1
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Beaudet D, Berger CL, Hendricks AG. The types and numbers of kinesins and dyneins transporting endocytic cargoes modulate their motility and response to tau. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:107323. [PMID: 38677516 PMCID: PMC11130734 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.107323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Organelles and vesicular cargoes are transported by teams of kinesin and dynein motors along microtubules. We isolated endocytic organelles from cells at different stages of maturation and reconstituted their motility along microtubules in vitro. We asked how the sets of motors transporting a cargo determine its motility and response to the microtubule-associated protein tau. Here, we find that phagosomes move in both directions along microtubules, but the directional bias changes during maturation. Early phagosomes exhibit retrograde-biased transport while late phagosomes are directionally unbiased. Correspondingly, early and late phagosomes are bound by different numbers and combinations of kinesins-1, -2, -3, and dynein. Tau stabilizes microtubules and directs transport within neurons. While single-molecule studies show that tau differentially regulates the motility of kinesins and dynein in vitro, less is known about its role in modulating the trafficking of endogenous cargoes transported by their native teams of motors. Previous studies showed that tau preferentially inhibits kinesin motors, which biases late phagosome transport towards the microtubule minus-end. Here, we show that tau strongly inhibits long-range, dynein-mediated motility of early phagosomes. Tau reduces forces generated by teams of dynein motors on early phagosomes and accelerates dynein unbinding under load. Thus, cargoes differentially respond to tau, where dynein complexes on early phagosomes are more sensitive to tau inhibition than those on late phagosomes. Mathematical modeling further explains how small changes in the number of kinesins and dynein on cargoes impact the net directionality but also that cargoes with different sets of motors respond differently to tau.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Beaudet
- Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Christopher L Berger
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Adam G Hendricks
- Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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2
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Mitra A, Loseva E, Peterman EJG. IFT cargo and motors associate sequentially with IFT trains to enter cilia of C. elegans. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3456. [PMID: 38658528 PMCID: PMC11043347 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47807-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Intraflagellar transport (IFT) orchestrates entry of proteins into primary cilia. At the ciliary base, assembled IFT trains, driven by kinesin-2 motors, can transport cargo proteins into the cilium, across the crowded transition zone. How trains assemble at the base and how proteins associate with them is far from understood. Here, we use single-molecule imaging in the cilia of C. elegans chemosensory neurons to directly visualize the entry of kinesin-2 motors, kinesin-II and OSM-3, as well as anterograde cargo proteins, IFT dynein and tubulin. Single-particle tracking shows that IFT components associate with trains sequentially, both in time and space. Super-resolution maps of IFT components in wild-type and mutant worms reveal ciliary ultrastructure and show that kinesin-II is essential for axonemal organization. Finally, imaging cilia lacking kinesin-II and/or transition zone function uncovers the interplay of kinesin-II and OSM-3 in driving efficient transport of IFT trains across the transition zone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aniruddha Mitra
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and LaserLaB, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Elizaveta Loseva
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and LaserLaB, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Erwin J G Peterman
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and LaserLaB, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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3
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Queen KA, Cario A, Berger CL, Stumpff J. Modification of the neck-linker of KIF18A alters Microtubule subpopulation preference. Mol Biol Cell 2024; 35:ar3. [PMID: 37903223 PMCID: PMC10881168 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e23-05-0167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Kinesins support many diverse cellular processes, including facilitating cell division through mechanical regulation of the mitotic spindle. However, how kinesin activity is controlled to facilitate this process is not well understood. Interestingly, posttranslational modifications have been identified within the enzymatic region of all 45 mammalian kinesins, but the significance of these modifications has gone largely unexplored. Given the critical role of the enzymatic region in facilitating nucleotide and microtubule binding, it may serve as a primary site for kinesin regulation. Consistent with this idea, a phosphomimetic mutation at S357 in the neck-linker of KIF18A alters the localization of KIF18A within the spindle from kinetochore microtubules to nonkinetochore microtubules at the periphery of the spindle. Changes in localization of KIF18A-S357D are accompanied by defects in mitotic spindle positioning and the ability to promote mitotic progression. This altered localization pattern is mimicked by a shortened neck-linker mutant, suggesting that KIF18A-S357D may cause the motor to adopt a shortened neck-linker-like state that decreases KIF18A accumulation at the plus-ends of kinetochore microtubules. These findings demonstrate that posttranslational modifications in the enzymatic region of kinesins could be important for biasing their localization to particular microtubule subpopulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katelyn A. Queen
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, 05401
| | - Alisa Cario
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, 05401
| | - Christopher L. Berger
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, 05401
| | - Jason Stumpff
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, 05401
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4
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Selvarasu K, Singh AK, Dakshinamoorthy A, Sreenivasmurthy SG, Iyaswamy A, Radhakrishnan M, Patnaik S, Huang JD, Williams LL, Senapati S, Durairajan SSK. Interaction of Tau with Kinesin-1: Effect of Kinesin-1 Heavy Chain Elimination on Autophagy-Mediated Mutant Tau Degradation. Biomedicines 2023; 12:5. [PMID: 38275365 PMCID: PMC10813313 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12010005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Natively unfolded tau has a low propensity to form aggregates, but in tauopathies, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), tau aggregates into paired helical filaments (PHFs) and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs). Multiple intracellular transport pathways utilize kinesin-1, a plus-end-directed microtubule-based motor. Kinesin-1 is crucial in various neurodegenerative diseases as it transports multiple cargoes along the microtubules (MT). Kinesin-1 proteins cannot progress along MTs due to an accumulation of tau on their surfaces. Although kinesin-1-mediated neuronal transport dysfunction is well-documented in other neurodegenerative diseases, its role in AD has received less attention. Very recently, we have shown that knocking down and knocking out of kinesin-1 heavy chain (KIF5B KO) expression significantly reduced the level and stability of tau in cells and tau transgenic mice, respectively. Here, we report that tau interacts with the motor domain of KIF5B in vivo and in vitro, possibly through its microtubule-binding repeat domain. This interaction leads to the inhibition of the ATPase activity of the motor domain. In addition, the KIF5B KO results in autophagy initiation, which subsequently assists in tau degradation. The mechanisms behind KIF5B KO-mediated tau degradation seem to involve its interaction with tau, promoting the trafficking of tau through retrograde transport into autophagosomes for subsequent lysosomal degradation of tau. Our results suggest how KIF5B removal facilitates the movement of autophagosomes toward lysosomes for efficient tau degradation. This mechanism can be enabled through the downregulation of kinesin-1 or the disruption of the association between kinesin-1 and tau, particularly in cases when neurons perceive disturbances in intercellular axonal transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karthikeyan Selvarasu
- Molecular Mycology and Neurodegenerative Disease Research Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Neelakudi, Thiruvarur 610 005, India; (K.S.); (A.K.S.); (S.P.)
| | - Abhay Kumar Singh
- Molecular Mycology and Neurodegenerative Disease Research Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Neelakudi, Thiruvarur 610 005, India; (K.S.); (A.K.S.); (S.P.)
| | - Avinash Dakshinamoorthy
- Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India; (A.D.); (S.S.)
| | | | - Ashok Iyaswamy
- Mr. & Mrs. Ko Chi-Ming Centre for Parkinson’s Disease Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China;
- Department of Biochemistry, Karpagam Academy of Higher Education, Coimbatore 641021, India
| | - Moorthi Radhakrishnan
- Molecular Mycology and Neurodegenerative Disease Research Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Neelakudi, Thiruvarur 610 005, India; (K.S.); (A.K.S.); (S.P.)
| | - Supriti Patnaik
- Molecular Mycology and Neurodegenerative Disease Research Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Neelakudi, Thiruvarur 610 005, India; (K.S.); (A.K.S.); (S.P.)
| | - Jian-Dong Huang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Leonard L. Williams
- Center for Excellence in Post Harvest Technologies, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, The North Carolina Research Campus, 500 Laureate Way, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA
| | - Sanjib Senapati
- Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India; (A.D.); (S.S.)
| | - Siva Sundara Kumar Durairajan
- Molecular Mycology and Neurodegenerative Disease Research Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Neelakudi, Thiruvarur 610 005, India; (K.S.); (A.K.S.); (S.P.)
