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Savvopoulos F, Keeling MC, Carassiti D, Fogell NA, Patel MB, Naser J, Gavara N, de Silva R, Krams R. Assessment of the nano-mechanical properties of healthy and atherosclerotic coronary arteries by atomic force microscopy. J R Soc Interface 2024; 21:20230674. [PMID: 38320600 PMCID: PMC10846958 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2023.0674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Nano-indentation techniques might be better equipped to assess the heterogeneous material properties of plaques than macroscopic methods but there are no bespoke protocols for this kind of material testing for coronary arteries. Therefore, we developed a measurement protocol to extract mechanical properties from healthy and atherosclerotic coronary artery tissue sections. Young's modulus was derived from force-indentation data. Metrics of collagen fibre density were extracted from the same tissue, and the local material properties were co-registered to the local collagen microstructure with a robust framework. The locations of the indentation were retrospectively classified by histological category (healthy, plaque, lipid-rich, fibrous cap) according to Picrosirius Red stain and adjacent Hematoxylin & Eosin and Oil-Red-O stains. Plaque tissue was softer (p < 0.001) than the healthy coronary wall. Areas rich in collagen within the plaque (fibrous cap) were significantly (p < 0.001) stiffer than areas poor in collagen/lipid-rich, but less than half as stiff as the healthy coronary media. Young's moduli correlated (Pearson's ρ = 0.53, p < 0.05) with collagen content. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is capable of detecting tissue stiffness changes related to collagen density in healthy and diseased cardiovascular tissue. Mechanical characterization of atherosclerotic plaques with nano-indentation techniques could refine constitutive models for computational modelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fotios Savvopoulos
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London SW3 6LR, UK
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London SW3 6LR, UK
- School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, UK
| | - Michael C. Keeling
- School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, UK
| | - Daniele Carassiti
- School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, UK
| | - Nicholas A. Fogell
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London SW3 6LR, UK
| | - Miten B. Patel
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London SW3 6LR, UK
| | - Jarka Naser
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London SW3 6LR, UK
| | - Núria Gavara
- School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, UK
- Unit of Biophysics and Bioengineering, Medical School, University of Barcelona, Barcelona 08007, Spain
| | - Ranil de Silva
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London SW3 6LR, UK
| | - Rob Krams
- School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, UK
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2
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Arbănaşi EM, Russu E, Arbănaşi EM, Ciucanu CC, Mureșan AV, Suzuki S, Chirilă TV. Effect of Ultraviolet Radiation on the Enzymolytic and Biomechanical Profiles of Abdominal Aortic Adventitia Tissue. J Clin Med 2024; 13:633. [PMID: 38276139 PMCID: PMC10817471 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13020633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is defined as an increase in aortic diameter by more than 50% and is associated with a high risk of rupture and mortality without treatment. The aim of this study is to analyze the role of aortic adventitial collagen photocrosslinking by UV-A irradiation on the biomechanical profile of the aortic wall. METHODS This experimental study is structured in two parts: the first part includes in vitro uniaxial biomechanical evaluation of porcine adventitial tissue subjected to either short-term elastolysis or long-term collagenolysis in an attempt to duplicate two extreme situations as putative stages of aneurysmal degeneration. In the second part, we included biaxial biomechanical evaluation of in vitro human abdominal aortic adventitia and human AAA adventitia specimens. Biomechanical profiles were examined for porcine and human aortic tissue before and after irradiation with UV-A light (365 nm wavelength). RESULTS On the porcine aortic sample, the enhancing effect of irradiation was evident both on the tissue subjected to elastolysis, which had a high collagen-to-elastin ratio, and on the tissue subjected to prolonged collagenolysis despite being considerably depleted in collagen. Further, the effect of irradiation was conclusively demonstrated in the human adventitia samples, where significant post-irradiation increases in Cauchy stress (longitudinal axis: p = 0.001, circumferential axis: p = 0.004) and Young's modulus (longitudinal axis: p = 0.03, circumferential axis: p = 0.004) were recorded. Moreover, we have a stronger increase in the strengthening of the AAA adventitia samples following the exposure to UV-A irradiation (p = 0.007) and a statistically significant but not very important increase (p = 0.021) regarding the stiffness in the circumferential axis. CONCLUSIONS The favorable effect of UV irradiation on the strength and stiffness of degraded aortic adventitia in experimental situations mimicking early and later stages of aneurysmal degeneration is essential for the development and potential success of procedures to prevent aneurysmal ruptures. The experiments on human normal and aneurysmal adventitial tissue confirmed the validity and potential success of a procedure based on exposure to UV-A radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emil-Marian Arbănaşi
- Doctoral School of Medicine and Pharmacy, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Sciences and Technology of Targu Mures (UMFST), 540142 Targu Mures, Romania; (E.-M.A.); (E.-M.A.); (C.C.C.)
- Clinic of Vascular Surgery, Mures County Emergency Hospital, 540136 Targu Mures, Romania;
- Department of Vascular Surgery, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Targu Mures, 540139 Targu Mures, Romania
- Centre for Advanced Medical and Pharmaceutical Research (CCAMF), George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Targu Mures, 540139 Targu Mures, Romania; (S.S.); (T.V.C.)
| | - Eliza Russu
- Clinic of Vascular Surgery, Mures County Emergency Hospital, 540136 Targu Mures, Romania;
- Department of Vascular Surgery, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Targu Mures, 540139 Targu Mures, Romania
| | - Eliza-Mihaela Arbănaşi
- Doctoral School of Medicine and Pharmacy, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Sciences and Technology of Targu Mures (UMFST), 540142 Targu Mures, Romania; (E.-M.A.); (E.-M.A.); (C.C.C.)
| | - Constantin Claudiu Ciucanu
- Doctoral School of Medicine and Pharmacy, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Sciences and Technology of Targu Mures (UMFST), 540142 Targu Mures, Romania; (E.-M.A.); (E.-M.A.); (C.C.C.)
- Clinic of Vascular Surgery, Mures County Emergency Hospital, 540136 Targu Mures, Romania;
| | - Adrian Vasile Mureșan
- Clinic of Vascular Surgery, Mures County Emergency Hospital, 540136 Targu Mures, Romania;
- Department of Vascular Surgery, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Targu Mures, 540139 Targu Mures, Romania
| | - Shuko Suzuki
- Centre for Advanced Medical and Pharmaceutical Research (CCAMF), George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Targu Mures, 540139 Targu Mures, Romania; (S.S.); (T.V.C.)
- Queensland Eye Institute, South Brisbane, QLD 4101, Australia
| | - Traian V. Chirilă
- Centre for Advanced Medical and Pharmaceutical Research (CCAMF), George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Targu Mures, 540139 Targu Mures, Romania; (S.S.); (T.V.C.)
