1
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Dear AJ, Teng X, Ball SR, Lewin J, Horne RI, Clow D, Stevenson A, Harper N, Yahya K, Yang X, Brewerton SC, Thomson J, Michaels TCT, Linse S, Knowles TPJ, Habchi J, Meisl G. Molecular mechanism of α-synuclein aggregation on lipid membranes revealed. Chem Sci 2024; 15:7229-7242. [PMID: 38756798 PMCID: PMC11095391 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc05661a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
The central hallmark of Parkinson's disease pathology is the aggregation of the α-synuclein protein, which, in its healthy form, is associated with lipid membranes. Purified monomeric α-synuclein is relatively stable in vitro, but its aggregation can be triggered by the presence of lipid vesicles. Despite this central importance of lipids in the context of α-synuclein aggregation, their detailed mechanistic role in this process has not been established to date. Here, we use chemical kinetics to develop a mechanistic model that is able to globally describe the aggregation behaviour of α-synuclein in the presence of DMPS lipid vesicles, across a range of lipid and protein concentrations. Through the application of our kinetic model to experimental data, we find that the reaction is a co-aggregation process involving both protein and lipids and that lipids promote aggregation as much by enabling fibril elongation as by enabling their initial formation. Moreover, we find that the primary nucleation of lipid-protein co-aggregates takes place not on the surface of lipid vesicles in bulk solution but at the air-water and/or plate interfaces, where lipids and proteins are likely adsorbed. Our model forms the basis for mechanistic insights, also in other lipid-protein co-aggregation systems, which will be crucial in the rational design of drugs that inhibit aggregate formation and act at the key points in the α-synuclein aggregation cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J Dear
- WaveBreak Therapeutics Ltd, Chemistry of Health Lensfield Road Cambridge CB2 1EW UK
| | - Xiangyu Teng
- WaveBreak Therapeutics Ltd, Chemistry of Health Lensfield Road Cambridge CB2 1EW UK
| | - Sarah R Ball
- WaveBreak Therapeutics Ltd, Chemistry of Health Lensfield Road Cambridge CB2 1EW UK
| | - Joshua Lewin
- WaveBreak Therapeutics Ltd, Chemistry of Health Lensfield Road Cambridge CB2 1EW UK
| | - Robert I Horne
- WaveBreak Therapeutics Ltd, Chemistry of Health Lensfield Road Cambridge CB2 1EW UK
| | - Daniel Clow
- WaveBreak Therapeutics Ltd, Chemistry of Health Lensfield Road Cambridge CB2 1EW UK
| | - Alisdair Stevenson
- Department of Biology, Institute of Biochemistry, ETH Zurich Otto Stern Weg 3 8093 Zurich Switzerland
- Bringing Materials to Life Initiative, ETH Zurich Switzerland
| | - Natasha Harper
- WaveBreak Therapeutics Ltd, Chemistry of Health Lensfield Road Cambridge CB2 1EW UK
| | - Kim Yahya
- WaveBreak Therapeutics Ltd, Chemistry of Health Lensfield Road Cambridge CB2 1EW UK
| | - Xiaoting Yang
- WaveBreak Therapeutics Ltd, Chemistry of Health Lensfield Road Cambridge CB2 1EW UK
| | - Suzanne C Brewerton
- WaveBreak Therapeutics Ltd, Chemistry of Health Lensfield Road Cambridge CB2 1EW UK
| | - John Thomson
- WaveBreak Therapeutics Ltd, Chemistry of Health Lensfield Road Cambridge CB2 1EW UK
| | - Thomas C T Michaels
- Department of Biology, Institute of Biochemistry, ETH Zurich Otto Stern Weg 3 8093 Zurich Switzerland
- Bringing Materials to Life Initiative, ETH Zurich Switzerland
| | - Sara Linse
- WaveBreak Therapeutics Ltd, Chemistry of Health Lensfield Road Cambridge CB2 1EW UK
- Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Lund University Lund Sweden
| | - Tuomas P J Knowles
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge Cambridge UK
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge Cambridge UK
| | - Johnny Habchi
- WaveBreak Therapeutics Ltd, Chemistry of Health Lensfield Road Cambridge CB2 1EW UK
| | - Georg Meisl
- WaveBreak Therapeutics Ltd, Chemistry of Health Lensfield Road Cambridge CB2 1EW UK
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2
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Makasewicz K, Linse S, Sparr E. Interplay of α-synuclein with Lipid Membranes: Cooperative Adsorption, Membrane Remodeling and Coaggregation. JACS AU 2024; 4:1250-1262. [PMID: 38665673 PMCID: PMC11040681 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.3c00579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
α-Synuclein is a small neuronal protein enriched at presynaptic termini. It is hypothesized to play a role in neurotransmitter release and synaptic vesicle cycling, while the formation of α-synuclein amyloid fibrils is associated with several neurodegenerative diseases, most notably Parkinson's Disease. The molecular mechanisms of both the physiological and pathological functions of α-synuclein remain to be fully understood, but in both cases, interactions with membranes play an important role. In this Perspective, we discuss several aspects of α-synuclein interactions with lipid membranes including cooperative adsorption, membrane remodeling and α-synuclein amyloid fibril formation in the presence of lipid membranes. We highlight the coupling between the different phenomena and their interplay in the context of physiological and pathological functions of α-synuclein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Makasewicz
- Division
of Physical Chemistry, Center for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Sara Linse
- Biochemistry
and Structural Biology, Lund University, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Emma Sparr
- Department
of Chemistry, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
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3
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Kang C, Bernaldez M, Stamatis SD, Rose JP, Sun R. Interaction between Permeation Enhancers and Lipid Bilayers. J Phys Chem B 2024; 128:1668-1679. [PMID: 38232311 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.3c06448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Permeation enhancers (PEs) are a class of molecules that interact with the epithelial membrane and transiently increase its transcellular permeability. Although there have been few clinical trials of PE coformulated drugs, the mechanism of action of PEs remains elusive. In this paper, the interaction between two archetypes of PEs [salcaprozate sodium (SNAC) and sodium caprate (C10)] and membranes is investigated with extensive all-atom molecular dynamics simulations. The simulations show that (1) the association between the neutral PEs and membranes is favored in free energy, (2) the propensity of neutral PE aggregation is larger in aqueous solution than in lipid bilayers, (3) the equilibrium distribution of neutral PEs in membranes is fast, e.g., accessible with unbiased MD simulations, and (4) the micelle of neutral PEs formed in aqueous solution does not rupture the membranes (e.g., not forming pores or breaking up the membrane) under simulation conditions. All results combined, this study indicates that PEs insert into the membranes in an equilibrium or near equilibrium process. This study lays the foundation for future investigations of how PEs impact the free energy of permeation for small molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Kang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
| | - Mabel Bernaldez
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
| | - Stephen D Stamatis
- Lilly Corporate Center, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - John P Rose
- Lilly Corporate Center, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Rui Sun
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
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4
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Ruane S, Li Z, Hollowell P, Hughes A, Warwicker J, Webster JRP, van der Walle CF, Kalonia C, Lu JR. Investigating the Orientation of an Interfacially Adsorbed Monoclonal Antibody and Its Fragments Using Neutron Reflection. Mol Pharm 2023; 20:1643-1656. [PMID: 36795985 PMCID: PMC9996827 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.2c00864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
Interfacial adsorption is a molecular process occurring during the production, purification, transport, and storage of antibodies, with a direct impact on their structural stability and subsequent implications on their bioactivities. While the average conformational orientation of an adsorbed protein can be readily determined, its associated structures are more complex to characterize. Neutron reflection has been used in this work to investigate the conformational orientations of the monoclonal antibody COE-3 and its Fab and Fc fragments at the oil/water and air/water interfaces. Rigid body rotation modeling was found to be suitable for globular and relatively rigid proteins such as the Fab and Fc fragments but less so for relatively flexible proteins such as full COE-3. Fab and Fc fragments adopted a 'flat-on' orientation at the air/water interface, minimizing the thickness of the protein layer, but they adopted a substantially tilted orientation at the oil/water interface with increased layer thickness. In contrast, COE-3 was found to adsorb in tilted orientations at both interfaces, with one fragment protruding into the solution. This work demonstrates that rigid-body modeling can provide additional insights into protein layers at various interfaces relevant to bioprocess engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean Ruane
- Biological Physics Laboratory, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Schuster Building, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
| | - Zongyi Li
- Biological Physics Laboratory, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Schuster Building, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
| | - Peter Hollowell
- Biological Physics Laboratory, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Schuster Building, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
| | - Arwel Hughes
- ISIS Neutron Facility, STFC, Chilton, Didcot OX11 0QZ, U.K
| | - Jim Warwicker
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Function, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
| | | | | | - Cavan Kalonia
- Dosage Form Design and Development, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878, United States
| | - Jian R Lu
- Biological Physics Laboratory, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Schuster Building, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
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5
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Iyer A, Sidhu A, Subramaniam V. How important is the N-terminal acetylation of alpha-synuclein for its function and aggregation into amyloids? Front Neurosci 2022; 16:1003997. [PMID: 36466161 PMCID: PMC9709446 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.1003997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
N-α-acetylation is a frequently occurring post-translational modification in eukaryotic proteins. It has manifold physiological consequences on the regulation and function of several proteins, with emerging studies suggesting that it is a global regulator of stress responses. For decades, in vitro biochemical investigations into the precise role of the intrinsically disordered protein alpha-synuclein (αS) in the etiology of Parkinson's disease (PD) were performed using non-acetylated αS. The N-terminus of α-synuclein is now unequivocally known to be acetylated in vivo, however, there are many aspects of this post-translational modifications that are not understood well. Is N-α-acetylation of αS a constitutive modification akin to most cellular proteins, or is it spatio-temporally regulated? Is N-α-acetylation of αS relevant to the as yet elusive function of αS? How does the N-α-acetylation of αS influence the aggregation of αS into amyloids? Here, we provide an overview of the current knowledge and discuss prevailing hypotheses on the impact of N-α-acetylation of αS on its conformational, oligomeric, and fibrillar states. The extent to which N-α-acetylation of αS is vital for its function, membrane binding, and aggregation into amyloids is also explored here. We further discuss the overall significance of N-α-acetylation of αS for its functional and pathogenic implications in Lewy body formation and synucleinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya Iyer
- Department of Biochemistry, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Arshdeep Sidhu
- Nitte University Centre for Science Education and Research, Nitte University (DU), Mangalore, India
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6
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Dubackic M, Liu Y, Kelley EG, Hetherington C, Haertlein M, Devos JM, Linse S, Sparr E, Olsson U. α-Synuclein Interaction with Lipid Bilayer Discs. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:10216-10224. [PMID: 35952001 PMCID: PMC9404543 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c01368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
α-Synuclein (aSyn) is a 140 residue long protein present in presynaptic termini of nerve cells. The protein is associated with Parkinson's disease, in which case it has been found to self-assemble into long amyloid fibrils forming intracellular inclusions that are also rich in lipids. Furthermore, its synaptic function is proposed to involve interaction with lipid membranes, and hence, it is of interest to understand aSyn-lipid membrane interactions in detail. In this paper we report on the interaction of aSyn with model membranes in the form of lipid bilayer discs. Using a combination of cryogenic transmission electron microscopy and small-angle neutron scattering, we show that circular discs undergo a significant shape transition after the adsorption of aSyn. When aSyn self-assembles into fibrils, aSyn molecules desorb from the bilayer discs, allowing them to recover to their original shape. Interestingly, the desorption process has an all-or-none character, resulting in a binary coexistence of circular bilayer discs with no adsorbed aSyn and deformed bilayer discs having a maximum amount of adsorbed protein. The observed coexistence is consistent with the recent finding of cooperative aSyn adsorption to anionic lipid bilayers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marija Dubackic
