1
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Dean WF, Albert RM, Nawara TJ, Ubil M, Beggs RR, Mattheyses AL. Dsg2 ectodomain organization increases throughout desmosome assembly. Cell Adh Migr 2024; 18:1-13. [PMID: 38566311 PMCID: PMC10993919 DOI: 10.1080/19336918.2024.2333366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Desmosomes are intercellular junctions that regulate mechanical integrity in epithelia and cardiac muscle. Dynamic desmosome remodeling is essential for wound healing and development, yet the mechanisms governing junction assembly remain elusive. While we and others have shown that cadherin ectodomains are highly organized, how this ordered architecture emerges during assembly is unknown. Using fluorescence polarization microscopy, we show that desmoglein 2 (Dsg2) ectodomain order gradually increases during 8 h of assembly, coinciding with increasing adhesive strength. In a scratch wound assay, we observed a similar increase in order in desmosomes assembling at the leading edge of migratory cells. Together, our findings indicate that cadherin organization is a hallmark of desmosome maturity and may play a role in conferring adhesive strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- William F. Dean
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Rose M. Albert
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Tomasz J. Nawara
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Melanie Ubil
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Reena R. Beggs
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Alexa L. Mattheyses
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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2
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Dean WF, Nawara TJ, Albert RM, Mattheyses AL. OOPS: Object-Oriented Polarization Software for analysis of fluorescence polarization microscopy images. PLoS Comput Biol 2024; 20:e1011723. [PMID: 39133751 PMCID: PMC11341096 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1011723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2024] [Accepted: 08/02/2024] [Indexed: 08/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Most essential cellular functions are performed by proteins assembled into larger complexes. Fluorescence Polarization Microscopy (FPM) is a powerful technique that goes beyond traditional imaging methods by allowing researchers to measure not only the localization of proteins within cells, but also their orientation or alignment within complexes or cellular structures. FPM can be easily integrated into standard widefield microscopes with the addition of a polarization modulator. However, the extensive image processing and analysis required to interpret the data have limited its widespread adoption. To overcome these challenges and enhance accessibility, we introduce OOPS (Object-Oriented Polarization Software), a MATLAB package for object-based analysis of FPM data. By combining flexible image segmentation and novel object-based analyses with a high-throughput FPM processing pipeline, OOPS empowers researchers to simultaneously study molecular order and orientation in individual biological structures; conduct population assessments based on morphological features, intensity statistics, and FPM measurements; and create publication-quality visualizations, all within a user-friendly graphical interface. Here, we demonstrate the power and versatility of our approach by applying OOPS to punctate and filamentous structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- William F. Dean
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Tomasz J. Nawara
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Rose M. Albert
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Alexa L. Mattheyses
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
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3
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Chandler T, Guo M, Su Y, Chen J, Wu Y, Liu J, Agashe A, Fischer RS, Mehta SB, Kumar A, Baskin TI, Jamouillé V, Liu H, Swaminathan V, Nain A, Oldenbourg R, Riviére PL, Shroff H. Three-dimensional spatio-angular fluorescence microscopy with a polarized dual-view inverted selective-plane illumination microscope (pol-diSPIM). BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.03.09.584243. [PMID: 38712306 PMCID: PMC11071302 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.09.584243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Polarized fluorescence microscopy is a valuable tool for measuring molecular orientations, but techniques for recovering three-dimensional orientations and positions of fluorescent ensembles are limited. We report a polarized dual-view light-sheet system for determining the three-dimensional orientations and diffraction-limited positions of ensembles of fluorescent dipoles that label biological structures, and we share a set of visualization, histogram, and profiling tools for interpreting these positions and orientations. We model our samples, their excitation, and their detection using coarse-grained representations we call orientation distribution functions (ODFs). We apply ODFs to create physics-informed models of image formation with spatio-angular point-spread and transfer functions. We use theory and experiment to conclude that light-sheet tilting is a necessary part of our design for recovering all three-dimensional orientations. We use our system to extend known two-dimensional results to three dimensions in FM1-43-labelled giant unilamellar vesicles, fast-scarlet-labelled cellulose in xylem cells, and phalloidin-labelled actin in U2OS cells. Additionally, we observe phalloidin-labelled actin in mouse fibroblasts grown on grids of labelled nanowires and identify correlations between local actin alignment and global cell-scale orientation, indicating cellular coordination across length scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talon Chandler
- CZ Biohub SF, San Francisco, 94158, California, USA
- Department of Radiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, 60637, Illinois, USA
| | - Min Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Extreme Photonics and Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, Zhejiang, China
- Laboratory of High Resolution Optical Imaging, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, 20892, Maryland, USA
| | - Yijun Su
- Laboratory of High Resolution Optical Imaging, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, 20892, Maryland, USA
- Advanced Imaging and Microscopy Resource, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, 20892, Maryland, USA
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, 20147, Virginia, USA
| | - Jiji Chen
- Advanced Imaging and Microscopy Resource, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, 20892, Maryland, USA
| | - Yicong Wu
- Laboratory of High Resolution Optical Imaging, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, 20892, Maryland, USA
| | - Junyu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Extreme Photonics and Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, Zhejiang, China
| | - Atharva Agashe
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, 24061, Virginia, USA
| | - Robert S. Fischer
- Cell Biology and Physiology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, 20892, Maryland, USA
| | - Shalin B. Mehta
- CZ Biohub SF, San Francisco, 94158, California, USA
- Department of Radiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, 60637, Illinois, USA
- Bell Center, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, 02543, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Abhishek Kumar
- Bell Center, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, 02543, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Tobias I. Baskin
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, 01003, Maryland, USA
- Whitman Center, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, 02543, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Valentin Jamouillé
- Cell Biology and Physiology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, 20892, Maryland, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, V5A 1S6, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Huafeng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Extreme Photonics and Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, Zhejiang, China
| | - Vinay Swaminathan
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, SE-221 00, Scania, Sweden
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, Lund University, Lund, SE-221 00, Scania, Sweden
| | - Amrinder Nain
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, 24061, Virginia, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, 24061, Virginia, USA
| | - Rudolf Oldenbourg
- Bell Center, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, 02543, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Patrick La Riviére
- Department of Radiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, 60637, Illinois, USA
- Whitman Center, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, 02543, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Hari Shroff
- Laboratory of High Resolution Optical Imaging, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, 20892, Maryland, USA
- Advanced Imaging and Microscopy Resource, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, 20892, Maryland, USA
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, 20147, Virginia, USA
- Whitman Center, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, 02543, Massachusetts, USA
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4
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Benson A, McMurray M. Simultaneous co-overexpression of Saccharomyces cerevisiae septins Cdc3 and Cdc10 drives pervasive, phospholipid-, and tag-dependent plasma membrane localization. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2023; 80:199-214. [PMID: 37098755 PMCID: PMC10524705 DOI: 10.1002/cm.21762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/27/2023]
Abstract
Septin proteins contribute to many eukaryotic processes involving cellular membranes. In the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, septin hetero-oligomers interact with the plasma membrane (PM) almost exclusively at the future site of cytokinesis. While multiple mechanisms of membrane recruitment have been identified, including direct interactions with specific phospholipids and curvature-sensitive interactions via amphipathic helices, these do not fully explain why yeast septins do not localize all over the inner leaflet of the PM. While engineering an inducible split-yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) system to measure the kinetics of yeast septin complex assembly, we found that ectopic co-overexpression of two tagged septins, Cdc3 and Cdc10, resulted in nearly uniform PM localization, as well as perturbation of endogenous septin function. Septin localization and function in gametogenesis were also perturbed. PM localization required the C-terminal YFP fragment fused to the C terminus of Cdc3, the septin-associated kinases Cla4 and Gin4, and phosphotidylinositol-4,5-bis-phosphate (PI[4,5]P2 ), but not the putative PI(4,5)P2 -binding residues in Cdc3. Endogenous Cdc10 was recruited to the PM, likely contributing to the functional interference. PM-localized septins did not exchange with the cytosolic pool, indicative of stable polymers. These findings provide new clues as to what normally restricts septin localization to specific membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleyna Benson
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Michael McMurray
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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5
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Dean WF, Mattheyses AL. Defining domain-specific orientational order in the desmosomal cadherins. Biophys J 2022; 121:4325-4341. [PMID: 36225113 PMCID: PMC9703042 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2022.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Desmosomes are large, macromolecular protein assemblies that mechanically couple the intermediate filament cytoskeleton to sites of cadherin-mediated cell adhesion, thereby providing structural integrity to tissues that routinely experience large forces. Proper desmosomal adhesion is necessary for the normal development and maintenance of vertebrate tissues, such as epithelia and cardiac muscle, while dysfunction can lead to severe disease of the heart and skin. Therefore, it is important to understand the relationship between desmosomal adhesion and the architecture of the molecules that form the adhesive interface, the desmosomal cadherins (DCs). However, desmosomes are embedded in two plasma membranes and are linked to the cytoskeletal networks of two cells, imposing extreme difficulty on traditional structural studies of DC architecture, which have yielded conflicting results. Consequently, the relationship between DC architecture and adhesive function remains unclear. To overcome these challenges, we utilized excitation-resolved fluorescence polarization microscopy to quantify the orientational order of the extracellular and intracellular domains of three DC isoforms: desmoglein 2, desmocollin 2, and desmoglein 3. We found that DC ectodomains were significantly more ordered than their cytoplasmic counterparts, indicating a drastic difference in DC architecture between opposing sides of the plasma membrane. This difference was conserved among all DCs tested, suggesting that it may be an important feature of desmosomal architecture. Moreover, our findings suggest that the organization of DC ectodomains is predominantly the result of extracellular adhesive interactions. We employed azimuthal orientation mapping to show that DC ectodomains are arranged with rotational symmetry about the membrane normal. Finally, we performed a series of mathematical simulations to test the feasibility of a recently proposed antiparallel arrangement of DC ectodomains, finding that it is supported by our experimental data. Importantly, the strategies employed here have the potential to elucidate molecular mechanisms for diseases that result from defective desmosome architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- William F Dean
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Alexa L Mattheyses
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama.