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
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5
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Chandra S, Chatterjee R, Olmsted ZT, Mukherjee A, Paluh JL. Axonal transport during injury on a theoretical axon. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1215945. [PMID: 37636588 PMCID: PMC10450981 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1215945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodevelopment, plasticity, and cognition are integral with functional directional transport in neuronal axons that occurs along a unique network of discontinuous polar microtubule (MT) bundles. Axonopathies are caused by brain trauma and genetic diseases that perturb or disrupt the axon MT infrastructure and, with it, the dynamic interplay of motor proteins and cargo essential for axonal maintenance and neuronal signaling. The inability to visualize and quantify normal and altered nanoscale spatio-temporal dynamic transport events prevents a full mechanistic understanding of injury, disease progression, and recovery. To address this gap, we generated DyNAMO, a Dynamic Nanoscale Axonal MT Organization model, which is a biologically realistic theoretical axon framework. We use DyNAMO to experimentally simulate multi-kinesin traffic response to focused or distributed tractable injury parameters, which are MT network perturbations affecting MT lengths and multi-MT staggering. We track kinesins with different motility and processivity, as well as their influx rates, in-transit dissociation and reassociation from inter-MT reservoirs, progression, and quantify and spatially represent motor output ratios. DyNAMO demonstrates, in detail, the complex interplay of mixed motor types, crowding, kinesin off/on dissociation and reassociation, and injury consequences of forced intermingling. Stalled forward progression with different injury states is seen as persistent dynamicity of kinesins transiting between MTs and inter-MT reservoirs. DyNAMO analysis provides novel insights and quantification of axonal injury scenarios, including local injury-affected ATP levels, as well as relates these to influences on signaling outputs, including patterns of gating, waves, and pattern switching. The DyNAMO model significantly expands the network of heuristic and mathematical analysis of neuronal functions relevant to axonopathies, diagnostics, and treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumyadeep Chandra
- Electrical and Computer Science Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Rounak Chatterjee
- Department of Electronics, Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Zachary T. Olmsted
- Nanobioscience, College of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, State University of New York Polytechnic Institute, Albany, NY, United States
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Amitava Mukherjee
- Nanobioscience, College of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, State University of New York Polytechnic Institute, Albany, NY, United States
- School of Computing, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham (University), Kollam, Kerala, India
| | - Janet L. Paluh
- Nanobioscience, College of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, State University of New York Polytechnic Institute, Albany, NY, United States
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6
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Cario A, Berger CL. Tau, microtubule dynamics, and axonal transport: New paradigms for neurodegenerative disease. Bioessays 2023; 45:e2200138. [PMID: 37489532 PMCID: PMC10630968 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202200138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
The etiology of Tauopathies, a diverse class of neurodegenerative diseases associated with the Microtubule Associated Protein (MAP) Tau, is usually described by a common mechanism in which Tau dysfunction results in the loss of axonal microtubule stability. Here, we reexamine and build upon the canonical disease model to encompass other Tau functions. In addition to regulating microtubule dynamics, Tau acts as a modulator of motor proteins, a signaling hub, and a scaffolding protein. This diverse array of functions is related to the dynamic nature of Tau isoform expression, post-translational modification (PTM), and conformational flexibility. Thus, there is no single mechanism that can describe Tau dysfunction. The effects of specific pathogenic mutations or aberrant PTMs need to be examined on all of the various functions of Tau in order to understand the unique etiology of each disease state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alisa Cario
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405
| | - Christopher L. Berger
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405
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7
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Queen KA, Cario A, Berger CL, Stumpff J. Modification of the Neck Linker of KIF18A Alters Microtubule Subpopulation Preference. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.05.02.539080. [PMID: 37205510 PMCID: PMC10187232 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.02.539080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Kinesins support many diverse cellular processes, including facilitating cell division through mechanical regulation of the mitotic spindle. However, how kinesin activity is controlled to facilitate this process is not well understood. Interestingly, post-translational modifications have been identified within the enzymatic region of all 45 mammalian kinesins, but the significance of these modifications has gone largely unexplored. Given the critical role of the enzymatic region in facilitating nucleotide and microtubule binding, it may serve as a primary site for kinesin regulation. Consistent with this idea, a phosphomimetic mutation at S357 in the neck-linker of KIF18A alters the localization of KIF18A within the spindle from kinetochore microtubules to peripheral microtubules. Changes in localization of KIF18A-S357D are accompanied by defects in mitotic spindle positioning and the ability to promote mitotic progression. This altered localization pattern is mimicked by a shortened neck-linker mutant, suggesting that KIF18A-S357D may cause the motor to adopt a shortened neck-linker like state that prevents KIF18A from accumulating at the plus-ends of kinetochore microtubules. These findings demonstrate that post-translational modifications in the enzymatic region of kinesins could be important for biasing their localization to particular microtubule subpopulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katelyn A. Queen
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, 05401
| | - Alisa Cario
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, 05401
- Current Institution: Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt School of Medicine, Nashville, TN
| | - Christopher L. Berger
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, 05401
| | - Jason Stumpff
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, 05401
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8
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Beaudet D, Hendricks AG. Reconstitution of Organelle Transport Along Microtubules In Vitro. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2623:113-132. [PMID: 36602683 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2958-1_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
In this chapter, we describe methods for reconstituting and analyzing the transport of isolated endogenous cargoes in vitro. Intracellular cargoes are transported along microtubules by teams of kinesin and dynein motors and their cargo-specific adaptor proteins. Observations from living cells show that organelles and vesicular cargoes exhibit diverse motility characteristics. Yet, our knowledge of the molecular mechanisms by which intracellular transport is regulated is not well understood. Here, we describe step-by-step protocols for the extraction of phagosomes from cells at different stages of maturation, and reconstitution of their motility along microtubules in vitro. Quantitative immunofluorescence and photobleaching techniques are also described to measure the number of motors and adaptor proteins on these isolated cargoes. In addition, we describe techniques for tracking the motility of isolated cargoes along microtubules using TIRF microscopy and quantitative force measurements using an optical trap. These methods enable us to study how the sets of motors and adaptors that drive the transport of endogenous cargoes regulate their trafficking in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Beaudet
- Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Adam G Hendricks
- Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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9
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Balabanian L, Lessard DV, Swaminathan K, Yaninska P, Sébastien M, Wang S, Stevens PW, Wiseman PW, Berger CL, Hendricks AG. Tau differentially regulates the transport of early endosomes and lysosomes. Mol Biol Cell 2022; 33:ar128. [PMID: 36129768 PMCID: PMC9634973 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e22-01-0018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) modulate the motility of kinesin and dynein along microtubules to control the transport of vesicles and organelles. The neuronal MAP tau inhibits kinesin-dependent transport. Phosphorylation of tau at Tyr-18 by fyn kinase results in weakened inhibition of kinesin-1. We examined the motility of early endosomes and lysosomes in cells expressing wild-type (WT) tau and phosphomimetic Y18E tau. We quantified the effects on motility as a function of the tau expression level. Lysosome motility is strongly inhibited by tau. Y18E tau preferentially inhibits lysosomes in the cell periphery, while centrally located lysosomes are less affected. Early endosomes are more sensitive to tau than lysosomes and are inhibited by both WT and Y18E tau. Our results show that different cargoes have disparate responses to tau, likely governed by the types of kinesin motors driving their transport. In support of this model, kinesin-1 and -3 are strongly inhibited by tau while kinesin-2 and dynein are less affected. In contrast to kinesin-1, we find that kinesin-3 is strongly inhibited by phosphorylated tau.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Balabanian
- Departments of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0E9, Canada
| | - Dominique V. Lessard
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405
| | | | - Pamela Yaninska
- Chemistry and Physics, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0E9, Canada
| | - Muriel Sébastien
- Departments of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0E9, Canada
| | - Samuel Wang
- Departments of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0E9, Canada
| | - Piper W. Stevens
- Departments of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0E9, Canada
| | - Paul W. Wiseman
- Chemistry and Physics, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0E9, Canada
| | - Christopher L. Berger
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405
| | - Adam G. Hendricks
- Departments of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0E9, Canada,*Address correspondence to: Adam G. Hendricks ()
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Mul W, Mitra A, Peterman EJG. Mechanisms of Regulation in Intraflagellar Transport. Cells 2022; 11:2737. [PMID: 36078145 PMCID: PMC9454703 DOI: 10.3390/cells11172737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cilia are eukaryotic organelles essential for movement, signaling or sensing. Primary cilia act as antennae to sense a cell's environment and are involved in a wide range of signaling pathways essential for development. Motile cilia drive cell locomotion or liquid flow around the cell. Proper functioning of both types of cilia requires a highly orchestrated bi-directional transport system, intraflagellar transport (IFT), which is driven by motor proteins, kinesin-2 and IFT dynein. In this review, we explore how IFT is regulated in cilia, focusing from three different perspectives on the issue. First, we reflect on how the motor track, the microtubule-based axoneme, affects IFT. Second, we focus on the motor proteins, considering the role motor action, cooperation and motor-train interaction plays in the regulation of IFT. Third, we discuss the role of kinases in the regulation of the motor proteins. Our goal is to provide mechanistic insights in IFT regulation in cilia and to suggest directions of future research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Erwin J. G. Peterman
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, and LaserLaB Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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11
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The pathogenic R5L mutation disrupts formation of Tau complexes on the microtubule by altering local N-terminal structure. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:2114215119. [PMID: 35135879 PMCID: PMC8851524 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2114215119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The microtubule-associated protein (MAP) Tau is an intrinsically disordered protein (IDP) primarily expressed in axons, where it functions to regulate microtubule dynamics, modulate motor protein motility, and participate in signaling cascades. Tau misregulation and point mutations are linked to neurodegenerative diseases, including progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP), Pick's disease, and Alzheimer's disease. Many disease-associated mutations in Tau occur in the C-terminal microtubule-binding domain of the protein. Effects of C-terminal mutations in Tau have led to the widely accepted disease-state theory that missense mutations in Tau reduce microtubule-binding affinity or increase Tau propensity to aggregate. Here, we investigate the effect of an N-terminal arginine to leucine mutation at position 5 in Tau (R5L), associated with PSP, on Tau-microtubule interactions using an in vitro reconstituted system. Contrary to the canonical disease-state theory, we determine that the R5L mutation does not reduce Tau affinity for the microtubule using total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy. Rather, the R5L mutation decreases the ability of Tau to form larger-order complexes, or Tau patches, at high concentrations of Tau. Using NMR, we show that the R5L mutation results in a local structural change that reduces interactions of the projection domain in the presence of microtubules. Altogether, these results challenge both the current paradigm of how mutations in Tau lead to disease and the role of the projection domain in modulating Tau behavior on the microtubule surface.
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12
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Bujak Ł, Holanová K, García Marín A, Henrichs V, Barvík I, Braun M, Lánský Z, Piliarik M. Fast Leaps between Millisecond Confinements Govern Ase1 Diffusion along Microtubules. SMALL METHODS 2021; 5:e2100370. [PMID: 34927934 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202100370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 07/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Diffusion is the most fundamental mode of protein translocation within cells. Confined diffusion of proteins along the electrostatic potential constituted by the surface of microtubules, although modeled meticulously in molecular dynamics simulations, has not been experimentally observed in real-time. Here, interferometric scattering microscopy is used to directly visualize the movement of the microtubule-associated protein Ase1 along the microtubule surface at nanometer and microsecond resolution. Millisecond confinements of Ase1 and fast leaps between these positions of dwelling preferentially occurring along the microtubule protofilaments are resolved, revealing Ase1's mode of diffusive translocation along the microtubule's periodic surface. The derived interaction potential closely matches the tubulin-dimer periodicity and the distribution of the electrostatic potential on the microtubule lattice. It is anticipated that mapping the interaction landscapes for different proteins on microtubules, finding plausible energetic barriers of different positioning and heights, can provide valuable insights into regulating the dynamics of essential cytoskeletal processes, such as intracellular cargo trafficking, cell division, and morphogenesis, all of which rely on diffusive translocation of proteins along microtubules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Bujak
- Institute of Photonics and Electronics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Chaberská 1014/57, Prague, 18251, Czech Republic
| | - Kristýna Holanová
- Institute of Photonics and Electronics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Chaberská 1014/57, Prague, 18251, Czech Republic
| | - Antonio García Marín
- Institute of Photonics and Electronics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Chaberská 1014/57, Prague, 18251, Czech Republic
| | - Verena Henrichs
- Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV, Průmyslová 595, Vestec, 25250, Czech Republic
| | - Ivan Barvík
- Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Institute of Physics, Charles University, Ke Karlovu 2026/5, Prague, 12116, Czech Republic
| | - Marcus Braun
- Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV, Průmyslová 595, Vestec, 25250, Czech Republic
| | - Zdeněk Lánský
- Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV, Průmyslová 595, Vestec, 25250, Czech Republic
| | - Marek Piliarik
- Institute of Photonics and Electronics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Chaberská 1014/57, Prague, 18251, Czech Republic
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13
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Seifert A, Drechsler H, Japtok J, Korten T, Diez S, Hermann A. The ALS-Associated FUS (P525L) Variant Does Not Directly Interfere with Microtubule-Dependent Kinesin-1 Motility. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:2422. [PMID: 33670886 PMCID: PMC7957795 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Deficient intracellular transport is a common pathological hallmark of many neurodegenerative diseases, including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Mutations in the fused-in-sarcoma (FUS) gene are one of the most common genetic causes for familial ALS. Motor neurons carrying a mutation in the nuclear localization sequence of FUS (P525L) show impaired axonal transport of several organelles, suggesting that mislocalized cytoplasmic FUS might directly interfere with the transport machinery. To test this hypothesis, we studied the effect of FUS on kinesin-1 motility in vitro. Using a modified microtubule gliding motility assay on surfaces coated with kinesin-1 motor proteins, we showed that neither recombinant wildtype and P525L FUS variants nor lysates from isogenic ALS-patient-specific iPSC-derived spinal motor neurons expressing those FUS variants significantly affected gliding velocities. We hence conclude that during ALS pathogenesis the initial negative effect of FUS (P525L) on axonal transport is an indirect nature and requires additional factors or mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Seifert
- Department of Neurology, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany; (A.S.); (J.J.)