- Physical
Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Lund
University, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Yun Liu
- Center
for Neutron Research, National Institute
of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878, United States
- Chemical
and Biomolecular Engineering Department, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Elizabeth G. Kelley
- Center
for Neutron Research, National Institute
of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878, United States
| | - Crispin Hetherington
- National
Center for High Resolution Electron Microscopy, Centre for Analysis
and Synthesis, Chemistry Centre, Lund University, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | | | | | - Sara Linse
- Biochemistry
and Structural Biology, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Emma Sparr
- Physical
Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Lund
University, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Ulf Olsson
- Physical
Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Lund
University, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
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7
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Jadavi S, Canepa E, Diaspro A, Canale C, Relini A, Dante S. α-Synuclein interacts differently with membranes mimicking the inner and outer leaflets of neuronal membranes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. BIOMEMBRANES 2022; 1864:183814. [PMID: 34774499 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2021.183814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The toxicity of α-synuclein (α-syn), the amyloidogenic protein responsible for Parkinson's disease, is likely related to its interaction with the asymmetric neuronal membrane. α-Syn exists as cytoplasmatic and as extracellular protein as well. To shed light on the different interactions occurring at the different α-syn localizations, we have here modelled the external and internal membrane leaflets of the neuronal membrane with two complex lipid mixtures, characterized by phase coexistence and with negative charge confined to either the ordered or the disordered phase, respectively. To this purpose, we selected a five-component (DOPC/SM/DOPE/DOPS/chol) and a four-component (DOPC/SM/GM1/chol) lipid mixtures, which contained the main membrane lipid constituents and exhibited a phase separation with formation of ordered domains. We have compared the action of α-syn in monomeric form and at different concentrations (1 nM, 40 nM, and 200 nM) with respect to lipid systems with different composition and shape by AFM, QCM-D, and vesicle leakage experiments. The experiments coherently showed a higher stability of the membranes composed by the internal leaflet mixture to the interaction with α-syn. Damage to membranes made of the external leaflet mixture was detected in a concentration-dependent manner. Interestingly, the membrane damage was related to the fluidity of the lipid domains and not to the presence of negatively charged lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samira Jadavi
- Nanoscopy, CHT Erzelli, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Enrico Melen 83, Building B, 16152 Genova, Italy; Department of Physics, University of Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146 Genova, Italy
| | - Ester Canepa
- Department of Physics, University of Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146 Genova, Italy
| | - Alberto Diaspro
- Nanoscopy, CHT Erzelli, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Enrico Melen 83, Building B, 16152 Genova, Italy; Department of Physics, University of Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146 Genova, Italy
| | - Claudio Canale
- Department of Physics, University of Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146 Genova, Italy
| | - Annalisa Relini
- Department of Physics, University of Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146 Genova, Italy.
| | - Silvia Dante
- Materials Characterization Facility, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy.
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8
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Hoogerheide DP, Dura JA, Maranville BB, Majkrzak CF. Low-background neutron reflectometry from solid/liquid interfaces. J Appl Crystallogr 2022. [DOI: 10.1107/s1600576721011924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Liquid cells are an increasingly common sample environment for neutron reflectometry experiments and are critical for measuring the properties of materials at solid/liquid interfaces. Background scattering determines the maximum useful scattering vector, and hence the spatial resolution, of the neutron reflectometry measurement. The primary sources of background are the liquid in the cell reservoir and the materials forming the liquid cell itself. Thus, characterization and mitigation of these background sources are necessary for improvements in the signal-to-background ratio and resolution of neutron reflectometry measurements employing liquid cells. Single-crystal silicon is a common material used for liquid cells due to its low incoherent scattering cross section for neutrons, and the path lengths of the neutron beam through silicon can be several centimetres in modern cell designs. Here, a liquid cell is constructed with a sub-50 µm thick liquid reservoir encased in single-crystal silicon. It is shown that, at high scattering vectors, inelastic scattering from silicon represents a significant portion of the scattering background and is, moreover, structured, confounding efforts to correct for it by established background subtraction techniques. A significant improvement in the measurement quality is achieved using energy-analyzed detection. Energy-analyzed detection reduces the scattering background from silicon by nearly an order of magnitude, and from fluids such as air and liquids by smaller but significant factors. Combining thin liquid reservoirs with energy-analyzed detection and the high flux of the CANDOR polychromatic reflectometer at the NIST Center for Neutron Research, a background-subtracted neutron reflectivity smaller than 10−8 from a liquid cell sample is reported.
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9
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Kachappilly N, Srivastava J, Swain BP, Thakur P. Interaction of alpha-synuclein with lipids. Methods Cell Biol 2022; 169:43-66. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2021.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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10
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Bell R, Vendruscolo M. Modulation of the Interactions Between α-Synuclein and Lipid Membranes by Post-translational Modifications. Front Neurol 2021; 12:661117. [PMID: 34335440 PMCID: PMC8319954 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.661117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is characterised by the presence in brain tissue of aberrant inclusions known as Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites, which are deposits composed by α-synuclein and a variety of other cellular components, including in particular lipid membranes. The dysregulation of the balance between lipid homeostasis and α-synuclein homeostasis is therefore likely to be closely involved in the onset and progression of Parkinson's disease and related synucleinopathies. As our understanding of this balance is increasing, we describe recent advances in the characterisation of the role of post-translational modifications in modulating the interactions of α-synuclein with lipid membranes. We then discuss the impact of these advances on the development of novel diagnostic and therapeutic tools for synucleinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michele Vendruscolo
- Centre for Misfolding Disease, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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11
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Makasewicz K, Wennmalm S, Stenqvist B, Fornasier M, Andersson A, Jönsson P, Linse S, Sparr E. Cooperativity of α-Synuclein Binding to Lipid Membranes. ACS Chem Neurosci 2021; 12:2099-2109. [PMID: 34076426 PMCID: PMC8291482 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.1c00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cooperative binding is a key feature of metabolic pathways, signaling, and transport processes. It provides tight regulation over a narrow concentration interval of a ligand, thus enabling switching to be triggered by small concentration variations. The data presented in this work reveal strong positive cooperativity of α-synuclein binding to phospholipid membranes. Fluorescence cross-correlation spectroscopy, confocal microscopy, and cryo-TEM results show that in excess of vesicles α-synuclein does not distribute randomly but binds only to a fraction of all available vesicles. Furthermore, α-synuclein binding to a supported lipid bilayer observed with total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy displays a much steeper dependence of bound protein on total protein concentration than expected for independent binding. The same phenomenon was observed in the case of α-synuclein binding to unilamellar vesicles of sizes in the nm and μm range as well as to flat supported lipid bilayers, ruling out that nonuniform binding of the protein is governed by differences in membrane curvature. Positive cooperativity of α-synuclein binding to lipid membranes means that the affinity of the protein to a membrane is higher where there is already protein bound compared to a bare membrane. The phenomenon described in this work may have implications for α-synuclein function in synaptic transmission and other membrane remodeling events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Makasewicz
- Division of Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Stefan Wennmalm
- Department of Applied Physics, Biophysics Group, SciLifeLab, Royal Institute of Technology-KTH, 171 65 Solna, Sweden
| | - Björn Stenqvist
- Division of Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Marco Fornasier
- Division of Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Alexandra Andersson
- Division of Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Peter Jönsson
- Division of Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Sara Linse
- Division of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Emma Sparr
- Division of Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
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12
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Oganesyan I, Lento C, Tandon A, Wilson DJ. Conformational Dynamics of α-Synuclein during the Interaction with Phospholipid Nanodiscs by Millisecond Hydrogen-Deuterium Exchange Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2021; 32:1169-1179. [PMID: 33784451 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.0c00463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Both normal and pathological functions of α-synuclein (αSN), an abundant protein in the central and peripheral nervous system, have been linked to its interaction with membrane lipid bilayers. The ability to characterize structural transitions of αSN upon membrane complexation will clarify molecular mechanisms associated with αSN-linked pathologies, including Parkinson's disease (PD), multiple systems atrophy, and other synucleinopathies. In this work, time-resolved electrospray ionization hydrogen/deuterium exchange mass spectrometry (TRESI-HDX-MS) was employed to acquire a detailed picture of αSN's conformational transitions as it undergoes complexation with nanodisc membrane mimics with different headgroup charges (zwitterionic DMPC and negative POPG). Using this approach, αSN interactions with DMPC nanodiscs were shown to be rapid exchanging and to have little impact on the αSN conformational ensemble. Interactions with nanodiscs containing lipids known to promote amyloidogenesis (e.g., POPG), on the other hand, were observed to induce substantial and specific changes in the αSN conformational ensemble. Ultimately, we identify a region corresponding residues 19-28 and 45-57 of the αSN sequence that is uniquely impacted by interactions with "amyloidogenic" lipid membranes, supporting the existing "broken-helix" model for α-synuclein/membrane interactions, but do not detect a "helical extension" that is also thought to play a role in αSN aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Oganesyan
- Department of Chemistry, York University, Toronto M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Cristina Lento
- Department of Chemistry, York University, Toronto M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Anurag Tandon
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 1A1, Canada
| | - Derek J Wilson
- Department of Chemistry, York University, Toronto M3J 1P3, Canada
- Centre for Research in Mass Spectrometry, York University, Toronto M3J 1P3, Canada
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13
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Kinnun JJ, Scott HL, Ashkar R, Katsaras J. Biomembrane Structure and Material Properties Studied With Neutron Scattering. Front Chem 2021; 9:642851. [PMID: 33987167 PMCID: PMC8110834 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.642851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell membranes and their associated structures are dynamical supramolecular structures where different physiological processes take place. Detailed knowledge of their static and dynamic structures is therefore needed, to better understand membrane biology. The structure–function relationship is a basic tenet in biology and has been pursued using a range of different experimental approaches. In this review, we will discuss one approach, namely the use of neutron scattering techniques as applied, primarily, to model membrane systems composed of lipid bilayers. An advantage of neutron scattering, compared to other scattering techniques, is the differential sensitivity of neutrons to isotopes of hydrogen and, as a result, the relative ease of altering sample contrast by substituting protium for deuterium. This property makes neutrons an ideal probe for the study of hydrogen-rich materials, such as biomembranes. In this review article, we describe isotopic labeling studies of model and viable membranes, and discuss novel applications of neutron contrast variation in order to gain unique insights into the structure, dynamics, and molecular interactions of biological membranes. We specifically focus on how small-angle neutron scattering data is modeled using different contrast data and molecular dynamics simulations. We also briefly discuss neutron reflectometry and present a few recent advances that have taken place in neutron spin echo spectroscopy studies and the unique membrane mechanical data that can be derived from them, primarily due to new models used to fit the data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob J Kinnun