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6
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Brasselet S. Unraveling the geometry of complex protein organizations by polarized fluorescence imaging. Biophys J 2022; 121:4242-4243. [PMID: 36182666 PMCID: PMC9702980 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2022.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Brasselet
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, Institut Fresnel, Marseille, France.
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7
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Brasselet S. Fluorescence polarization modulation super-resolution imaging provides refined dynamics orientation processes in biological samples. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2022; 11:322. [PMID: 36336677 PMCID: PMC9637731 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-022-01018-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Combining polarization modulation Fourier analysis and spatial information in a joint reconstruction algorithm for polarization-resolved fluorescence imaging provides not only a gain in spatial resolution but also a sensitive readout of anisotropy in cell samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Brasselet
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, Institut Fresnel, F-13013, Marseille, France.
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8
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Ivanov IE, Yeh LH, Perez-Bermejo JA, Byrum JR, Kim JYS, Leonetti MD, Mehta SB. Correlative imaging of the spatio-angular dynamics of biological systems with multimodal instant polarization microscope. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 13:3102-3119. [PMID: 35774313 PMCID: PMC9203109 DOI: 10.1364/boe.455770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The spatial and angular organization of biological macromolecules is a key determinant, as well as informative readout, of their function. Correlative imaging of the dynamic spatio-angular architecture of cells and organelles is valuable, but remains challenging with current methods. Correlative imaging of spatio-angular dynamics requires fast polarization-, depth-, and wavelength-diverse measurement of intrinsic optical properties and fluorescent labels. We report a multimodal instant polarization microscope (miPolScope) that combines a broadband polarization-resolved detector, automation, and reconstruction algorithms to enable label-free imaging of phase, retardance, and orientation, multiplexed with fluorescence imaging of concentration, anisotropy, and orientation of molecules at diffraction-limited resolution and high speed. miPolScope enabled multimodal imaging of myofibril architecture and contractile activity of beating cardiomyocytes, cell and organelle architecture of live HEK293T and U2OS cells, and density and anisotropy of white and grey matter of mouse brain tissue across the visible spectrum. We anticipate these developments in joint quantitative imaging of density and anisotropy to enable new studies in tissue pathology, mechanobiology, and imaging-based screens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan E. Ivanov
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, 499 Illinois St, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Li-Hao Yeh
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, 499 Illinois St, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | | | - Janie R. Byrum
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, 499 Illinois St, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - James Y. S. Kim
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, 499 Illinois St, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | | | - Shalin B. Mehta
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, 499 Illinois St, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
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9
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Arbizzani F, Mavrakis M, Hoya M, Ribas JC, Brasselet S, Paoletti A, Rincon SA. Septin filament compaction into rings requires the anillin Mid2 and contractile ring constriction. Cell Rep 2022; 39:110722. [PMID: 35443188 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Septin filaments assemble into high-order molecular structures that associate with membranes, acting as diffusion barriers and scaffold proteins crucial for many cellular processes. How septin filaments organize in such structures is still not understood. Here, we used fission yeast to explore septin filament organization during cell division and its cell cycle regulation. Live-imaging and polarization microscopy analysis uncovered that septin filaments are initially recruited as a diffuse meshwork surrounding the acto-myosin contractile ring (CR) in anaphase, which undergoes compaction into two rings when CR constriction is initiated. We found that the anillin-like protein Mid2 is necessary to promote this compaction step, possibly acting as a bundler for septin filaments. Moreover, Mid2-driven septin compaction requires inputs from the septation initiation network as well as CR constriction and the β(1,3)-glucan synthase Bgs1. This work highlights that anillin-mediated septin ring assembly is under strict cell cycle control.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Manos Mavrakis
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, Institut Fresnel, UMR 7249, 13013 Marseille, France
| | - Marta Hoya
- Instituto de Biología Funcional y Genómica and Departamento de Microbiología y Genética, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)/Universidad de Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Juan Carlos Ribas
- Instituto de Biología Funcional y Genómica and Departamento de Microbiología y Genética, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)/Universidad de Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Sophie Brasselet
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, Institut Fresnel, UMR 7249, 13013 Marseille, France
| | - Anne Paoletti
- Institut Curie, PSL University, CNRS UMR 144, 75005 Paris, France.
| | - Sergio A Rincon
- Instituto de Biología Funcional y Genómica and Departamento de Microbiología y Genética, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)/Universidad de Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain.
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10
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Zeng H, Liu G, Zhao R. SIM reconstruction framework for high-speed multi-dimensional super-resolution imaging. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:10877-10898. [PMID: 35473044 DOI: 10.1364/oe.450136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Structured illumination microscopy (SIM) holds great promise for live cell imaging applications due to its potential to obtain multidimensional information such as intensity, spectrum and polarization (I, λ , p) at high spatial-temporal resolution, enabling the observation of more complex dynamic interactions between subcellular structures. However, the reconstruction results of polarized samples are prone to artifacts because all current SIM reconstruction frameworks use incomplete imaging models which neglect polarization modulation. Such polarization-related artifacts are especially prevalent for SIM reconstruction using a reduced number of raw images (RSIM) and severely undermine the ability of SIM to capture multi-dimensional information. Here, we report a new SIM reconstruction framework (PRSIM) that can recover multi-dimensional information (I, λ, p) using a reduced number of raw images. PRSIM adopts a complete imaging model that is versatile for normal and polarized samples and uses a frequency-domain iterative reconstruction algorithm for artifact-free super-resolution (SR) reconstruction. It can simultaneously obtain the SR spatial structure and polarization orientation of polarized samples using 6 raw SIM images and can perform SR reconstruction using 4 SIM images for normal samples. In addition, PRSIM has less spatial computational complexity and achieves reconstruction speeds tens of times higher than that of the state-of-the-art non-iterative RSIM, making it more suitable for large field-of-view imaging. Thus, PRSIM is expected to facilitate the development of SIM into an ultra-high-speed and multi-dimensional SR imaging tool.
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11
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Excitation polarization angle-resolved single-laser dual-polarization energy transfer on the cell surface. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2021.113519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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12
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He C, He H, Chang J, Chen B, Ma H, Booth MJ. Polarisation optics for biomedical and clinical applications: a review. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2021; 10:194. [PMID: 34552045 PMCID: PMC8458371 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-021-00639-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Many polarisation techniques have been harnessed for decades in biological and clinical research, each based upon measurement of the vectorial properties of light or the vectorial transformations imposed on light by objects. Various advanced vector measurement/sensing techniques, physical interpretation methods, and approaches to analyse biomedically relevant information have been developed and harnessed. In this review, we focus mainly on summarising methodologies and applications related to tissue polarimetry, with an emphasis on the adoption of the Stokes-Mueller formalism. Several recent breakthroughs, development trends, and potential multimodal uses in conjunction with other techniques are also presented. The primary goal of the review is to give the reader a general overview in the use of vectorial information that can be obtained by polarisation optics for applications in biomedical and clinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao He
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PJ, UK.
| | - Honghui He
- Guangdong Engineering Center of Polarisation Imaging and Sensing Technology, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, 518055, Shenzhen, China.
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical and Health Engineering, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, 518055, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Jintao Chang
- Guangdong Engineering Center of Polarisation Imaging and Sensing Technology, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, 518055, Shenzhen, China
- Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Binguo Chen
- Guangdong Engineering Center of Polarisation Imaging and Sensing Technology, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, 518055, Shenzhen, China
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Ma
- Guangdong Engineering Center of Polarisation Imaging and Sensing Technology, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, 518055, Shenzhen, China
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical and Health Engineering, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, 518055, Shenzhen, China
- Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Martin J Booth
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PJ, UK.
