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Kalim M, Jing R, Li X, Jiang Z, Zheng N, Wang Z, Wei G, Lu Y. Essentials of CAR-T Therapy and Associated Microbial Challenges in Long Run Immunotherapy. JOURNAL OF CELLULAR IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 6:22-50. [PMID: 38883270 PMCID: PMC11172397 DOI: 10.33696/immunology.6.189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell therapy has shown potential in improving outcomes for individuals with hematological malignancies. However, achieving long-term full remission for blood cancer remains challenging due to severe life-threatening toxicities such as limited anti-tumor efficacy, antigen escape, trafficking restrictions, and limited tumor invasion. Furthermore, the interactions between CAR-T cells and their host tumor microenvironments have a significant impact on CAR-T function. To overcome these considerable hurdles, fresh methodologies and approaches are needed to produce more powerful CAR-T cells with greater anti-tumor activity and less toxicity. Despite advances in CAR-T research, microbial resistance remains a significant obstacle. In this review, we discuss and describe the basics of CAR-T structures, generations, challenges, and potential risks of infections in CAR-T cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Kalim
- Houston Methodist Cancer Center/Weill Cornell Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Rui Jing
- Houston Methodist Cancer Center/Weill Cornell Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Xin Li
- Houston Methodist Cancer Center/Weill Cornell Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Zhiwu Jiang
- Houston Methodist Cancer Center/Weill Cornell Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Ningbo Zheng
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27101, USA
| | - Ziyu Wang
- Houston Methodist Cancer Center/Weill Cornell Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Guo Wei
- Houston Methodist Cancer Center/Weill Cornell Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Yong Lu
- Houston Methodist Cancer Center/Weill Cornell Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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2
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Xiong Y, Libby KA, Su X. The physical landscape of CAR-T synapse. Biophys J 2023:S0006-3495(23)00581-7. [PMID: 37715447 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2023.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cells form dynamic immunological synapses with their cancer cell targets. After a CAR-antigen engagement, the CAR-T synapse forms, matures, and finally disassembles, accompanied by substantial remodeling of cell surface proteins, lipids, and glycans. In this review, we provide perspectives for understanding protein distribution, membrane topology, and force transmission across the CAR-T synapse. We highlight the features of CAR-T synapses that differ from T cell receptor synapses, including the disorganized protein pattern, adjustable synapse width, diverse mechano-responding properties, and resulting signaling consequences. Through a range of examples, we illustrate how revealing the biophysical nature of the CAR-T synapse could guide the design of CAR-Ts with improved anti-tumor function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiwei Xiong
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Kendra A Libby
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts; Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Xiaolei Su
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; Yale Cancer Center, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut; Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut.
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3
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Talwar JV, Laub D, Pagadala MS, Castro A, Lewis M, Luebeck GE, Gorman BR, Pan C, Dong FN, Markianos K, Teerlink CC, Lynch J, Hauger R, Pyarajan S, Tsao PS, Morris GP, Salem RM, Thompson WK, Curtius K, Zanetti M, Carter H. Autoimmune alleles at the major histocompatibility locus modify melanoma susceptibility. Am J Hum Genet 2023; 110:1138-1161. [PMID: 37339630 PMCID: PMC10357503 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2023.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Autoimmunity and cancer represent two different aspects of immune dysfunction. Autoimmunity is characterized by breakdowns in immune self-tolerance, while impaired immune surveillance can allow for tumorigenesis. The class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC-I), which displays derivatives of the cellular peptidome for immune surveillance by CD8+ T cells, serves as a common genetic link between these conditions. As melanoma-specific CD8+ T cells have been shown to target melanocyte-specific peptide antigens more often than melanoma-specific antigens, we investigated whether vitiligo- and psoriasis-predisposing MHC-I alleles conferred a melanoma-protective effect. In individuals with cutaneous melanoma from both The Cancer Genome Atlas (n = 451) and an independent validation set (n = 586), MHC-I autoimmune-allele carrier status was significantly associated with a later age of melanoma diagnosis. Furthermore, MHC-I autoimmune-allele carriers were significantly associated with decreased risk of developing melanoma in the Million Veteran Program (OR = 0.962, p = 0.024). Existing melanoma polygenic risk scores (PRSs) did not predict autoimmune-allele carrier status, suggesting these alleles provide orthogonal risk-relevant information. Mechanisms of autoimmune protection were neither associated with improved melanoma-driver mutation association nor improved gene-level conserved antigen presentation relative to common alleles. However, autoimmune alleles showed higher affinity relative to common alleles for particular windows of melanocyte-conserved antigens and loss of heterozygosity of autoimmune alleles caused the greatest reduction in presentation for several conserved antigens across individuals with loss of HLA alleles. Overall, this study presents evidence that MHC-I autoimmune-risk alleles modulate melanoma risk unaccounted for by current PRSs.
