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S Mesquita F, Abrami L, Linder ME, Bamji SX, Dickinson BC, van der Goot FG. Mechanisms and functions of protein S-acylation. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2024; 25:488-509. [PMID: 38355760 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-024-00700-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Over the past two decades, protein S-acylation (often referred to as S-palmitoylation) has emerged as an important regulator of vital signalling pathways. S-Acylation is a reversible post-translational modification that involves the attachment of a fatty acid to a protein. Maintenance of the equilibrium between protein S-acylation and deacylation has demonstrated profound effects on various cellular processes, including innate immunity, inflammation, glucose metabolism and fat metabolism, as well as on brain and heart function. This Review provides an overview of current understanding of S-acylation and deacylation enzymes, their spatiotemporal regulation by sophisticated multilayered mechanisms, and their influence on protein function, cellular processes and physiological pathways. Furthermore, we examine how disruptions in protein S-acylation are associated with a broad spectrum of diseases from cancer to autoinflammatory disorders and neurological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco S Mesquita
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Laurence Abrami
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Maurine E Linder
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Shernaz X Bamji
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - F Gisou van der Goot
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland.
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2
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Essandoh K, Teuber JP, Brody MJ. Regulation of cardiomyocyte intracellular trafficking and signal transduction by protein palmitoylation. Biochem Soc Trans 2024; 52:41-53. [PMID: 38385554 PMCID: PMC10903464 DOI: 10.1042/bst20221296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Despite the well-established functions of protein palmitoylation in fundamental cellular processes, the roles of this reversible post-translational lipid modification in cardiomyocyte biology remain poorly studied. Palmitoylation is catalyzed by a family of 23 zinc finger and Asp-His-His-Cys domain-containing S-acyltransferases (zDHHC enzymes) and removed by select thioesterases of the lysophospholipase and α/β-hydroxylase domain (ABHD)-containing families of serine hydrolases. Recently, studies utilizing genetic manipulation of zDHHC enzymes in cardiomyocytes have begun to unveil essential functions for these enzymes in regulating cardiac development, homeostasis, and pathogenesis. Palmitoylation co-ordinates cardiac electrophysiology through direct modulation of ion channels and transporters to impact their trafficking or gating properties as well as indirectly through modification of regulators of channels, transporters, and calcium handling machinery. Not surprisingly, palmitoylation has roles in orchestrating the intracellular trafficking of proteins in cardiomyocytes, but also dynamically fine-tunes cardiomyocyte exocytosis and natriuretic peptide secretion. Palmitoylation has emerged as a potent regulator of intracellular signaling in cardiomyocytes, with recent studies uncovering palmitoylation-dependent regulation of small GTPases through direct modification and sarcolemmal targeting of the small GTPases themselves or by modification of regulators of the GTPase cycle. In addition to dynamic control of G protein signaling, cytosolic DNA is sensed and transduced into an inflammatory transcriptional output through palmitoylation-dependent activation of the cGAS-STING pathway, which has been targeted pharmacologically in preclinical models of heart disease. Further research is needed to fully understand the complex regulatory mechanisms governed by protein palmitoylation in cardiomyocytes and potential emerging therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kobina Essandoh
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, U.S.A
| | - James P. Teuber
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, U.S.A
| | - Matthew J. Brody
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, U.S.A
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, U.S.A
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3
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Shen Y, Zheng LL, Fang CY, Xu YY, Wang C, Li JT, Lei MZ, Yin M, Lu HJ, Lei QY, Qu J. ABHD7-mediated depalmitoylation of lamin A promotes myoblast differentiation. Cell Rep 2024; 43:113720. [PMID: 38308845 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.113720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024] Open
Abstract
LMNA gene mutation can cause muscular dystrophy, and post-translational modification plays a critical role in regulating its function. Here, we identify that lamin A is palmitoylated at cysteine 522, 588, and 591 residues, which are reversely catalyzed by palmitoyltransferase zinc finger DHHC-type palmitoyltransferase 5 (ZDHHC5) and depalmitoylase α/β hydrolase domain 7 (ABHD7). Furthermore, the metabolite lactate promotes palmitoylation of lamin A by inhibiting the interaction between it and ABHD7. Interestingly, low-level palmitoylation of lamin A promotes, whereas high-level palmitoylation of lamin A inhibits, murine myoblast differentiation. Together, these observations suggest that ABHD7-mediated depalmitoylation of lamin A controls myoblast differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Shen
- Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center & Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Cancer Institutes, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer in Shanghai, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, The Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Liang-Liang Zheng
- Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center & Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Cancer Institutes, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer in Shanghai, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, The Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Cai-Yun Fang
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Yao-Yao Xu
- Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center & Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Cancer Institutes, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer in Shanghai, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, The Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Chao Wang
- Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center & Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Cancer Institutes, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer in Shanghai, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, The Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jin-Tao Li
- Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center & Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Cancer Institutes, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer in Shanghai, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, The Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Ming-Zhu Lei
- Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center & Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Cancer Institutes, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer in Shanghai, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, The Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Miao Yin
- Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center & Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Cancer Institutes, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer in Shanghai, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, The Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Hao-Jie Lu
- Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center & Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Cancer Institutes, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer in Shanghai, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, The Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Glycoconjugates Research, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China.