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13
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Blanchard A, Combs JD, Brockman JM, Kellner AV, Glazier R, Su H, Bender RL, Bazrafshan AS, Chen W, Quach ME, Li R, Mattheyses AL, Salaita K. Turn-key mapping of cell receptor force orientation and magnitude using a commercial structured illumination microscope. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4693. [PMID: 34344862 PMCID: PMC8333341 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24602-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Many cellular processes, including cell division, development, and cell migration require spatially and temporally coordinated forces transduced by cell-surface receptors. Nucleic acid-based molecular tension probes allow one to visualize the piconewton (pN) forces applied by these receptors. Building on this technology, we recently developed molecular force microscopy (MFM) which uses fluorescence polarization to map receptor force orientation with diffraction-limited resolution (~250 nm). Here, we show that structured illumination microscopy (SIM), a super-resolution technique, can be used to perform super-resolution MFM. Using SIM-MFM, we generate the highest resolution maps of both the magnitude and orientation of the pN traction forces applied by cells. We apply SIM-MFM to map platelet and fibroblast integrin forces, as well as T cell receptor forces. Using SIM-MFM, we show that platelet traction force alignment occurs on a longer timescale than adhesion. Importantly, SIM-MFM can be implemented on any standard SIM microscope without hardware modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Blanchard
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - J Dale Combs
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Joshua M Brockman
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Anna V Kellner
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Roxanne Glazier
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Hanquan Su
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | | | - Wenchun Chen
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - M Edward Quach
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Renhao Li
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Alexa L Mattheyses
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Khalid Salaita
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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14
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Contractility, focal adhesion orientation, and stress fiber orientation drive cancer cell polarity and migration along wavy ECM substrates. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2021135118. [PMID: 34031242 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2021135118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Contact guidance is a powerful topographical cue that induces persistent directional cell migration. Healthy tissue stroma is characterized by a meshwork of wavy extracellular matrix (ECM) fiber bundles, whereas metastasis-prone stroma exhibit less wavy, more linear fibers. The latter topography correlates with poor prognosis, whereas more wavy bundles correlate with benign tumors. We designed nanotopographic ECM-coated substrates that mimic collagen fibril waveforms seen in tumors and healthy tissues to determine how these nanotopographies may regulate cancer cell polarization and migration machineries. Cell polarization and directional migration were inhibited by fibril-like wave substrates above a threshold amplitude. Although polarity signals and actin nucleation factors were required for polarization and migration on low-amplitude wave substrates, they did not localize to cell leading edges. Instead, these factors localized to wave peaks, creating multiple "cryptic leading edges" within cells. On high-amplitude wave substrates, retrograde flow from large cryptic leading edges depolarized stress fibers and focal adhesions and inhibited cell migration. On low-amplitude wave substrates, actomyosin contractility overrode the small cryptic leading edges and drove stress fiber and focal adhesion orientation along the wave axis to mediate directional migration. Cancer cells of different intrinsic contractility depolarized at different wave amplitudes, and cell polarization response to wavy substrates could be tuned by manipulating contractility. We propose that ECM fibril waveforms with sufficiently high amplitude around tumors may serve as "cell polarization barriers," decreasing directional migration of tumor cells, which could be overcome by up-regulation of tumor cell contractility.
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15
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Bondar A, Rybakova O, Melcr J, Dohnálek J, Khoroshyy P, Ticháček O, Timr Š, Miclea P, Sakhi A, Marková V, Lazar J. Quantitative linear dichroism imaging of molecular processes in living cells made simple by open software tools. Commun Biol 2021; 4:189. [PMID: 33580182 PMCID: PMC7881160 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-01694-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Fluorescence-detected linear dichroism microscopy allows observing various molecular processes in living cells, as well as obtaining quantitative information on orientation of fluorescent molecules associated with cellular features. Such information can provide insights into protein structure, aid in development of genetically encoded probes, and allow determinations of lipid membrane properties. However, quantitating and interpreting linear dichroism in biological systems has been laborious and unreliable. Here we present a set of open source ImageJ-based software tools that allow fast and easy linear dichroism visualization and quantitation, as well as extraction of quantitative information on molecular orientations, even in living systems. The tools were tested on model synthetic lipid vesicles and applied to a variety of biological systems, including observations of conformational changes during G-protein signaling in living cells, using fluorescent proteins. Our results show that our tools and model systems are applicable to a wide range of molecules and polarization-resolved microscopy techniques, and represent a significant step towards making polarization microscopy a mainstream tool of biological imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey Bondar
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Science, Praha 6, Czech Republic
- Center for Nanobiology and Structural Biology, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Science, Nove Hrady, Czech Republic
| | - Olga Rybakova
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Science, Praha 6, Czech Republic
- Center for Nanobiology and Structural Biology, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Science, Nove Hrady, Czech Republic
| | - Josef Melcr
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Science, Praha 6, Czech Republic
- Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute and the Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Jan Dohnálek
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Science, Praha 6, Czech Republic
| | - Petro Khoroshyy
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Science, Praha 6, Czech Republic
- Center for Nanobiology and Structural Biology, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Science, Nove Hrady, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Ticháček
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Science, Praha 6, Czech Republic
| | - Štěpán Timr
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Science, Praha 6, Czech Republic
- CNRS, Université de Paris, UPR 9080, Laboratoire de Biochimie Théorique, 13 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
- Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique-Fondation Edmond de Rothschild, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Paul Miclea
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Science, Praha 6, Czech Republic
- Center for Nanobiology and Structural Biology, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Science, Nove Hrady, Czech Republic
| | - Alina Sakhi
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Science, Praha 6, Czech Republic
| | - Vendula Marková
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Science, Praha 6, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Sciences, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Josef Lazar
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Science, Praha 6, Czech Republic.
- Center for Nanobiology and Structural Biology, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Science, Nove Hrady, Czech Republic.
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16
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Chen L, Chen X, Yang X, He C, Wang M, Xi P, Gao J. Advances of super-resolution fluorescence polarization microscopy and its applications in life sciences. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2020; 18:2209-2216. [PMID: 32952935 PMCID: PMC7476067 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2020.06.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2020] [Revised: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Fluorescence polarization microscopy (FPM) analyzes both intensity and orientation of fluorescence dipole, and reflects the structural specificity of target molecules. It has become an important tool for studying protein organization, orientational order, and structural changes in cells. However, suffering from optical diffraction limit, conventional FPM has low orientation resolution and observation accuracy, as the polarization information is averaged by multiple fluorescent molecules within a diffraction-limited volume. Recently, novel super-resolution FPMs have been developed to break the diffraction barrier. In this review, we will introduce the recent progress to achieve sub-diffraction determination of dipole orientation. Biological applications, based on polarization analysis of fluorescence dipole, are also summarized, with focus on chromophore-target molecule interaction and molecular organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Chen
- Department of Automation, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China.,MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics; Bioinformatics Division, Center for Synthetic & Systems Biology, BNRist; Center for Synthetic & Systems Biology, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
| | - Xingye Chen
- Department of Automation, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
| | - Xusan Yang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Chao He
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PJ, UK
| | - Miaoyan Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Peng Xi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Juntao Gao
- Department of Automation, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China.,MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics; Bioinformatics Division, Center for Synthetic & Systems Biology, BNRist; Center for Synthetic & Systems Biology, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
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17
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Chandler T, Shroff H, Oldenbourg R, La Rivière P. Spatio-angular fluorescence microscopy III. Constrained angular diffusion, polarized excitation, and high-NA imaging. JOURNAL OF THE OPTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA. A, OPTICS, IMAGE SCIENCE, AND VISION 2020; 37:1465-1479. [PMID: 32902437 PMCID: PMC7931634 DOI: 10.1364/josaa.389217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
We investigate rotational diffusion of fluorescent molecules in angular potential wells, the excitation and subsequent emissions from these diffusing molecules, and the imaging of these emissions with high-NA aplanatic optical microscopes. Although dipole emissions only transmit six low-frequency angular components, we show that angular structured illumination can alias higher-frequency angular components into the passband of the imaging system. We show that the number of measurable angular components is limited by the relationships between three time scales: the rotational diffusion time, the fluorescence decay time, and the acquisition time. We demonstrate our model by simulating a numerical phantom in the limits of fast angular diffusion, slow angular diffusion, and weak potentials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talon Chandler
- University of Chicago, Department of Radiology, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
- Corresponding author:
| | - Hari Shroff
- Laboratory of High Resolution Optical Imaging, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
- Marine Biological Laboratory, Bell Center, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, USA
| | - Rudolf Oldenbourg
- Marine Biological Laboratory, Bell Center, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, USA
| | - Patrick La Rivière
- University of Chicago, Department of Radiology, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
- Marine Biological Laboratory, Bell Center, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, USA
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18