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Affiliation(s)
- James V Talwar
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Genetics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - David Laub
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Genetics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Meghana S Pagadala
- Biomedical Science Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Andrea Castro
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Genetics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - McKenna Lewis
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Georg E Luebeck
- Public Health Sciences Division, Herbold Computational Biology Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Bryan R Gorman
- Center for Data and Computational Sciences (C-DACS), VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA 02130, USA; Booz Allen Hamilton, Inc., McLean, VA 22102, USA
| | - Cuiping Pan
- Palo Alto Epidemiology Research and Information Center for Genomics, VA Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Frederick N Dong
- Center for Data and Computational Sciences (C-DACS), VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA 02130, USA; Booz Allen Hamilton, Inc., McLean, VA 22102, USA
| | - Kyriacos Markianos
- Center for Data and Computational Sciences (C-DACS), VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA 02130, USA; Division of Genetics and Genomics, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02115, USA
| | - Craig C Teerlink
- Department of Veterans Affairs Informatics and Computing Infrastructure (VINCI), VA Salt Lake City Healthcare System, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Epidemiology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Julie Lynch
- Department of Veterans Affairs Informatics and Computing Infrastructure (VINCI), VA Salt Lake City Healthcare System, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Epidemiology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Richard Hauger
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, CA, USA; Center for Behavioral Genetics of Aging, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health (CESAMH), VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Saiju Pyarajan
- Center for Data and Computational Sciences (C-DACS), VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA 02130, USA; Department of Medicine, Brigham Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Philip S Tsao
- Palo Alto Epidemiology Research and Information Center for Genomics, VA Palo Alto, CA, USA; Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Gerald P Morris
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Rany M Salem
- Division of Epidemiology, Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Human Longevity Science, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Wesley K Thompson
- Center for Population Neuroscience and Genetics, Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, OK 74136, USA
| | - Kit Curtius
- Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Division of Biomedical Informatics, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Maurizio Zanetti
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; The Laboratory of Immunology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Hannah Carter
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Genetics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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4
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Jung K, Pawluk MA, Lane M, Nabai L, Granville DJ. Granzyme B in Epithelial Barrier Dysfunction and Related Skin Diseases. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2022; 323:C170-C189. [PMID: 35442832 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00052.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The predominant function of the skin is to serve as a barrier - to protect against external insults and to prevent water loss. Junctional and structural proteins in the stratum corneum, the outermost layer of the epidermis, are critical to the integrity of the epidermal barrier as it balances ongoing outward migration, differentiation, and desquamation of keratinocytes in the epidermis. As such, epidermal barrier function is highly susceptible to upsurges of proteolytic activity in the stratum corneum and epidermis. Granzyme B is a serine protease scarce in healthy tissues but present at high levels in tissues encumbered by chronic inflammation. Discovered in the 1980s, Granzyme B is currently recognized for its intracellular roles in immune cell-mediated targeted apoptosis as well as extracellular roles in inflammation, chronic injuries, tissue remodeling, and processing of cytokines, matrix proteins, and autoantigens. Increasing evidence has emerged in recent years supporting a role for Granzyme B in promoting barrier dysfunction in the epidermis by direct cleavage of barrier proteins and eliciting immunoreactivity. Likewise, Granzyme B contributes to impaired epithelial function of the airways, retina, gut and vessels. In the present review, the role of Granzyme B in cutaneous epithelial dysfunction is discussed in the context of specific conditions with an overview of underlying mechanisms as well as utility of current experimental and therapeutic inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Jung