- Queensland Eye Institute, South Brisbane, QLD 4101, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Targu Mures, 540139 Targu Mures, Romania
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia
- Australian Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
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3
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Ghadie NM, Labrosse MR, St-Pierre JP. Glycosaminoglycans modulate compressive stiffness and circumferential residual stress in the porcine thoracic aorta. Acta Biomater 2023; 170:556-566. [PMID: 37683966 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2023.08.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
The mechanical properties of the aorta are influenced by the extracellular matrix, a network mainly comprised of fibers and glycosaminoglycans (GAG). In this work, we demonstrate that GAG contribute to the opening angle (a marker of circumferential residual stresses) in intact and glycated aortic tissue. Enzymatic GAG depletion was associated with a decrease in the opening angle, by approximately 25% (p = 0.009) in the ascending (AS) region, 32% (p = 0.003) in the aortic arch (AR), and 42% (p = 0.001) in the lower descending thoracic (LDT) region. A similar effect of GAG depletion on aortic ring opening angle was also observed in previously glycated tissues. Using indentation testing, we found that the radial compressive stiffness significantly increased in the AS region following GAG depletion, compared to fresh (p = 0.006) and control samples (p = 0.021), and that the compressive properties are heterogeneous along the aortic tree. A small loss of water content was also detected after GAG depletion, which was most prominent under hypotonic conditions. Finally, the AS region was also associated with a significant loss of compressive deformation (circumferential stretch that is < 1) in the inner layer of the aorta following GAG depletion, suggesting that GAG interact with ECM fibers in their effect on aortic mechanics. The importance of this work lies in its identification of the role of GAG in modulating the mechanical properties of the aorta, namely the circumferential residual stresses and the radial compressive stiffness, as well as contributing to the swelling state and the level of circumferential prestretch in the tissue. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: The mechanical properties of the aorta are influenced by the composition and organization of its extracellular matrix (ECM) and are highly relevant to medical conditions affecting the structural integrity of the aorta. The extent of contribution of glycosaminoglycans (GAG), a relatively minor ECM component, to the mechanical properties of the aorta, remains poorly characterized. This works shows that GAG contribute on average 30% to the opening angle (an indicator of circumferential residual stresses) of porcine aortas, and that GAG-depletion is associated with an increased radial compressive stiffness of the aorta. GAG-depletion was also associated with a loss of water content and compressive deformation in the inner layers of the aortic wall providing insight into potential mechanisms for their biomechanical role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noor M Ghadie
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N6N5, Canada
| | - Michel R Labrosse
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N6N5, Canada; Department of Cardiac Surgery, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, ON K1Y4W7, Canada
| | - Jean-Philippe St-Pierre
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N6N5, Canada.
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Jung SM, Lee BM, Shin HS. Development of tissue culture system with automated pulsation and Kalman filter control for an artificial artery model. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2023; 46:1437-1446. [PMID: 37470868 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-023-02910-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Tissue-engineered arterial vessels have been used as substitutes for unnecessary animal experiments to evaluate the pharmacokinetics of drugs targeting various arteriopathies caused by structural or physiological arterial defects. An arterial tissue culture system was established to simulate the mechanical characteristics of a heart-beating pump and to do online feedback control of lactate and glucose concentrations. The mechanically controlled flow pump mimicked the heart pumping inside a tissue-engineered artery composed of muscle and endothelial cells within a nanofibrous scaffold. After monitoring the pH of the culture medium online, lactate and glucose were estimated using the Kalman filter algorithm, and the set-point online control was operated to maintain glucose for artery tissue engineering. The composition of the artificial artery was confirmed by immunofluorescence staining, and its mechanical characteristics were examined. The online automated system successfully demonstrated its applicability as a standardized process for arterial tissue culture to replace animal arterial experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Myung Jung
- Department of Biological Engineering, Inha University, Incheon, 22201, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Man Lee
- Department of Biological Engineering, Inha University, Incheon, 22201, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwa Sung Shin
- Department of Biological Engineering, Inha University, Incheon, 22201, Republic of Korea.
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5
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Şeicaru DA, Liţescu M, Gherghiceanu F, Şerbănescu MS, Grigorean VT, Pleşea RM. Assessment of the aortic tunica media histological changes in relation with the cause of death. ROMANIAN JOURNAL OF MORPHOLOGY AND EMBRYOLOGY = REVUE ROUMAINE DE MORPHOLOGIE ET EMBRYOLOGIE 2023; 64:399-410. [PMID: 37867357 PMCID: PMC10720938 DOI: 10.47162/rjme.64.3.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
AIM The authors set out to evaluate the correlations between three of the main morphological aortic parameters (elastic fibers - FE, collagen fibers - FCOL, and smooth muscle fibers - FM) and the cause of death. MATERIALS AND METHODS Study groups included 25 cases died of a vascular disease (V_P), 37 cases died of a non-vascular disease (NV_P) and 28 cases died of a violent/suspect non-pathological cause of death (V_Dth), the latter group representing also the control group. Four aortic cross-sections (base, arch, thoracic, and abdominal regions) were collected during autopsy from the selected cases, fixed in 10% buffered formalin and first of all photographed together with a calibrating ruler. Then, they were embedded in paraffin, sectioned off at 4 μm and stained with Hematoxylin-Eosin (HE) and Orcein. The obtained histological slides were transformed into virtual slides. Fibrillary components amounts were using a custom-made software, developed in MATLAB (MathWorks, USA). Statistical tools used were Pearson's correlation test, t-test (two-sample assuming equal variances) and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) test. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS The amounts of the three fibrillary components of the aortic tunica media had a synchronous variation in all aortic regions in each of the three groups, excepting FCOL in the group of patients died from vascular pathology, which presented only a trend of synchronous variation along the aorta. FE had their lowest values and FCOL had their highest values in patients died from vascular pathology. FCOL had always higher levels than FE in people died from any pathological condition, vascular or non-vascular. FM had always at least two times lower level than that of the other types of fibers, regardless of whether the person died due to a pathological condition or not. CONCLUSIONS The different pathological conditions causing death are influencing the fibrillary composition of aortic tunica media. Further studies are required to reveal other changes in the morphology of aortic wall in particular and vascular wall in general that could be related with different pathological conditions affecting the entire organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doru Adrian Şeicaru
- PhD Student, Doctoral School, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mircea Liţescu
- Department of Surgery, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Surgery, Sf. Ioan Emergency Clinical Hospital, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Florentina Gherghiceanu
- Department of Marketing and Medical Technology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mircea-Sebastian Şerbănescu
- Department of Medical Informatics and Biostatistics, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Romania
| | - Valentin Titus Grigorean
- Department of Surgery, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Surgery, Bagdasar–Arseni Emergency Clinical Hospital, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Răzvan Mihail Pleşea
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Romania
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6
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Wu T, Liu L, Gao Z, Cui C, Fan C, Liu Y, Di M, Yang Q, Xu Z, Liu W. Extracellular matrix (ECM)-inspired high-strength gelatin-alginate based hydrogels for bone repair. Biomater Sci 2023; 11:2877-2885. [PMID: 36876524 DOI: 10.1039/d3bm00213f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
It has always been a huge challenge to construct high-strength hydrogels that are composed entirely of natural polymers. In this study, inspired by the structural characteristics of the extracellular matrix (ECM), gelatin and hydrazide alginate were employed to mimic the composition of collagen and glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) in the ECM, respectively, to develop natural polymer (NP) high-strength hydrogels crosslinked by physical and covalent interactions (Gelatin-HAlg-DN). First, HAlg and gelatin can form physically crosslinked hydrogels (Gelatin-HAlg) due to electrostatic and hydrogen bond interactions. Then, the Gelatin-HAlg hydrogels can be further covalently crosslinked in the presence of 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethyl carbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC) and N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) to obtain Gelatin-HAlg-DN hydrogels. The obtained Gelatin-HAlg-DN hydrogels exhibit considerably enhanced mechanical properties (tensile strength: 0.9 MPa; elongation at break: 177%) with a maximum 16- and 3.2-fold increase in tensile strength and elongation at break, respectively, compared with gelatin methacrylate (GelMA) hydrogels. Importantly, the Gelatin-HAlg-DN hydrogels exhibit excellent biodegradability and swelling stability under physiological conditions, and the capability to support cell adhesion and proliferation. In a rat critical size bone defect model, Gelatin-HAlg-DN hydrogels loaded with psoralen could effectively promote bone regeneration, showing appealing potential as tissue engineering scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tengling Wu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China.
| | - Luxing Liu
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China.,Department of Spine Surgery, Tianjin Hospital, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300211, China
| | - Ziwei Gao
- Graduate School, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Chunyan Cui
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China.
| | - Chuanchuan Fan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China.
| | - Yang Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China.
| | - Mingyuan Di
- Graduate School, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Qiang Yang
- Department of Spine Surgery, Tianjin Hospital, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300211, China
| | - Ziyang Xu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China.
| | - Wenguang Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China.