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Guo SM, Yeh LH, Folkesson J, Ivanov IE, Krishnan AP, Keefe MG, Hashemi E, Shin D, Chhun BB, Cho NH, Leonetti MD, Han MH, Nowakowski TJ, Mehta SB. Revealing architectural order with quantitative label-free imaging and deep learning. eLife 2020; 9:e55502. [PMID: 32716843 PMCID: PMC7431134 DOI: 10.7554/elife.55502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
We report quantitative label-free imaging with phase and polarization (QLIPP) for simultaneous measurement of density, anisotropy, and orientation of structures in unlabeled live cells and tissue slices. We combine QLIPP with deep neural networks to predict fluorescence images of diverse cell and tissue structures. QLIPP images reveal anatomical regions and axon tract orientation in prenatal human brain tissue sections that are not visible using brightfield imaging. We report a variant of U-Net architecture, multi-channel 2.5D U-Net, for computationally efficient prediction of fluorescence images in three dimensions and over large fields of view. Further, we develop data normalization methods for accurate prediction of myelin distribution over large brain regions. We show that experimental defects in labeling the human tissue can be rescued with quantitative label-free imaging and neural network model. We anticipate that the proposed method will enable new studies of architectural order at spatial scales ranging from organelles to tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Li-Hao Yeh
- Chan Zuckerberg BiohubSan FranciscoUnited States
| | | | | | | | - Matthew G Keefe
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
| | - Ezzat Hashemi
- Department of Neurology, Stanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
| | - David Shin
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
| | | | - Nathan H Cho
- Chan Zuckerberg BiohubSan FranciscoUnited States
| | | | - May H Han
- Department of Neurology, Stanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
| | - Tomasz J Nowakowski
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
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19
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Bartle EI, Rao TC, Beggs RR, Dean WF, Urner TM, Kowalczyk AP, Mattheyses AL. Protein exchange is reduced in calcium-independent epithelial junctions. J Cell Biol 2020; 219:151763. [PMID: 32399559 PMCID: PMC7265307 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201906153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Desmosomes are cell–cell junctions that provide mechanical integrity to epithelial and cardiac tissues. Desmosomes have two distinct adhesive states, calcium-dependent and hyperadhesive, which balance tissue plasticity and strength. A highly ordered array of cadherins in the adhesive interface is hypothesized to drive hyperadhesion, but how desmosome structure confers adhesive state is still elusive. We employed fluorescence polarization microscopy to show that cadherin order is not required for hyperadhesion induced by pharmacologic and genetic approaches. FRAP experiments in cells treated with the PKCα inhibitor Gö6976 revealed that cadherins, plakoglobin, and desmoplakin have significantly reduced exchange in and out of hyperadhesive desmosomes. To test whether this was a result of enhanced keratin association, we used the desmoplakin mutant S2849G, which conferred reduced protein exchange. We propose that inside-out regulation of protein exchange modulates adhesive function, whereby proteins are “locked in” to hyperadhesive desmosomes while protein exchange confers plasticity on calcium-dependent desmosomes, thereby providing rapid control of adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily I Bartle
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Tejeshwar C Rao
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Reena R Beggs
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - William F Dean
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Tara M Urner
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Andrew P Kowalczyk
- Departments of Cell Biology and Dermatology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Alexa L Mattheyses
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
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20
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Dulal N, Rogers A, Wang Y, Egan M. Dynamic assembly of a higher-order septin structure during appressorium morphogenesis by the rice blast fungus. Fungal Genet Biol 2020; 140:103385. [PMID: 32305452 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2020.103385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae differentiates a specialized infection structure called an appressorium, which is used to break into plant cells by directed application of enormous turgor force. Appressorium-mediated plant infection requires timely assembly of a higher-order septin ring structure at the base of the appressorium, which is needed to spatially orchestrate appressorium repolarization. Here we use quantitative 4D widefield fluorescence imaging to gain new insight into the spatiotemporal dynamics of septin ring formation, and septin-mediated actin re-organization, during appressorium morphogenesis by M. oryzae. We anticipate that the new knowledge will provide a quantitative framework for dissecting the molecular mechanisms of higher-order septin ring assembly in this devastating plant pathogenic fungus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nawaraj Dulal
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Cell and Molecular Biology Program, University of Arkansas Systems Division of Agriculture, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - Audra Rogers
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Cell and Molecular Biology Program, University of Arkansas Systems Division of Agriculture, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - Yong Wang
- Department of Physics, Cell and Molecular Biology Program, Microelectronics Photonics Program, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - Martin Egan
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Cell and Molecular Biology Program, University of Arkansas Systems Division of Agriculture, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA.
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21
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Blanchard AT, Brockman JM, Salaita K, Mattheyses AL. Variable incidence angle linear dichroism (VALiD): a technique for unique 3D orientation measurement of fluorescent ensembles. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:10039-10061. [PMID: 32225599 PMCID: PMC7340377 DOI: 10.1364/oe.381676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A fundamental challenge with fluorophore orientation measurement is degeneracy, which is the inability to distinguish between multiple unique fluorophore orientations. Techniques exist for the non-degenerate measurement of the orientations of single, static fluorophores. However, such techniques are unsuitable for densely labeled and/or dynamic samples common to biological research. Accordingly, a rapid, widefield microscopy technique that can measure orientation parameters for ensembles of fluorophores in a non-degenerate manner is desirable. We propose that exciting samples with polarized light and multiple incidence angles could enable such a technique. We use Monte Carlo simulations to validate this approach for specific axially symmetric ensembles of fluorophores and obtain optimal experimental parameters for its future implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron T. Blanchard
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - Joshua M. Brockman
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - Khalid Salaita
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - Alexa L. Mattheyses
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, USA
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22
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Chen L, Wang M, Zhang X, Zhang M, Hu Y, Shi Z, Xi P, Gao J. Group-Sparsity-Based Super-Resolution Dipole Orientation Mapping. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MEDICAL IMAGING 2019; 38:2687-2694. [PMID: 30990177 DOI: 10.1109/tmi.2019.2910221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The dipole orientation of fluorophores could be resolved by fluorescence polarization microscopy (FPM), which in turn reveals structural specificity for the labeled organelles. Conventional FPM can detect only the averaged fluorescence anisotropy collected from dipoles within the diffraction-limited volume. Super-resolution dipole orientation mapping (SDOM) method, which applies sparse deconvolution and least square estimation to fluorescence polarization modulation data, achieves the dipole orientation measurement within a sub-diffraction focal area. However, during SDOM analysis, some pixels with fluorescence signal are not resolved with orientation for relatively small adjusted R2. Here we report group-sparsity-based SDOM (GS-SDOM), which utilizes the relevance of modulation sequences to effectively improve the SDOM reconstruction model. More credible resolved dipole orientations with higher adjusted R2 can be mapped and false positive estimation for local dipole orientation is vitally corrected. In addition to achieving the same spatial super-resolution as SDOM does, GS-SDOM accesses more morphological information with more credible orientations and more accurate local dipole distribution estimation. During the GS-SDOM analysis of actin filaments in mammalian kidney cells, the dipole orientation of fluorescence is detected always parallel to the direction of the actin filaments. Also with dipole orientation information extracted by GS-SDOM, the reconstructed visual circle from intensity dimension is discerned as jointed by double close filaments and 3-dimensional co-localization is accomplished in the intersection of actin filaments.
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23
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Zhanghao K, Chen X, Liu W, Li M, Liu Y, Wang Y, Luo S, Wang X, Shan C, Xie H, Gao J, Chen X, Jin D, Li X, Zhang Y, Dai Q, Xi P. Super-resolution imaging of fluorescent dipoles via polarized structured illumination microscopy. Nat Commun 2019; 10:4694. [PMID: 31619676 PMCID: PMC6795901 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-12681-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Fluorescence polarization microscopy images both the intensity and orientation of fluorescent dipoles and plays a vital role in studying molecular structures and dynamics of bio-complexes. However, current techniques remain difficult to resolve the dipole assemblies on subcellular structures and their dynamics in living cells at super-resolution level. Here we report polarized structured illumination microscopy (pSIM), which achieves super-resolution imaging of dipoles by interpreting the dipoles in spatio-angular hyperspace. We demonstrate the application of pSIM on a series of biological filamentous systems, such as cytoskeleton networks and λ-DNA, and report the dynamics of short actin sliding across a myosin-coated surface. Further, pSIM reveals the side-by-side organization of the actin ring structures in the membrane-associated periodic skeleton of hippocampal neurons and images the dipole dynamics of green fluorescent protein-labeled microtubules in live U2OS cells. pSIM applies directly to a large variety of commercial and home-built SIM systems with various imaging modality. Polarization microscopy has been combined with single-molecule localization, but it’s often limited in either speed or resolution. Here the authors present polarized Structured Illumination Microscopy (pSIM), a method that uses polarized laser excitation to measure dye orientation during fast super-resolution live cell imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl Zhanghao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, 100871, Beijing, China.
| | - Xingye Chen
- Department of Automation, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Wenhui Liu
- Department of Automation, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Meiqi Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, 100871, Beijing, China
| | - Yiqiong Liu
- PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, 100871, Beijing, China
| | - Yiming Wang
- PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, 100871, Beijing, China
| | - Sha Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, 100871, Beijing, China
| | - Chunyan Shan
- College of Life Sciences, Peking University, 100871, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Xie
- Department of Automation, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Juntao Gao
- Department of Automation, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaowei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, 100871, Beijing, China
| | - Dayong Jin
- Institute for Biomedical Materials & Devices (IBMD), Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Xiangdong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, 100871, Beijing, China
| | - Qionghai Dai
- Department of Automation, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China.
| | - Peng Xi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, 100871, Beijing, China.
