrine lobules, respond to nerve impulses ending at neighbouring blood vessels, and pass their blood to the surrounding acini (insulo-acinar portal system). Consequently, the section of the ductal system from which an islet arises determines to a large extent its future neighbouring tissue, architecture, properties, and functions. We note that islets interlobular in position are frequently found in rodents (rats and mice), whereas intralobularly-located, peripheral duct islets prevail in humans and cattle. Also, we expound on bovine foetal Laguesse islets as a prominent foetal type of type 1 interlobular neuro-insular complexes, similar to neuro-insular associations frequently found in rodents. Finally, we consider the probable physiological and pathophysiological implications of the different islet positions within and between species.
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23
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Jo J, Hörnblad A, Kilimnik G, Hara M, Ahlgren U, Periwal V. The fractal spatial distribution of pancreatic islets in three dimensions: a self-avoiding growth model. Phys Biol 2013; 10:036009. [PMID: 23629025 DOI: 10.1088/1478-3975/10/3/036009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The islets of Langerhans, responsible for controlling blood glucose levels, are dispersed within the pancreas. A universal power law governing the fractal spatial distribution of islets in two-dimensional pancreatic sections has been reported. However, the fractal geometry in the actual three-dimensional pancreas volume, and the developmental process that gives rise to such a self-similar structure, has not been investigated. Here, we examined the three-dimensional spatial distribution of islets in intact mouse pancreata using optical projection tomography and found a power law with a fractal dimension of 2.1. Furthermore, based on two-dimensional pancreatic sections of human autopsies, we found that the distribution of human islets also follows a universal power law with a fractal dimension of 1.5 in adult pancreata, which agrees with the value previously reported in smaller mammalian pancreas sections. Finally, we developed a self-avoiding growth model for the development of the islet distribution and found that the fractal nature of the spatial islet distribution may be associated with the self-avoidance in the branching process of vascularization in the pancreas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junghyo Jo
- Laboratory of Biological Modeling, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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24
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Bonner-Weir S, Guo L, Li WC, Ouziel-Yahalom L, Lysy PA, Weir GC, Sharma A. Islet neogenesis: a possible pathway for beta-cell replenishment. Rev Diabet Stud 2012; 9:407-16. [PMID: 23804276 DOI: 10.1900/rds.2012.9.407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes, particularly type 1 diabetes, results from the lack of pancreatic β-cells. β-cell replenishment can functionally reverse diabetes, but two critical challenges face the field: 1. protection of the new β-cells from autoimmunity and allorejection, and 2. development of β-cells that are readily available and reliably functional. This chapter will examine the potential of endogenous replenishment of pancreatic β-cells as a possible therapeutic tool if autoimmunity could be blunted. Two pathways for endogenous replenishment exist in the pancreas: replication and neogenesis, defined as the formation of new islet cells from pancreatic progenitor/stem cells. These pathways of β-cell expansion are not mutually exclusive and both occur in embryonic development, in postnatal growth, and in response to some injuries. Since the β-cell population is dramatically reduced in the pancreas of type 1 diabetes patients, with only a small fraction of the β-cells surviving years after onset, replication of preexisting β-cells would not be a reasonable start for replenishment. However, induction of neogenesis could provide a starting population that could be further expanded by replication. It is widely accepted that neogenesis occurs in the initial embryonic formation of the endocrine pancreas, but its occurrence anytime after birth has become controversial because of discordant data from lineage tracing experiments. However, the concept was built upon many observations from different models and species over many years. Herein, we discuss the role of neogenesis in normal growth and regeneration, as learned from rodent models, followed by an analysis of what has been found in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Bonner-Weir
- Joslin Diabetes Center, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, 1 Joslin Place, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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Abstract
Human islets exhibit distinct islet architecture particularly in large islets that comprise of a relatively abundant fraction of α-cells intermingled with β-cells, whereas mouse islets show largely similar architecture of a β-cell core with α-cells in the periphery. In humans, islet architecture is islet-size dependent. Changes in endocrine cell mass preferentially occurred in large islets as demonstrated in our recent study on pathological changes of the pancreas in patients with type 2 diabetes. ( 1) The size dependency of human islets in morphological changes prompted us to develop a method to capture the representative islet distribution in the whole pancreas section combined with a semi-automated analysis to quantify changes in islet architecture. The computer-assisted quantification allows detailed examination of endocrine cell composition in individual islets and minimizes sampling bias. The standard immunohistochemistry based method is widely applicable to various specimens, which is particularly useful for large animal studies but is also applied to a large-scale analysis of the whole organ section from mice. In this article, we describe the method of image capture, parameters measured, data analysis and interpretation of the data.
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Affiliation(s)
- German Kilimnik
- Department of Medicine; The University of Chicago; Chicago, IL USA
| | - Junghyo Jo
- Laboratory of Biological Modeling; National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases; National Institutes of Health; Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Vipul Periwal
- Laboratory of Biological Modeling; National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases; National Institutes of Health; Bethesda, MD USA
| | | | - Manami Hara
- Department of Medicine; The University of Chicago; Chicago, IL USA
- Correspondence to: Manami Hara;
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26
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Abstract
The islets of Langerhans, ranging in size from clusters of a few cells to several thousand cells, are scattered near large blood vessels. While the β-cell mass in mammals is proportional to body weight, the size ranges of islets are similar between species with different body sizes, possibly reflecting an optimal functional size. The large range of islet sizes suggests a stochastic developmental process. It is not fully understood how islets develop to reach such size distributions, and how their sizes change under certain physiological and pathological conditions such as development, pregnancy, aging, obesity, and diabetes. The lack of a high-resolution in vivo imaging technique for pancreatic islets implies that the only data available to elucidate the dynamics of islet development are cross-sectional quantifications of islet size distributions. In this review, we infer biological processes affecting islet morphology in the large by examining changes of islet size distributions. Neonatal islet formation and growth is shown as a particular example of developing a mathematical model of islet size distribution. Application of this modeling to elucidate islet changes under other conditions is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junghyo Jo
- Laboratory of Biological Modeling; National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases; National Institutes of Health; Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Manami Hara
- Department of Medicine; The University of Chicago; Chicago, IL USA
| | - Ulf Ahlgren
- Umeå Center for Molecular Medicine; Umeå University; Umeå, Sweden
| | - Robert Sorenson
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development; University of Minnesota Medical School; Minneapolis, MN USA
| | - Vipul Periwal
- Laboratory of Biological Modeling; National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases; National Institutes of Health; Bethesda, MD USA
- Correspondence to: Vipul Periwal,
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