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 01307 Dresden, Germany
- B CUBE—Center for Molecular Bioengineering and Cluster of Excellence Physics of Life, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany; (H.D.); (T.K.)
| | - Hauke Drechsler
- B CUBE—Center for Molecular Bioengineering and Cluster of Excellence Physics of Life, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany; (H.D.); (T.K.)
| | - Julia Japtok
- Department of Neurology, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany; (A.S.); (J.J.)
| | - Till Korten
- B CUBE—Center for Molecular Bioengineering and Cluster of Excellence Physics of Life, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany; (H.D.); (T.K.)
| | - Stefan Diez
- B CUBE—Center for Molecular Bioengineering and Cluster of Excellence Physics of Life, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany; (H.D.); (T.K.)
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Andreas Hermann
- Department of Neurology, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany; (A.S.); (J.J.)
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 01307 Dresden, Germany
- Translational Neurodegeneration Section “Albrecht-Kossel”, Department of Neurology, University Medical Center, University of Rostock, 18147 Rostock, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Rostock/Greifswald, 18147 Rostock, Germany
- Center for Transdisciplinary Neurosciences Rostock (CTNR), University Medical Center, University of Rostock, 18147 Rostock, Germany
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14
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Maruyama Y, Sugawa M, Yamaguchi S, Davies T, Osaki T, Kobayashi T, Yamagishi M, Takeuchi S, Mishima M, Yajima J. CYK4 relaxes the bias in the off-axis motion by MKLP1 kinesin-6. Commun Biol 2021; 4:180. [PMID: 33568771 PMCID: PMC7876049 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-01704-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Centralspindlin, a complex of the MKLP1 kinesin-6 and CYK4 GAP subunits, plays key roles in metazoan cytokinesis. CYK4-binding to the long neck region of MKLP1 restricts the configuration of the two MKLP1 motor domains in the centralspindlin. However, it is unclear how the CYK4-binding modulates the interaction of MKLP1 with a microtubule. Here, we performed three-dimensional nanometry of a microbead coated with multiple MKLP1 molecules on a freely suspended microtubule. We found that beads driven by dimeric MKLP1 exhibited persistently left-handed helical trajectories around the microtubule axis, indicating torque generation. By contrast, centralspindlin, like monomeric MKLP1, showed similarly left-handed but less persistent helical movement with occasional rightward movements. Analysis of the fluctuating helical movement indicated that the MKLP1 stochastically makes off-axis motions biased towards the protofilament on the left. CYK4-binding to the neck domains in MKLP1 enables more flexible off-axis motion of centralspindlin, which would help to avoid obstacles along crowded spindle microtubules. Analysing the 3D movement of MKLP1 motors, Maruyama et al. find that dimeric C. elegans MKLP1 drives a left-handed helical motion around the microtubule with minimum protofilament switching to the right side whereas less persistent motions are driven by monomers or by heterotetramers with CYK4. These findings suggest how obstacles along crowded spindle microtubules may be avoided by CYK4 binding to MKLP1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohei Maruyama
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Sugawa
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, Japan.,Komaba Institute for Science, The University of Tokyo, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shin Yamaguchi
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tim Davies
- Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology and Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK.,Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham, UK
| | - Toshihisa Osaki
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takuya Kobayashi
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masahiko Yamagishi
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, Japan.,Komaba Institute for Science, The University of Tokyo, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shoji Takeuchi
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, Japan.,Research Center for complex Systems Biology, The University of Tokyo, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masanori Mishima
- Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology and Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK.
| | - Junichiro Yajima
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, Japan. .,Komaba Institute for Science, The University of Tokyo, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, Japan. .,Research Center for complex Systems Biology, The University of Tokyo, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
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15
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Abstract
Modern life is replete with function-expanding dongles, and life at the molecular scale is, it turns out, no exception. Hanging out of the back of the Kif14 molecular motor is an intrinsically disordered domain that gives it superpowers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yean Ming Chew
- Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology, Warwick Medical School, Coventry CV4 7LA, UK
| | - Robert A Cross
- Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology, Warwick Medical School, Coventry CV4 7LA, UK.
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16
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Mitochondria-adaptor TRAK1 promotes kinesin-1 driven transport in crowded environments. Nat Commun 2020; 11:3123. [PMID: 32561740 PMCID: PMC7305210 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16972-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Intracellular trafficking of organelles, driven by kinesin-1 stepping along microtubules, underpins essential cellular processes. In absence of other proteins on the microtubule surface, kinesin-1 performs micron-long runs. Under crowding conditions, however, kinesin-1 motility is drastically impeded. It is thus unclear how kinesin-1 acts as an efficient transporter in intracellular environments. Here, we demonstrate that TRAK1 (Milton), an adaptor protein essential for mitochondrial trafficking, activates kinesin-1 and increases robustness of kinesin-1 stepping on crowded microtubule surfaces. Interaction with TRAK1 i) facilitates kinesin-1 navigation around obstacles, ii) increases the probability of kinesin-1 passing through cohesive islands of tau and iii) increases the run length of kinesin-1 in cell lysate. We explain the enhanced motility by the observed direct interaction of TRAK1 with microtubules, providing an additional anchor for the kinesin-1-TRAK1 complex. Furthermore, TRAK1 enables mitochondrial transport in vitro. We propose adaptor-mediated tethering as a mechanism regulating kinesin-1 motility in various cellular environments. Intracellular trafficking of organelles is driven by kinesin-1 stepping along microtubules, but crowding conditions impede kinesin-1 motility. Here authors demonstrate that TRAK1, an adaptor protein essential for mitochondrial trafficking, activates kinesin-1 and increases robustness of kinesin-1 stepping on crowded microtubule surfaces.
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17
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Butler VJ, Salazar DA, Soriano-Castell D, Alves-Ferreira M, Dennissen FJA, Vohra M, Oses-Prieto JA, Li KH, Wang AL, Jing B, Li B, Groisman A, Gutierrez E, Mooney S, Burlingame AL, Ashrafi K, Mandelkow EM, Encalada SE, Kao AW. Tau/MAPT disease-associated variant A152T alters tau function and toxicity via impaired retrograde axonal transport. Hum Mol Genet 2020; 28:1498-1514. [PMID: 30590647 PMCID: PMC6489414 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddy442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the microtubule-associated protein tau (MAPT) underlie multiple neurodegenerative disorders, yet the pathophysiological mechanisms are unclear. A novel variant in MAPT resulting in an alanine to threonine substitution at position 152 (A152T tau) has recently been described as a significant risk factor for both frontotemporal lobar degeneration and Alzheimer’s disease. Here we use complementary computational, biochemical, molecular, genetic and imaging approaches in Caenorhabditis elegans and mouse models to interrogate the effects of the A152T variant on tau function. In silico analysis suggests that a threonine at position 152 of tau confers a new phosphorylation site. This finding is borne out by mass spectrometric survey of A152T tau phosphorylation in C. elegans and mouse. Optical pulse-chase experiments of Dendra2-tau demonstrate that A152T tau and phosphomimetic A152E tau exhibit increased diffusion kinetics and the ability to traverse across the axon initial segment more efficiently than wild-type (WT) tau. A C. elegans model of tauopathy reveals that A152T and A152E tau confer patterns of developmental toxicity distinct from WT tau, likely due to differential effects on retrograde axonal transport. These data support a role for phosphorylation of the variant threonine in A152T tau toxicity and suggest a mechanism involving impaired retrograde axonal transport contributing to human neurodegenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria J Butler
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Dominique A Salazar
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - David Soriano-Castell
- Departments of Molecular Medicine and Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Miguel Alves-Ferreira
- Departments of Molecular Medicine and Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Frank J A Dennissen
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Ludwig-Erhard-Allee 2, Bonn, Germany.,MPI for Neurological Research, Hamburg Outstation, c/o Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, Notkestrasse 85, Hamburg, Germany.,The Center of Advanced European Studies and Research, Ludwig-Erhard-Allee 2, Bonn, Germany
| | - Mihir Vohra
- Department of Physiology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Juan A Oses-Prieto
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kathy H Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Austin L Wang
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Beibei Jing
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Biao Li
- The Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, USA
| | - Alex Groisman
- Department of Physics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Edgar Gutierrez
- Department of Physics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Sean Mooney
- The Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, USA
| | - Alma L Burlingame
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kaveh Ashrafi
- Department of Physiology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Eva-Maria Mandelkow
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Ludwig-Erhard-Allee 2, Bonn, Germany.,MPI for Neurological Research, Hamburg Outstation, c/o Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, Notkestrasse 85, Hamburg, Germany.,The Center of Advanced European Studies and Research, Ludwig-Erhard-Allee 2, Bonn, Germany
| | - Sandra E Encalada
- Departments of Molecular Medicine and Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Aimee W Kao
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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18
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Kushwaha VS, Acar S, Miedema DM, Denisov DV, Schall P, Peterman EJG. The crowding dynamics of the motor protein kinesin-II. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0228930. [PMID: 32053680 PMCID: PMC7018031 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0228930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Intraflagellar transport (IFT) in C. elegans chemosensory cilia is an example of functional coordination and cooperation of two motor proteins with distinct motility properties operating together in large groups to transport cargoes: a fast and processive homodimeric kinesin-2, OSM-3, and a slow and less processive heterotrimeric kinesin-2, kinesin-II. To study the mechanism of the collective dynamics of kinesin-II of C. elegans cilia in an in vitro system, we used Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence microscopy to image the motility of truncated, heterodimeric kinesin-II constructs at high motor densities. Using an analysis technique based on correlation of the fluorescence intensities, we extracted quantitative motor parameters, such as motor density, velocity and average run length, from the image. Our experiments and analyses show that kinesin-II motility parameters are far less affected by (self) crowding than OSM-3. Our observations are supported by numerical calculations based on the TASEP-LK model (Totally Asymmetric Simple Exclusion Process-Langmuir Kinetics). From a comparison of data and modelling of OSM-3 and kinesin-II, a general picture emerges of the collective dynamics of the kinesin motors driving IFT in C. elegans chemosensory cilia and the way the motors deal with crowding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vandana S. Kushwaha
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and LaserLaB, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Seyda Acar
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and LaserLaB, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Daniël M. Miedema
- Institute of Physics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Laboratory for Experimental Oncology and Radiobiology (LEXOR), Center for Experimental Molecular Medicine (CEMM), Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Dmitry V. Denisov
- Institute of Physics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Peter Schall
- Institute of Physics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Erwin J. G. Peterman
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and LaserLaB, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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19
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Oswald F, Prevo B, Acar S, Peterman EJG. Interplay between Ciliary Ultrastructure and IFT-Train Dynamics Revealed by Single-Molecule Super-resolution Imaging. Cell Rep 2020; 25:224-235. [PMID: 30282031 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Cilia are built and maintained by intraflagellar transport (IFT), driving IFT trains back and forth along the ciliary axoneme. How IFT brings about the intricate ciliary structure and how this structure affects IFT are not well understood. We identify, using single-molecule super-resolution imaging of IFT components in living C. elegans, ciliary subdomains, enabling correlation of IFT-train dynamics to ciliary ultra-structure. In the transition zone, IFT dynamics are impaired, resulting in frequent pauses. At the ciliary base and tip, IFT trains show intriguing turnaround dynamics. Surprisingly, deletion of IFT motor kinesin-II not only affects IFT-train dynamics but also alters ciliary structure. Super-resolution imaging in these mutant animals suggests that the arrangement of IFT trains with respect to the axonemal microtubules is different than in wild-type animals. Our results reveal a complex, mutual interplay between ciliary ultrastructure and IFT-train dynamics, highlighting the importance of physical cues in the control of IFT dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Oswald
- Department of Physics and LaserLaB Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1081HV, the Netherlands
| | - Bram Prevo
- Department of Physics and LaserLaB Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1081HV, the Netherlands
| | - Seyda Acar
- Department of Physics and LaserLaB Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1081HV, the Netherlands
| | - Erwin J G Peterman
- Department of Physics and LaserLaB Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1081HV, the Netherlands.