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24
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Marquardt J, Chen X, Bi E. Architecture, remodeling, and functions of the septin cytoskeleton. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2018; 76:7-14. [PMID: 29979831 DOI: 10.1002/cm.21475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Revised: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The septin family of proteins has fascinated cell biologists for decades due to the elaborate architecture they adopt in different eukaryotic cells. Whether they exist as rings, collars, or gauzes in different cell types and at different times in the cell cycle illustrates a complex series of regulation in structure. While the organization of different septin structures at the cortex of different cell types during the cell cycle has been described to various degrees, the exact structure and regulation at the filament level are still largely unknown. Recent advances in fluorescent and electron microscopy, as well as work in septin biochemistry, have allowed new insights into the aspects of septin architecture, remodeling, and function in many cell types. This mini-review highlights many of the recent findings with an emphasis on the budding yeast model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Marquardt
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Erfei Bi
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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25
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Brockman JM, Blanchard AT, Pui-Yan Ma V, Derricotte WD, Zhang Y, Fay ME, Lam WA, Evangelista FA, Mattheyses AL, Salaita K. Mapping the 3D orientation of piconewton integrin traction forces. Nat Methods 2018; 15:115-118. [PMID: 29256495 PMCID: PMC6116908 DOI: 10.1038/nmeth.4536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Mechanical forces are integral to many biological processes; however, current techniques cannot map the magnitude and direction of piconewton molecular forces. Here, we describe molecular force microscopy, leveraging molecular tension probes and fluorescence polarization microscopy to measure the magnitude and 3D orientation of cellular forces. We mapped the orientation of integrin-based traction forces in mouse fibroblasts and human platelets, revealing alignment between the organization of force-bearing structures and their force orientations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua M. Brockman
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Aaron T. Blanchard
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | | | - Wallace D. Derricotte
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Present address: Department of Chemistry, Morehouse College, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Yun Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Meredith E. Fay
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Wilbur A. Lam
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | | | - Alexa L. Mattheyses
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Present address: Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Khalid Salaita
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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26
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Bartle EI, Urner TM, Raju SS, Mattheyses AL. Desmoglein 3 Order and Dynamics in Desmosomes Determined by Fluorescence Polarization Microscopy. Biophys J 2018; 113:2519-2529. [PMID: 29212005 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2017.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Revised: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Desmosomes are macromolecular cell-cell junctions that provide adhesive strength in epithelial tissue. Desmosome function is inseparably linked to structure, and it is hypothesized that the arrangement, or order, of desmosomal cadherins in the intercellular space is critical for adhesive strength. However, due to desmosome size, molecular complexity, and dynamics, the role that order plays in adhesion is challenging to study. Herein, we present an excitation resolved fluorescence polarization microscopy approach to measure the spatiotemporal dynamics of order and disorder of the desmosomal cadherin desmoglein 3 (Dsg3) in living cells. Simulations were used to establish order factor as a robust metric for quantifying the spatiotemporal dynamics of order and disorder. Order factor measurements in keratinocytes showed the Dsg3 extracellular domain is ordered at the individual desmosome, single cell, and cell population levels compared to a series of disordered controls. Desmosomal adhesion is Ca2+ dependent, and reduction of extracellular Ca2+ leads to a loss of adhesion measured by dispase fragmentation assay (λ = 15.1 min). Live cell imaging revealed Dsg3 order decreased more rapidly (λ = 5.5 min), indicating that cadherin order is not required for adhesion. Our results suggest that rapid disordering of cadherins can communicate a change in extracellular Ca2+ concentration to the cell, leading to a downstream loss of adhesion. Fluorescence polarization is an effective bridge between protein structure and complex dynamics and the approach presented here is broadly applicable to studying order in macromolecular structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily I Bartle
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Tara M Urner
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
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Chandler T, Mehta S, Shroff H, Oldenbourg R, La Rivière PJ. Single-fluorophore orientation determination with multiview polarized illumination: modeling and microscope design. OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 25:31309-31325. [PMID: 29245807 PMCID: PMC5941992 DOI: 10.1364/oe.25.031309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We investigate the use of polarized illumination in multiview microscopes for determining the orientation of single-molecule fluorescence transition dipoles. First, we relate the orientation of single dipoles to measurable intensities in multiview microscopes and develop an information-theoretic metric-the solid-angle uncertainty-to compare the ability of multiview microscopes to estimate the orientation of single dipoles. Next, we compare a broad class of microscopes using this metric-single- and dual-view microscopes with varying illumination polarization, illumination numerical aperture (NA), detection NA, obliquity, asymmetry, and exposure. We find that multi-view microscopes can measure all dipole orientations, while the orientations measurable with single-view microscopes is halved because of symmetries in the detection process. We also find that choosing a small illumination NA and a large detection NA are good design choices, that multiview microscopes can benefit from oblique illumination and detection, and that asymmetric NA microscopes can benefit from exposure asymmetry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talon Chandler
- University of Chicago, Department of Radiology, Chicago, Illinois 60637,
USA
| | - Shalin Mehta
- University of Chicago, Department of Radiology, Chicago, Illinois 60637,
USA
- Marine Biological Laboratory, Bell Center, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543,
USA
- (present address) Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, California 94158,
USA
| | - Hari Shroff
- Section on High Resolution Optical Imaging, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892,
USA
- Marine Biological Laboratory, Whitman Center, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543,
USA
| | - Rudolf Oldenbourg
- Marine Biological Laboratory, Bell Center, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543,
USA
- Brown University, Department of Physics, Providence, Rhode Island 02912,
USA
| | - Patrick J. La Rivière
- University of Chicago, Department of Radiology, Chicago, Illinois 60637,
USA
- Marine Biological Laboratory, Whitman Center, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543,
USA
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28
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Spira F, Cuylen-Haering S, Mehta S, Samwer M, Reversat A, Verma A, Oldenbourg R, Sixt M, Gerlich DW. Cytokinesis in vertebrate cells initiates by contraction of an equatorial actomyosin network composed of randomly oriented filaments. eLife 2017; 6. [PMID: 29106370 PMCID: PMC5673306 DOI: 10.7554/elife.30867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The actomyosin ring generates force to ingress the cytokinetic cleavage furrow in animal cells, yet its filament organization and the mechanism of contractility is not well understood. We quantified actin filament order in human cells using fluorescence polarization microscopy and found that cleavage furrow ingression initiates by contraction of an equatorial actin network with randomly oriented filaments. The network subsequently gradually reoriented actin filaments along the cell equator. This strictly depended on myosin II activity, suggesting local network reorganization by mechanical forces. Cortical laser microsurgery revealed that during cytokinesis progression, mechanical tension increased substantially along the direction of the cell equator, while the network contracted laterally along the pole-to-pole axis without a detectable increase in tension. Our data suggest that an asymmetric increase in cortical tension promotes filament reorientation along the cytokinetic cleavage furrow, which might have implications for diverse other biological processes involving actomyosin rings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Spira
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna Biocenter, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sara Cuylen-Haering
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna Biocenter, Vienna, Austria
| | - Shalin Mehta
- Eugene Bell Center for Regenerative Biology and Tissue Engineering, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, United States
| | - Matthias Samwer
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna Biocenter, Vienna, Austria
| | - Anne Reversat
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Amitabh Verma
- Eugene Bell Center for Regenerative Biology and Tissue Engineering, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, United States
| | - Rudolf Oldenbourg
- Eugene Bell Center for Regenerative Biology and Tissue Engineering, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, United States
| | - Michael Sixt
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Daniel W Gerlich
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna Biocenter, Vienna, Austria
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29
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The Unsolved Problem of How Cells Sense Micron-Scale Curvature. Trends Biochem Sci 2017; 42:961-976. [PMID: 29089160 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2017.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Revised: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Membrane curvature is a fundamental feature of cells and their organelles. Much of what we know about how cells sense curved surfaces comes from studies examining nanometer-sized molecules on nanometer-scale curvatures. We are only just beginning to understand how cells recognize curved topologies at the micron scale. In this review, we provide the reader with an overview of our current understanding of how cells sense and respond to micron-scale membrane curvature.