| | - Qun-Ying Lei
- Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center & Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Cancer Institutes, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer in Shanghai, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, The Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Jia Qu
- Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center & Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Cancer Institutes, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer in Shanghai, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, The Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
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4
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Guo R, Liu J, Min X, Zeng W, Shan B, Zhang M, He Z, Zhang Y, He K, Yuan J, Xu D. Reduction of DHHC5-mediated beclin 1 S-palmitoylation underlies autophagy decline in aging. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2024; 31:232-245. [PMID: 38177673 DOI: 10.1038/s41594-023-01163-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Autophagy is a lysosome-dependent degradation pathway essential for cellular homeostasis, which decreases with age. However, it is unclear how aging induces autophagy decline. Here we show the role of protein S-palmitoylation in autophagy. We identify the palmitoyl acyltransferase DHHC5 as a regulator of autophagy by mediating the palmitoylation of beclin 1, which in turn promotes the formation of ATG14L-containing class III phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase complex I and its lipid kinase activity by promoting the hydrophobic interactions between beclin 1 and adapter proteins ATG14L and VPS15. In aging brains of human and nonhuman primate, the levels of DHHC5 exhibit a marked decrease in expression. We show that DHHC5 deficiency in neurons leads to reduced cellular protein homeostasis in two established murine models of Alzheimer's disease, which exaggerates neurodegeneration in an autophagy-dependent manner. These findings identify reduction of DHHC5-mediated beclin 1 S-palmitoylation as an underlying mechanism by which aging induces autophagy decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Guo
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianping Liu
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xia Min
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wen Zeng
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bing Shan
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Mengmeng Zhang
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhuohao He
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yaoyang Zhang
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Aging Studies, Shanghai, China
| | - Kaiwen He
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Junying Yuan
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Daichao Xu
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Aging Studies, Shanghai, China.
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5
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Kodakandla G, Akimzhanov AM, Boehning D. Regulatory mechanisms controlling store-operated calcium entry. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1330259. [PMID: 38169682 PMCID: PMC10758431 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1330259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Calcium influx through plasma membrane ion channels is crucial for many events in cellular physiology. Cell surface stimuli lead to the production of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3), which binds to IP3 receptors (IP3R) in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to release calcium pools from the ER lumen. This leads to the depletion of ER calcium pools, which has been termed store depletion. Store depletion leads to the dissociation of calcium ions from the EF-hand motif of the ER calcium sensor Stromal Interaction Molecule 1 (STIM1). This leads to a conformational change in STIM1, which helps it to interact with the plasma membrane (PM) at ER:PM junctions. At these ER:PM junctions, STIM1 binds to and activates a calcium channel known as Orai1 to form calcium release-activated calcium (CRAC) channels. Activation of Orai1 leads to calcium influx, known as store-operated calcium entry (SOCE). In addition to Orai1 and STIM1, the homologs of Orai1 and STIM1, such as Orai2/3 and STIM2, also play a crucial role in calcium homeostasis. The influx of calcium through the Orai channel activates a calcium current that has been termed the CRAC current. CRAC channels form multimers and cluster together in large macromolecular assemblies termed "puncta". How CRAC channels form puncta has been contentious since their discovery. In this review, we will outline the history of SOCE, the molecular players involved in this process, as well as the models that have been proposed to explain this critical mechanism in cellular physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goutham Kodakandla
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden, NJ, United States
| | - Askar M. Akimzhanov
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Darren Boehning
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden, NJ, United States