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20
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Ferro LS, Can S, Turner MA, ElShenawy MM, Yildiz A. Kinesin and dynein use distinct mechanisms to bypass obstacles. eLife 2019; 8:e48629. [PMID: 31498080 PMCID: PMC6783262 DOI: 10.7554/elife.48629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Kinesin-1 and cytoplasmic dynein are microtubule (MT) motors that transport intracellular cargoes. It remains unclear how these motors move along MTs densely coated with obstacles of various sizes in the cytoplasm. Here, we tested the ability of single and multiple motors to bypass synthetic obstacles on MTs in vitro. Contrary to previous reports, we found that single mammalian dynein is highly capable of bypassing obstacles. Single human kinesin-1 motors fail to avoid obstacles, consistent with their inability to take sideways steps on to neighboring MT protofilaments. Kinesins overcome this limitation when working in teams, bypassing obstacles as effectively as multiple dyneins. Cargos driven by multiple kinesins or dyneins are also capable of rotating around the MT to bypass large obstacles. These results suggest that multiplicity of motors is required not only for transporting cargos over long distances and generating higher forces, but also for maneuvering cargos on obstacle-coated MT surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke S Ferro
- Department of Molecular and Cell BiologyUniversity of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyUnited States
| | - Sinan Can
- Department of PhysicsUniversity of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyUnited States
| | - Meghan A Turner
- Biophysics Graduate GroupUniversity of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyUnited States
| | - Mohamed M ElShenawy
- Department of Molecular and Cell BiologyUniversity of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyUnited States
| | - Ahmet Yildiz
- Department of Molecular and Cell BiologyUniversity of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyUnited States
- Department of PhysicsUniversity of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyUnited States
- Biophysics Graduate GroupUniversity of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyUnited States
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21
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Mitra A, Suñé M, Diez S, Sancho JM, Oriola D, Casademunt J. A Brownian Ratchet Model Explains the Biased Sidestepping of Single-Headed Kinesin-3 KIF1A. Biophys J 2019; 116:2266-2274. [PMID: 31155147 PMCID: PMC6588830 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2019.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 04/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The kinesin-3 motor KIF1A is involved in long-ranged axonal transport in neurons. To ensure vesicular delivery, motors need to navigate the microtubule lattice and overcome possible roadblocks along the way. The single-headed form of KIF1A is a highly diffusive motor that has been shown to be a prototype of a Brownian motor by virtue of a weakly bound diffusive state to the microtubule. Recently, groups of single-headed KIF1A motors were found to be able to sidestep along the microtubule lattice, creating left-handed helical membrane tubes when pulling on giant unilamellar vesicles in vitro. A possible hypothesis is that the diffusive state enables the motor to explore the microtubule lattice and switch protofilaments, leading to a left-handed helical motion. Here, we study the longitudinal rotation of microtubules driven by single-headed KIF1A motors using fluorescence-interference contrast microscopy. We find an average rotational pitch of ≃1.5μm, which is remarkably robust to changes in the gliding velocity, ATP concentration, microtubule length, and motor density. Our experimental results are compared to stochastic simulations of Brownian motors moving on a two-dimensional continuum ratchet potential, which quantitatively agree with the fluorescence-interference contrast experiments. We find that single-headed KIF1A sidestepping can be explained as a consequence of the intrinsic handedness and polarity of the microtubule lattice in combination with the diffusive mechanochemical cycle of the motor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aniruddha Mitra
- Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering, B CUBE, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Marc Suñé
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Stefan Diez
- Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering, B CUBE, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - José M Sancho
- Departament de Física de la Matèria Condensada, Facultat de Física, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; University of Barcelona Institute of Complex Systems, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - David Oriola
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany; Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Dresden, Germany; Center for Systems Biology Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Jaume Casademunt
- Departament de Física de la Matèria Condensada, Facultat de Física, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; University of Barcelona Institute of Complex Systems, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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22
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Gicking AM, Wang P, Liu C, Mickolajczyk KJ, Guo L, Hancock WO, Qiu W. The Orphan Kinesin PAKRP2 Achieves Processive Motility via a Noncanonical Stepping Mechanism. Biophys J 2019; 116:1270-1281. [PMID: 30902363 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2019.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Phragmoplast-associated kinesin-related protein 2 (PAKRP2) is an orphan kinesin in Arabidopsis thaliana that is thought to transport vesicles along phragmoplast microtubules for cell plate formation. Here, using single-molecule fluorescence microscopy, we show that PAKRP2 is the first orphan kinesin to exhibit processive plus-end-directed motility on single microtubules as individual homodimers. Our results show that PAKRP2 processivity is achieved despite having an exceptionally long (32 residues) neck linker. Furthermore, using high-resolution nanoparticle tracking, we find that PAKRP2 steps via a hand-over-hand mechanism that includes frequent side steps, a prolonged diffusional search of the tethered head, and tight coupling of the ATP hydrolysis cycle to the forward-stepping cycle. Interestingly, truncating the PAKRP2 neck linker to 14 residues decreases the run length of PAKRP2; thus, the long neck linker enhances the processive behavior. Based on the canonical model of kinesin stepping, such a long neck linker is expected to decrease the processivity and disrupt the coupling of ATP hydrolysis to forward stepping. Therefore, we conclude that PAKRP2 employs a noncanonical strategy for processive motility, wherein a long neck linker is coupled with a slow ATP hydrolysis rate to allow for an extended diffusional search during each step without sacrificing processivity or efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pan Wang
- Department of Physics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon; School of Physics and Electronics, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, China
| | - Chun Liu
- Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Guangzhou, China
| | - Keith J Mickolajczyk
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Penn State University, University Park, Pennsylvania; Intercollege Graduate Degree Program in Bioengineering, Penn State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
| | - Lijun Guo
- School of Physics and Electronics, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, China
| | - William O Hancock
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Penn State University, University Park, Pennsylvania; Intercollege Graduate Degree Program in Bioengineering, Penn State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
| | - Weihong Qiu
- Department of Physics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon; Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon.