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7
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Dorsey PJ, Scalise D, Schulman R. A model of spatio-temporal regulation within biomaterials using DNA reaction-diffusion waveguides. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2022; 9:220200. [PMID: 36016917 PMCID: PMC9399693 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.220200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In multi-cellular organisms, cells and tissues coordinate biochemical signal propagation across length scales spanning micrometres to metres. Designing synthetic materials with similar capacities for coordinated signal propagation could allow these systems to adaptively regulate themselves across space and over time. Here, we combine ideas from cell signalling and electronic circuitry to propose a biochemical waveguide that transmits information in the form of a concentration of a DNA species on a directed path. The waveguide could be seamlessly integrated into a soft material because there is virtually no difference between the chemical or physical properties of the waveguide and the material it is embedded within. We propose the design of DNA strand displacement reactions to construct the system and, using reaction-diffusion models, identify kinetic and diffusive parameters that enable super-diffusive transport of DNA species via autocatalysis. Finally, to support experimental waveguide implementation, we propose a sink reaction and spatially inhomogeneous DNA concentrations that could mitigate the spurious amplification of an autocatalyst within the waveguide, allowing for controlled waveguide triggering. Chemical waveguides could facilitate the design of synthetic biomaterials with distributed sensing machinery integrated throughout their structure and enable coordinated self-regulating programmes triggered by changing environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip J. Dorsey
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Dominic Scalise
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Rebecca Schulman
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
- Department of Computer Science, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
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8
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Guo T, He C, Venado A, Zhou Y. Extracellular Matrix Stiffness in Lung Health and Disease. Compr Physiol 2022; 12:3523-3558. [PMID: 35766837 PMCID: PMC10088466 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c210032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) provides structural support and imparts a wide variety of environmental cues to cells. In the past decade, a growing body of work revealed that the mechanical properties of the ECM, commonly known as matrix stiffness, regulate the fundamental cellular processes of the lung. There is growing appreciation that mechanical interplays between cells and associated ECM are essential to maintain lung homeostasis. Dysregulation of ECM-derived mechanical signaling via altered mechanosensing and mechanotransduction pathways is associated with many common lung diseases. Matrix stiffening is a hallmark of lung fibrosis. The stiffened ECM is not merely a sequelae of lung fibrosis but can actively drive the progression of fibrotic lung disease. In this article, we provide a comprehensive view on the role of matrix stiffness in lung health and disease. We begin by summarizing the effects of matrix stiffness on the function and behavior of various lung cell types and on regulation of biomolecule activity and key physiological processes, including host immune response and cellular metabolism. We discuss the potential mechanisms by which cells probe matrix stiffness and convert mechanical signals to regulate gene expression. We highlight the factors that govern matrix stiffness and outline the role of matrix stiffness in lung development and the pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis, pulmonary hypertension, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and lung cancer. We envision targeting of deleterious matrix mechanical cues for treatment of fibrotic lung disease. Advances in technologies for matrix stiffness measurements and design of stiffness-tunable matrix substrates are also explored. © 2022 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 12:3523-3558, 2022.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Guo
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Alabama, USA.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central-South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Chao He
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Aida Venado
- Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Yong Zhou
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Alabama, USA
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9
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Pierce GL, Coutinho TA, DuBose LE, Donato AJ. Is It Good to Have a Stiff Aorta with Aging? Causes and Consequences. Physiology (Bethesda) 2022; 37:154-173. [PMID: 34779281 PMCID: PMC8977146 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00035.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Aortic stiffness increases with advancing age, more than doubling during the human life span, and is a robust predictor of cardiovascular disease (CVD) clinical events independent of traditional risk factors. The aorta increases in diameter and length to accommodate growing body size and cardiac output in youth, but in middle and older age the aorta continues to remodel to a larger diameter, thinning the pool of permanent elastin fibers, increasing intramural wall stress and resulting in the transfer of load bearing onto stiffer collagen fibers. Whereas aortic stiffening in early middle age may be a compensatory mechanism to normalize intramural wall stress and therefore theoretically "good" early in the life span, the negative clinical consequences of accelerated aortic stiffening beyond middle age far outweigh any earlier physiological benefit. Indeed, aortic stiffness and the loss of the "windkessel effect" with advancing age result in elevated pulsatile pressure and flow in downstream microvasculature that is associated with subclinical damage to high-flow, low-resistance organs such as brain, kidney, retina, and heart. The mechanisms of aortic stiffness include alterations in extracellular matrix proteins (collagen deposition, elastin fragmentation), increased arterial tone (oxidative stress and inflammation-related reduced vasodilators and augmented vasoconstrictors; enhanced sympathetic activity), arterial calcification, vascular smooth muscle cell stiffness, and extracellular matrix glycosaminoglycans. Given the rapidly aging population of the United States, aortic stiffening will likely contribute to substantial CVD burden over the next 2-3 decades unless new therapeutic targets and interventions are identified to prevent the potential avalanche of clinical sequelae related to age-related aortic stiffness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary L Pierce
- Department of Health and Human Physiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
- Abboud Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
- Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Thais A Coutinho
- Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Divisions of Cardiology and Cardiac Prevention and Rehabilitation, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lyndsey E DuBose
- Division of Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Anthony J Donato
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, VA Salt Lake City, Salt Lake City, Utah
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10
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Mammoto A, Matus K, Mammoto T. Extracellular Matrix in Aging Aorta. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:822561. [PMID: 35265616 PMCID: PMC8898904 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.822561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The aging population is booming all over the world and arterial aging causes various age-associated pathologies such as cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). The aorta is the largest elastic artery, and transforms pulsatile flow generated by the left ventricle into steady flow to maintain circulation in distal tissues and organs. Age-associated structural and functional changes in the aortic wall such as dilation, tortuousness, stiffening and losing elasticity hamper stable peripheral circulation, lead to tissue and organ dysfunctions in aged people. The extracellular matrix (ECM) is a three-dimensional network of macromolecules produced by resident cells. The composition and organization of key ECM components determine the structure-function relationships of the aorta and therefore maintaining their homeostasis is critical for a healthy performance. Age-associated remodeling of the ECM structural components, including fragmentation of elastic fibers and excessive deposition and crosslinking of collagens, is a hallmark of aging and leads to functional stiffening of the aorta. In this mini review, we discuss age-associated alterations of the ECM in the aortic wall and shed light on how understanding the mechanisms of aortic aging can lead to the development of efficient strategy for aortic pathologies and CVDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Mammoto