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6
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Baldwin TA, Teuber JP, Kuwabara Y, Subramani A, Lin SCJ, Kanisicak O, Vagnozzi RJ, Zhang W, Brody MJ, Molkentin JD. Palmitoylation-dependent regulation of cardiomyocyte Rac1 signaling activity and minor effects on cardiac hypertrophy. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:105426. [PMID: 37926281 PMCID: PMC10716590 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
S-palmitoylation is a reversible lipid modification catalyzed by 23 S-acyltransferases with a conserved zinc finger aspartate-histidine-histidine-cysteine (zDHHC) domain that facilitates targeting of proteins to specific intracellular membranes. Here we performed a gain-of-function screen in the mouse and identified the Golgi-localized enzymes zDHHC3 and zDHHC7 as regulators of cardiac hypertrophy. Cardiomyocyte-specific transgenic mice overexpressing zDHHC3 show cardiac disease, and S-acyl proteomics identified the small GTPase Rac1 as a novel substrate of zDHHC3. Notably, cardiomyopathy and congestive heart failure in zDHHC3 transgenic mice is preceded by enhanced Rac1 S-palmitoylation, membrane localization, activity, downstream hypertrophic signaling, and concomitant induction of all Rho family small GTPases whereas mice overexpressing an enzymatically dead zDHHC3 mutant show no discernible effect. However, loss of Rac1 or other identified zDHHC3 targets Gαq/11 or galectin-1 does not diminish zDHHC3-induced cardiomyopathy, suggesting multiple effectors and pathways promoting decompensation with sustained zDHHC3 activity. Genetic deletion of Zdhhc3 in combination with Zdhhc7 reduces cardiac hypertrophy during the early response to pressure overload stimulation but not over longer time periods. Indeed, cardiac hypertrophy in response to 2 weeks of angiotensin-II infusion is not diminished by Zdhhc3/7 deletion, again suggesting other S-acyltransferases or signaling mechanisms compensate to promote hypertrophic signaling. Taken together, these data indicate that the activity of zDHHC3 and zDHHC7 at the cardiomyocyte Golgi promote Rac1 signaling and maladaptive cardiac remodeling, but redundant signaling effectors compensate to maintain cardiac hypertrophy with sustained pathological stimulation in the absence of zDHHC3/7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya A Baldwin
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - James P Teuber
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Yasuhide Kuwabara
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Araskumar Subramani
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Suh-Chin J Lin
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Onur Kanisicak
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Ronald J Vagnozzi
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA; Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Consortium for Fibrosis Research & Translation, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Weiqi Zhang
- Laboratory of Molecular Psychiatry, Department of Mental Health, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Matthew J Brody
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
| | - Jeffery D Molkentin
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
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7
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Anwar MU, van der Goot FG. Refining S-acylation: Structure, regulation, dynamics, and therapeutic implications. J Cell Biol 2023; 222:e202307103. [PMID: 37756661 PMCID: PMC10533364 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202307103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
With a limited number of genes, cells achieve remarkable diversity. This is to a large extent achieved by chemical posttranslational modifications of proteins. Amongst these are the lipid modifications that have the unique ability to confer hydrophobicity. The last decade has revealed that lipid modifications of proteins are extremely frequent and affect a great variety of cellular pathways and physiological processes. This is particularly true for S-acylation, the only reversible lipid modification. The enzymes involved in S-acylation and deacylation are only starting to be understood, and the list of proteins that undergo this modification is ever-increasing. We will describe the state of knowledge on the enzymes that regulate S-acylation, from their structure to their regulation, how S-acylation influences target proteins, and finally will offer a perspective on how alterations in the balance between S-acylation and deacylation may contribute to disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad U. Anwar
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - F. Gisou van der Goot
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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8