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23
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Lessard DV, Zinder OJ, Hotta T, Verhey KJ, Ohi R, Berger CL. Polyglutamylation of tubulin's C-terminal tail controls pausing and motility of kinesin-3 family member KIF1A. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:6353-6363. [PMID: 30770469 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.005765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Revised: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The kinesin-3 family member KIF1A plays a critical role in site-specific neuronal cargo delivery during axonal transport. KIF1A cargo is mislocalized in many neurodegenerative diseases, indicating that KIF1A's highly efficient, superprocessive motility along axonal microtubules needs to be tightly regulated. One potential regulatory mechanism may be through posttranslational modifications (PTMs) of axonal microtubules. These PTMs often occur on the C-terminal tails of the microtubule tracks, act as molecular "traffic signals" helping to direct kinesin motor cargo delivery, and include C-terminal tail polyglutamylation important for KIF1A cargo transport. KIF1A initially interacts with microtubule C-terminal tails through its K-loop, a positively charged surface loop of the KIF1A motor domain. However, the role of the K-loop in KIF1A motility and response to perturbations in C-terminal tail polyglutamylation is underexplored. Using single-molecule imaging, we present evidence that KIF1A pauses on different microtubule lattice structures, linking multiple processive segments together and contributing to KIF1A's characteristic superprocessive run length. Furthermore, modifications of the KIF1A K-loop or tubulin C-terminal tail polyglutamylation reduced KIF1A pausing and overall run length. These results suggest a new mechanism to regulate KIF1A motility via pauses mediated by K-loop/polyglutamylated C-terminal tail interactions, providing further insight into KIF1A's role in axonal transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique V Lessard
- From the Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont 05405 and
| | - Oraya J Zinder
- From the Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont 05405 and
| | - Takashi Hotta
- the Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Kristen J Verhey
- the Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Ryoma Ohi
- the Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Christopher L Berger
- From the Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont 05405 and
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24
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Malaby HL, Lessard DV, Berger CL, Stumpff J. KIF18A's neck linker permits navigation of microtubule-bound obstacles within the mitotic spindle. Life Sci Alliance 2019; 2:2/1/e201800169. [PMID: 30655363 PMCID: PMC6337737 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.201800169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Revised: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
KIF18A (kinesin-8) is required for mammalian mitotic chromosome alignment. KIF18A confines chromosome movement to the mitotic spindle equator by accumulating at the plus-ends of kinetochore microtubule bundles (K-fibers), where it functions to suppress K-fiber dynamics. It is not understood how the motor accumulates at K-fiber plus-ends, a difficult feat requiring the motor to navigate protein dense microtubule tracks. Our data indicate that KIF18A's relatively long neck linker is required for the motor's accumulation at K-fiber plus-ends. Shorter neck linker (sNL) variants of KIF18A display a deficiency in accumulation at the ends of K-fibers at the center of the spindle. Depletion of K-fiber-binding proteins reduces the KIF18A sNL localization defect, whereas their overexpression reduces wild-type KIF18A's ability to accumulate on this same K-fiber subset. Furthermore, single-molecule assays indicate that KIF18A sNL motors are less proficient in navigating microtubules coated with microtubule-associated proteins. Taken together, these results support a model in which KIF18A's neck linker length permits efficient navigation of obstacles to reach K-fiber ends during mitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Lh Malaby
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Dominique V Lessard
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Christopher L Berger
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Jason Stumpff
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
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25
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Li Q, Tseng KF, King SJ, Qiu W, Xu J. A fluid membrane enhances the velocity of cargo transport by small teams of kinesin-1. J Chem Phys 2018; 148:123318. [PMID: 29604873 DOI: 10.1063/1.5006806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Kinesin-1 (hereafter referred to as kinesin) is a major microtubule-based motor protein for plus-end-directed intracellular transport in live cells. While the single-molecule functions of kinesin are well characterized, the physiologically relevant transport of membranous cargos by small teams of kinesins remains poorly understood. A key experimental challenge remains in the quantitative control of the number of motors driving transport. Here we utilized "motile fraction" to overcome this challenge and experimentally accessed transport by a single kinesin through the physiologically relevant transport by a small team of kinesins. We used a fluid lipid bilayer to model the cellular membrane in vitro and employed optical trapping to quantify the transport of membrane-enclosed cargos versus traditional membrane-free cargos under identical conditions. We found that coupling motors via a fluid membrane significantly enhances the velocity of cargo transport by small teams of kinesins. Importantly, enclosing a cargo in a fluid lipid membrane did not impact single-kinesin transport, indicating that membrane-dependent velocity enhancement for team-based transport arises from altered interactions between kinesins. Our study demonstrates that membrane-based coupling between motors is a key determinant of kinesin-based transport. Enhanced velocity may be critical for fast delivery of cargos in live cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaochu Li
- Department of Physics, University of California, Merced, California 95343, USA
| | - Kuo-Fu Tseng
- Department of Physics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA
| | - Stephen J King
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32827, USA
| | - Weihong Qiu
- Department of Physics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA
| | - Jing Xu
- Department of Physics, University of California, Merced, California 95343, USA
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26
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Directionally biased sidestepping of Kip3/kinesin-8 is regulated by ATP waiting time and motor-microtubule interaction strength. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E7950-E7959. [PMID: 30093386 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1801820115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Kinesin-8 motors, which move in a highly processive manner toward microtubule plus ends where they act as depolymerases, are essential regulators of microtubule dynamics in cells. To understand their navigation strategy on the microtubule lattice, we studied the 3D motion of single yeast kinesin-8 motors, Kip3, on freely suspended microtubules in vitro. We observed short-pitch, left-handed helical trajectories indicating that kinesin-8 motors frequently switch protofilaments in a directionally biased manner. Intriguingly, sidestepping was not directly coupled to forward stepping but rather depended on the average dwell time per forward step under limiting ATP concentrations. Based on our experimental findings and numerical simulations we propose that effective sidestepping toward the left is regulated by a bifurcation in the Kip3 step cycle, involving a transition from a two-head-bound to a one-head-bound conformation in the ATP-waiting state. Results from a kinesin-1 mutant with extended neck linker hint toward a generic sidestepping mechanism for processive kinesins, facilitating the circumvention of intracellular obstacles on the microtubule surface.
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27
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Quinn SM, Howsmon DP, Hahn J, Gilbert SP. Kinesin-2 heterodimerization alters entry into a processive run along the microtubule but not stepping within the run. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:13389-13400. [PMID: 29991594 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.002767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Revised: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterodimeric KIF3AC and KIF3AB, two members of the mammalian kinesin-2 family, generate force for microtubule plus end-directed cargo transport. However, the advantage of heterodimeric kinesins over homodimeric ones is not well-understood. We showed previously that microtubule association for entry into a processive run was similar in rate for KIF3AC and KIF3AB at ∼7.0 μm-1 s-1 Yet, for engineered homodimers of KIF3AA and KIF3BB, this constant is significantly faster at 11 μm-1 s-1 and much slower for KIF3CC at 2.1 μm-1 s-1 These results led us to hypothesize that heterodimerization of KIF3A with KIF3C and KIF3A with KIF3B altered the intrinsic catalytic properties of each motor domain. Here, we tested this hypothesis by using presteady-state stopped-flow kinetics and mathematical modeling. Surprisingly, the modeling revealed that the catalytic properties of KIF3A and KIF3B/C were altered upon microtubule binding, yet each motor domain retained its relative intrinsic kinetics for ADP release and subsequent ATP binding and the nucleotide-promoted transitions thereafter. These results are consistent with the interpretation that for KIF3AB, each motor head is catalytically similar and therefore each step is approximately equivalent. In contrast, for KIF3AC the results predict that the processive steps will alternate between a fast step for KIF3A followed by a slow step for KIF3C resulting in asymmetric stepping during a processive run. This study reveals the impact of heterodimerization of the motor polypeptides for microtubule association to start the processive run and the fundamental differences in the motile properties of KIF3C compared with KIF3A and KIF3B.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Juergen Hahn
- Chemical and Biological Engineering, and .,Biomedical Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180
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28
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Abstract
Myosin motors power movements on actin filaments, whereas dynein and kinesin motors power movements on microtubules. The mechanisms of these motor proteins differ, but, in all cases, ATP hydrolysis and subsequent release of the hydrolysis products drives a cycle of interactions with the track (either an actin filament or a microtubule), resulting in force generation and directed movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Lee Sweeney
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics and the Myology Institute, University of Florida, College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida 32610-0267
| | - Erika L F Holzbaur
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
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29
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Feng Q, Mickolajczyk KJ, Chen GY, Hancock WO. Motor Reattachment Kinetics Play a Dominant Role in Multimotor-Driven Cargo Transport. Biophys J 2018; 114:400-409. [PMID: 29401437 PMCID: PMC5985011 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2017.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Revised: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Kinesin-based cargo transport in cells frequently involves the coordinated activity of multiple motors, including kinesins from different families that move at different speeds. However, compared to the progress at the single-molecule level, mechanisms by which multiple kinesins coordinate their activity during cargo transport are poorly understood. To understand these multimotor coordination mechanisms, defined pairs of kinesin-1 and kinesin-2 motors were assembled on DNA scaffolds and their motility examined in vitro. Although less processive than kinesin-1 at the single-molecule level, addition of kinesin-2 motors more effectively amplified cargo run lengths. By applying the law of total expectation to cargo binding durations in ADP, the kinesin-2 microtubule reattachment rate was shown to be fourfold faster than that of kinesin-1. This difference in microtubule binding rates was also observed in solution by stopped-flow. High-resolution tracking of a gold-nanoparticle-labeled motor with 1 ms and 2 nm precision revealed that kinesin-2 motors detach and rebind to the microtubule much more frequently than does kinesin-1. Finally, compared to cargo transported by two kinesin-1, cargo transported by two kinesin-2 motors more effectively navigated roadblocks on the microtubule track. These results highlight the importance of motor reattachment kinetics during multimotor transport and suggest a coordinated transport model in which kinesin-1 motors step effectively against loads whereas kinesin-2 motors rapidly unbind and rebind to the microtubule. This dynamic tethering by kinesin-2 maintains the cargo near the microtubule and enables effective navigation along crowded microtubules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingzhou Feng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Penn State University, University Park, Pennsylvania; Molecular Cellular and Integrative Biological Sciences Program in Huck Institute of Life Sciences, Penn State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
| | - Keith J Mickolajczyk
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Penn State University, University Park, Pennsylvania; Intercollege Graduate Degree Program in Bioengineering, Penn State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
| | - Geng-Yuan Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Penn State University, University Park, Pennsylvania; Intercollege Graduate Degree Program in Bioengineering, Penn State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
| | - William O Hancock
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Penn State University, University Park, Pennsylvania; Intercollege Graduate Degree Program in Bioengineering, Penn State University, University Park, Pennsylvania; Molecular Cellular and Integrative Biological Sciences Program in Huck Institute of Life Sciences, Penn State University, University Park, Pennsylvania.