- Large Scale Structures Group, Neutron Scattering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States.,Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Shull-Wollan Center, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
| | - Haden L Scott
- Large Scale Structures Group, Neutron Scattering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States.,Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Shull-Wollan Center, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
| | - Rana Ashkar
- Department of Physics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States.,Center for Soft Matter and Biological Physics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - John Katsaras
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Shull-Wollan Center, Oak Ridge, TN, United States.,Sample Environment Group, Neutron Scattering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States.,Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States
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14
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Gaspar R, Idini I, Carlström G, Linse S, Sparr E. Transient Lipid-Protein Structures and Selective Ganglioside Uptake During α-Synuclein-Lipid Co-aggregation. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:622764. [PMID: 33681202 PMCID: PMC7930334 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.622764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
α-Synuclein is a membrane-interacting protein involved in Parkinson's disease. Here we have investigated the co-association of α-synuclein and lipids from ganglioside-containing model membranes. Our study relies on the reported importance of ganglioside lipids, which are found in high amounts in neurons and exosomes, on cell-to-cell prion-like transmission of misfolded α-synuclein. Samples taken along various stages of the aggregation process were imaged using cryogenic transmission electron microscopy, and the composition of samples corresponding to the final state analyzed using NMR spectroscopy. The combined data shows that α-synuclein co-assembles with lipids from the ganglioside (GM1)-containing model membranes. The lipid-protein samples observed during the aggregation process contain non-vesicular objects not present at the final stage, thus capturing the co-existence of species under non-equilibrium conditions. A range of different lipid-protein co-assemblies are observed during the time course of the reaction and some of these appear to be transient assemblies that evolve into other co-aggregates over time. At the end of the aggregation reaction, the samples become more homogeneous, showing thin fibrillar structures heavily decorated with small vesicles. From the NMR analysis, we conclude that the ratio of GM1 to phosphatidyl choline (PC) in the supernatant of the co-aggregated samples is significantly reduced compared to the GM1/PC ratio of the lipid dispersion from which these samples were derived. Taken together, this indicates a selective uptake of GM1 into the fibrillar aggregates and removal of GM1-rich objects from the solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Gaspar
- Division of Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Division of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Ilaria Idini
- Division of Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Göran Carlström
- Centre for Analysis and Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Sara Linse
- Division of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Emma Sparr
- Division of Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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15
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Abstract
α-Synuclein (α-syn) is a key protein in the etiology of Parkinson's disease. In a disease state, α-syn accumulates as insoluble amyloid fibrils enriched in β-sheet structure. However, in its functional state, α-syn adopts an amphipathic helix upon membrane association and plays a role in synaptic vesicle docking, fusion, and clustering. In this Account, we describe our contributions made in the past decade toward developing a molecular understanding of α-syn membrane interactions, which are crucial for function and have pathological implications. Three topics are covered: α-syn membrane binding probed by neutron reflectometry (NR), the effects of membrane on α-syn amyloid formation, and interactions of α-syn with cellular membranes.NR offers a unique perspective by providing direct measurements of protein penetration depth. By the use of segmentally deuterated α-syn generated through native chemical ligation, the spatial resolution of specific membrane-bound polypeptide regions was determined by NR. Additionally, we used NR to characterize the membrane-bound complex of α-syn and glucocerebrosidase, a lysosomal hydrolase whose mutations are a common genetic risk factor for Parkinson's disease. Although phosphatidylcholine (PC) is the most abundant lipid species in mammalian cells, interactions of PC with α-syn have been largely ignored because they are substantially weaker compared with the electrostatically driven binding of negatively charged lipids. We discovered that α-syn tubulates zwitterionic PC membranes, which is likely related to its involvement in synaptic vesicle fusion by stabilization of membrane curvature. Interestingly, PC lipid tubules inhibit amyloid formation, in contrast to anionic phosphatidylglycerol lipid tubules, which stimulate protein aggregation. We also found that membrane fluidity influences the propensity of α-synuclein amyloid formation. Most recently, we obtained direct evidence of binding of α-syn to exocytic sites on intact cellular membranes using a method called cellular unroofing. This method provides direct access to the cytosolic plasma membrane. Importantly, measurements of fluorescence lifetime distributions revealed that α-syn is more conformationally dynamic at the membrane interface than previously appreciated. This exquisite responsiveness to specific lipid composition and membrane topology is important for both its physiological and pathological functions. Collectively, our work has provided insights into the effects of the chemical nature of phospholipid headgroups on the interplay among membrane remodeling, protein structure, and α-syn amyloid formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Upneet Kaur
- Laboratory of Protein Conformation and Dynamics, Biochemistry and Biophysics Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Jennifer C. Lee
- Laboratory of Protein Conformation and Dynamics, Biochemistry and Biophysics Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
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16
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Kang C, Sun R. Molecular Dynamics Study of the Interaction between the N-terminal of α-Synuclein and a Lipid Bilayer Mimicking Synaptic Vesicles. J Phys Chem B 2020; 125:1036-1048. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c08620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Kang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawai’i at Manoa, 2545 McCarthy
Mall, Honolulu 96822-2275, Hawaii, United States
| | - Rui Sun
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawai’i at Manoa, 2545 McCarthy
Mall, Honolulu 96822-2275, Hawaii, United States
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17
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Membrane stiffness and myelin basic protein binding strength as molecular origin of multiple sclerosis. Sci Rep 2020; 10:16691. [PMID: 33028889 PMCID: PMC7542173 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-73671-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Myelin basic protein (MBP) and its interaction with lipids of the myelin sheath plays an important part in the pathology of multiple sclerosis (MS). Previous studies observed that changes in the myelin lipid composition lead to instabilities and enhanced local curvature of MBP-lipid multilayer structures. We investigated the molecular origin of the instability and found that the diseased lipid membrane has a 25% lower bending rigidity, thus destabilizing smooth \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$>1\,$$\end{document}>1µm curvature radius structures such as in giant unilamellar vesicles. MBP-mediated assembling of lipid bilayers proceeds in two steps, with a slow second step occurring over many days where native lipid membranes assemble into well-defined multilayer structures, whereas diseased lipid membranes form folded assemblies with high local curvature. For both native and diseased lipid mixtures we find that MBP forms dense liquid phases on top of the lipid membranes mediating attractive membrane interactions. Furthermore, we observe MBP to insert into its bilayer leaflet side in case of the diseased lipid mixture, whereas there is no insertion for the native mixture. Insertion increases the local membrane curvature, and could be caused by a decrease of the sphingomyelin content of the diseased lipid mixture. These findings can help to open a pathway to remyelination strategies.
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18
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Anomalous Salt Dependence Reveals an Interplay of Attractive and Repulsive Electrostatic Interactions in α-synuclein Fibril Formation. QRB DISCOVERY 2020. [PMID: 37528959 PMCID: PMC10392692 DOI: 10.1017/qrd.2020.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstractα-Synuclein (α-syn) is an intrinsically disordered protein with a highly asymmetric charge distribution, whose aggregation is linked to Parkinson’s disease. The effect of ionic strength was investigated at mildly acidic pH (5.5) in the presence of catalytic surfaces in the form of α-syn seeds or anionic lipid vesicles using thioflavin T fluorescence measurements. Similar trends were observed with both surfaces: increasing ionic strength reduced the rate of α-syn aggregation although the surfaces as well as α-syn have a net negative charge at pH 5.5. This anomalous salt dependence implies that short-range attractive electrostatic interactions are critical for secondary nucleation as well as heterogeneous primary nucleation. Such interactions were confirmed in Monte Carlo simulations of α-syn monomers interacting with surface-grafted C-terminal tails, and found to be weakened in the presence of salt. Thus, nucleation of α-syn aggregation depends critically on an attractive electrostatic component that is screened by salt to the extent that it outweighs the screening of the long-range repulsion between negatively charged monomers and negative surfaces. Interactions between the positively charged N-termini of α-syn monomers on the one hand, and the negatively C-termini of α-syn on fibrils or vesicles surfaces on the other hand, are thus critical for nucleation.
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19
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Abstract
α-Synuclein is a neuronal protein with an ill-defined biological function that is central to Parkinson’s disease etiology. While considered to be involved in exocytosis, how α-synuclein facilitates synaptic vesicle fusion and release remains an open question. To address this, we investigated α-synuclein–lipid interactions at the plasma membrane through the technique of cellular unroofing, which uncovers an intact basal membrane. We conclusively show that α-synuclein is recruited to exocytic sites, preferring liquid-ordered lipid domains. Importantly, heterogeneous populations of α-synuclein conformers are revealed by measurements of fluorescence lifetime distributions, which are not adequately described by current models of α-synuclein structures. Membrane-bound α-synuclein is conformationally dynamic, exquisitely sensitive to lipid/protein composition, enabling the protein to carry out its function. Parkinson’s disease is associated with α-synuclein (α-syn), a cytosolic protein enriched in presynaptic terminals. The biological function of α-syn remains elusive; however, increasing evidence suggests that the protein is involved in the regulation of synaptic vesicle fusion, signifying the importance of α-syn–lipid interactions. We show that α-syn preferentially binds to GM1-rich, liquid-ordered lipid domains on cytoplasmic membranes by using unroofed cells, which encapsulates lipid complexity and cellular topology. Moreover, proteins (Rab3a, syntaxin-1A, and VAMP2) involved in exocytosis also localize with α-syn, supporting its proposed functional role in exocytosis. To investigate how these lipid/protein interactions influence α-syn at the residue level, α-syn was derivatized with an environmentally sensitive fluorophore (7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl [NBD]) at different N- and C-terminal sites. Measurements of NBD fluorescence lifetime distributions reveal that α-syn adopts a multitude of membrane-bound conformations, which were not recapitulated in simple micelle or vesicle models, indicating an exquisite sensitivity of the protein to the complex lipid environment. Interestingly, these data also suggest the participation of the C terminus in membrane localization, which is generally overlooked and thus emphasize the need to use cellularly derived and biologically relevant membranes for biophysical characterization. Collectively, our results demonstrate that α-syn is more conformationally dynamic at the membrane interface than previously appreciated, which may be important for both its physiological and pathological functions.