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Zhou Y, Jia K, Wang S, Li Z, Li Y, Lu S, Yang Y, Zhang L, Wang M, Dong Y, Zhang L, Zhang W, Li N, Yu Y, Cao X, Hou J. Malignant progression of liver cancer progenitors requires lysine acetyltransferase 7-acetylated and cytoplasm-translocated G protein GαS. Hepatology 2023; 77:1106-1121. [PMID: 35344606 PMCID: PMC10026959 DOI: 10.1002/hep.32487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Hepatocarcinogenesis goes through HCC progenitor cells (HcPCs) to fully established HCC, and the mechanisms driving the development of HcPCs are still largely unknown. APPROACH AND RESULTS Proteomic analysis in nonaggregated hepatocytes and aggregates containing HcPCs from a diethylnitrosamine-induced HCC mouse model was screened using a quantitative mass spectrometry-based approach to elucidate the dysregulated proteins in HcPCs. The heterotrimeric G stimulating protein α subunit (GαS) protein level was significantly increased in liver cancer progenitor HcPCs, which promotes their response to oncogenic and proinflammatory cytokine IL-6 and drives premalignant HcPCs to fully established HCC. Mechanistically, GαS was located at the membrane inside of hepatocytes and acetylated at K28 by acetyltransferase lysine acetyltransferase 7 (KAT7) under IL-6 in HcPCs, causing the acyl protein thioesterase 1-mediated depalmitoylation of GαS and its cytoplasmic translocation, which were determined by GαS K28A mimicking deacetylation or K28Q mimicking acetylation mutant mice and hepatic Kat7 knockout mouse. Then, cytoplasmic acetylated GαS associated with signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) to impede its interaction with suppressor of cytokine signaling 3, thus promoting in a feedforward manner STAT3 phosphorylation and the response to IL-6 in HcPCs. Clinically, GαS, especially K28-acetylated GαS, was determined to be increased in human hepatic premalignant dysplastic nodules and positively correlated with the enhanced STAT3 phosphorylation, which were in accordance with the data obtained in mouse models. CONCLUSIONS Malignant progression of HcPCs requires increased K28-acetylated and cytoplasm-translocated GαS, causing enhanced response to IL-6 and driving premalignant HcPCs to fully established HCC, which provides mechanistic insight and a potential target for preventing hepatocarcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Zhou
- National Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology & Institute of Immunology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kaiwei Jia
- National Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology & Institute of Immunology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Suyuan Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology & Institute of Immunology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhenyang Li
- National Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology & Institute of Immunology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yunhui Li
- National Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology & Institute of Immunology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shan Lu
- National Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology & Institute of Immunology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingyun Yang
- Center for Immunotherapy, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Liyuan Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology & Institute of Immunology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mu Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology & Institute of Immunology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yue Dong
- National Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology & Institute of Immunology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Luxin Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology & Institute of Immunology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wannian Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology & Institute of Immunology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Nan Li
- National Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology & Institute of Immunology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yizhi Yu
- National Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology & Institute of Immunology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuetao Cao
- National Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology & Institute of Immunology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
- Center for Immunotherapy, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jin Hou
- National Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology & Institute of Immunology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
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9