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute (VCHRI), University of British Columbia (UBC), Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,British Columbia Professional Firefighters' Wound Healing Laboratory, VCHRI, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Megan A Pawluk
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute (VCHRI), University of British Columbia (UBC), Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,British Columbia Professional Firefighters' Wound Healing Laboratory, VCHRI, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Michael Lane
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute (VCHRI), University of British Columbia (UBC), Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,British Columbia Professional Firefighters' Wound Healing Laboratory, VCHRI, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Layla Nabai
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute (VCHRI), University of British Columbia (UBC), Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,British Columbia Professional Firefighters' Wound Healing Laboratory, VCHRI, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - David J Granville
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute (VCHRI), University of British Columbia (UBC), Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,British Columbia Professional Firefighters' Wound Healing Laboratory, VCHRI, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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5
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Martínez Cuesta L, Pérez SE. Perforin and granzymes in neurological infections: From humans to cattle. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2021; 75:101610. [PMID: 33453589 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2021.101610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Perforin and granzymes are essential components of the cytotoxic granules present in cytotoxic T lymphocytes and natural killer cells. These proteins play a crucial role in a variety of conditions, including viral infections, tumor immune surveillance, and tissue rejection. Besides their beneficial effect in most of these situations, perforin and granzymes have also been associated with tissue damage and immune diseases. Moreover, it has been reported that perforin and granzymes released during viral infections could contribute to the pathogenesis of diseases. In this review, we summarize the information available on human perforin and granzymes and their relationship with neurological infections and immune disorders. Furthermore, we compare this information with that available for bovine and present data on perforin and granzymes expression in cattle infected with bovine alphaherpesvirus types1 and -5. To our knowledge, this is the first review analyzing the impact of perforin and granzymes on neurological infections caused by bovine herpesviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucía Martínez Cuesta
- Virology, SAMP Department, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Pinto 399, Tandil, PC7000, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sandra Elizabeth Pérez
- Virology, SAMP Department, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Pinto 399, Tandil, PC7000, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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6
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Biolato AM, Filali L, Wurzer H, Hoffmann C, Gargiulo E, Valitutti S, Thomas C. Actin remodeling and vesicular trafficking at the tumor cell side of the immunological synapse direct evasion from cytotoxic lymphocytes. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 356:99-130. [PMID: 33066877 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2020.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Michela Biolato
- Cytoskeleton and Cancer Progression, Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Luxembourg City, Luxembourg; Faculty of Science, Technology and Medicine, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Liza Filali
- Cancer Research Center of Toulouse, INSERM, Toulouse, France
| | - Hannah Wurzer
- Cytoskeleton and Cancer Progression, Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Luxembourg City, Luxembourg; Faculty of Science, Technology and Medicine, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Céline Hoffmann
- Cytoskeleton and Cancer Progression, Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Luxembourg City, Luxembourg
| | - Ernesto Gargiulo
- Tumor-Stroma Interactions, Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Luxembourg City, Luxembourg
| | - Salvatore Valitutti
- Cancer Research Center of Toulouse, INSERM, Toulouse, France; Department of Pathology, Institut Universitaire du Cancer-Oncopole, Toulouse, France.
| | - Clément Thomas
- Cytoskeleton and Cancer Progression, Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Luxembourg City, Luxembourg.