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20
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Phan MD, Lee KY, Lee J, Satija SK, Shin K. The Effect of Cholesterol on Membrane Binding and Self-Assembly of Collagen Fibrils. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:7259-7267. [PMID: 32460498 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c00574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Collagen is a skeleton of native extracellular matrix (ECM) that is known to provide mechanical and structural stability. In an attempt to develop a new connective cellular model with the surrounding ECM without further experimental complications, such as the reconstitution of ECM receptors, we designed the experiments and discovered that the fibrillogenesis of membrane-bound collagen is not spontaneous as it is in the form of free collagen in bulk solution. The confocal microscopic results suggest that cholesterol is a crucial component that facilitates the fibril formation on the membrane surface. In situ X-ray and neutron reflectivity on Langmuir monolayer and solid-supported lipid bilayer models, respectively, reveal two features of cholesterol effects on the collagen fibril formation. Mainly, cholesterol increases the lateral lipid headgroup separation on the membrane surface, which promotes the association degree of collagen monomers. It also enhances the elastic modulus of the membrane to impede membrane filtration by the collagen assemblies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minh D Phan
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Biological Interfaces, Sogang University, Seoul 04107, Korea
| | - Keel Yong Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Biological Interfaces, Sogang University, Seoul 04107, Korea
| | - Jumi Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Biological Interfaces, Sogang University, Seoul 04107, Korea
| | - Sushil K Satija
- Center for Neutron Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Kwanwoo Shin
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Biological Interfaces, Sogang University, Seoul 04107, Korea
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21
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Cholak E, Bugge K, Khondker A, Gauger K, Pedraz-Cuesta E, Pedersen ME, Bucciarelli S, Vestergaard B, Pedersen SF, Rheinstädter MC, Langkilde AE, Kragelund BB. Avidity within the N-terminal anchor drives α-synuclein membrane interaction and insertion. FASEB J 2020; 34:7462-7482. [PMID: 32277854 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202000107r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
In the brain, α-synuclein (aSN) partitions between free unbound cytosolic and membrane bound forms modulating both its physiological and pathological role and complicating its study due to structural heterogeneity. Here, we use an interdisciplinary, synergistic approach to characterize the properties of aSN:lipid mixtures, isolated aSN:lipid co-structures, and aSN in mammalian cells. Enabled by the isolation of the membrane-bound state, we show that within the previously described N-terminal membrane anchor, membrane interaction relies both on an N-terminal tail (NTT) head group layer insertion of 14 residues and a folded-upon-binding helix at the membrane surface. Both binding events must be present; if, for example, the NTT insertion is lost, the membrane affinity of aSN is severely compromised and formation of aSN:lipid co-structures hampered. In mammalian cells, compromised cooperativity results in lowered membrane association. Thus, avidity within the N-terminal anchor couples N-terminal insertion and helical surface binding, which is crucial for aSN membrane interaction and cellular localization, and may affect membrane fusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ersoy Cholak
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Katrine Bugge
- Structural Biology and NMR Laboratory, The Linderstrøm-Lang Centre for Protein Science and Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Adree Khondker
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Kimmie Gauger
- Section for Cell Biology and Physiology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Elena Pedraz-Cuesta
- Section for Cell Biology and Physiology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Saskia Bucciarelli
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bente Vestergaard
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Stine F Pedersen
- Section for Cell Biology and Physiology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Annette Eva Langkilde
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Birthe B Kragelund
- Structural Biology and NMR Laboratory, The Linderstrøm-Lang Centre for Protein Science and Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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22
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Loschwitz J, Olubiyi OO, Hub JS, Strodel B, Poojari CS. Computer simulations of protein-membrane systems. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2020; 170:273-403. [PMID: 32145948 PMCID: PMC7109768 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2020.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The interactions between proteins and membranes play critical roles in signal transduction, cell motility, and transport, and they are involved in many types of diseases. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations have greatly contributed to our understanding of protein-membrane interactions, promoted by a dramatic development of MD-related software, increasingly accurate force fields, and available computer power. In this chapter, we present available methods for studying protein-membrane systems with MD simulations, including an overview about the various all-atom and coarse-grained force fields for lipids, and useful software for membrane simulation setup and analysis. A large set of case studies is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Loschwitz
- Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; Institute of Biological Information Processing (IBI-7: Structural Biochemistry), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Olujide O Olubiyi
- Institute of Biological Information Processing (IBI-7: Structural Biochemistry), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
| | - Jochen S Hub
- Theoretical Physics and Center for Biophysics, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Birgit Strodel
- Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; Institute of Biological Information Processing (IBI-7: Structural Biochemistry), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Chetan S Poojari
- Theoretical Physics and Center for Biophysics, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany.
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23
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Mojumdar EH, Grey C, Sparr E. Self-Assembly in Ganglioside‒Phospholipid Systems: The Co-Existence of Vesicles, Micelles, and Discs. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 21:ijms21010056. [PMID: 31861839 PMCID: PMC6982371 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21010056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ganglioside lipids have been associated with several physiological processes, including cell signaling. They have also been associated with amyloid aggregation in Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s disease. In biological systems, gangliosides are present in a mix with other lipid species, and the structure and properties of these mixtures strongly depend on the proportions of the different components. Here, we study self-assembly in model mixtures composed of ganglioside GM1 and a zwitterionic phospholipid, 1,2-Dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DOPC). We characterize the structure and molecular dynamics using a range of complementary techniques, including cryo-TEM, polarization transfer solid state NMR, diffusion NMR, small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), dynamic light scattering (DLS), and calorimetry. The main findings are: (1) The lipid acyl chains are more rigid in mixtures containing both lipid species compared to systems that only contain one of the lipids. (2) The system containing DOPC with 10 mol % GM1 contains both vesicles and micelles. (3) At higher GM1 concentrations, the sample is more heterogenous and also contains small disc-like or rod-like structures. Such a co-existence of structures can have a strong impact on the overall properties of the lipid system, including transport, solubilization, and partitioning, which can be crucial to the understanding of the role of gangliosides in biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enamul Haque Mojumdar
- Physical Chemistry, Lund University, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
- Correspondence: (E.H.M.); (E.S.); Tel.: +46-46-222-33-32 (E.H.M.); +46-46-222-15-36 (E.S.)
| | - Carl Grey
- Division of Biotechnology, Lund University, 221 00 Lund, Sweden;
| | - Emma Sparr
- Physical Chemistry, Lund University, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
- Correspondence: (E.H.M.); (E.S.); Tel.: +46-46-222-33-32 (E.H.M.); +46-46-222-15-36 (E.S.)
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24
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Perissinotto F, Rondelli V, Parisse P, Tormena N, Zunino A, Almásy L, Merkel DG, Bottyán L, Sajti S, Casalis L. GM1 Ganglioside role in the interaction of Alpha-synuclein with lipid membranes: Morphology and structure. Biophys Chem 2019; 255:106272. [PMID: 31698188 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpc.2019.106272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Revised: 09/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Alpha-Synuclein (AS) is the protein playing the major role in Parkinson's disease (PD), a neurological disorder characterized by the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons and the accumulation of AS into amyloid plaques. The aggregation of AS into intermediate aggregates, called oligomers, and their pathological relation with biological membranes are considered key steps in the development and progression of the disease. Here we propose a multi-technique approach to study the effects of AS in its monomeric and oligomeric forms on artificial lipid membranes containing GM1 ganglioside. GM1 is a component of functional membrane micro-domains, called lipid rafts, and has been demonstrated to bind AS in neurons. With the aim to understand the relation between gangliosides and AS, here we exploit the complementarity of microscopy (Atomic Force Microscopy) and neutron scattering (Small Angle Neutron Scattering and Neutron Reflectometry) techniques to analyze the structural changes of two different membranes (Phosphatidylcholine and Phosphatidylcholine/GM1) upon binding with AS. We observe the monomer- and oligomer-interactions are both limited to the external membrane leaflet and that the presence of ganglioside leads to a stronger interaction of the membranes and AS in its monomeric and oligomeric forms with a stronger aggressiveness in the latter. These results support the hypothesis of the critical role of lipid rafts not only in the biofunctioning of the protein, but even in the development and the progression of the Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - V Rondelli
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy.
| | - P Parisse
- Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Trieste, Italy.
| | - N Tormena
- Università degli Studi di Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - A Zunino
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - L Almásy
- Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Budapest, Hungary
| | - D G Merkel
- Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Budapest, Hungary
| | - L Bottyán
- Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Sz Sajti
- Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Budapest, Hungary
| | - L Casalis
- Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Trieste, Italy
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25
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Das T, Eliezer D. Membrane interactions of intrinsically disordered proteins: The example of alpha-synuclein. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2019; 1867:879-889. [PMID: 31096049 PMCID: PMC6661188 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2019.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Peripheral membrane proteins associate reversibly with biological membranes that, compared to protein binding partners, are structurally labile and devoid of specific binding pockets. Membranes in different subcellular compartments vary primarily in their chemical composition and physical properties, and recognition of these features is therefore critical for allowing such proteins to engage their proper membrane targets. Intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) are well-suited to accomplish this task using highly specific and low- to moderate-affinity interactions governed by recognition principles that are both similar to and different from those that mediate the membrane interactions of rigid proteins. IDPs have also evolved multiple mechanisms to regulate membrane (and other) interactions and achieve their impressive functional diversity. Moreover, IDP-membrane interactions may have a kinetic advantage in fast processes requiring rapid control of such interactions, such as synaptic transmission or signaling. Herein we review the biophysics, regulation and functional implications of IDP-membrane interactions and include a brief overview of some of the methods that can be used to study such interactions. At each step, we use the example of alpha-synuclein, a protein involved in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease and one of the best characterized membrane-binding IDP, to illustrate some of the principles discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tapojyoti Das
- Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - David Eliezer
- Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States of America.