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THOMAS J, IDRIS N, COLLINGS D. Pontamine fast scarlet 4B bifluorescence and measurements of cellulose microfibril angles. J Microsc 2017; 268:13-27. [DOI: 10.1111/jmi.12582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Revised: 04/23/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J. THOMAS
- School of Biological Sciences; The University of Canterbury; Christchurch New Zealand
- Central Wood Testing Laboratory; The Rubber Board; Kottayam Kerala India
| | - N.A. IDRIS
- School of Biological Sciences; The University of Canterbury; Christchurch New Zealand
- School of Fundamental Sciences; Universiti Malaysia Terengganu; Kuala Nerus Kuala Terengganu Terengganu Malaysia
| | - D.A. COLLINGS
- School of Biological Sciences; The University of Canterbury; Christchurch New Zealand
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences; The University of Newcastle; Callaghan NSW Australia
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31
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McQuilken M, Jentzsch MS, Verma A, Mehta SB, Oldenbourg R, Gladfelter AS. Analysis of Septin Reorganization at Cytokinesis Using Polarized Fluorescence Microscopy. Front Cell Dev Biol 2017; 5:42. [PMID: 28516085 PMCID: PMC5413497 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2017.00042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Septins are conserved filament-forming proteins that act in diverse cellular processes. They closely associate with membranes and, in some systems, components of the cytoskeleton. It is not well understood how filaments assemble into higher-order structures in vivo or how they are remodeled throughout the cell cycle. In the budding yeast S. cerevisiae, septins are found through most of the cell cycle in an hourglass organization at the mother-bud neck until cytokinesis when the collar splits into two rings that disassemble prior to the next cell cycle. Experiments using polarized fluorescence microscopy have suggested that septins are arranged in ordered, paired filaments in the hourglass and undergo a coordinated 90° reorientation during splitting at cytokinesis. This apparent reorganization could be due to two orthogonal populations of filaments disassembling and reassembling or being preferentially retained at cytokinesis. In support of this idea, we report a decrease in septin concentration at the mother-bud neck during cytokinesis consistent with other reports and the timing of the decrease depends on known septin regulators including the Gin4 kinase. We took a candidate-based approach to examine what factors control reorientation during splitting and used polarized fluorescence microscopy to screen mutant yeast strains deficient in septin interacting proteins. Using this method, we have linked known septin regulators to different aspects of the assembly, stability, and reorganization of septin assemblies. The data support that ring splitting requires Gin4 activity and an anillin-like protein Bud4, and normal accumulation of septins at the ring requires phosphorylation of Shs1. We found distinct regulatory requirements for septin organization in the hourglass compared to split rings. We propose that septin subpopulations can vary in their localization and assembly/disassembly behavior in a cell-cycle dependent manner at cytokinesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly McQuilken
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth CollegeHanover, NH, USA
| | | | - Amitabh Verma
- Marine Biological Laboratory, Bell Center for Regenerative MedicineWoods Hole, MA, USA
| | - Shalin B. Mehta
- Marine Biological Laboratory, Bell Center for Regenerative MedicineWoods Hole, MA, USA
| | - Rudolf Oldenbourg
- Marine Biological Laboratory, Bell Center for Regenerative MedicineWoods Hole, MA, USA
- Department of Physics, Brown UniversityProvidence, RI, USA
| | - Amy S. Gladfelter
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel Hill, NC, USA
- Marine Biological Laboratory, Bell Center for Regenerative MedicineWoods Hole, MA, USA
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Wang X, Yang F, Yin J. Quantifying the polarization properties of non-depolarizing optical elements with virtual distorting elements. APPLIED OPTICS 2017; 56:2589-2596. [PMID: 28375217 DOI: 10.1364/ao.56.002589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
It is well known that polarization can be potentially distorted by optical elements in optical paths, which intensively influences researches and techniques related to polarization analysis. For this, we proposed to exactly quantify the polarization properties of non-depolarizing optical elements with virtual distorting elements characterized by three parameters: orientation Θ, diattenuation Γ, and retardation Δ. Utilizing the least-squares fitting method, these three parameters can be determined by fitting the measured output polarization states from the optical element with the polarization responses of VDEs. The principle of this method is detailed, and a corresponding experimental setup is further presented. The feasibility of this method has been verified in reflective mirrors and a dichroic mirror. Based on the quantification results with our setup, we have successfully compensated the polarization distortion induced by a dichroic mirror. The precision of this method has been investigated in detail with Monte Carlo simulations. The investigation results show that this method has high precision at certain measurement conditions, and the precision can be further improved.
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33
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Dissection of molecular assembly dynamics by tracking orientation and position of single molecules in live cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:E6352-E6361. [PMID: 27679846 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1607674113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulation of order, such as orientation and conformation, drives the function of most molecular assemblies in living cells but remains difficult to measure accurately through space and time. We built an instantaneous fluorescence polarization microscope, which simultaneously images position and orientation of fluorophores in living cells with single-molecule sensitivity and a time resolution of 100 ms. We developed image acquisition and analysis methods to track single particles that interact with higher-order assemblies of molecules. We tracked the fluctuations in position and orientation of molecules from the level of an ensemble of fluorophores down to single fluorophores. We tested our system in vitro using fluorescently labeled DNA and F-actin, in which the ensemble orientation of polarized fluorescence is known. We then tracked the orientation of sparsely labeled F-actin network at the leading edge of migrating human keratinocytes, revealing the anisotropic distribution of actin filaments relative to the local retrograde flow of the F-actin network. Additionally, we analyzed the position and orientation of septin-GFP molecules incorporated in septin bundles in growing hyphae of a filamentous fungus. Our data indicate that septin-GFP molecules undergo positional fluctuations within ∼350 nm of the binding site and angular fluctuations within ∼30° of the central orientation of the bundle. By reporting position and orientation of molecules while they form dynamic higher-order structures, our approach can provide insights into how micrometer-scale ordered assemblies emerge from nanoscale molecules in living cells.
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34
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Tani T, Shribak M, Oldenbourg R. Living Cells and Dynamic Molecules Observed with the Polarized Light Microscope: the Legacy of Shinya Inoué. THE BIOLOGICAL BULLETIN 2016; 231:85-95. [PMID: 27638697 PMCID: PMC5319827 DOI: 10.1086/689593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In 1948, Shinya Inoué arrived in the United States for graduate studies at Princeton. A year later he came to Woods Hole, starting a long tradition of summer research at the Marine Biological Laboratory (MBL), which quickly became Inoué's scientific home. Primed by his Japanese mentor, Katsuma Dan, Inoué followed Dan's mantra to work with healthy, living cells, on a fundamental problem (mitosis), with a unique tool set that he refined for precise and quantitative observations (polarized light microscopy), and a fresh and brilliant mind that was unafraid of challenging current dogma. Building on this potent combination, Inoué contributed landmark observations and concepts in cell biology, including the notion that there are dynamic, fine structures inside living cells, in which molecular assemblies such as mitotic spindle fibers exist in delicate equilibrium with their molecular building blocks suspended in the cytoplasm. In the late 1970s and 1980s, Inoué and others at the MBL were instrumental in conceiving video microscopy, a groundbreaking technique which married light microscopy and electronic imaging, ushering in a revolution in how we know and what we know about living cells and the molecular mechanisms of life. Here, we recount some of Inoué's accomplishments and describe how his legacy has shaped current activities in polarized light imaging at the MBL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomomi Tani
- Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543
| | - Michael Shribak
- Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543
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35
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Abstract
Polarized growth is critical for the development and maintenance of diverse organisms and tissues but particularly so in fungi, where nutrient uptake, communication, and reproduction all rely on cell asymmetries. To achieve polarized growth, fungi spatially organize both their cytosol and cortical membranes. Septins, a family of GTP-binding proteins, are key regulators of spatial compartmentalization in fungi and other eukaryotes. Septins form higher-order structures on fungal plasma membranes and are thought to contribute to the generation of cell asymmetries by acting as molecular scaffolds and forming diffusional barriers. Here we discuss the links between septins and polarized growth and consider molecular models for how septins contribute to cellular asymmetry in fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anum Khan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755;
| | - Molly McQuilken
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755;
| | - Amy S Gladfelter
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755;
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36
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Kaplan C, Yu C, Ewers H. Ashbya gossypii as a model system to study septin organization by single-molecule localization microscopy. Methods Cell Biol 2016; 136:161-82. [PMID: 27473909 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2016.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Heteromeric complexes of GTP-binding proteins from the septin family assemble into higher order structures that are essential for cell division in many organisms. The correct organization of the subunits into filaments, gauzes, and rings is the basis of septin function in this process. Electron microscopy and polarization fluorescence microscopy contributed greatly to the understanding of the dynamics and organization of such structures. However, both methods show technical limitations in resolution and specificity that do not allow the identification of individual septin complexes in assemblies in intact cells. Single-molecule localization-based fluorescence superresolution microscopy methods combine the resolution of cellular structures at the nanometer level with highest molecular specificity and excellent contrast. Here, we provide a protocol that enables the investigation of the organization of septin complexes in higher order structures in cells by combining advantageous features of the model organism Ashbya gossypii with single-molecule localization microscopy. Our assay is designed to investigate the general assembly mechanism of septin complexes in cells and is applicable to many cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - C Yu
- ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - H Ewers
- ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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37
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Quantitative nanoscale imaging of orientational order in biological filaments by polarized superresolution microscopy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:E820-8. [PMID: 26831082 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1516811113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Essential cellular functions as diverse as genome maintenance and tissue morphogenesis rely on the dynamic organization of filamentous assemblies. For example, the precise structural organization of DNA filaments has profound consequences on all DNA-mediated processes including gene expression, whereas control over the precise spatial arrangement of cytoskeletal protein filaments is key for mechanical force generation driving animal tissue morphogenesis. Polarized fluorescence is currently used to extract structural organization of fluorescently labeled biological filaments by determining the orientation of fluorescent labels, however with a strong drawback: polarized fluorescence imaging is indeed spatially limited by optical diffraction, and is thus unable to discriminate between the intrinsic orientational mobility of the fluorophore labels and the real structural disorder of the labeled biomolecules. Here, we demonstrate that quantitative single-molecule polarized detection in biological filament assemblies allows not only to correct for the rotational flexibility of the label but also to image orientational order of filaments at the nanoscale using superresolution capabilities. The method is based on polarized direct stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy, using dedicated optical scheme and image analysis to determine both molecular localization and orientation with high precision. We apply this method to double-stranded DNA in vitro and microtubules and actin stress fibers in whole cells.