- Department of Pediatrics, Milwaukee, WI, United States
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Milwaukee, WI, United States
- *Correspondence: Akiko Mammoto, ; Tadanori Mammoto,
| | - Kienna Matus
- Department of Pediatrics, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Tadanori Mammoto
- Department of Pediatrics, Milwaukee, WI, United States
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
- *Correspondence: Akiko Mammoto, ; Tadanori Mammoto,
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11
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Ghadie NM, St-Pierre JP, Labrosse MR. Intramural Distributions of GAGs and Collagen vs. Opening Angle of the Intact Porcine Aortic Wall. Ann Biomed Eng 2022; 50:157-168. [PMID: 35028784 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-022-02901-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The heterogeneity and contribution of collagen and elastin to residual stresses have been thoroughly studied, but more recently, glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) also emerged as potential regulators. In this study, the opening angle of aortic rings (an indicator of circumferential residual stresses) and the mural distributions of sulfated GAGs (sGAG), collagen, and elastin were quantified in the ascending, aortic arch and descending thoracic regions of 5- to 6-month-old pigs. The opening angle correlated positively with the aortic ring's mean radius and thickness, with good and moderate correlations respectively. The correlations between the sGAG, collagen, elastin, and collagen:sGAG ratio and the opening angle were evaluated to identify aortic compositional factors that could play roles in regulating circumferential residual stresses. The total collagen:sGAG ratio displayed the strongest correlation with the opening angle (r = - 0.715, p < 0.001), followed by the total sGAG content which demonstrated a good correlation (r = 0.623, p < 0.001). Additionally, the intramural gradients of collagen, sGAG and collagen:sGAG correlated moderately with the opening angle. We propose that, in addition to the individual role sGAG play through their content and intramural gradient, the interaction between collagen and sGAG should be considered when evaluating circumferential residual stresses in the aorta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noor M Ghadie
- Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1N6N5, Canada
| | - Jean-Philippe St-Pierre
- Chemical and Biological Engineering Department, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1N6N5, Canada
| | - Michel R Labrosse
- Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1N6N5, Canada. .,Department of Cardiac Surgery, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, ON, K1Y4W7, Canada.
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12
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Valdoz JC, Johnson BC, Jacobs DJ, Franks NA, Dodson EL, Sanders C, Cribbs CG, Van Ry PM. The ECM: To Scaffold, or Not to Scaffold, That Is the Question. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:12690. [PMID: 34884495 PMCID: PMC8657545 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222312690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) has pleiotropic effects, ranging from cell adhesion to cell survival. In tissue engineering, the use of ECM and ECM-like scaffolds has separated the field into two distinct areas-scaffold-based and scaffold-free. Scaffold-free techniques are used in creating reproducible cell aggregates which have massive potential for high-throughput, reproducible drug screening and disease modeling. Though, the lack of ECM prevents certain cells from surviving and proliferating. Thus, tissue engineers use scaffolds to mimic the native ECM and produce organotypic models which show more reliability in disease modeling. However, scaffold-based techniques come at a trade-off of reproducibility and throughput. To bridge the tissue engineering dichotomy, we posit that finding novel ways to incorporate the ECM in scaffold-free cultures can synergize these two disparate techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Pam M. Van Ry
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA; (J.C.V.); (B.C.J.); (D.J.J.); (N.A.F.); (E.L.D.); (C.S.); (C.G.C.)
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13
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Dey K, Roca E, Ramorino G, Sartore L. Progress in the mechanical modulation of cell functions in tissue engineering. Biomater Sci 2021; 8:7033-7081. [PMID: 33150878 DOI: 10.1039/d0bm01255f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In mammals, mechanics at multiple stages-nucleus to cell to ECM-underlie multiple physiological and pathological functions from its development to reproduction to death. Under this inspiration, substantial research has established the role of multiple aspects of mechanics in regulating fundamental cellular processes, including spreading, migration, growth, proliferation, and differentiation. However, our understanding of how these mechanical mechanisms are orchestrated or tuned at different stages to maintain or restore the healthy environment at the tissue or organ level remains largely a mystery. Over the past few decades, research in the mechanical manipulation of the surrounding environment-known as substrate or matrix or scaffold on which, or within which, cells are seeded-has been exceptionally enriched in the field of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. To do so, traditional tissue engineering aims at recapitulating key mechanical milestones of native ECM into a substrate for guiding the cell fate and functions towards specific tissue regeneration. Despite tremendous progress, a big puzzle that remains is how the cells compute a host of mechanical cues, such as stiffness (elasticity), viscoelasticity, plasticity, non-linear elasticity, anisotropy, mechanical forces, and mechanical memory, into many biological functions in a cooperative, controlled, and safe manner. High throughput understanding of key cellular decisions as well as associated mechanosensitive downstream signaling pathway(s) for executing these decisions in response to mechanical cues, solo or combined, is essential to address this issue. While many reports have been made towards the progress and understanding of mechanical cues-particularly, substrate bulk stiffness and viscoelasticity-in regulating the cellular responses, a complete picture of mechanical cues is lacking. This review highlights a comprehensive view on the mechanical cues that are linked to modulate many cellular functions and consequent tissue functionality. For a very basic understanding, a brief discussion of the key mechanical players of ECM and the principle of mechanotransduction process is outlined. In addition, this review gathers together the most important data on the stiffness of various cells and ECM components as well as various tissues/organs and proposes an associated link from the mechanical perspective that is not yet reported. Finally, beyond addressing the challenges involved in tuning the interplaying mechanical cues in an independent manner, emerging advances in designing biomaterials for tissue engineering are also explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamol Dey
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Science, University of Chittagong, Bangladesh
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14
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Ghadie NM, St-Pierre JP, Labrosse MR. The Contribution of Glycosaminoglycans/Proteoglycans to Aortic Mechanics in Health and Disease: A Critical Review. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2021; 68:3491-3500. [PMID: 33872141 DOI: 10.1109/tbme.2021.3074053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
While elastin and collagen have received a lot of attention as major contributors to aortic biomechanics, glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and proteoglycans (PGs) recently emerged as additional key players whose roles must be better elucidated if one hopes to predict aortic ruptures caused by aneurysms and dissections more reliably. GAGs are highly negatively charged polysaccharide molecules that exist in the extracellular matrix (ECM) of the arterial wall. In this critical review, we summarize the current understanding of the contributions of GAGs/PGs to the biomechanics of the normal aortic wall, as well as in the case of aortic diseases such as aneurysms and dissections. Specifically, we describe the fundamental swelling behavior of GAGs/PGs and discuss their contributions to residual stresses and aortic stiffness, thereby highlighting the importance of taking these polyanionic molecules into account in mathematical and numerical models of the aorta. We suggest specific lines of investigation to further the acquisition of experimental data to complement simulations and solidify our current understanding. We underscore different potential roles of GAGs/PGs in thoracic aortic aneurysm (TAAD) and abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA). Namely, we report findings according to which the accumulation of GAGs/PGs in TAAD causes stress concentrations which may be sufficient to initiate and propagate delamination. On the other hand, there seems to be no clear indication of a relationship between the marked reduction in GAG/PG content and the stiffening and weakening of the aortic wall in AAA.