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30
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Chaudhary AR, Berger F, Berger CL, Hendricks AG. Tau directs intracellular trafficking by regulating the forces exerted by kinesin and dynein teams. Traffic 2017; 19:111-121. [PMID: 29077261 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Revised: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Organelles, proteins, and mRNA are transported bidirectionally along microtubules by plus-end directed kinesin and minus-end directed dynein motors. Microtubules are decorated by microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) that organize the cytoskeleton, regulate microtubule dynamics and modulate the interaction between motor proteins and microtubules to direct intracellular transport. Tau is a neuronal MAP that stabilizes axonal microtubules and crosslinks them into bundles. Dysregulation of tau leads to a range of neurodegenerative diseases known as tauopathies including Alzheimer's disease (AD). Tau reduces the processivity of kinesin and dynein by acting as an obstacle on the microtubule. Single-molecule assays indicate that kinesin-1 is more strongly inhibited than kinesin-2 or dynein, suggesting tau might act to spatially modulate the activity of specific motors. To investigate the role of tau in regulating bidirectional transport, we isolated phagosomes driven by kinesin-1, kinesin-2, and dynein and reconstituted their motility along microtubules. We find that tau biases bidirectional motility towards the microtubule minus-end in a dose-dependent manner. Optical trapping measurements show that tau increases the magnitude and frequency of forces exerted by dynein through inhibiting opposing kinesin motors. Mathematical modeling indicates that tau controls the directional bias of intracellular cargoes through differentially tuning the processivity of kinesin-1, kinesin-2, and dynein. Taken together, these results demonstrate that tau modulates motility in a motor-specific manner to direct intracellular transport, and suggests that dysregulation of tau might contribute to neurodegeneration by disrupting the balance of plus- and minus-end directed transport.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Florian Berger
- Laboratory of Sensory Neuroscience, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York
| | - Christopher L Berger
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Adam G Hendricks
- Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
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31
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Balabanian L, Berger CL, Hendricks AG. Acetylated Microtubules Are Preferentially Bundled Leading to Enhanced Kinesin-1 Motility. Biophys J 2017; 113:1551-1560. [PMID: 28978447 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2017.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Revised: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The motor proteins kinesin and dynein transport organelles, mRNA, proteins, and signaling molecules along the microtubule cytoskeleton. In addition to serving as tracks for transport, the microtubule cytoskeleton directs intracellular trafficking by regulating the activity of motor proteins through the organization of the filament network, microtubule-associated proteins, and tubulin posttranslational modifications. However, it is not well understood how these factors influence motor motility, and in vitro assays and live cell observations often produce disparate results. To systematically examine the factors that contribute to cytoskeleton-based regulation of motor protein motility, we extracted intact microtubule networks from cells and tracked the motility of single fluorescently labeled motor proteins on these cytoskeletons. We find that tubulin acetylation alone does not directly affect kinesin-1 motility. However, acetylated microtubules are predominantly bundled, and bundling enhances kinesin run lengths and provides a greater number of available kinesin binding sites. The neuronal MAP tau is also not sensitive to tubulin acetylation, but enriches preferentially on highly curved regions of microtubules where it strongly inhibits kinesin motility. Taken together, these results suggest that the organization of the microtubule network is a key contributor to the regulation of motor-based transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Balabanian
- Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Christopher L Berger
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Adam G Hendricks
- Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada.
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32
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Stepp WL, Merck G, Mueller-Planitz F, Ökten Z. Kinesin-2 motors adapt their stepping behavior for processive transport on axonemes and microtubules. EMBO Rep 2017; 18:1947-1956. [PMID: 28887322 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201744097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Revised: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Two structurally distinct filamentous tracks, namely singlet microtubules in the cytoplasm and axonemes in the cilium, serve as railroads for long-range transport processes in vivo In all organisms studied so far, the kinesin-2 family is essential for long-range transport on axonemes. Intriguingly, in higher eukaryotes, kinesin-2 has been adapted to work on microtubules in the cytoplasm as well. Here, we show that heterodimeric kinesin-2 motors distinguish between axonemes and microtubules. Unlike canonical kinesin-1, kinesin-2 takes directional, off-axis steps on microtubules, but it resumes a straight path when walking on the axonemes. The inherent ability of kinesin-2 to side-track on the microtubule lattice restricts the motor to one side of the doublet microtubule in axonemes. The mechanistic features revealed here provide a molecular explanation for the previously observed partitioning of oppositely moving intraflagellar transport trains to the A- and B-tubules of the same doublet microtubule. Our results offer first mechanistic insights into why nature may have co-evolved the heterodimeric kinesin-2 with the ciliary machinery to work on the specialized axonemal surface for two-way traffic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willi L Stepp
- Physik Department E22, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany
| | - Georg Merck
- Physik Department E22, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany
| | - Felix Mueller-Planitz
- Molecular Biology, Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Zeynep Ökten
- Physik Department E22, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany .,Munich Center for Integrated Protein Science, Munich, Germany
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33
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Prevo B, Scholey JM, Peterman EJG. Intraflagellar transport: mechanisms of motor action, cooperation, and cargo delivery. FEBS J 2017; 284:2905-2931. [PMID: 28342295 PMCID: PMC5603355 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Revised: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Intraflagellar transport (IFT) is a form of motor-dependent cargo transport that is essential for the assembly, maintenance, and length control of cilia, which play critical roles in motility, sensory reception, and signal transduction in virtually all eukaryotic cells. During IFT, anterograde kinesin-2 and retrograde IFT dynein motors drive the bidirectional transport of IFT trains that deliver cargo, for example, axoneme precursors such as tubulins as well as molecules of the signal transduction machinery, to their site of assembly within the cilium. Following its discovery in Chlamydomonas, IFT has emerged as a powerful model system for studying general principles of motor-dependent cargo transport and we now appreciate the diversity that exists in the mechanism of IFT within cilia of different cell types. The absence of heterotrimeric kinesin-2 function, for example, causes a complete loss of both IFT and cilia in Chlamydomonas, but following its loss in Caenorhabditis elegans, where its primary function is loading the IFT machinery into cilia, homodimeric kinesin-2-driven IFT persists and assembles a full-length cilium. Generally, heterotrimeric kinesin-2 and IFT dynein motors are thought to play widespread roles as core IFT motors, whereas homodimeric kinesin-2 motors are accessory motors that mediate different functions in a broad range of cilia, in some cases contributing to axoneme assembly or the delivery of signaling molecules but in many other cases their ciliary functions, if any, remain unknown. In this review, we focus on mechanisms of motor action, motor cooperation, and motor-dependent cargo delivery during IFT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bram Prevo
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, CA, USA
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Jonathan M Scholey
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of California Davis, CA, USA
| | - Erwin J G Peterman
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and LaserLaB Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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34
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Mickolajczyk KJ, Hancock WO. Kinesin Processivity Is Determined by a Kinetic Race from a Vulnerable One-Head-Bound State. Biophys J 2017; 112:2615-2623. [PMID: 28636917 PMCID: PMC5479115 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2017.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Revised: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Kinesin processivity, defined as the average number of steps that occur per interaction with a microtubule, is an important biophysical determinant of the motor's intracellular capabilities. Despite its fundamental importance to the diversity of tasks that kinesins carry out in cells, no existing quantitative model fully explains how structural differences between kinesins alter kinetic rates in the ATPase cycle to produce functional changes in processivity. Here we use high-resolution single-molecule microscopy to directly observe the stepping behavior of kinesin-1 and -2 family motors with different length neck-linker domains. We characterize a one-head-bound posthydrolysis vulnerable state where a kinetic race occurs between attachment of the tethered head to its next binding site and detachment of the bound head from the microtubule. We find that greater processivity is correlated with faster attachment of the tethered head from this vulnerable state. In compliment, we show that slowing detachment from this vulnerable state by strengthening motor-microtubule electrostatic interactions also increases processivity. Furthermore, we provide evidence that attachment of the tethered head is irreversible, suggesting a first passage model for exit from the vulnerable state. Overall, our results provide a kinetic framework for explaining kinesin processivity and for mapping structural differences to functional differences in diverse kinesin isoforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith J Mickolajczyk
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Penn State University, University Park, Pennsylvania; Intercollege Graduate Degree Program in Bioengineering, Penn State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
| | - William O Hancock
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Penn State University, University Park, Pennsylvania; Intercollege Graduate Degree Program in Bioengineering, Penn State University, University Park, Pennsylvania.
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35
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Liang WH, Li Q, Rifat Faysal KM, King SJ, Gopinathan A, Xu J. Microtubule Defects Influence Kinesin-Based Transport In Vitro. Biophys J 2017; 110:2229-40. [PMID: 27224488 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2016.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Revised: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Microtubules are protein polymers that form "molecular highways" for long-range transport within living cells. Molecular motors actively step along microtubules to shuttle cellular materials between the nucleus and the cell periphery; this transport is critical for the survival and health of all eukaryotic cells. Structural defects in microtubules exist, but whether these defects impact molecular motor-based transport remains unknown. Here, we report a new, to our knowledge, approach that allowed us to directly investigate the impact of such defects. Using a modified optical-trapping method, we examined the group function of a major molecular motor, conventional kinesin, when transporting cargos along individual microtubules. We found that microtubule defects influence kinesin-based transport in vitro. The effects depend on motor number: cargos driven by a few motors tended to unbind prematurely from the microtubule, whereas cargos driven by more motors tended to pause. To our knowledge, our study provides the first direct link between microtubule defects and kinesin function. The effects uncovered in our study may have physiological relevance in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Winnie H Liang
- Department of Physics, School of Natural Sciences, University of California, Merced, California
| | - Qiaochu Li
- Department of Physics, School of Natural Sciences, University of California, Merced, California
| | - K M Rifat Faysal
- Department of Physics, School of Natural Sciences, University of California, Merced, California
| | - Stephen J King
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida
| | - Ajay Gopinathan
- Department of Physics, School of Natural Sciences, University of California, Merced, California
| | - Jing Xu
- Department of Physics, School of Natural Sciences, University of California, Merced, California.