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38
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Min KA, Rajeswaran WG, Oldenbourg R, Harris G, Keswani RK, Chiang M, Rzeczycki P, Talattof A, Hafeez M, Horobin RW, Larsen SD, Stringer KA, Rosania GR. Massive Bioaccumulation and Self-Assembly of Phenazine Compounds in Live Cells. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2015; 2:1500025. [PMID: 26380168 PMCID: PMC4569013 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201500025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Revised: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Clofazimine is an orally administered, FDA-approved drug that massively bioaccumulates in macrophages, forming membrane-bound intracellular structures possessing nanoscale supramolecular features. Here, a library of phenazine compounds derived from clofazimine was synthesized and tested for their ability to accumulate and form ordered molecular aggregates inside cells. Regardless of chemical structure or physicochemical properties, bioaccumulation was consistently greater in macrophages than in epithelial cells. Microscopically, some self-assembled structures exhibited a pronounced, diattenuation anisotropy signal, evident by the differential absorption of linearly polarized light, at the peak absorbance wavelength of the phenazine core. The measured anisotropy was well above the background anisotropy of endogenous cellular components, reflecting the self-assembly of condensed, insoluble complexes of ordered phenazine molecules. Chemical variations introduced at the R-imino position of the phenazine core led to idiosyncratic effects on the compounds' bioaccumulation behavior, as well as on the morphology and organization of the resulting intracellular structures. Beyond clofazimine, these results demonstrate how the self-assembly of membrane-permeant, orally-bioavailable small molecule building blocks can endow cells with unnatural structural elements possessing chemical, physical and functional characteristics unlike those of other natural cellular components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoung Ah Min
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan College of Pharmacy, 428 Church St, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Walajapet G Rajeswaran
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan College of Pharmacy, 428 Church St, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | | | - Grant Harris
- Marine Biological Laboratories, Woods Hole, MA 02543
| | - Rahul K Keswani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan College of Pharmacy, 428 Church St, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Mason Chiang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan College of Pharmacy, 428 Church St, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Phillip Rzeczycki
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan College of Pharmacy, 428 Church St, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Arjang Talattof
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan College of Pharmacy, 428 Church St, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Mahwish Hafeez
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan College of Pharmacy, 428 Church St, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Richard W Horobin
- School of Life Sciences, The University of Glasgow, University Avenue, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Scotland UK
| | - Scott D Larsen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan College of Pharmacy, 428 Church St, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Kathleen A Stringer
- Department of Clinical, Social and Administrative Sciences, University of Michigan College of Pharmacy, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Gus R Rosania
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan College of Pharmacy, 428 Church St, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
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39
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McQuilken M, Mehta SB, Verma A, Harris G, Oldenbourg R, Gladfelter AS. Polarized Fluorescence Microscopy to Study Cytoskeleton Assembly and Organization in Live Cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 67:4.29.1-4.29.13. [PMID: 26061244 DOI: 10.1002/0471143030.cb0429s67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The measurement of not only the location but also the organization of molecules in live cells is crucial to understanding diverse biological processes. Polarized light microscopy provides a nondestructive means to evaluate order within subcellular domains. When combined with fluorescence microscopy and GFP-tagged proteins, the approach can reveal organization within specific populations of molecules. This unit describes a protocol for measuring the architectural dynamics of cytoskeletal components using polarized fluorescence microscopy and OpenPolScope open-access software (http://www.openpolscope.org). The protocol describes installation of linear polarizers or a liquid crystal (LC) universal compensator, calibration of the system, polarized fluorescence imaging, and analysis. The use of OpenPolScope software and hardware allows for reliable, user-friendly image acquisition to measure and analyze polarized fluorescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly McQuilken
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire
| | - Shalin B Mehta
- Cellular Dynamics Program, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts
| | - Amitabh Verma
- Cellular Dynamics Program, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts
| | - Grant Harris
- Cellular Dynamics Program, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts
| | - Rudolf Oldenbourg
- Cellular Dynamics Program, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts
| | - Amy S Gladfelter
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire
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40
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Gera N, Yang A, Holtzman TS, Lee SX, Wong ET, Swanson KD. Tumor treating fields perturb the localization of septins and cause aberrant mitotic exit. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0125269. [PMID: 26010837 PMCID: PMC4444126 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0125269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The anti-tumor effects of chemotherapy and radiation are thought to be mediated by triggering G1/S or G2/M cell cycle checkpoints, while spindle poisons, such as paclitaxel, block metaphase exit by initiating the spindle assembly checkpoint. In contrast, we have found that 150 kilohertz (kHz) alternating electric fields, also known as Tumor Treating Fields (TTFields), perturbed cells at the transition from metaphase to anaphase. Cells exposed to the TTFields during mitosis showed normal progression to this point, but exhibited uncontrolled membrane blebbing that coincided with metaphase exit. The ability of such alternating electric fields to affect cellular physiology is likely to be dependent on their interactions with proteins possessing high dipole moments. The mitotic Septin complex consisting of Septin 2, 6 and 7, possesses a high calculated dipole moment of 2711 Debyes (D) and plays a central role in positioning the cytokinetic cleavage furrow, and governing its contraction during ingression. We showed that during anaphase, TTFields inhibited Septin localization to the anaphase spindle midline and cytokinetic furrow, as well as its association with microtubules during cell attachment and spreading on fibronectin. After aberrant metaphase exit as a consequence of TTFields exposure, cells exhibited aberrant nuclear architecture and signs of cellular stress including an overall decrease in cellular proliferation, followed by apoptosis that was strongly influenced by the p53 mutational status. Thus, TTFields are able to diminish cell proliferation by specifically perturbing key proteins involved in cell division, leading to mitotic catastrophe and subsequent cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidhi Gera
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Aaron Yang
- Department of Neurology, Division of Neuro-Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Talia S. Holtzman
- Department of Neurology, Division of Neuro-Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Sze Xian Lee
- Department of Neurology, Division of Neuro-Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Eric T. Wong
- Department of Neurology, Division of Neuro-Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Kenneth D. Swanson
- Department of Neurology, Division of Neuro-Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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41
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Abrahamsson S, McQuilken M, Mehta SB, Verma A, Larsch J, Ilic R, Heintzmann R, Bargmann CI, Gladfelter AS, Oldenbourg R. MultiFocus Polarization Microscope (MF-PolScope) for 3D polarization imaging of up to 25 focal planes simultaneously. OPTICS EXPRESS 2015; 23:7734-54. [PMID: 25837112 PMCID: PMC5802244 DOI: 10.1364/oe.23.007734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
We have developed an imaging system for 3D time-lapse polarization microscopy of living biological samples. Polarization imaging reveals the position, alignment and orientation of submicroscopic features in label-free as well as fluorescently labeled specimens. Optical anisotropies are calculated from a series of images where the sample is illuminated by light of different polarization states. Due to the number of images necessary to collect both multiple polarization states and multiple focal planes, 3D polarization imaging is most often prohibitively slow. Our MF-PolScope system employs multifocus optics to form an instantaneous 3D image of up to 25 simultaneous focal-planes. We describe this optical system and show examples of 3D multi-focus polarization imaging of biological samples, including a protein assembly study in budding yeast cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Abrahamsson
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Lulu and Anthony Wang Laboratory of Neural Circuits and Behavior, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
| | - Molly McQuilken
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | | | - Amitabh Verma
- Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
| | - Johannes Larsch
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Lulu and Anthony Wang Laboratory of Neural Circuits and Behavior, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Current address: Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Rob Ilic
- Cornell NanoScale Science and Technology Facility (CNF), Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Current address: Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
| | - Rainer Heintzmann
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, Jena, Germany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich Shiller University, Jena, Germany
- King’s College London, Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, London, UK
| | - Cornelia I. Bargmann
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Lulu and Anthony Wang Laboratory of Neural Circuits and Behavior, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Amy S. Gladfelter
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
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42
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Ferrand P, Gasecka P, Kress A, Wang X, Bioud FZ, Duboisset J, Brasselet S. Ultimate use of two-photon fluorescence microscopy to map orientational behavior of fluorophores. Biophys J 2015; 106:2330-9. [PMID: 24896112 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2014.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2014] [Revised: 03/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The orientational distribution of fluorophores is an important reporter of the structure and function of their molecular environment. Although this distribution affects the fluorescence signal under polarized-light excitation, its retrieval is limited to a small number of parameters. Because of this limitation, the need for a geometrical model (cone, Gaussian, etc.) to effect such retrieval is often invoked. In this work, using a symmetry decomposition of the distribution function of the fluorescent molecules, we show that polarized two-photon fluorescence based on tunable linear dichroism allows for the retrieval of this distribution with reasonable fidelity and without invoking either an a priori knowledge of the system to be investigated or a geometrical model. We establish the optimal level of detail to which any distribution can be retrieved using this technique. As applied to artificial lipid vesicles and cell membranes, the ability of this method to identify and quantify specific structural properties that complement the more traditional molecular-order information is demonstrated. In particular, we analyze situations that give access to the sharpness of the angular constraint, and to the evidence of an isotropic population of fluorophores within the focal volume encompassing the membrane. Moreover, this technique has the potential to address complex situations such as the distribution of a tethered membrane protein label in an ordered environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Ferrand
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, Institut Fresnel UMR 7249, Marseille, France.