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15
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Hung CW, Mazumder N, Lin DJ, Chen WL, Lin ST, Chan MC, Zhuo GY. Label-Free Characterization of Collagen Crosslinking in Bone-Engineered Materials Using Nonlinear Optical Microscopy. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2021; 27:1-11. [PMID: 33829983 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927621000295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Engineered biomaterials provide unique functions to overcome the bottlenecks seen in biomedicine. Hence, a technique for rapid and routine tests of collagen is required, in which the test items commonly include molecular weight, crosslinking degree, purity, and sterilization induced structural change. Among them, the crosslinking degree mainly influences collagen properties. In this study, second harmonic generation (SHG) and coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) microscopy are used in combination to explore the collagen structure at molecular and macromolecular scales. These measured parameters are applied for the classification and quantification among the different collagen scaffolds, which were verified by other conventional methods. It is demonstrated that the crosslinking status can be analyzed from SHG images and presented as the coherency of collagen organization that is correlated with the mechanical properties. Also, the comparative analyses of SHG signal and relative CARS signal of amide III band at 1,240 cm−1 to δCH2 band at 1,450 cm−1 of these samples provide information regarding the variation of the molecular structure during a crosslinking process, thus serving as nonlinear optical signatures to indicate a successful crosslinking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Wei Hung
- PhD Program for Biomedical Engineering and Rehabilitation Science, China Medical University, No. 91, Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung40402, Taiwan R.O.C
| | - Nirmal Mazumder
- Department of Biophysics, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka576104, India
| | - Dan-Jae Lin
- School of Dentistry, College of Dentistry, China Medical University, No. 91, Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung40402, Taiwan R.O.C
| | - Wei-Liang Chen
- Center for Condensed Matter Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei10617, Taiwan R.O.C
| | - Shih-Ting Lin
- Integrative Stem Cell Center, China Medical University Hospital, No. 2, Yude Road, Taichung40447, Taiwan R.O.C
| | - Ming-Che Chan
- Institute of Photonic System, College of Photonics, National Chiao-Tung University, Tainan71150, Taiwan R.O.C
- Institute of Biophotonics, National Yang-Ming University, No. 155, Sec. 2, Linong Street, Beitou District, Taipei City112, Taiwan R.O.C
| | - Guan-Yu Zhuo
- Integrative Stem Cell Center, China Medical University Hospital, No. 2, Yude Road, Taichung40447, Taiwan R.O.C
- Institute of New Drug Development, China Medical University, No. 91, Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung40402, Taiwan R.O.C
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16
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Godinho MS, Thorpe CT, Greenwald SE, Screen HR. Elastase treatment of tendon specifically impacts the mechanical properties of the interfascicular matrix. Acta Biomater 2021; 123:187-196. [PMID: 33508509 PMCID: PMC7935645 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2021.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The tendon interfascicular matrix (IFM) binds tendon fascicles together. As a result of its low stiffness behaviour under small loads, it enables non-uniform loading and increased overall extensibility of tendon by facilitating fascicle sliding. This function is particularly important in energy storing tendons, with previous studies demonstrating enhanced extensibility, recovery and fatigue resistance in the IFM of energy storing compared to positional tendons. However, the compositional specialisations within the IFM that confer this behaviour remain to be elucidated. It is well established that the IFM is rich in elastin, therefore we sought to test the hypothesis that elastin depletion (following elastase treatment) will significantly impact IFM, but not fascicle, mechanical properties, reducing IFM resilience in all samples, but to a greater extent in younger tendons, which have a higher elastin content. Using a combination of quasi-static and fatigue testing, and optical imaging, we confirmed our hypothesis, demonstrating that elastin depletion resulted in significant decreases in IFM viscoelasticity, fatigue resistance and recoverability compared to untreated samples, with no significant changes to fascicle mechanics. Ageing had little effect on fascicle or IFM response to elastase treatment. This study offers a first insight into the functional importance of elastin in regional specific tendon mechanics. It highlights the important contribution of elastin to IFM mechanical properties, demonstrating that maintenance of a functional elastin network within the IFM is essential to maintain IFM and thus tendon integrity. Statement of significance Developing effective treatments or preventative measures for musculoskeletal tissue injuries necessitates the understanding of healthy tissue function and mechanics. By establishing the contribution of specific proteins to tissue mechanical behaviour, key targets for therapeutics can be identified. Tendon injury is increasingly prevalent and chronically debilitating, with no effective treatments available. Here, we investigate how elastin modulates tendon mechanical behaviour, using enzymatic digestion combined with local mechanical characterisation, and demonstrate for the first time that removing elastin from tendon affects the mechanical properties of the interfascicular matrix specifically, resulting in decreased recoverability and fatigue resistance. These findings provide a new level of insight into tendon hierarchical mechanics, important for directing development of novel therapeutics for tendon injury.
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17
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Trabelsi O, Dumas V, Breysse E, Laroche N, Avril S. In vitro histomechanical effects of enzymatic degradation in carotid arteries during inflation tests with pulsatile loading. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2020; 103:103550. [PMID: 32090945 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2019.103550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 11/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, the objective is to assess the histomechanical effects of collagen proteolysis in arteries under loading conditions reproducing in vivo environment. Thirteen segments of common porcine carotid arteries (8 proximal and 5 distal) were immersed in a bath of bacterial collagenase and tested with a pulsatile tension/inflation machine. Diameter, pressure and axial load were monitored throughout the tests and used to derive the stress-stretch curves and to determine the secant circumferential stiffness. Results were analysed separately for proximal and distal segments, before and after 1, 2 and 3 h of enzymatic degradation. A histological analysis was performed to relate the arterial microstructure to its mechanical behavior under collagen proteolysis. Control (before enzymatic degradation) and treated populations (after 1, 2 or 3 h of enzymatic degradation) were found statistically incomparable, and histology confirmed the alteration of the fibrous structure of collagen bundles induced by the collagenase treatment. A decrease of the secant circumferential stiffness of the arterial wall was noticed mostly at the beginning of the treatment, and was less pronounced after 1 h. These results constitute an important set of enzymatically damaged arteries that can be used to validate biomechanical computational models correlating structure and properties of blood vessels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olfa Trabelsi
- Mines Saint-Etienne, University of Lyon, INSERM, U1059,Sainbiose, 42023, Saint-Etienne, France; Sorbonne University, University of Technology of Compiègne, CNRS, UMR 7338 BMBI, 60205, Compiègne, France.
| | - Virginie Dumas
- University of Lyon, National School of Engineers of Saint-Etienne, LTDS, UMR 5513 CNRS, 42100, Saint-Etienne, France.
| | - Edouard Breysse
- Mines Saint-Etienne, University of Lyon, INSERM, U1059 Sainbiose, 42023, Saint-Etienne, France.
| | - Norbert Laroche
- University of Lyon, Jean Monnet University, INSERM, U1059 Sainbiose, 42023, Saint-Etienne, France.
| | - Stephane Avril
- Mines Saint-Etienne, University of Lyon, INSERM, U1059 Sainbiose, 42023, Saint-Etienne, France.