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Li X, Abdel-Moneim AME, Hu Z, Mesalam NM, Yang B. Effects of chronic hypoxia on the gene expression profile in the embryonic heart in three Chinese indigenous chicken breeds (Gallus gallus). Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:942159. [PMID: 35990266 PMCID: PMC9390884 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.942159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia exposure (HE) has adverse impacts on the embryonic development of chicken, whereas the mechanism underlying the response of the heart to HE during embryo development in birds is still unclear. Therefore, our study was designed to reveal the hub genes and the signaling pathways linked to chronic hypoxia stress. Thus, the gene expression microarray GSE12675, downloaded from the GEO database, included 12 embryonic heart samples in hypoxia and normoxia of three Chinese indigenous chicken breeds [Shouguang (SG), Tibetan (TB), and Dwarf Recessive White (DRW) chickens]. A total of 653 to 714 breed-specific differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were detected in each pairwise comparison. Gene ontology (GO) showed that the DEGs were mainly involved in biological processes, including vasoconstriction, cell differentiation, and the positive regulation of vasoconstriction. KEGG enrichment revealed that the DEGs were mainly enriched in MAPK, PPAR, insulin, adrenergic signaling in cardiomyocytes, etc. Moreover, 48 genes (e.g., SGCD, DHRS9, HELQ, MCMDC2, and ESCO2) might contribute to the response of the heart to HE. Taken together, the current study provides important clues for understanding the molecular mechanism of the heart's response to HE during the embryonic period of chicken.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Li
- College of Animal Science, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang, China
| | | | - Zhongze Hu
- College of Animal Science, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang, China
| | - Noura M. Mesalam
- Biological Applications Department, Nuclear Research Center, Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Bing Yang
- College of Animal Science, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang, China
- *Correspondence: Bing Yang
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10
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Ramadan AA, Mayilsamy K, McGill AR, Ghosh A, Giulianotti MA, Donow HM, Mohapatra SS, Mohapatra S, Chandran B, Deschenes RJ, Roy A. Identification of SARS-CoV-2 Spike Palmitoylation Inhibitors That Results in Release of Attenuated Virus with Reduced Infectivity. Viruses 2022; 14:v14030531. [PMID: 35336938 PMCID: PMC8950683 DOI: 10.3390/v14030531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The spike proteins of enveloped viruses are transmembrane glycoproteins that typically undergo post-translational attachment of palmitate on cysteine residues on the cytoplasmic facing tail of the protein. The role of spike protein palmitoylation in virus biogenesis and infectivity is being actively studied as a potential target of novel antivirals. Here, we report that palmitoylation of the first five cysteine residues of the C-terminal cysteine-rich domain of the SARS-CoV-2 S protein are indispensable for infection, and palmitoylation-deficient spike mutants are defective in membrane fusion. The DHHC9 palmitoyltransferase interacts with and palmitoylates the spike protein in the ER and Golgi and knockdown of DHHC9 results in reduced fusion and infection of SARS-CoV-2. Two bis-piperazine backbone-based DHHC9 inhibitors inhibit SARS-CoV-2 S protein palmitoylation and the resulting progeny virion particles released are defective in fusion and infection. This establishes these palmitoyltransferase inhibitors as potential new intervention strategies against SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed A. Ramadan
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; (A.A.R.); (K.M.); (A.R.M.); (A.G.); (S.S.M.); (S.M.); (B.C.)
| | - Karthick Mayilsamy
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; (A.A.R.); (K.M.); (A.R.M.); (A.G.); (S.S.M.); (S.M.); (B.C.)
- Department of Veterans Affairs, James A Haley Veterans Hospital, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Andrew R. McGill
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; (A.A.R.); (K.M.); (A.R.M.); (A.G.); (S.S.M.); (S.M.); (B.C.)
- Department of Veterans Affairs, James A Haley Veterans Hospital, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Anandita Ghosh
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; (A.A.R.); (K.M.); (A.R.M.); (A.G.); (S.S.M.); (S.M.); (B.C.)
| | - Marc A. Giulianotti
- Center for Translational Science, Florida International University, Port St. Lucie, FL 34987, USA; (M.A.G.); (H.M.D.)
| | - Haley M. Donow
- Center for Translational Science, Florida International University, Port St. Lucie, FL 34987, USA; (M.A.G.); (H.M.D.)
| | - Shyam S. Mohapatra
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; (A.A.R.); (K.M.); (A.R.M.); (A.G.); (S.S.M.); (S.M.); (B.C.)
- Department of Veterans Affairs, James A Haley Veterans Hospital, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Subhra Mohapatra
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; (A.A.R.); (K.M.); (A.R.M.); (A.G.); (S.S.M.); (S.M.); (B.C.)
- Department of Veterans Affairs, James A Haley Veterans Hospital, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Bala Chandran
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; (A.A.R.); (K.M.); (A.R.M.); (A.G.); (S.S.M.); (S.M.); (B.C.)
| | - Robert J. Deschenes
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; (A.A.R.); (K.M.); (A.R.M.); (A.G.); (S.S.M.); (S.M.); (B.C.)
- Correspondence: (R.J.D.); (A.R.); Tel.: +1-(813)-974-6393 (R.J.D.); +1-(813)-974-5540 (A.R.)
| | - Arunava Roy
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; (A.A.R.); (K.M.); (A.R.M.); (A.G.); (S.S.M.); (S.M.); (B.C.)
- Correspondence: (R.J.D.); (A.R.); Tel.: +1-(813)-974-6393 (R.J.D.); +1-(813)-974-5540 (A.R.)