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26
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Fanni AM, Vander Zanden CM, Majewska PV, Majewski J, Chi EY. Membrane-mediated fibrillation and toxicity of the tau hexapeptide PHF6. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:15304-15317. [PMID: 31439664 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.010003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 08/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The aggregation of the tau protein into neurofibrillary tangles is believed to correlate with cognitive decline in several neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer's disease. Recent studies suggest that tau's interactions with the cell membrane could serve as a toxicity pathway and also enhance fibrillation into paired helical filaments (PHFs). Conformational changes associated with tau-membrane interactions are poorly understood, and their characterization could improve our understanding of tau pathogenicity. In this study, we investigated the molecular level structural changes associated with the interaction of the tau hexapeptide PHF6 with model lipid membranes and characterized the effects of these interactions on membrane stability and peptide fibrillation. We used two PHF6 forms, the aggregation-prone PHF6 with N-terminal acetylation (Ac-PHF6) and the non-aggregation prone PHF6 with a standard N terminus (NH3 +-PHF6). We found that both PHF6 peptides are neurotoxic and exhibit similar membrane-mediated changes, consisting of: 1) favorable interactions with anionic membranes, 2) membrane destabilization through lipid extraction, and 3) membrane-mediated fibrillation. The rate at which these changes occurred was the main difference between the two peptides. NH3 +-PHF6 displayed slow membrane-mediated fibrillation after 6 days of incubation, whereas Ac-PHF6 adopted a β-sheet conformation at the surface of the membrane within hours. Ac-PHF6 interactions with the membrane were also accompanied by membrane invagination and rapid membrane destabilization. Overall, our results reveal that membrane interactions could play a critical role in tau toxicity and fibrillation, and highlight that unraveling these interactions is important for significantly advancing the development of therapeutic strategies to manage tau-associated neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeline M Fanni
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131.,Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131
| | - Crystal M Vander Zanden
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131.,Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131
| | - Paulina V Majewska
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131
| | - Jaroslaw Majewski
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131.,Department of Theoretical Biology and Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545.,Division of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, National Science Foundation, Alexandria, Virginia 22314
| | - Eva Y Chi
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131 .,Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131
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27
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Muller MP, Jiang T, Sun C, Lihan M, Pant S, Mahinthichaichan P, Trifan A, Tajkhorshid E. Characterization of Lipid-Protein Interactions and Lipid-Mediated Modulation of Membrane Protein Function through Molecular Simulation. Chem Rev 2019; 119:6086-6161. [PMID: 30978005 PMCID: PMC6506392 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The cellular membrane constitutes one of the most fundamental compartments of a living cell, where key processes such as selective transport of material and exchange of information between the cell and its environment are mediated by proteins that are closely associated with the membrane. The heterogeneity of lipid composition of biological membranes and the effect of lipid molecules on the structure, dynamics, and function of membrane proteins are now widely recognized. Characterization of these functionally important lipid-protein interactions with experimental techniques is however still prohibitively challenging. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations offer a powerful complementary approach with sufficient temporal and spatial resolutions to gain atomic-level structural information and energetics on lipid-protein interactions. In this review, we aim to provide a broad survey of MD simulations focusing on exploring lipid-protein interactions and characterizing lipid-modulated protein structure and dynamics that have been successful in providing novel insight into the mechanism of membrane protein function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie P. Muller
- NIH Center for Macromolecular Modeling and Bioinformatics, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology
- Department of Biochemistry
- Center for Biophysics and Quantitative Biology
- College of Medicine
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Tao Jiang
- NIH Center for Macromolecular Modeling and Bioinformatics, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology
- Department of Biochemistry
- Center for Biophysics and Quantitative Biology
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Chang Sun
- NIH Center for Macromolecular Modeling and Bioinformatics, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology
- Department of Biochemistry
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Muyun Lihan
- NIH Center for Macromolecular Modeling and Bioinformatics, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology
- Department of Biochemistry
- Center for Biophysics and Quantitative Biology
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Shashank Pant
- NIH Center for Macromolecular Modeling and Bioinformatics, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology
- Department of Biochemistry
- Center for Biophysics and Quantitative Biology
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Paween Mahinthichaichan
- NIH Center for Macromolecular Modeling and Bioinformatics, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology
- Department of Biochemistry
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Anda Trifan
- NIH Center for Macromolecular Modeling and Bioinformatics, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology
- Department of Biochemistry
- Center for Biophysics and Quantitative Biology
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Emad Tajkhorshid
- NIH Center for Macromolecular Modeling and Bioinformatics, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology
- Department of Biochemistry
- Center for Biophysics and Quantitative Biology
- College of Medicine
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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28
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Ugalde CL, Lawson VA, Finkelstein DI, Hill AF. The role of lipids in α-synuclein misfolding and neurotoxicity. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:9016-9028. [PMID: 31064841 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.rev119.007500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The misfolding and aggregation of α-synuclein (αsyn) in the central nervous system is associated with a group of neurodegenerative disorders referred to as the synucleinopathies. In addition to being a pathological hallmark of disease, it is now well-established that upon misfolding, αsyn acquires pathogenic properties, such as neurotoxicity, that can contribute to disease development. The mechanisms that produce αsyn misfolding and the molecular events underlying the neuronal damage caused by these misfolded species are not well-defined. A consistent observation that may be relevant to αsyn's pathogenicity is its ability to associate with lipids. This appears important not only to how αsyn aggregates, but also to the mechanism by which the misfolded protein causes intracellular damage. This review discusses the current literature reporting a role of lipids in αsyn misfolding and neurotoxicity in various synucleinopathy disorders and provides an overview of current methods to assess protein misfolding and pathogenicity both in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathryn L Ugalde
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3086, Australia, .,the Departments of Microbiology and Immunology and.,the Howard Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.,Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia, and
| | | | - David I Finkelstein
- the Howard Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Andrew F Hill
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3086, Australia, .,Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia, and
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Lipid-protein interactions in amyloid formation. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2019; 1867:455-457. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2019.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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30
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O'Leary EI, Lee JC. Interplay between α-synuclein amyloid formation and membrane structure. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2019; 1867:483-491. [PMID: 30287222 PMCID: PMC6445794 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2018.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Amyloid formation is a pathological hallmark of many neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and Huntington's. While it is unknown how these disorders are initiated, in vitro and cellular experiments confirm the importance of membranes. Ubiquitous in vivo, membranes induce conformational changes in amyloidogenic proteins and in some cases, facilitate aggregation. Reciprocally, perturbations in the bilayer structure can be induced by amyloid formation. Here, we review studies in the last 10 years describing α-synuclein (α-syn) and its interactions with membranes, detailing the roles of anionic and zwitterionic lipids in aggregation, and their contribution to Parkinson's disease. We summarize the impact of α-syn - comparing monomeric, oligomeric, and fibrillar forms - on membrane structure, and the effect of membrane remodeling on amyloid formation. Finally, perspective on future studies investigating the interplay between α-syn aggregation and membranes is discussed. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Amyloids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma I O'Leary
- Laboratory of Protein Conformation and Dynamics, Biochemistry and Biophysics Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Jennifer C Lee
- Laboratory of Protein Conformation and Dynamics, Biochemistry and Biophysics Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States.