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18
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Lee JJ, Rao S, Kaushik G, Azeloglu EU, Costa KD. Dehomogenized Elastic Properties of Heterogeneous Layered Materials in AFM Indentation Experiments. Biophys J 2019; 114:2717-2731. [PMID: 29874620 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2018.04.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Revised: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 10/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is used to study mechanical properties of biological materials at submicron length scales. However, such samples are often structurally heterogeneous even at the local level, with different regions having distinct mechanical properties. Physical or chemical disruption can isolate individual structural elements but may alter the properties being measured. Therefore, to determine the micromechanical properties of intact heterogeneous multilayered samples indented by AFM, we propose the Hybrid Eshelby Decomposition (HED) analysis, which combines a modified homogenization theory and finite element modeling to extract layer-specific elastic moduli of composite structures from single indentations, utilizing knowledge of the component distribution to achieve solution uniqueness. Using finite element model-simulated indentation of layered samples with micron-scale thickness dimensions, biologically relevant elastic properties for incompressible soft tissues, and layer-specific heterogeneity of an order of magnitude or less, HED analysis recovered the prescribed modulus values typically within 10% error. Experimental validation using bilayer spin-coated polydimethylsiloxane samples also yielded self-consistent layer-specific modulus values whether arranged as stiff layer on soft substrate or soft layer on stiff substrate. We further examined a biophysical application by characterizing layer-specific microelastic properties of full-thickness mouse aortic wall tissue, demonstrating that the HED-extracted modulus of the tunica media was more than fivefold stiffer than the intima and not significantly different from direct indentation of exposed media tissue. Our results show that the elastic properties of surface and subsurface layers of microscale synthetic and biological samples can be simultaneously extracted from the composite material response to AFM indentation. HED analysis offers a robust approach to studying regional micromechanics of heterogeneous multilayered samples without destructively separating individual components before testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Jye Lee
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of New York, New York, New York
| | - Satish Rao
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Gaurav Kaushik
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Evren U Azeloglu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Kevin D Costa
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York.
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19
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Rafuse M, Xu X, Stenmark K, Neu CP, Yin X, Tan W. Layer-specific arterial micromechanics and microstructure: Influences of age, anatomical location, and processing technique. J Biomech 2019; 88:113-121. [PMID: 31010593 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2019.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 02/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The importance of matrix micromechanics is increasingly recognized in cardiovascular research due to the intimate role they play in local vascular cell physiology. However, variations in micromechanics among arterial layers (i.e. intima, media, adventitia), as well as dependency on local matrix composition and/or structure, anatomical location or developmental stage remain largely unknown. This study determined layer-specific stiffness in elastic arteries, including the main pulmonary artery, ascending aorta, and carotid artery using atomic force indentation. To compare stiffness with age and frozen processing techniques, neonatal and adult pulmonary arteries were tested, while fresh (vibratomed) and frozen (cryotomed) tissues were tested from the adult aorta. Results revealed that the mean compressive modulus varied among the intima, sub-luminal media, inner-middle media, and adventitia layers in the range of 1-10 kPa for adult arteries. Adult samples, when compared to neonatal pulmonary arteries, exhibited increased stiffness in all layers except adventitia. Compared to freshly isolated samples, frozen preparation yielded small stiffness increases in each layer to varied degrees, thus inaccurately representing physiological stiffness. To interpret micromechanics measurements, composition and structure analyses of structural matrix proteins were conducted with histology and multiphoton imaging modalities including second harmonic generation and two-photon fluorescence. Composition analysis of matrix protein area density demonstrated that decrease in the elastin-to-collagen and/or glycosaminoglycan-to-collagen ratios corresponded to stiffness increases in identical layers among different types of arteries. However, composition analysis was insufficient to interpret stiffness variations between layers which had dissimilar microstructure. Detailed microstructure analyses may contribute to more complete understanding of arterial micromechanics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Rafuse
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Xin Xu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Kurt Stenmark
- Cardiovascular Pulmonary Research Laboratories, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Corey P Neu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Xiaobo Yin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Wei Tan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.
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20
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Jung SM, Chung GY, Shin HS. Artificial controlled model of blood circulation system for adhesive evaluation. Sci Rep 2017; 7:16720. [PMID: 29196674 PMCID: PMC5711803 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-16814-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Since there are several casualties due to uncontrolled bleeding resulting from simple injury to surgery, effective styptic or vessel adhesives are important; however, their development is limited by the lack of standardized systems to evaluate potential compounds. The current study outlines the development of an aorta styptic evaluation system, comprising of decellularized swine aorta tissue and a heart pump-mimicking system. Although the cells in the swine aorta were removed, the structural stability of the aorta was sustained due to the maintenance of the extracellular matrix. Using a control adhesive, Cyanoacrylate, the developed model was found to have similar adhesive efficacy to intact aorta. The circulatory-mimicking system was designed to mimic the beat rate and strength of blood-flow from the heart, which was necessary to evaluate the adherent efficacy. The decellularized aorta improves instabilities of intact tissues, which occurs on account of storage and origin, thereby allowing for a more standardized system. The system was able to simulate several symptoms of circulation, according to patient age and health, by adjusting pumping frequency and intensity. Therefore, this system can be used as a standardized evaluation system for screening adhesives. Further, it would also evaluate other medical devices, such as stent or medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Myung Jung
- Department of Biological Engineering, Inha University, Incheon, 402-751, Korea
| | - Goo Yong Chung
- Department of Biological Engineering, Inha University, Incheon, 402-751, Korea
| | - Hwa Sung Shin
- Department of Biological Engineering, Inha University, Incheon, 402-751, Korea.
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21
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Shen EM, McCloskey KE. Development of Mural Cells: From In Vivo Understanding to In Vitro Recapitulation. Stem Cells Dev 2017; 26:1020-1041. [DOI: 10.1089/scd.2017.0020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Edwin M. Shen
- Graduate Program in Biological Engineering and Small-scale Technologies
| | - Kara E. McCloskey
- Graduate Program in Biological Engineering and Small-scale Technologies
- School of Engineering, University of California, Merced, Merced, California
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22
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Mattson JM, Turcotte R, Zhang Y. Glycosaminoglycans contribute to extracellular matrix fiber recruitment and arterial wall mechanics. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2017; 16:213-225. [PMID: 27491312 PMCID: PMC5288264 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-016-0811-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Elastic and collagen fibers are well known to be the major load-bearing extracellular matrix (ECM) components of the arterial wall. Studies of the structural components and mechanics of arterial ECM generally focus on elastin and collagen fibers, and glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are often neglected. Although GAGs represent only a small component of the vessel wall ECM, they are considerably important because of their diverse functionality and their role in pathological processes. The goal of this study was to study the mechanical and structural contributions of GAGs to the arterial wall. Biaxial tensile testing was paired with multiphoton microscopic imaging of elastic and collagen fibers in order to establish the structure-function relationships of porcine thoracic aorta before and after enzymatic GAG removal. Removal of GAGs results in an earlier transition point of the nonlinear stress-strain curves [Formula: see text]. However, stiffness was not significantly different after GAG removal treatment, indicating earlier but not absolute stiffening. Multiphoton microscopy showed that when GAGs are removed, the adventitial collagen fibers are straighter, and both elastin and collagen fibers are recruited at lower levels of strain, in agreement with the mechanical change. The amount of stress relaxation also decreased in GAG-depleted arteries [Formula: see text]. These findings suggest that the interaction between GAGs and other ECM constituents plays an important role in the mechanics of the arterial wall, and GAGs should be considered in addition to elastic and collagen fibers when studying arterial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey M Mattson
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Raphaël Turcotte
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
- Advanced Microscopy Program, Center for Systems Biology, Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yanhang Zhang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA.