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11
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Morris G, Walder K, Berk M, Carvalho AF, Marx W, Bortolasci CC, Yung AR, Puri BK, Maes M. Intertwined associations between oxidative and nitrosative stress and endocannabinoid system pathways: Relevance for neuropsychiatric disorders. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2022; 114:110481. [PMID: 34826557 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2021.110481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The endocannabinoid system (ECS) appears to regulate metabolic, cardiovascular, immune, gastrointestinal, lung, and reproductive system functions, as well as the central nervous system. There is also evidence that neuropsychiatric disorders are associated with ECS abnormalities as well as oxidative and nitrosative stress pathways. The goal of this mechanistic review is to investigate the mechanisms underlying the ECS's regulation of redox signalling, as well as the mechanisms by which activated oxidative and nitrosative stress pathways may impair ECS-mediated signalling. Cannabinoid receptor (CB)1 activation and upregulation of brain CB2 receptors reduce oxidative stress in the brain, resulting in less tissue damage and less neuroinflammation. Chronically high levels of oxidative stress may impair CB1 and CB2 receptor activity. CB1 activation in peripheral cells increases nitrosative stress and inducible nitric oxide (iNOS) activity, reducing mitochondrial activity. Upregulation of CB2 in the peripheral and central nervous systems may reduce iNOS, nitrosative stress, and neuroinflammation. Nitrosative stress may have an impact on CB1 and CB2-mediated signalling. Peripheral immune activation, which frequently occurs in response to nitro-oxidative stress, may result in increased expression of CB2 receptors on T and B lymphocytes, dendritic cells, and macrophages, reducing the production of inflammatory products and limiting the duration and intensity of the immune and oxidative stress response. In conclusion, high levels of oxidative and nitrosative stress may compromise or even abolish ECS-mediated redox pathway regulation. Future research in neuropsychiatric disorders like mood disorders and deficit schizophrenia should explore abnormalities in these intertwined signalling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerwyn Morris
- Deakin University, IMPACT - the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia
| | - Ken Walder
- Deakin University, IMPACT - the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia.
| | - Michael Berk
- Deakin University, IMPACT - the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia; Orygen, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Andre F Carvalho
- Deakin University, IMPACT - the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia
| | - Wolf Marx
- Deakin University, IMPACT - the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia.
| | - Chiara C Bortolasci
- Deakin University, IMPACT - the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia.
| | - Alison R Yung
- Deakin University, IMPACT - the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia; Orygen, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; School of Health Science, University of Manchester, UK.
| | - Basant K Puri
- University of Winchester, UK, and C.A.R., Cambridge, UK.
| | - Michael Maes
- Deakin University, IMPACT - the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia; Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand; Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Plovdiv, Plovdiv, Bulgaria.
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12
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Main A, Boguslavskyi A, Howie J, Kuo CW, Rankin A, Burton FL, Smith GL, Hajjar R, Baillie GS, Campbell KS, Shattock MJ, Fuller W. Dynamic but discordant alterations in zDHHC5 expression and palmitoylation of its substrates in cardiac pathologies. Front Physiol 2022; 13:1023237. [PMID: 36277202 PMCID: PMC9581287 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.1023237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
S-palmitoylation is an essential lipid modification catalysed by zDHHC-palmitoyl acyltransferases that regulates the localisation and activity of substrates in every class of protein and tissue investigated to date. In the heart, S-palmitoylation regulates sodium-calcium exchanger (NCX1) inactivation, phospholemman (PLM) inhibition of the Na+/K+ ATPase, Nav1.5 influence on membrane excitability and membrane localisation of heterotrimeric G-proteins. The cell surface localised enzyme zDHHC5 palmitoylates NCX1 and PLM and is implicated in injury during anoxia/reperfusion. Little is known about how palmitoylation remodels in cardiac diseases. We investigated expression of zDHHC5 in animal models of left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) and heart failure (HF), along with HF tissue from humans. zDHHC5 expression increased rapidly during onset of LVH, whilst HF was associated with decreased zDHHC5 expression. Paradoxically, palmitoylation of the zDHHC5 substrate NCX1 was significantly reduced in LVH but increased in human HF, while palmitoylation of the zDHHC5 substrate PLM was unchanged in all settings. Overexpression of zDHHC5 in rabbit ventricular cardiomyocytes did not alter palmitoylation of its substrates or overall cardiomyocyte contractility, suggesting changes in zDHHC5 expression in disease may not be a primary driver of pathology. zDHHC5 itself is regulated by post-translational modifications, including palmitoylation in its C-terminal tail. We found that in HF palmitoylation of zDHHC5 changed in the same manner as palmitoylation of NCX1, suggesting additional regulatory mechanisms may be involved. This study provides novel evidence that palmitoylation of cardiac substrates is altered in the setting of HF, and that expression of zDHHC5 is dysregulated in both hypertrophy and HF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Main
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Andri Boguslavskyi
- School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine and Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jacqueline Howie
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Chien-Wen Kuo
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Aileen Rankin