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36
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Verdeny-Vilanova I, Wehnekamp F, Mohan N, Sandoval Álvarez Á, Borbely JS, Otterstrom JJ, Lamb DC, Lakadamyali M. 3D motion of vesicles along microtubules helps them to circumvent obstacles in cells. J Cell Sci 2017; 130:1904-1916. [PMID: 28420672 PMCID: PMC5482975 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.201178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Vesicle transport is regulated at multiple levels, including regulation by scaffolding proteins and the cytoskeleton. This tight regulation is essential, since slowing or stoppage of transport can cause accumulation of obstacles and has been linked to diseases. Understanding the mechanisms by which transport is regulated as well as how motor proteins overcome obstacles can give important clues as to how these mechanisms break down in disease states. Here, we describe that the cytoskeleton architecture impacts transport in a vesicle-size-dependent manner, leading to pausing of vesicles larger than the separation of the microtubules. We further develop methods capable of following 3D transport processes in living cells. Using these methods, we show that vesicles move using two different modes along the microtubule. Off-axis motion, which leads to repositioning of the vesicle in 3D along the microtubule, correlates with the presence of steric obstacles and may help in circumventing them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ione Verdeny-Vilanova
- ICFO-Institut de Ciències Fotòniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Castelldefels, Barcelona 08860, Spain
| | - Fabian Wehnekamp
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Department of Chemistry, Physical Chemistry, Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich, and Nanosystems Initiative Munich, Butenandtstr. 5-13, München 81377, Germany
| | - Nitin Mohan
- ICFO-Institut de Ciències Fotòniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Castelldefels, Barcelona 08860, Spain
| | - Ángel Sandoval Álvarez
- ICFO-Institut de Ciències Fotòniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Castelldefels, Barcelona 08860, Spain
| | - Joseph Steven Borbely
- ICFO-Institut de Ciències Fotòniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Castelldefels, Barcelona 08860, Spain
| | - Jason John Otterstrom
- ICFO-Institut de Ciències Fotòniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Castelldefels, Barcelona 08860, Spain
| | - Don C Lamb
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Department of Chemistry, Physical Chemistry, Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich, and Nanosystems Initiative Munich, Butenandtstr. 5-13, München 81377, Germany
| | - Melike Lakadamyali
- ICFO-Institut de Ciències Fotòniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Castelldefels, Barcelona 08860, Spain
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37
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38
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Hoeprich GJ, Mickolajczyk KJ, Nelson SR, Hancock WO, Berger CL. The axonal transport motor kinesin-2 navigates microtubule obstacles via protofilament switching. Traffic 2017; 18:304-314. [PMID: 28267259 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Revised: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Axonal transport involves kinesin motors trafficking cargo along microtubules that are rich in microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs). Much attention has focused on the behavior of kinesin-1 in the presence of MAPs, which has overshadowed understanding the contribution of other kinesins such as kinesin-2 in axonal transport. We have previously shown that, unlike kinesin-1, kinesin-2 in vitro motility is insensitive to the neuronal MAP Tau. However, the mechanism by which kinesin-2 efficiently navigates Tau on the microtubule surface is unknown. We hypothesized that mammalian kinesin-2 side-steps to adjacent protofilaments to maneuver around MAPs. To test this, we used single-molecule imaging to track the characteristic run length and protofilament switching behavior of kinesin-1 and kinesin-2 motors in the absence and presence of 2 different microtubule obstacles. Under all conditions tested, kinesin-2 switched protofilaments more frequently than kinesin-1. Using computational modeling that recapitulates run length and switching frequencies in the presence of varying roadblock densities, we conclude that kinesin-2 switches protofilaments to navigate around microtubule obstacles. Elucidating the kinesin-2 mechanism of navigation on the crowded microtubule surface provides a refined view of its contribution in facilitating axonal transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory J Hoeprich
- Department of Molecular Physiology & Biophysics, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Keith J Mickolajczyk
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania.,Intercollege Graduate Degree Program in Bioengineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
| | - Shane R Nelson
- Department of Molecular Physiology & Biophysics, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - William O Hancock
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
| | - Christopher L Berger
- Department of Molecular Physiology & Biophysics, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
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39
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Stern JL, Lessard DV, Hoeprich GJ, Morfini GA, Berger CL. Phosphoregulation of Tau modulates inhibition of kinesin-1 motility. Mol Biol Cell 2017; 28:1079-1087. [PMID: 28251926 PMCID: PMC5391184 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e16-10-0728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Revised: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Microtubule-based axonal transport is tightly regulated by numerous pathways, ensuring appropriate delivery of specific organelle cargoes to selected subcellular domains. Highlighting the importance of this process, pathological evidence has linked alterations in these pathways to the pathogenesis of several neurodegenerative diseases. An important regulator of this system, the microtubule-associated protein Tau, has been shown to participate in signaling cascades, modulate microtubule dynamics, and preferentially inhibit kinesin-1 motility. However, the cellular means of regulating Tau's inhibition of kinesin-1 motility remains unknown. Tau is subject to various posttranslational modifications, including phosphorylation, but whether phosphorylation regulates Tau on the microtubule surface has not been addressed. It has been shown that tyrosine 18 phosphorylated Tau regulates inhibition of axonal transport in the disease state. Tyrosine 18 is both a disease- and nondisease-state modification and is therefore an attractive starting point for understanding control of Tau's inhibition of kinesin-1 motility. We show that pseudophosphorylation of tyrosine 18 reduces 3RS-Tau's inhibition of kinesin-1 motility. In addition, we show that introduction of negative charge at tyrosine 18 shifts Tau's previously described static-dynamic state binding equilibrium toward the dynamic state. We also present the first evidence of Tau's static-dynamic state equilibrium under physiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie L Stern
- Cellular, Molecular and Biomedical Sciences Program, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405.,Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405
| | - Dominique V Lessard
- Cellular, Molecular and Biomedical Sciences Program, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405.,Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405
| | - Gregory J Hoeprich
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405
| | - Gerardo A Morfini
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612
| | - Christopher L Berger
- Cellular, Molecular and Biomedical Sciences Program, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405 .,Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405
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40
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Abstract
The microtubule-associated protein Tau is primarily expressed in neurons and plays an integral role in the regulation of multiple functions within the axon. In the adult brain, the six Tau isoforms are expressed allowing for a complex system of control. Despite Tau's central role, the mechanisms by which Tau acts are not fully understood. We have used single-molecule total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) microscopy and the methods described in this chapter to further our knowledge of Tau's behavior and function. We have demonstrated that Tau's dynamic binding behavior allows for regulation of motor protein motility and microtubule dynamics in an isoform-specific manner. The continued use and refinement of the single-molecule techniques detailed here can only further our knowledge of Tau and other proteins integral to the maintenance of axonal transport.
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41
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Hancock WO. The Kinesin-1 Chemomechanical Cycle: Stepping Toward a Consensus. Biophys J 2016; 110:1216-25. [PMID: 27028632 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2016.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Revised: 01/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Kinesin-1 serves as a model for understanding fundamentals of motor protein mechanochemistry and for interpreting functional diversity across the kinesin superfamily. Despite sustained work over the last three decades, disagreements remain regarding the events that trigger the two key transitions in the stepping cycle: detachment of the trailing head from the microtubule and binding of the tethered head to the next tubulin binding site. This review describes the conflicting views of these events and highlights recent work that sheds light on these long-standing controversies. It concludes by presenting a consensus kinesin-1 chemomechanical that incorporates recent work, resolves discrepancies, and highlights key questions for future experimental work. It is hoped that this model provides a framework for understanding how diverse kinesins are tuned for their specific cellular roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- William O Hancock
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania.
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42
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Kulkarni A, Khan Y, Ray K. Heterotrimeric kinesin-2, together with kinesin-1, steers vesicular acetylcholinesterase movements toward the synapse. FASEB J 2016; 31:965-974. [PMID: 27920150 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201600759rrr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Acetylcholinesterase (AChE), which is implicated in the pathophysiology of neurological disorders, is distributed along the axon and enriched at the presynaptic basal lamina. It hydrolyses the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, which inhibits synaptic transmission. Aberrant AChE activity and ectopic axonal accumulation of the enzyme are associated with neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease. The molecular mechanism that underlies AChE transport is still unclear. Here, we show that expression of Drosophila AChE tagged with photoactivatable green fluorescent protein and m-Cherry (GPAC) in cholinergic neurons compensates for the RNA interference-mediated knockdown of endogenous AChE activity. GPAC-AChE, which is enriched in the neuropil region of the brain, moves in the apparently vesicular form in axons with an anterograde bias in Drosophila larvae. Two anterograde motors, kinesin-1 and -2, propel distinct aspects of GPAC-AChE movements. Total loss of kinesin-2 reduces the density of anterograde traffic and increases bidirectional movements of GPAC-AChE vesicles without altering their speed. A partial loss of kinesin-1 reduces both the density and speed of anterograde GPAC-AChE traffic and enhances the pool of stationary vesicles. Together, these results suggest that combining activity of a relatively weak kinesin-2 with that of a stronger kinesin-1 motor could steer AChE-containing vesicles toward synapse, and provides a molecular basis for the observed subcellular distribution of the enzyme.-Kulkarni, A., Khan, Y., Ray, K. Heterotrimeric kinesin-2, together with kinesin-1, steers vesicular acetylcholinesterase movements toward the synapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuttama Kulkarni
- Sophia College, Mumbai, India.,Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, India
| | | | - Krishanu Ray
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, India
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43
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Albracht CD, Guzik-Lendrum S, Rayment I, Gilbert SP. Heterodimerization of Kinesin-2 KIF3AB Modulates Entry into the Processive Run. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:23248-23256. [PMID: 27637334 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.752196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian KIF3AB is an N-terminal processive kinesin-2 that is best known for its roles in intracellular transport. There has been significant interest in KIF3AB to define the key principles that underlie its processivity but also to define the mechanistic basis of its sensitivity to force. In this study, the kinetics for entry into the processive run were quantified. The results show for KIF3AB that the kinetics of microtubule association at 7 μm-1 s-1 is less than the rates observed for KIF3AA at 13 μm-1 s-1 or KIF3BB at 11.9 μm-1 s-1 ADP release after microtubule association for KIF3AB is 33 s-1 and is significantly slower than ADP release from homodimeric KIF3AA and KIF3BB, which reach 80-90 s-1 To explore the interhead communication implied by the rate differences at these first steps, we compared the kinetics of KIF3AB microtubule association followed by ADP release with the kinetics for mixtures of KIF3AA plus KIF3BB. Surprisingly, the kinetics of KIF3AB are not equivalent to any of the mixtures of KIF3AA + KIF3BB. In fact, the transients for each of the mixtures overlay the transients for KIF3AA and KIF3BB. These results reveal that intermolecular communication within the KIF3AB heterodimer modulates entry into the processive run, and the results suggest that it is the high rate of microtubule association that drives rebinding to the microtubule after force-dependent motor detachment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clayton D Albracht
- From the Department of Biological Sciences and the Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180 and
| | - Stephanie Guzik-Lendrum
- From the Department of Biological Sciences and the Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180 and
| | - Ivan Rayment
- the Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Susan P Gilbert
- From the Department of Biological Sciences and the Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180 and
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44
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Guzik-Lendrum S, Rank KC, Bensel BM, Taylor KC, Rayment I, Gilbert SP. Kinesin-2 KIF3AC and KIF3AB Can Drive Long-Range Transport along Microtubules. Biophys J 2016; 109:1472-82. [PMID: 26445448 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2015.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Revised: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian KIF3AC is classified as a heterotrimeric kinesin-2 that is best known for organelle transport in neurons, yet in vitro studies to characterize its single molecule behavior are lacking. The results presented show that a KIF3AC motor that includes the native helix α7 sequence for coiled-coil formation is highly processive with run lengths of ∼1.23 μm and matching those exhibited by conventional kinesin-1. This result was unexpected because KIF3AC exhibits the canonical kinesin-2 neck-linker sequence that has been reported to be responsible for shorter run lengths observed for another heterotrimeric kinesin-2, KIF3AB. However, KIF3AB with its native neck linker and helix α7 is also highly processive with run lengths of ∼1.62 μm and exceeding those of KIF3AC and kinesin-1. Loop L11, a component of the microtubule-motor interface and implicated in activating ADP release upon microtubule collision, is significantly extended in KIF3C as compared with other kinesins. A KIF3AC encoding a truncation in KIF3C loop L11 (KIF3ACΔL11) exhibited longer run lengths at ∼1.55 μm than wild-type KIF3AC and were more similar to KIF3AB run lengths, suggesting that L11 also contributes to tuning motor processivity. The steady-state ATPase results show that shortening L11 does not alter kcat, consistent with the observation that single molecule velocities are not affected by this truncation. However, shortening loop L11 of KIF3C significantly increases the microtubule affinity of KIF3ACΔL11, revealing another structural and mechanistic property that can modulate processivity. The results presented provide new, to our knowledge, insights to understand structure-function relationships governing processivity and a better understanding of the potential of KIF3AC for long-distance transport in neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Guzik-Lendrum
- Department of Biological Sciences and Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York
| | - Katherine C Rank
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Brandon M Bensel
- Department of Biological Sciences and Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York
| | - Keenan C Taylor
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Ivan Rayment
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin.
| | - Susan P Gilbert
- Department of Biological Sciences and Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York.