| | - Paulina Gasecka
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, Institut Fresnel UMR 7249, Marseille, France
| | - Alla Kress
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, Institut Fresnel UMR 7249, Marseille, France
| | - Xiao Wang
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, Institut Fresnel UMR 7249, Marseille, France
| | - Fatma-Zohra Bioud
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, Institut Fresnel UMR 7249, Marseille, France
| | - Julien Duboisset
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, Institut Fresnel UMR 7249, Marseille, France
| | - Sophie Brasselet
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, Institut Fresnel UMR 7249, Marseille, France
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43
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Bridges AA, Gladfelter AS. Fungal pathogens are platforms for discovering novel and conserved septin properties. Curr Opin Microbiol 2014; 20:42-8. [PMID: 24879478 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2014.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Revised: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Septins are filament-forming GTP-binding proteins that act as scaffolds in diverse cell functions including division, polarity and membrane remodeling. In a variety of fungal pathogens, it has been observed that septins are required for virulence because cells are unable to survive or are misshapen when septins are mutated. Cell morphology is interconnected with pathogenesis and thus septin mutants displaying aberrant cell morphologies are commonly deficient in host tissue invasion. The degree to which septins orchestrate versus maintain changes in fungal cell morphology during pathogenesis remains to be determined. Aside from the importance of septins in the process of pathogenesis, animal and plant fungal pathogens display complexity in septin form, dynamics, and function not seen in Saccharomyces cerevisiae making these organisms important models for uncovering diversity in septin behavior. Additionally, host septins have recently been implicated in the process of Candida albicans invasion, motivating the need to examine host septins in fungal pathogenesis. Understanding the role of septins in the host-pathogen interaction not only illuminates pathogenesis mechanisms but importantly also expands our understanding of septin biology in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew A Bridges
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, 78 College Street, Hanover, NH 03755, United States
| | - Amy S Gladfelter
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, 78 College Street, Hanover, NH 03755, United States.
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44
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Pham T, DiCiccio JE, Trimble WS. Cytoskeleton: septins do the horizontal tango. Curr Biol 2014; 24:R324-7. [PMID: 24735857 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2014.02.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Septins are a family of membrane-associated filamentous proteins that are essential in many biological processes, such as cell division. A recent study has provided the first visualization of septin filament formation in real time, leading to important new insights into their organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodore Pham
- Program in Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8, Canada, and Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Jessica E DiCiccio
- Program in Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8, Canada, and Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - William S Trimble
- Program in Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8, Canada, and Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada.
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45
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Mapping the local organization of cell membranes using excitation-polarization-resolved confocal fluorescence microscopy. Biophys J 2014; 105:127-36. [PMID: 23823231 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2013.05.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Revised: 04/12/2013] [Accepted: 05/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Fluorescence anisotropy and linear dichroism imaging have been widely used for imaging biomolecular orientational distributions in protein aggregates, fibrillar structures of cells, and cell membranes. However, these techniques do not give access to complete orientational order information in a whole image, because their use is limited to parts of the sample where the average orientation of molecules is known a priori. Fluorescence anisotropy is also highly sensitive to depolarization mechanisms such as those induced by fluorescence energy transfer. A fully excitation-polarization-resolved fluorescence microscopy imaging that relies on the use of a tunable incident polarization and a nonpolarized detection is able to circumvent these limitations. We have developed such a technique in confocal epifluorescence microscopy, giving access to new regions of study in the complex and heterogeneous molecular organization of cell membranes. Using this technique, we demonstrate morphological changes at the subdiffraction scale in labeled COS-7 cell membranes whose cytoskeleton is perturbed. Molecular orientational order is also seen to be affected by cholesterol depletion, reflecting the strong interplay between lipid-packing regions and their nearby cytoskeleton. This noninvasive optical technique can reveal local organization in cell membranes when used as a complement to existing methods such as generalized polarization.
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46
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Abstract
Septins assemble into filaments and higher-order structures that act as scaffolds for diverse cell functions including cytokinesis, cell polarity, and membrane remodeling. Despite their conserved role in cell organization, little is known about how septin filaments elongate and are knitted together into higher-order assemblies. Using fluorescence correlation spectroscopy, we determined that cytosolic septins are in small complexes, suggesting that septin filaments are not formed in the cytosol. When the plasma membrane of live cells is monitored by total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy, we see that septin complexes of variable size diffuse in two dimensions. Diffusing septin complexes collide and make end-on associations to form elongated filaments and higher-order structures, an assembly process we call annealing. Septin assembly by annealing can be reconstituted in vitro on supported lipid bilayers with purified septin complexes. Using the reconstitution assay, we show that septin filaments are highly flexible, grow only from free filament ends, and do not exchange subunits in the middle of filaments. This work shows that annealing is a previously unidentified intrinsic property of septins in the presence of membranes and demonstrates that cells exploit this mechanism to build large septin assemblies.
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47
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Backlund MP, Lew MD, Backer AS, Sahl SJ, Moerner WE. The role of molecular dipole orientation in single-molecule fluorescence microscopy and implications for super-resolution imaging. Chemphyschem 2013; 15:587-99. [PMID: 24382708 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201300880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Numerous methods for determining the orientation of single-molecule transition dipole moments from microscopic images of the molecular fluorescence have been developed in recent years. At the same time, techniques that rely on nanometer-level accuracy in the determination of molecular position, such as single-molecule super-resolution imaging, have proven immensely successful in their ability to access unprecedented levels of detail and resolution previously hidden by the optical diffraction limit. However, the level of accuracy in the determination of position is threatened by insufficient treatment of molecular orientation. Here we review a number of methods for measuring molecular orientation using fluorescence microscopy, focusing on approaches that are most compatible with position estimation and single-molecule super-resolution imaging. We highlight recent methods based on quadrated pupil imaging and on double-helix point spread function microscopy and apply them to the study of fluorophore mobility on immunolabeled microtubules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikael P Backlund
- Department of Chemistry. Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305 (USA)
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48
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Timr Š, Bondar A, Cwiklik L, Štefl M, Hof M, Vazdar M, Lazar J, Jungwirth P. Accurate Determination of the Orientational Distribution of a Fluorescent Molecule in a Phospholipid Membrane. J Phys Chem B 2013; 118:855-63. [DOI: 10.1021/jp4067026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Štěpán Timr
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo nám. 2, 16610 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Alexey Bondar
- Institute of Nanobiology and Structural
Biology GCRC, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i.,
Zámek 136, 37333 Nové Hrady, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská
31, 37005 České
Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Lukasz Cwiklik
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo nám. 2, 16610 Prague 6, Czech Republic
- J. Heyrovský
Institute of Physical Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Dolejškova 3, 182 23 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Štefl
- J. Heyrovský
Institute of Physical Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Dolejškova 3, 182 23 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Hof
- J. Heyrovský
Institute of Physical Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Dolejškova 3, 182 23 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - Mario Vazdar
- Rudjer Bošković Institute, Division
of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry,
POB 180, HR-10002 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Josef Lazar
- Institute of Nanobiology and Structural
Biology GCRC, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i.,
Zámek 136, 37333 Nové Hrady, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská
31, 37005 České
Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Jungwirth
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo nám. 2, 16610 Prague 6, Czech Republic
- Department of Physics, Tampere University of Technology, P.O. Box 692, FI-33101 Tampere, Finland
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49
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Koike-Tani M, Tani T, Mehta SB, Verma A, Oldenbourg R. Polarized light microscopy in reproductive and developmental biology. Mol Reprod Dev 2013; 82:548-62. [PMID: 23901032 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.22221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Accepted: 07/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The polarized light microscope reveals orientational order in native molecular structures inside living cells, tissues, and whole organisms. It is a powerful tool used to monitor and analyze the early developmental stages of organisms that lend themselves to microscopic observations. In this article, we briefly discuss the components specific to a traditional polarizing microscope and some historically important observations on: chromosome packing in the sperm head, the first zygote division of the sea urchin, and differentiation initiated by the first asymmetric cell division in the sand dollar. We then introduce the LC-PolScope and describe its use for measuring birefringence and polarized fluorescence in living cells and tissues. Applications range from the enucleation of mouse oocytes to analyzing the polarized fluorescence of the water strider acrosome. We end with new results on the birefringence of the developing chick brain, which we analyzed between developmental stages of days 12-20.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maki Koike-Tani
- Cellular Dynamics Program, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts
| | - Tomomi Tani
- Cellular Dynamics Program, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts
| | - Shalin B Mehta
- Cellular Dynamics Program, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts
| | - Amitabh Verma
- Cellular Dynamics Program, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts
| | - Rudolf Oldenbourg
- Cellular Dynamics Program, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts.,Physics Department, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
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50
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Abstract
Productive cell proliferation involves efficient and accurate splitting of the dividing cell into two separate entities. This orderly process reflects coordination of diverse cytological events by regulatory systems that drive the cell from mitosis into G1. In the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, separation of mother and daughter cells involves coordinated actomyosin ring contraction and septum synthesis, followed by septum destruction. These events occur in precise and rapid sequence once chromosomes are segregated and are linked with spindle organization and mitotic progress by intricate cell cycle control machinery. Additionally, critical paarts of the mother/daughter separation process are asymmetric, reflecting a form of fate specification that occurs in every cell division. This chapter describes central events of budding yeast cell separation, as well as the control pathways that integrate them and link them with the cell cycle.
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