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31
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Ma D, Xu C, Hou W, Zhao C, Ma J, Huang X, Jia Q, Ma L, Diao J, Liu C, Li M, Lu Y. Detecting Single‐Molecule Dynamics on Lipid Membranes with Quenchers‐in‐a‐Liposome FRET. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:5577-5581. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201813888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Revised: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dong‐Fei Ma
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics and CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter PhysicsInstitute of PhysicsChinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Chun‐Hua Xu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics and CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter PhysicsInstitute of PhysicsChinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Wen‐Qing Hou
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics and CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter PhysicsInstitute of PhysicsChinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Chun‐Yu Zhao
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and ChemistryShanghai Institute of Organic ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai 200032 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Jian‐Bing Ma
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics and CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter PhysicsInstitute of PhysicsChinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Xing‐Yuan Huang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics and CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter PhysicsInstitute of PhysicsChinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Qi Jia
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics and CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter PhysicsInstitute of PhysicsChinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Lu Ma
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics and CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter PhysicsInstitute of PhysicsChinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Jiajie Diao
- Department of Cancer BiologyUniversity of Cincinnati School of Medicine Cincinnati OH 45267 USA
| | - Cong Liu
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and ChemistryShanghai Institute of Organic ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai 200032 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Ming Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics and CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter PhysicsInstitute of PhysicsChinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory Dongguan Guangdong 523808 China
| | - Ying Lu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics and CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter PhysicsInstitute of PhysicsChinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory Dongguan Guangdong 523808 China
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32
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Ma D, Xu C, Hou W, Zhao C, Ma J, Huang X, Jia Q, Ma L, Diao J, Liu C, Li M, Lu Y. Detecting Single‐Molecule Dynamics on Lipid Membranes with Quenchers‐in‐a‐Liposome FRET. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201813888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dong‐Fei Ma
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics and CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter PhysicsInstitute of PhysicsChinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Chun‐Hua Xu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics and CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter PhysicsInstitute of PhysicsChinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Wen‐Qing Hou
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics and CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter PhysicsInstitute of PhysicsChinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Chun‐Yu Zhao
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and ChemistryShanghai Institute of Organic ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai 200032 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Jian‐Bing Ma
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics and CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter PhysicsInstitute of PhysicsChinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Xing‐Yuan Huang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics and CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter PhysicsInstitute of PhysicsChinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Qi Jia
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics and CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter PhysicsInstitute of PhysicsChinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Lu Ma
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics and CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter PhysicsInstitute of PhysicsChinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Jiajie Diao
- Department of Cancer BiologyUniversity of Cincinnati School of Medicine Cincinnati OH 45267 USA
| | - Cong Liu
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and ChemistryShanghai Institute of Organic ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai 200032 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Ming Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics and CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter PhysicsInstitute of PhysicsChinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory Dongguan Guangdong 523808 China
| | - Ying Lu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics and CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter PhysicsInstitute of PhysicsChinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory Dongguan Guangdong 523808 China
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33
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Dedic J, Rocha S, Okur HI, Wittung-Stafshede P, Roke S. Membrane-Protein-Hydration Interaction of α-Synuclein with Anionic Vesicles Probed via Angle-Resolved Second-Harmonic Scattering. J Phys Chem B 2019; 123:1044-1049. [PMID: 30625272 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.8b11096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Amyloid formation of the protein α-synuclein promotes neurodegeneration in Parkinson's disease. The normal function of α-synuclein includes synaptic vesicle transport and fusion, and the protein binds strongly to negatively charged vesicles in vitro. Here, we demonstrate that nonresonant angle-resolved second-harmonic scattering detects α-synuclein binding to liposomes through changes in water orientational correlations and can thus be used as a high-accuracy and high-throughput label-free probe of protein-liposome interactions. The obtained results support a binding model in which the N-terminus of α-synuclein adopts an α-helical conformation that lies flat on the vesicle surface while the negatively charged C-terminus remains in solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Dedic
- Laboratory for fundamental BioPhotonics (LBP), Institute of Bioengineering (IBI), Institute of Materials Science (IMX), School of Engineering (STI), Lausanne Centre for Ultrafast Science (LACUS) , École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) , CH-1015 Lausanne , Switzerland
| | - Sandra Rocha
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering , Chalmers University of Technology , 412 96 Gothenburg , Sweden
| | - Halil I Okur
- Laboratory for fundamental BioPhotonics (LBP), Institute of Bioengineering (IBI), Institute of Materials Science (IMX), School of Engineering (STI), Lausanne Centre for Ultrafast Science (LACUS) , École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) , CH-1015 Lausanne , Switzerland
| | - Pernilla Wittung-Stafshede
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering , Chalmers University of Technology , 412 96 Gothenburg , Sweden
| | - Sylvie Roke
- Laboratory for fundamental BioPhotonics (LBP), Institute of Bioengineering (IBI), Institute of Materials Science (IMX), School of Engineering (STI), Lausanne Centre for Ultrafast Science (LACUS) , École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) , CH-1015 Lausanne , Switzerland
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34
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Sahoo A, Matysiak S. Computational insights into lipid assisted peptide misfolding and aggregation in neurodegeneration. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:22679-22694. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cp02765c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
An overview of recent advances in computational investigation of peptide–lipid interactions in neurodegeneration – Alzheimer's, Parkinson's and Huntington's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhilash Sahoo
- Biophysics Program
- Institute of Physical Science and Technology
- University of Maryland
- College Park
- USA
| | - Silvina Matysiak
- Biophysics Program
- Institute of Physical Science and Technology
- University of Maryland
- College Park
- USA
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35
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Ashkar R, Bilheux HZ, Bordallo H, Briber R, Callaway DJE, Cheng X, Chu XQ, Curtis JE, Dadmun M, Fenimore P, Fushman D, Gabel F, Gupta K, Herberle F, Heinrich F, Hong L, Katsaras J, Kelman Z, Kharlampieva E, Kneller GR, Kovalevsky A, Krueger S, Langan P, Lieberman R, Liu Y, Losche M, Lyman E, Mao Y, Marino J, Mattos C, Meilleur F, Moody P, Nickels JD, O'Dell WB, O'Neill H, Perez-Salas U, Peters J, Petridis L, Sokolov AP, Stanley C, Wagner N, Weinrich M, Weiss K, Wymore T, Zhang Y, Smith JC. Neutron scattering in the biological sciences: progress and prospects. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION D-STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2018; 74:1129-1168. [PMID: 30605130 DOI: 10.1107/s2059798318017503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The scattering of neutrons can be used to provide information on the structure and dynamics of biological systems on multiple length and time scales. Pursuant to a National Science Foundation-funded workshop in February 2018, recent developments in this field are reviewed here, as well as future prospects that can be expected given recent advances in sources, instrumentation and computational power and methods. Crystallography, solution scattering, dynamics, membranes, labeling and imaging are examined. For the extraction of maximum information, the incorporation of judicious specific deuterium labeling, the integration of several types of experiment, and interpretation using high-performance computer simulation models are often found to be particularly powerful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rana Ashkar
- Department of Physics, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 850 West Campus Drive, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Hassina Z Bilheux
- Neutron Sciences Directorate, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 1 Bethel Valley Road, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | | | - Robert Briber
- Materials Science and Engineeering, University of Maryland, 1109 Chemical and Nuclear Engineering Building, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - David J E Callaway
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The City College of New York, 160 Convent Avenue, New York, NY 10031, USA
| | - Xiaolin Cheng
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Ohio State University College of Pharmacy, 642 Riffe Building, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Xiang Qiang Chu
- Graduate School of China Academy of Engineering Physics, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Joseph E Curtis
- NIST Center for Neutron Research, National Institutes of Standard and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Mail Stop 6102, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
| | - Mark Dadmun
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee Knoxville, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Paul Fenimore
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
| | - David Fushman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Organization, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Frank Gabel
- Institut Laue-Langevin, Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, IBS, 38042 Grenoble, France
| | - Kushol Gupta
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Frederick Herberle
- Neutron Sciences Directorate, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 1 Bethel Valley Road, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Frank Heinrich
- NIST Center for Neutron Research, National Institutes of Standard and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Mail Stop 6102, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
| | - Liang Hong
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Institute of Natural Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - John Katsaras
- Neutron Scattering Science Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Zvi Kelman
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology and the University of Maryland, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Eugenia Kharlampieva
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 901 14th Street South, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Gerald R Kneller
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire, CNRS, Université d'Orléans, Chateau de la Source, Avenue du Parc Floral, Orléans, France
| | - Andrey Kovalevsky
- Biology and Soft Matter Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Susan Krueger
- NIST Center for Neutron Research, National Institutes of Standard and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Mail Stop 6102, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
| | - Paul Langan
- Neutron Sciences Directorate, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 1 Bethel Valley Road, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Raquel Lieberman
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Yun Liu
- NIST Center for Neutron Research, National Institutes of Standard and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Mail Stop 6102, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
| | - Mathias Losche
- Department of Physics, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Edward Lyman
- Department of Physics and Astrophysics, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Yimin Mao
- NIST Center for Neutron Research, National Institutes of Standard and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Mail Stop 6102, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
| | - John Marino
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology and the University of Maryland, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Carla Mattos
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Flora Meilleur
- Neutron Sciences Directorate, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 1 Bethel Valley Road, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Peter Moody
- Leicester Institute of Structural and Chemical Biology, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 9HN, England
| | - Jonathan D Nickels
- Department of Physics, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 850 West Campus Drive, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - William B O'Dell
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology and the University of Maryland, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Hugh O'Neill
- Neutron Sciences Directorate, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 1 Bethel Valley Road, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Ursula Perez-Salas
- Neutron Sciences Directorate, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 1 Bethel Valley Road, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | | | - Loukas Petridis
- Materials Science and Engineeering, University of Maryland, 1109 Chemical and Nuclear Engineering Building, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Alexei P Sokolov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee Knoxville, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Christopher Stanley
- Neutron Sciences Directorate, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 1 Bethel Valley Road, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Norman Wagner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The City College of New York, 160 Convent Avenue, New York, NY 10031, USA
| | - Michael Weinrich
- NIST Center for Neutron Research, National Institutes of Standard and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Mail Stop 6102, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
| | - Kevin Weiss
- Neutron Sciences Directorate, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 1 Bethel Valley Road, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Troy Wymore
- Graduate School of China Academy of Engineering Physics, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Zhang
- NIST Center for Neutron Research, National Institutes of Standard and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Mail Stop 6102, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
| | - Jeremy C Smith
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Ohio State University College of Pharmacy, 642 Riffe Building, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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36
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Press-Sandler O, Miller Y. Molecular mechanisms of membrane-associated amyloid aggregation: Computational perspective and challenges. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2018; 1860:1889-1905. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2018.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Revised: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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37
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Choi TS, Han JY, Heo CE, Lee SW, Kim HI. Electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions of lipid-associated α-synuclein: The role of a water-limited interfaces in amyloid fibrillation. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2018; 1860:1854-1862. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2018.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Revised: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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38
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Pan J, Dalzini A, Khadka NK, Aryal CM, Song L. Lipid Extraction by α-Synuclein Generates Semi-Transmembrane Defects and Lipoprotein Nanoparticles. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:9586-9597. [PMID: 30198000 PMCID: PMC6120733 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b01462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Modulations of synaptic membranes play an essential role in the physiological and pathological functions of the presynaptic protein α-synuclein (αSyn). Here we used solution atomic force microscopy (AFM) and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy to investigate membrane modulations caused by αSyn. We used several lipid bilayers to explore how different lipid species may regulate αSyn-membrane interactions. We found that at a protein-to-lipid ratio of ∼1/9, αSyn perturbed lipid bilayers by generating semi-transmembrane defects that only span one leaflet. In addition, αSyn coaggregates with lipid molecules to produce ∼10 nm-sized lipoprotein nanoparticles. The obtained AFM data are consistent with the apolipoprotein characteristic of αSyn. The role of anionic lipids was elucidated by comparing results from zwitterionic and anionic lipid bilayers. Specifically, our AFM measurements showed that anionic bilayers had a larger tendency of forming bilayer defects; similarly, our EPR measurements revealed that anionic bilayers exhibited more substantial changes in lipid chain mobility and bilayer polarity. We also studied the effect of cholesterol. We found that cholesterol increased the capability of αSyn in inducing bilayer defects and altering lipid chain mobility and bilayer polarity. These data can be explained by an increase in the lipid headgroup-headgroup spacing and/or specific cholesterol-αSyn interactions. Interestingly, we found an inhibitory effect of the cone-shaped phosphatidylethanolamine lipids on αSyn-induced bilayer remodeling. We explained our data by considering interlipid hydrogen-bonding that can stabilize bilayer organization and suppress lipid extraction. Our results of lipid-dependent membrane modulations are likely relevant to αSyn functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianjun Pan
- Department
of Physics, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33620, United States
- E-mail: (J.P.)
| | - Annalisa Dalzini
- National
High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida
State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32310, United States
| | - Nawal K. Khadka
- Department
of Physics, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33620, United States
| | - Chinta M. Aryal
- Department
of Physics, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33620, United States
| | - Likai Song
- National
High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida
State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32310, United States
- E-mail: (L.S.)