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45
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Phillips RK, Peter LG, Gilbert SP, Rayment I. Family-specific Kinesin Structures Reveal Neck-linker Length Based on Initiation of the Coiled-coil. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:20372-86. [PMID: 27462072 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.737577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Kinesin-1, -2, -5, and -7 generate processive hand-over-hand 8-nm steps to transport intracellular cargoes toward the microtubule plus end. This processive motility requires gating mechanisms to coordinate the mechanochemical cycles of the two motor heads to sustain the processive run. A key structural element believed to regulate the degree of processivity is the neck-linker, a short peptide of 12-18 residues, which connects the motor domain to its coiled-coil stalk. Although a shorter neck-linker has been correlated with longer run lengths, the structural data to support this hypothesis have been lacking. To test this hypothesis, seven kinesin structures were determined by x-ray crystallography. Each included the neck-linker motif, followed by helix α7 that constitutes the start of the coiled-coil stalk. In the majority of the structures, the neck-linker length differed from predictions because helix α7, which initiates the coiled-coil, started earlier in the sequence than predicted. A further examination of structures in the Protein Data Bank reveals that there is a great disparity between the predicted and observed starting residues. This suggests that an accurate prediction of the start of a coiled-coil is currently difficult to achieve. These results are significant because they now exclude simple comparisons between members of the kinesin superfamily and add a further layer of complexity when interpreting the results of mutagenesis or protein fusion. They also re-emphasize the need to consider factors beyond the kinesin neck-linker motif when attempting to understand how inter-head communication is tuned to achieve the degree of processivity required for cellular function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca K Phillips
- From the Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706 and
| | - Logan G Peter
- From the Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706 and
| | - Susan P Gilbert
- the Department of Biological Sciences, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180
| | - Ivan Rayment
- From the Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706 and
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46
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Schneider R, Korten T, Walter WJ, Diez S. Kinesin-1 motors can circumvent permanent roadblocks by side-shifting to neighboring protofilaments. Biophys J 2016; 108:2249-57. [PMID: 25954882 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2015.03.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Revised: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Obstacles on the surface of microtubules can lead to defective cargo transport, proposed to play a role in neurological diseases such as Alzheimer's. However, little is known about how motor proteins, which follow individual microtubule protofilaments (such as kinesin-1), deal with obstacles on the molecular level. Here, we used rigor-binding mutants of kinesin-1 as roadblocks to permanently obstruct individual microtubule binding sites and studied the movement of individual kinesin-1 motors by single-molecule fluorescence and dark-field scattering microscopy in vitro. In the presence of roadblocks, kinesin-1 often stopped for ∼ 0.4 s before either detaching or continuing to move, whereby the latter circumvention events occurred in >30% after a stopping event. Consequently, and in agreement with numerical simulations, the mean velocity, mean run length, and mean dwell time of the kinesin-1 motors decreased upon increasing the roadblock density. Tracking individual kinesin-1 motors labeled by 40 nm gold particles with 6 nm spatial and 1 ms temporal precision revealed that ∼ 70% of the circumvention events were associated with significant transverse shifts perpendicular to the axis of the microtubule. These side-shifts, which occurred with equal likelihood to the left and right, were accompanied by a range of longitudinal shifts suggesting that roadblock circumvention involves the unbinding and rebinding of the motors. Thus, processive motors, which commonly follow individual protofilaments in the absence of obstacles, appear to possess intrinsic circumvention mechanisms. These mechanisms were potentially optimized by evolution for the motor's specific intracellular tasks and environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- René Schneider
- B CUBE-Center for Molecular Bioengineering, Technische Universität, Dresden, Germany; Max Planck Institute of Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Till Korten
- B CUBE-Center for Molecular Bioengineering, Technische Universität, Dresden, Germany; Max Planck Institute of Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Wilhelm J Walter
- B CUBE-Center for Molecular Bioengineering, Technische Universität, Dresden, Germany
| | - Stefan Diez
- B CUBE-Center for Molecular Bioengineering, Technische Universität, Dresden, Germany; Max Planck Institute of Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany.
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47
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Nam W, Epureanu BI. Effects of Obstacles on the Dynamics of Kinesins, Including Velocity and Run Length, Predicted by a Model of Two Dimensional Motion. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0147676. [PMID: 26808534 PMCID: PMC4726810 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0147676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Kinesins are molecular motors which walk along microtubules by moving their heads to different binding sites. The motion of kinesin is realized by a conformational change in the structure of the kinesin molecule and by a diffusion of one of its two heads. In this study, a novel model is developed to account for the 2D diffusion of kinesin heads to several neighboring binding sites (near the surface of microtubules). To determine the direction of the next step of a kinesin molecule, this model considers the extension in the neck linkers of kinesin and the dynamic behavior of the coiled-coil structure of the kinesin neck. Also, the mechanical interference between kinesins and obstacles anchored on the microtubules is characterized. The model predicts that both the kinesin velocity and run length (i.e., the walking distance before detaching from the microtubule) are reduced by static obstacles. The run length is decreased more significantly by static obstacles than the velocity. Moreover, our model is able to predict the motion of kinesin when other (several) motors also move along the same microtubule. Furthermore, it suggests that the effect of mechanical interaction/interference between motors is much weaker than the effect of static obstacles. Our newly developed model can be used to address unanswered questions regarding degraded transport caused by the presence of excessive tau proteins on microtubules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woochul Nam
- University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2125, United States of America
| | - Bogdan I Epureanu
- University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2125, United States of America
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48
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Bugiel M, Böhl E, Schäffer E. The Kinesin-8 Kip3 switches protofilaments in a sideward random walk asymmetrically biased by force. Biophys J 2016; 108:2019-27. [PMID: 25902441 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2015.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Revised: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular motors translocate along cytoskeletal filaments, as in the case of kinesin motors on microtubules. Although conventional kinesin-1 tracks a single microtubule protofilament, other kinesins, akin to dyneins, switch protofilaments. However, the molecular trajectory-whether protofilament switching occurs in a directed or stochastic manner-is unclear. Here, we used high-resolution optical tweezers to track the path of single budding yeast kinesin-8, Kip3, motor proteins. Under applied sideward loads, we found that individual motors stepped sideward in both directions, with and against loads, with a broad distribution in measured step sizes. Interestingly, the force response depended on the direction. Based on a statistical analysis and simulations accounting for the geometry, we propose a diffusive sideward stepping motion of Kip3 on the microtubule lattice, asymmetrically biased by force. This finding is consistent with previous multimotor gliding assays and sheds light on the molecular switching mechanism. For kinesin-8, the diffusive switching mechanism may enable the motor to bypass obstacles and reach the microtubule end for length regulation. For other motors, such a mechanism may have implications for torque generation around the filament axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Bugiel
- Cellular Nanoscience Group, Center for Plant Molecular Biology, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Elisa Böhl
- Cellular Nanoscience Group, Center for Plant Molecular Biology, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Erik Schäffer
- Cellular Nanoscience Group, Center for Plant Molecular Biology, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
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49
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Abstract
A powerful combination of two-colour imaging in vivo, Fourier-filtered kymography and simulations provides a high-resolution view of kinesin-2 transport dynamics in cilia. This study reveals heterotrimeric kinesin-II as an 'obstacle-course runner' and homodimeric OSM-3 (KIF17) as a 'long-distance runner', and elucidates the 'baton handoff' between these two kinesin-2 motors on the microtubule track.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert O'Hagan
- Rutgers University, Human Genetics Institute and Department of Genetics, 145 Bevier Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
| | - Maureen M Barr
- Rutgers University, Human Genetics Institute and Department of Genetics, 145 Bevier Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
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50
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Prevo B, Mangeol P, Oswald F, Scholey JM, Peterman EJG. Functional differentiation of cooperating kinesin-2 motors orchestrates cargo import and transport in C. elegans cilia. Nat Cell Biol 2015; 17:1536-45. [PMID: 26523365 DOI: 10.1038/ncb3263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Intracellular transport depends on cooperation between distinct motor proteins. Two anterograde intraflagellar transport (IFT) motors, heterotrimeric kinesin-II and homodimeric OSM-3, cooperate to move cargo along Caenorhabditis elegans cilia. Here, using quantitative fluorescence microscopy, with single-molecule sensitivity, of IFT in living strains containing single-copy transgenes encoding fluorescent IFT proteins, we show that kinesin-II transports IFT trains through the ciliary base and transition zone to a 'handover zone' on the proximal axoneme. There, OSM-3 gradually replaces kinesin-II, yielding velocity profiles inconsistent with in vitro motility assays, and then drives transport to the ciliary tip. Dissociated kinesin-II motors undergo rapid turnaround and recycling to the ciliary base, whereas OSM-3 is recycled mainly to the handover zone. This reveals a functional differentiation in which the slower, less processive kinesin-II imports IFT trains into the cilium and OSM-3 drives their long-range transport, thereby optimizing cargo delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bram Prevo
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and LaserLaB Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1081 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Pierre Mangeol
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and LaserLaB Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1081 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Felix Oswald
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and LaserLaB Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1081 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jonathan M Scholey
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California at Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Erwin J G Peterman
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and LaserLaB Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1081 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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