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7
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Jayaraman J, Mellody MP, Hou AJ, Desai RP, Fung AW, Pham AHT, Chen YY, Zhao W. CAR-T design: Elements and their synergistic function. EBioMedicine 2020; 58:102931. [PMID: 32739874 PMCID: PMC7393540 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2020.102931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells use re-engineered cell surface receptors to specifically bind to and lyse oncogenic cells. Two clinically approved CAR-T–cell therapies have significant clinical efficacy in treating CD19-positive B cell cancers. With widespread interest to deploy this immunotherapy to other cancers, there has been great research activity to design new CAR structures to increase the range of targeted cancers and anti-tumor efficacy. However, several obstacles must be addressed before CAR-T–cell therapies can be more widely deployed. These include limiting the frequency of lethal cytokine storms, enhancing T-cell persistence and signaling, and improving target antigen specificity. We provide a comprehensive review of recent research on CAR design and systematically evaluate design aspects of the four major modules of CAR structure: the ligand-binding, spacer, transmembrane, and cytoplasmic domains, elucidating design strategies and principles to guide future immunotherapeutic discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayapriya Jayaraman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine,CA,92697, United States
| | - Michael P Mellody
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine,CA,92697, United States
| | - Andrew J Hou
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095
| | - Ruchi P Desai
- School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697
| | - Audrey W Fung
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697
| | - An Huynh Thuy Pham
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697
| | - Yvonne Y Chen
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095; Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, 90095; Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, 90095
| | - Weian Zhao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine,CA,92697, United States; Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, United States; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, United States; Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, United States; Edwards Life Sciences Center for Advanced Cardiovascular Technology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, United States; Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, United States.
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8
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Abstract
Cytotoxic T lymphocytes and natural killer cells eliminate infected cells from the organism by triggering programmed cell death (apoptosis). The contents of the lytic granules of killer cells, including pore-forming proteins perforins and proteolytic enzymes granzymes, are released with the following penetration of the released proteins into the target cells. Granzyme B initiates mitochondria-dependent apoptosis via (i) proapoptotic Bid protein, (ii) Mcl-1 and Bim proteins, or (iii) p53 protein. As a result, cytochrome c is released from the mitochondria into the cytoplasm, causing formation of apoptosomes that initiate the proteolytic cascade of caspase activation. Granzymes M, H, and F cause cell death accompanied by the cytochrome c release from the mitochondria. Granzyme A induces generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which promotes translocation of the endoplasmic reticulum-associated SET complex to the nucleus where it is cleaved by granzyme A, leading to the activation of nucleases that catalyze single-strand DNA breaks. Granzymes A and B penetrate into the mitochondria and cleave subunits of the respiratory chain complex I. One of the complex I subunits is also a target for caspase-3. Granzyme-dependent damage to complex I leads to the ROS generation and cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- D B Kiselevsky
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Faculty of Biology, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
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9
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Rapid selection and identification of functional CD8 + T cell epitopes from large peptide-coding libraries. Nat Commun 2019; 10:4553. [PMID: 31591401 PMCID: PMC6779888 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-12444-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytotoxic CD8+ T cells recognize and eliminate infected or malignant cells that present peptide epitopes derived from intracellularly processed antigens on their surface. However, comprehensive profiling of specific major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-bound peptide epitopes that are naturally processed and capable of eliciting a functional T cell response has been challenging. Here, we report a method for deep and unbiased T cell epitope profiling, using in vitro co-culture of CD8+ T cells together with target cells transduced with high-complexity, epitope-encoding minigene libraries. Target cells that are subject to cytotoxic attack from T cells in co-culture are isolated prior to apoptosis by fluorescence-activated cell sorting, and characterized by sequencing the encoded minigenes. We then validate this highly parallelized method using known murine T cell receptor/peptide-MHC pairs and diverse minigene-encoded epitope libraries. Our data thus suggest that this epitope profiling method allows unambiguous and sensitive identification of naturally processed and MHC-presented peptide epitopes.