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23
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Lin CH, Kao YC, Lin YH, Ma H, Tsay RY. A fiber-progressive-engagement model to evaluate the composition, microstructure, and nonlinear pseudoelastic behavior of porcine arteries and decellularized derivatives. Acta Biomater 2016; 46:101-111. [PMID: 27667016 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2016.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Revised: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The theoretical fiber-progressive-engagement model was proposed to describe the pseudoelastic behavior of an artery pre- and post-decellularization treatments. Native porcine arteries were harvested and decellularized with 0.05% trypsin for 12 h. The uniaxial tensile test data were fitted to the fiber-progressive-engagement model proposed herein. The effects of decellularization on the morphology, structural characteristics, and composition of vessel walls were studied. The experimental stress-strain curve was fitted to the model in the longitudinal and circumferential direction, which demonstrated the adequacy of the proposed model (R2>0.99). The initial and turning strains were similar in the longitudinal and circumferential directions in the aorta, suggesting the occurrence of collagen conjugation in both directions. Discrepancies in the initial and turning strain and initial and stiff modulus in both directions in the coronary artery revealed the anisotropic features of this vessel. Decellularization induced a decrease in the initial and turning strains, a slight change in the initial modulus, and a substantial decrease in the stiffness modulus. The decrease in the initial and turning strain can be attributed to the loss of waviness of collagen bundles because of the considerable decrease in elastin and glycosaminoglycan contents. This simple non-linear model can be used to determine the fiber modulus and waviness degree of vascular tissue. Based on these results, this mechanical test can be used as a screening tool for the selection of an optimized decellularization protocol for arterial tissues. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE Decellularized vascular graft has potential in clinical application, such as coronary artery bypass surgery, peripheral artery bypass surgery or microsurgery. An ideal decellularization protocol requires balance in cell removal efficiency and extracellular matrix preserving. Both biochemical and biomechanical properties are crucial to the success of scaffold in cell seeding and animal study. A comprehensive understanding of the composition, microstructure, and mechanical behavior of the arterial wall is the key to the development of decellularized vascular grafts. For this purpose, we proposed this "Fiber-Progressive-Engagement" model to evaluate the microstructure, composition and mechanical properties of porcine coronary artery. The model provides a new perspective regarding the non-linear behavior of arterial tissue and its decellularized derivatives. It can be widely applied to different types of tissues, as demonstrated in the aorta and coronary artery. This model has several advantages; it provides an improved fit of non-linear curves (R2>0.99), can be used to elucidate the pseudoelastic properties of porcine vascular tissues using the concept of fiber engagement, and can estimate an elastic modulus with greater accuracy (compared to the graphical estimation or calculation by simple linear fittings), as well as to plot typical stress-strain curves.
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Lee JJ, Galatioto J, Rao S, Ramirez F, Costa KD. Losartan Attenuates Degradation of Aorta and Lung Tissue Micromechanics in a Mouse Model of Severe Marfan Syndrome. Ann Biomed Eng 2016; 44:2994-3006. [PMID: 27090893 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-016-1616-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Marfan syndrome (MFS) is an autosomal dominant disease of the connective tissue due to mutations in the fibrillin-1 gene (FBN1). This study aimed at characterizing microelastic properties of the ascending aortic wall and lung parenchyma tissues from wild type (WT) and age-matched Fbn1 hypomorphic mice (Fbn1(mgR/mgR) mice) to identify tissue-specific biomechanical effects of aging and disease in MFS. Atomic force microscopy was used to indent lung parenchyma and aortic wall tissues, using Hybrid Eshelby Decomposition analysis to extract layer-specific properties of the intima and media. The intima stiffened with age and was not different between WT and Fbn1(mgR/mgR) tissues, whereas the media layer of MFS aortas showed progressive structural and mechanical degradation with a modulus that was 50% softer than WT by 3.5 months of age. Similarly, MFS mice displayed progressive structural and mechanical deterioration of lung tissue, which was over 85% softer than WT by 3.5 months of age. Chronic treatment with the angiotensin type I receptor antagonist, losartan, attenuated the aorta and lung tissue degradation, resulting in structural and mechanical properties not significantly different from age-matched WT controls. By revealing micromechanical softening of elastin-rich aorta and lung tissues with disease progression in fibrillin-1 deficient mice, our findings support the use of losartan as a prophylactic treatment that may abrogate the life-threatening symptoms of MFS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Jye Lee
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of New York, 160 Convent Ave, New York, NY, 10031, USA
| | - Josephine Galatioto
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Therapeutics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Satish Rao
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Francesco Ramirez
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Therapeutics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Kevin D Costa
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
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25
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Kilpatrick JI, Revenko I, Rodriguez BJ. Nanomechanics of Cells and Biomaterials Studied by Atomic Force Microscopy. Adv Healthc Mater 2015. [PMID: 26200464 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201500229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The behavior and mechanical properties of cells are strongly dependent on the biochemical and biomechanical properties of their microenvironment. Thus, understanding the mechanical properties of cells, extracellular matrices, and biomaterials is key to understanding cell function and to develop new materials with tailored mechanical properties for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine applications. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) has emerged as an indispensable technique for measuring the mechanical properties of biomaterials and cells with high spatial resolution and force sensitivity within physiologically relevant environments and timescales in the kPa to GPa elastic modulus range. The growing interest in this field of bionanomechanics has been accompanied by an expanding array of models to describe the complexity of indentation of hierarchical biological samples. Furthermore, the integration of AFM with optical microscopy techniques has further opened the door to a wide range of mechanotransduction studies. In recent years, new multidimensional and multiharmonic AFM approaches for mapping mechanical properties have been developed, which allow the rapid determination of, for example, cell elasticity. This Progress Report provides an introduction and practical guide to making AFM-based nanomechanical measurements of cells and surfaces for tissue engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason I. Kilpatrick
- Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research; University College Dublin; Belfield Dublin 4 Ireland
| | - Irène Revenko
- Asylum Research an Oxford Instruments Company; 6310 Hollister Avenue Santa Barbara CA 93117 USA
| | - Brian J. Rodriguez
- Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin; Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland; School of Physics; University College Dublin; Belfield Dublin 4 Ireland
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26
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Pulgar VM, Yamaleyeva LM, Varagic J, McGee C, Bader M, Dechend R, Brosnihan KB. Functional changes in the uterine artery precede the hypertensive phenotype in a transgenic model of hypertensive pregnancy. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2015; 309:E811-7. [PMID: 26394667 PMCID: PMC4628942 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00526.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The pregnant female human angiotensinogen (hAGN) transgenic rat mated with the male human renin (hREN) transgenic rat is a model of preeclampsia (TgA) with increased blood pressure, proteinuria, and placenta alterations of edema and necrosis at late gestation. We studied vascular responses and the role of COX-derived prostanoids in the uterine artery (UA) at early gestation in this model. TgA UA showed lower stretch response, similar smooth muscle α-actin content, and lower collagen content compared with Sprague-Dawley (SD) UA. Vasodilation to acetylcholine was similar in SD and TgA UA (64 ± 8 vs. 75 ± 6% of relaxation, P > 0.05), with an acetylcholine-induced contraction in TgA UA that was abolished by preincubation with indomethacin (78 ± 6 vs. 83 ± 11%, P > 0.05). No differences in the contraction to phenylephrine were observed (159 ± 11 vs. 134 ± 12 %KMAX, P > 0.05), although in TgA UA this response was greatly affected by preincubation with indomethacin (179 ± 16 vs. 134 ± 9 %KMAX, P < 0.05, pD2 5.92 ± 0.08 vs. 5.85 ± 0.03, P < 0.05). Endothelium-independent vasodilation was lower in TgA UA (92 ± 2 vs. 74 ± 5% preconstricted tone, P < 0.05), and preincubation with indomethacin restored the response to normal values (90 ± 3 vs. 84 ± 3%). Immunostaining showed similar signals for α-actin, COX-2, and eNOS between groups (P > 0.05). Plasma thromboxane levels were similar between groups. In summary, TgA UA displays functional alterations at early gestation before the preeclamptic phenotype is established. Inhibition of COX enzymes normalizes some of the functional defects in the TgA UA. An increased role for COX-derived prostanoids in this model of preeclampsia may contribute to the development of a hypertensive pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor M Pulgar