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Cholesterol and phosphatidylethanolamine lipids exert opposite effects on membrane modulations caused by the M2 amphipathic helix. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2018; 1861:201-209. [PMID: 30071193 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2018.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Revised: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Membrane curvature remodeling induced by amphipathic helices (AHs) is essential in many biological processes. Here we studied a model amphipathic peptide, M2AH, derived from influenza A M2. We are interested in how M2AH may promote membrane curvature by altering membrane physical properties. We used atomic force microscopy (AFM) to examine changes in membrane topographic and mechanical properties. We used electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy to explore changes in lipid chain mobility and chain orientational order. We found that M2AH perturbed lipid bilayers by generating nanoscale pits. The structural data are consistent with lateral expansion of lipid chain packing, resulting in a mechanically weaker bilayer. Our EPR spectroscopy showed that M2AH reduced lipid chain mobility and had a minimal effect on lipid chain orientational order. The EPR data are consistent with the surface-bound state of M2AH that acts as a chain mobility inhibitor. By comparing results from different lipid bilayers, we found that cholesterol enhanced the activity of M2AH in inducing bilayer pits and altering lipid chain mobility. The results were explained by considering specific M2AH-cholesterol recognition and/or cholesterol-induced expansion of interlipid distance. Both AFM and EPR experiments revealed a modest effect of anionic lipids. This highlights that membrane interaction of M2AH is mainly driven by hydrophobic forces. Lastly, we found that phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) lipids inhibited the activity of M2AH. We explained our data by considering interlipid hydrogen-bonding that can stabilize bilayer organization. Our results of lipid-dependent membrane modulations are likely relevant to M2AH-induced membrane restructuring.
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Mattauch S, Koutsioubas A, Rücker U, Korolkov D, Fracassi V, Daemen J, Schmitz R, Bussmann K, Suxdorf F, Wagener M, Kämmerling P, Kleines H, Fleischhauer-Fuß L, Bednareck M, Ossoviy V, Nebel A, Stronciwilk P, Staringer S, Gödel M, Richter A, Kusche H, Kohnke T, Ioffe A, Babcock E, Salhi Z, Bruckel T. The high-intensity reflectometer of the Jülich Centre for Neutron Science: MARIA. J Appl Crystallogr 2018; 51:646-654. [PMID: 29896056 PMCID: PMC5988004 DOI: 10.1107/s1600576718006994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
MARIA (magnetism reflectometer with high incident angle) is a world class vertical sample reflectometer dedicated to the investigation of thin films in the fields of magnetism, soft matter and biology. The elliptical vertically focusing guide allows one to measure small samples with a typical size of 1 × 1 cm very efficiently. The double-bounce polarizer and the in situ pumped 3He SEOP (spin-exchange optical pumping) neutron spin filter cell for analysing the polarization of the reflected neutron beam can be moved into the beam in seconds. The polarized flux of MARIA amounts to 5 × 107 n (s cm2)-1 at the sample position with a horizontally collimated beam of 3 mrad, a wavelength of λ = 4.5 Å and a wavelength resolution of Δλ/λ = 10%. In the non-polarized mode a flux of 1.2 × 108 n (s cm2)-1 is achieved in this configuration. MARIA is also capable of grazing-incidence small-angle neutron scattering measurements, using a pinhole collimation with two four-segment slits and an absorber that prevents the focusing of the elliptical guide in the vertical direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Mattauch
- Jülich Centre for Neutron Science JCNS, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, MLZ, Lichtenbergstrasse 1, 85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Alexandros Koutsioubas
- Jülich Centre for Neutron Science JCNS, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, MLZ, Lichtenbergstrasse 1, 85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Ulrich Rücker
- Jülich Centre for Neutron Science JCNS and Peter Grünberg Institut PGI, JARA-FIT, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Denis Korolkov
- Jülich Centre for Neutron Science JCNS, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, MLZ, Lichtenbergstrasse 1, 85747 Garching, Germany
| | | | - Jos Daemen
- ZEA-1, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Ralf Schmitz
- ZEA-1, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Klaus Bussmann
- Jülich Centre for Neutron Science JCNS and Peter Grünberg Institut PGI, JARA-FIT, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Frank Suxdorf
- ZEA-2, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | | | | | - Harald Kleines
- ZEA-2, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | | | | | - Vladimir Ossoviy
- Jülich Centre for Neutron Science JCNS, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, MLZ, Lichtenbergstrasse 1, 85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Andreas Nebel
- Jülich Centre for Neutron Science JCNS, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, MLZ, Lichtenbergstrasse 1, 85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Peter Stronciwilk
- Jülich Centre for Neutron Science JCNS, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, MLZ, Lichtenbergstrasse 1, 85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Simon Staringer
- Jülich Centre for Neutron Science JCNS, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, MLZ, Lichtenbergstrasse 1, 85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Marko Gödel
- Jülich Centre for Neutron Science JCNS, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, MLZ, Lichtenbergstrasse 1, 85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Alfred Richter
- Jülich Centre for Neutron Science JCNS, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, MLZ, Lichtenbergstrasse 1, 85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Harald Kusche
- Jülich Centre for Neutron Science JCNS, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, MLZ, Lichtenbergstrasse 1, 85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Thomas Kohnke
- Jülich Centre for Neutron Science JCNS, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, MLZ, Lichtenbergstrasse 1, 85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Alexander Ioffe
- Jülich Centre for Neutron Science JCNS, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, MLZ, Lichtenbergstrasse 1, 85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Earl Babcock
- Jülich Centre for Neutron Science JCNS, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, MLZ, Lichtenbergstrasse 1, 85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Zahir Salhi
- Jülich Centre for Neutron Science JCNS, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, MLZ, Lichtenbergstrasse 1, 85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Thomas Bruckel
- Jülich Centre for Neutron Science JCNS and Peter Grünberg Institut PGI, JARA-FIT, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany
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41
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O'Leary EI, Jiang Z, Strub MP, Lee JC. Effects of phosphatidylcholine membrane fluidity on the conformation and aggregation of N-terminally acetylated α-synuclein. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:11195-11205. [PMID: 29853639 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.002780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Revised: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Membrane association of α-synuclein (α-syn), a neuronal protein associated with Parkinson's disease (PD), is involved in α-syn function and pathology. Most previous studies on α-syn-membrane interactions have not used the physiologically relevant N-terminally acetylated (N-acetyl) α-syn form nor the most naturally abundant cellular lipid, i.e. phosphatidylcholine (PC). Here, we report on how PC membrane fluidity affects the conformation and aggregation propensity of N-acetyl α-syn. It is well established that upon membrane binding, α-syn adopts an α-helical structure. Using CD spectroscopy, we show that N-acetyl α-syn transitions from α-helical to disordered at the lipid melting temperature (Tm ). We found that this fluidity sensing is a robust characteristic, unaffected by acyl chain length (Tm = 34-55 °C) and preserved in its homologs β- and γ-syn. Interestingly, both N-acetyl α-syn membrane binding and amyloid formation trended with lipid order (1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DPPC) > 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DOPC)/sphingomyelin/cholesterol (2:2:1) ≥ DOPC), with gel-phase vesicles shortening aggregation kinetics and promoting fibril formation compared to fluid membranes. Furthermore, we found that acetylation enhances binding to PC micelles and small unilamellar vesicles with high curvature (r ∼16-20 nm) and that DPPC binding is reduced in the presence of cholesterol. These results confirmed that the exposure of hydrocarbon chains (i.e. packing defects) is essential for binding to zwitterionic gel membranes. Collectively, our in vitro results suggest that N-acetyl α-syn localizes to highly curved, ordered membranes inside a cell. We propose that age-related changes in membrane fluidity can promote the formation of amyloid fibrils, insoluble materials associated with PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma I O'Leary
- From the Laboratory of Protein Conformation and Dynamics and
| | - Zhiping Jiang
- From the Laboratory of Protein Conformation and Dynamics and
| | - Marie-Paule Strub
- the Biochemistry and Biophysics Center, NHLBI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Jennifer C Lee
- From the Laboratory of Protein Conformation and Dynamics and
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Galvagnion C. The Role of Lipids Interacting with α-Synuclein in the Pathogenesis of Parkinson's Disease. JOURNAL OF PARKINSONS DISEASE 2018; 7:433-450. [PMID: 28671142 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-171103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
α-synuclein is a small protein abundantly expressed in the brain and mainly located in synaptic terminals. The conversion of α-synuclein into oligomers and fibrils is the hallmark of a range of neurodegenerative disorders including Parkinson's disease and dementia with Lewy bodies. α-synuclein is disordered in solution but can adopt an α-helical conformation upon binding to lipid membranes. This lipid-protein interaction plays an important role in its proposed biological function, i.e., synaptic plasticity, but can also entail the aggregation of the protein. Both the chemical properties of the lipids and the lipid-to-protein-ratio have been reported to modulate the aggregation propensity of α-synuclein. In this review, the influence of changes in the nature and levels of lipids on the aggregation propensity of α-synuclein in vivo and in vitro will be discussed within a common general framework. In particular, while biophysical measurements and kinetic analyses of the time courses of α-synuclein aggregation in the presence of different types of lipid vesicles allow a mechanistic dissection of the influence of the lipids on α-synuclein aggregation, biological studies of cellular and animal models of Parkinson's disease allow the determination of changes in lipid levels and properties associated with the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Galvagnion
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany.,Institute of Physical Biology, Heinrich Heine Universität, Düsseldorf, Germany
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43
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Jiang Z, Flynn JD, Teague WE, Gawrisch K, Lee JC. Stimulation of α-synuclein amyloid formation by phosphatidylglycerol micellar tubules. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2018; 1860:1840-1847. [PMID: 29501608 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2018.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Revised: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2018] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
α-Synuclein (α-Syn) is a presynaptic protein that is accumulated in its amyloid form in the brains of Parkinson's patients. Although its biological function remains unclear, α-syn has been suggested to bind to synaptic vesicles and facilitate neurotransmitter release. Recently, studies have found that α-syn induces membrane tubulation, highlighting a potential mechanism for α-syn to stabilize highly curved membrane structures which could have both functional and dysfunctional consequences. To understand how membrane remodeling by α-syn affects amyloid formation, we have studied the α-syn aggregation process in the presence of phosphatidylglycerol (PG) micellar tubules, which were the first reported example of membrane tubulation by α-syn. Aggregation kinetics, β-sheet content, and macroscopic protein-lipid structures were observed by Thioflavin T fluorescence, circular dichroism spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy, respectively. Collectively, the presence of PG micellar tubules formed at a stochiometric (L/P = 1) ratio was found to stimulate α-syn fibril formation. Moreover, transmission electron microscopy and solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy revealed the co-assembly of PG and α-syn into fibril structures. However, isolated micellar tubules do not form fibrils by themselves, suggesting an important role of free α-syn monomers during amyloid formation. In contrast, fibrils did not form in the presence of excess PG lipids (≥L/P = 50), where most of the α-syn molecules are in a membrane-bound α-helical form. Our results provide new mechanistic insights into how membrane tubules modulate α-syn amyloid formation and support a pivotal role of protein-lipid interaction in the dysfunction of α-syn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiping Jiang
- Laboratory of Protein Conformation and Dynamics, Biochemistry and Biophysics Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jessica D Flynn
- Laboratory of Protein Conformation and Dynamics, Biochemistry and Biophysics Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Walter E Teague
- Laboratory of Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Klaus Gawrisch
- Laboratory of Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jennifer C Lee
- Laboratory of Protein Conformation and Dynamics, Biochemistry and Biophysics Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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44
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Tesei G, Hellstrand E, Sanagavarapu K, Linse S, Sparr E, Vácha R, Lund M. Aggregate Size Dependence of Amyloid Adsorption onto Charged Interfaces. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2018; 34:1266-1273. [PMID: 29284092 PMCID: PMC5828364 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b03155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Amyloid aggregates are associated with a range of human neurodegenerative disorders, and it has been shown that neurotoxicity is dependent on aggregate size. Combining molecular simulation with analytical theory, a predictive model is proposed for the adsorption of amyloid aggregates onto oppositely charged surfaces, where the interaction is governed by an interplay between electrostatic attraction and entropic repulsion. Predictions are experimentally validated against quartz crystal microbalance-dissipation experiments of amyloid beta peptides and fragmented fibrils in the presence of a supported lipid bilayer. Assuming amyloids as rigid, elongated particles, we observe nonmonotonic trends for the extent of adsorption with respect to aggregate size and preferential adsorption of smaller aggregates over larger ones. Our findings describe a general phenomenon with implications for stiff polyions and rodlike particles that are electrostatically attracted to a surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulio Tesei
- Theoretical
Chemistry, Biophysical Chemistry, Biochemistry & Structural Biology,
and Physical Chemistry, Lund University, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
- E-mail: (G.T.)