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10
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Turner CT, Lim D, Granville DJ. Granzyme B in skin inflammation and disease. Matrix Biol 2019; 75-76:126-140. [DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2017.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Revised: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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11
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Woodsworth DJ, Dreolini L, Abraham L, Holt RA. Targeted Cell-to-Cell Delivery of Protein Payloads via the Granzyme-Perforin Pathway. MOLECULAR THERAPY-METHODS & CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT 2017; 7:132-145. [PMID: 29201936 PMCID: PMC5700818 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2017.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
There is great potential for engineering cellular therapeutics by repurposing biological systems. Here, we report utilization of the granzyme-perforin pathway of cytotoxic lymphocytes as a cell-to-cell protein delivery module. We designed and constructed granzyme B-derived chaperone molecules fused to a fluorescent protein payload and expressed these constructs in natural killer (NK) cells. Using confocal microscopy and flow cytometry, we investigated the co-localization of the chaperones with lytic granules and the chaperone-mediated transfer of the fluorescent protein payload from NK to target cells in co-culture experiments. A synthetic chaperone consisting of the granzyme B ER signal peptide and a domain encompassing putative N-linked glycosylation sites in granzyme B is insufficient for payload transfer to target cells, whereas full-length granzyme B is sufficient for payload delivery. Combining our functional data with an analysis of the crystal structure of granzyme B suggests that the necessary motifs for granzyme B loading into lytic granules are dispersed throughout the primary amino acid sequence and are only functional when contiguous in the tertiary structure. These results illustrate that by using granzyme B as a molecular chaperone the granzyme-perforin pathway can be exploited as a programmable molecular delivery system for cell-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J. Woodsworth
- Canada’s Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Lisa Dreolini
- Canada’s Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Libin Abraham
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Robert A. Holt
- Canada’s Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
- Corresponding author: Robert A. Holt, Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.
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12
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Basu R, Whitlock BM, Husson J, Le Floc'h A, Jin W, Oyler-Yaniv A, Dotiwala F, Giannone G, Hivroz C, Biais N, Lieberman J, Kam LC, Huse M. Cytotoxic T Cells Use Mechanical Force to Potentiate Target Cell Killing. Cell 2016; 165:100-110. [PMID: 26924577 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2016.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 277] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Revised: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The immunological synapse formed between a cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) and an infected or transformed target cell is a physically active structure capable of exerting mechanical force. Here, we investigated whether synaptic forces promote the destruction of target cells. CTLs kill by secreting toxic proteases and the pore forming protein perforin into the synapse. Biophysical experiments revealed a striking correlation between the magnitude of force exertion across the synapse and the speed of perforin pore formation on the target cell, implying that force potentiates cytotoxicity by enhancing perforin activity. Consistent with this interpretation, we found that increasing target cell tension augmented pore formation by perforin and killing by CTLs. Our data also indicate that CTLs coordinate perforin release and force exertion in space and time. These results reveal an unappreciated physical dimension to lymphocyte function and demonstrate that cells use mechanical forces to control the activity of outgoing chemical signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roshni Basu
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Benjamin M Whitlock
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, Weill-Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Julien Husson
- Hydrodynamics Laboratory (LadHyX), Department of Mechanics, Ecole Polytechnique, Palaiseau 91128, France
| | - Audrey Le Floc'h
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Weiyang Jin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Alon Oyler-Yaniv
- Computational Biology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Farokh Dotiwala
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Gregory Giannone
- CNRS, University of Bordeaux, Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, UMR 5297, Bordeaux 33000, France
| | - Claire Hivroz
- Institute Curie, INSERM U932, PSL Research University, Paris 75005, France
| | - Nicolas Biais
- Department of Biology, Brooklyn College of the City University of New York, New York, NY 11201, USA
| | - Judy Lieberman
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Lance C Kam
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Morgan Huse
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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