- Hypertension and Vascular Research Center and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina; Biomedical Research and Infrastructure Center, Winston-Salem State University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina;
| | | | | | | | - Michael Bader
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin-Buch, Germany; Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Charité University Hospital Berlin, and HELIOS-Clinic, Berlin, Germany; and Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Ralf Dechend
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Charité University Hospital Berlin, and HELIOS-Clinic, Berlin, Germany; and
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27
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Kohn JC, Lampi MC, Reinhart-King CA. Age-related vascular stiffening: causes and consequences. Front Genet 2015; 6:112. [PMID: 25926844 PMCID: PMC4396535 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2015.00112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 237] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Arterial stiffening occurs with age and is closely associated with the progression of cardiovascular disease. Stiffening is most often studied at the level of the whole vessel because increased stiffness of the large arteries can impose increased strain on the heart leading to heart failure. Interestingly, however, recent evidence suggests that the impact of increased vessel stiffening extends beyond the tissue scale and can also have deleterious microscale effects on cellular function. Altered extracellular matrix (ECM) architecture has been recognized as a key component of the pre-atherogenic state. Here, the underlying causes of age-related vessel stiffening are discussed, focusing on age-related crosslinking of the ECM proteins as well as through increased matrix deposition. Methods to measure vessel stiffening at both the macro- and microscale are described, spanning from the pulse wave velocity measurements performed clinically to microscale measurements performed largely in research laboratories. Additionally, recent work investigating how arterial stiffness and the changes in the ECM associated with stiffening contributed to endothelial dysfunction will be reviewed. We will highlight how changes in ECM protein composition contribute to atherosclerosis in the vessel wall. Lastly, we will discuss very recent work that demonstrates endothelial cells (ECs) are mechano-sensitive to arterial stiffening, where changes in stiffness can directly impact EC health. Overall, recent studies suggest that stiffening is an important clinical target not only because of potential deleterious effects on the heart but also because it promotes cellular level dysfunction in the vessel wall, contributing to a pathological atherosclerotic state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie C Kohn
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Marsha C Lampi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University Ithaca, NY, USA
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28
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Yallapu MM, Katti KS, Katti DR, Mishra SR, Khan S, Jaggi M, Chauhan SC. The roles of cellular nanomechanics in cancer. Med Res Rev 2014; 35:198-223. [PMID: 25137233 DOI: 10.1002/med.21329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The biomechanical properties of cells and tissues may be instrumental in increasing our understanding of cellular behavior and cellular manifestations of diseases such as cancer. Nanomechanical properties can offer clinical translation of therapies beyond what are currently employed. Nanomechanical properties, often measured by nanoindentation methods using atomic force microscopy, may identify morphological variations, cellular binding forces, and surface adhesion behaviors that efficiently differentiate normal cells and cancer cells. The aim of this review is to examine current research involving the general use of atomic force microscopy/nanoindentation in measuring cellular nanomechanics; various factors and instrumental conditions that influence the nanomechanical properties of cells; and implementation of nanoindentation methods to distinguish cancer cells from normal cells or tissues. Applying these fundamental nanomechanical properties to current discoveries in clinical treatment may result in greater efficiency in diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of cancer, which ultimately can change the lives of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murali M Yallapu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Center for Cancer Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, 38163
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Guilak F, Butler DL, Goldstein SA, Baaijens FPT. Biomechanics and mechanobiology in functional tissue engineering. J Biomech 2014; 47:1933-40. [PMID: 24818797 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2014.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2014] [Revised: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The field of tissue engineering continues to expand and mature, and several products are now in clinical use, with numerous other preclinical and clinical studies underway. However, specific challenges still remain in the repair or regeneration of tissues that serve a predominantly biomechanical function. Furthermore, it is now clear that mechanobiological interactions between cells and scaffolds can critically influence cell behavior, even in tissues and organs that do not serve an overt biomechanical role. Over the past decade, the field of "functional tissue engineering" has grown as a subfield of tissue engineering to address the challenges and questions on the role of biomechanics and mechanobiology in tissue engineering. Originally posed as a set of principles and guidelines for engineering of load-bearing tissues, functional tissue engineering has grown to encompass several related areas that have proven to have important implications for tissue repair and regeneration. These topics include measurement and modeling of the in vivo biomechanical environment; quantitative analysis of the mechanical properties of native tissues, scaffolds, and repair tissues; development of rationale criteria for the design and assessment of engineered tissues; investigation of the effects biomechanical factors on native and repair tissues, in vivo and in vitro; and development and application of computational models of tissue growth and remodeling. Here we further expand this paradigm and provide examples of the numerous advances in the field over the past decade. Consideration of these principles in the design process will hopefully improve the safety, efficacy, and overall success of engineered tissue replacements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farshid Guilak
- Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery and Biomedical Engineering, Duke University Medical Center, 375 MSRB, Box 3093, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
| | - David L Butler
- Department of Biomedical, Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Steven A Goldstein
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Frank P T Baaijens
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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30
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Akhtar R. In vitro characterisation of arterial stiffening: From the macro- to the nano-scale. Artery Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.artres.2014.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
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31
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Grant CA, Twigg PC. Pseudostatic and dynamic nanomechanics of the tunica adventitia in elastic arteries using atomic force microscopy. ACS NANO 2013; 7:456-64. [PMID: 23241059 DOI: 10.1021/nn304508x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Tunica adventitia, the outer layer of blood vessels, is an important structural feature, predominantly consisting of collagen fibrils. This study uses pseudostatic atomic force microscopy (AFM) nanoindentation at physiological conditions to show that the distribution of indentation modulus and viscous creep for the tunica adventitia of porcine aorta and pulmonary artery are distinct. Dynamic nanoindentation demonstrates that the viscous dissipation of the tunica adventitia of the aorta is greater than the pulmonary artery. We suggest that this mechanical property of the aortic adventitia is functionally advantageous due to the higher blood pressure within this vessel during the cardiac cycle. The effects on pulsatile deformation and dissipative energy losses are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin A Grant
- Advanced Materials Engineering RKT Centre, School of Engineering, Design and Technology, University of Bradford, Bradford, Yorkshire BD7 1DP, UK
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