| | - Erik Hellstrand
- Theoretical
Chemistry, Biophysical Chemistry, Biochemistry & Structural Biology,
and Physical Chemistry, Lund University, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Kalyani Sanagavarapu
- Theoretical
Chemistry, Biophysical Chemistry, Biochemistry & Structural Biology,
and Physical Chemistry, Lund University, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Sara Linse
- Theoretical
Chemistry, Biophysical Chemistry, Biochemistry & Structural Biology,
and Physical Chemistry, Lund University, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Emma Sparr
- Theoretical
Chemistry, Biophysical Chemistry, Biochemistry & Structural Biology,
and Physical Chemistry, Lund University, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Robert Vácha
- Central European Institute of Technology and Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 625
00 Brno, Czech Republic
- E-mail: (R.V.)
| | - Mikael Lund
- Theoretical
Chemistry, Biophysical Chemistry, Biochemistry & Structural Biology,
and Physical Chemistry, Lund University, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
- E-mail: (M.L.)
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45
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Wei G, Su Z, Reynolds NP, Arosio P, Hamley IW, Gazit E, Mezzenga R. Self-assembling peptide and protein amyloids: from structure to tailored function in nanotechnology. Chem Soc Rev 2017; 46:4661-4708. [PMID: 28530745 PMCID: PMC6364806 DOI: 10.1039/c6cs00542j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 538] [Impact Index Per Article: 76.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Self-assembled peptide and protein amyloid nanostructures have traditionally been considered only as pathological aggregates implicated in human neurodegenerative diseases. In more recent times, these nanostructures have found interesting applications as advanced materials in biomedicine, tissue engineering, renewable energy, environmental science, nanotechnology and material science, to name only a few fields. In all these applications, the final function depends on: (i) the specific mechanisms of protein aggregation, (ii) the hierarchical structure of the protein and peptide amyloids from the atomistic to mesoscopic length scales and (iii) the physical properties of the amyloids in the context of their surrounding environment (biological or artificial). In this review, we will discuss recent progress made in the field of functional and artificial amyloids and highlight connections between protein/peptide folding, unfolding and aggregation mechanisms, with the resulting amyloid structure and functionality. We also highlight current advances in the design and synthesis of amyloid-based biological and functional materials and identify new potential fields in which amyloid-based structures promise new breakthroughs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Wei
- Faculty of Production Engineering, University of Bremen, Bremen,
Germany
| | - Zhiqiang Su
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing
University of Chemical Technology, China
| | - Nicholas P. Reynolds
- ARC Training Centre for Biodevices, Swinburne University of
Technology, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Paolo Arosio
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH-Zurich,
Switzerland
| | | | - Ehud Gazit
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Israel
| | - Raffaele Mezzenga
- Department of Health Science and Technology, ETH-Zurich,
Switzerland
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46
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Eells R, Barros M, Scott KM, Karageorgos I, Heinrich F, Lösche M. Structural characterization of membrane-bound human immunodeficiency virus-1 Gag matrix with neutron reflectometry. Biointerphases 2017; 12:02D408. [PMID: 28511544 PMCID: PMC5433906 DOI: 10.1116/1.4983155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Revised: 04/22/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The structural characterization of peripheral membrane proteins represents a tremendous challenge in structural biology due to their transient interaction with the membrane and the potential multitude of protein conformations during this interaction. Neutron reflectometry is uniquely suited to address this problem because of its ability to structurally characterize biological model systems nondestructively and under biomimetic conditions that retain full protein functionality. Being sensitive to only the membrane-bound fraction of a water-soluble peripheral protein, neutron reflectometry obtains a low-resolution average structure of the protein-membrane complex that is further refined using integrative modeling strategies. Here, the authors review the current technological state of biological neutron reflectometry exemplified by a detailed report on the structure determination of the myristoylated human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) Gag matrix associated with phosphoserine-containing model membranes. The authors found that the HIV-1 Gag matrix is able to adopt different configurations at the membrane in a pH-dependent manner and that the myristate group orients the protein in a way that is conducive to PIP2-binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Eells
- Department of Physics, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
| | - Marilia Barros
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065
| | - Kerry M Scott
- Biomolecular Measurement Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899 and Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, Rockville, Maryland 20850
| | - Ioannis Karageorgos
- Biomolecular Measurement Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899 and Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, Rockville, Maryland 20850
| | - Frank Heinrich
- Department of Physics, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213 and NIST Center for Neutron Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899
| | - Mathias Lösche
- Departments of Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213 and NIST Center for Neutron Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899
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47
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Rostovtseva TK, Hoogerheide DP, Rovini A, Bezrukov SM. Lipids in Regulation of the Mitochondrial Outer Membrane Permeability, Bioenergetics, and Metabolism. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-55539-3_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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48
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Flynn JD, Lee JC. Physical Chemistry in Biomedical Research: From Cuvettes toward Cellular Insights. J Phys Chem Lett 2017; 8:1943-1945. [PMID: 28468500 PMCID: PMC5521168 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.7b00549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
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49
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Hoogerheide DP, Noskov SY, Jacobs D, Bergdoll L, Silin V, Worcester DL, Abramson J, Nanda H, Rostovtseva TK, Bezrukov SM. Structural features and lipid binding domain of tubulin on biomimetic mitochondrial membranes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E3622-E3631. [PMID: 28420794 PMCID: PMC5422764 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1619806114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Dimeric tubulin, an abundant water-soluble cytosolic protein known primarily for its role in the cytoskeleton, is routinely found to be associated with mitochondrial outer membranes, although the structure and physiological role of mitochondria-bound tubulin are still unknown. There is also no consensus on whether tubulin is a peripheral membrane protein or is integrated into the outer mitochondrial membrane. Here the results of five independent techniques-surface plasmon resonance, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, bilayer overtone analysis, neutron reflectometry, and molecular dynamics simulations-suggest that α-tubulin's amphipathic helix H10 is responsible for peripheral binding of dimeric tubulin to biomimetic "mitochondrial" membranes in a manner that differentiates between the two primary lipid headgroups found in mitochondrial membranes, phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylcholine. The identification of the tubulin dimer orientation and membrane-binding domain represents an essential step toward our understanding of the complex mechanisms by which tubulin interacts with integral proteins of the mitochondrial outer membrane and is important for the structure-inspired design of tubulin-targeting agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- David P Hoogerheide
- Center for Neutron Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899;
| | - Sergei Y Noskov
- Center for Molecular Simulations, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 1N4;
| | - Daniel Jacobs
- Section on Molecular Transport, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Lucie Bergdoll
- Department of Physiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Vitalii Silin
- Center for Neutron Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, Rockville, MD 20850
| | - David L Worcester
- Center for Neutron Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899
| | - Jeff Abramson
- Department of Physiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bangalore 560065, Karnataka, India
| | - Hirsh Nanda
- Center for Neutron Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899
- Physics Department, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - Tatiana K Rostovtseva
- Section on Molecular Transport, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Sergey M Bezrukov
- Section on Molecular Transport, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892;
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50
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Jiang Z, Heinrich F, McGlinchey RP, Gruschus JM, Lee JC. Segmental Deuteration of α-Synuclein for Neutron Reflectometry on Tethered Bilayers. J Phys Chem Lett 2017; 8:29-34. [PMID: 27936328 PMCID: PMC5367044 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.6b02304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Neutron reflectometry (NR) is uniquely suited for studying protein interaction with phospholipid bilayers along the bilayer normal on an angstrom scale. However, NR on its own cannot discern specific membrane-bound regions due to a lack of scattering contrast within a protein. Here we report the successful coupling of native chemical ligation (NCL) and NR to study α-synuclein (α-syn), a membrane-binding neuronal protein central in Parkinson's disease. Two α-syn variants were generated where either the first 86 or last 54 residues are deuterated, allowing for region-specific contrast within the protein and the identification of membrane interacting residues by NR. Residues 1-86 are positioned at the hydrocarbon/headgroup interface of the outer leaflet, whereas the density distribution of the 54 C-terminal residues ranges from the hydrocarbon region to the aqueous environment. Coupling of NCL and NR should have broad utility in studies of membrane protein folding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiping Jiang
- Laboratory of Protein Conformation and Dynamics, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Frank Heinrich
- Department of Physics, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 and National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899
| | - Ryan P. McGlinchey
- Laboratory of Protein Conformation and Dynamics, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - James M. Gruschus
- Laboratory of Protein Conformation and Dynamics, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Jennifer C. Lee
- Laboratory of Protein Conformation and Dynamics, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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