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Francis L Burton
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Godfrey L Smith
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Roger Hajjar
- Flagship Pioneering, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - George S Baillie
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Kenneth S Campbell
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Michael J Shattock
- School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine and Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - William Fuller
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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13
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Bieerkehazhi S, Fan Y, West SJ, Tewari R, Ko J, Mills T, Boehning D, Akimzhanov AM. Ca2+-dependent protein acyltransferase DHHC21 controls activation of CD4+ T cells. J Cell Sci 2021; 135:268992. [PMID: 34080635 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.258186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the recognized significance of reversible protein lipidation (S-acylation) for T cell receptor signal transduction, the enzymatic control of this post-translational modification in T cells remains poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that DHHC21 (also known as ZDHHC21), a member of the DHHC family of mammalian protein acyltransferases, mediates T cell receptor-induced S-acylation of proximal T cell signaling proteins. Using Zdhhc21dep mice, which express a functionally deficient version of DHHC21, we show that DHHC21 is a Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent enzyme critical for activation of naïve CD4+ T cells in response to T cell receptor stimulation. We find that disruption of the Ca2+/calmodulin-binding domain of DHHC21 does not affect thymic T cell development but prevents differentiation of peripheral CD4+ T cells into Th1, Th2 and Th17 effector T helper lineages. Our findings identify DHHC21 as an essential component of the T cell receptor signaling machinery and define a new role for protein acyltransferases in regulation of T cell-mediated immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shayahati Bieerkehazhi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Ying Fan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA.,Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden, NJ 08103, USA
| | - Savannah J West
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA.,MD Anderson Cancer Center and University of Texas Health Science at Houston Graduate School, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Ritika Tewari
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Junsuk Ko
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA.,MD Anderson Cancer Center and University of Texas Health Science at Houston Graduate School, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Tingting Mills
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Darren Boehning
- Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden, NJ 08103, USA
| | - Askar M Akimzhanov
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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14
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Chen JJ, Fan Y, Boehning D. Regulation of Dynamic Protein S-Acylation. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:656440. [PMID: 33981723 PMCID: PMC8107437 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.656440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein S-acylation is the reversible addition of fatty acids to the cysteine residues of target proteins. It regulates multiple aspects of protein function, including the localization to membranes, intracellular trafficking, protein interactions, protein stability, and protein conformation. This process is regulated by palmitoyl acyltransferases that have the conserved amino acid sequence DHHC at their active site. Although they have conserved catalytic cores, DHHC enzymes vary in their protein substrate selection, lipid substrate preference, and regulatory mechanisms. Alterations in DHHC enzyme function are associated with many human diseases, including cancers and neurological conditions. The removal of fatty acids from acylated cysteine residues is catalyzed by acyl protein thioesterases. Notably, S-acylation is now known to be a highly dynamic process, and plays crucial roles in signaling transduction in various cell types. In this review, we will explore the recent findings on protein S-acylation, the enzymatic regulation of this process, and discuss examples of dynamic S-acylation.
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15
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Main A, Fuller W. Protein S-Palmitoylation: advances and challenges in studying a therapeutically important lipid modification. FEBS J 2021; 289:861-882. [PMID: 33624421 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The lipid post-translational modification S-palmitoylation is a vast developing field, with the modification itself and the enzymes that catalyse the reversible reaction implicated in a number of diseases. In this review, we discuss the past and recent advances in the experimental tools used in this field, including pharmacological tools, animal models and techniques to understand how palmitoylation controls protein localisation and function. Additionally, we discuss the obstacles to overcome in order to advance the field, particularly to the point at which modulating palmitoylation may be achieved as a therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Main
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK
| | - William Fuller
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK
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16
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Woodley KT, Collins MO. Regulation and function of the palmitoyl-acyltransferase ZDHHC5. FEBS J 2021; 288:6623-6634. [PMID: 33415776 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Protein palmitoylation (S-acylation) has emerged as an important player in a range of cellular processes, and as a result, the palmitoyl-acyltransferase (PAT) enzymes which mediate this modification have entered into the spotlight. Palmitoyltransferase ZDHHC5 (ZDHHC5) is among the more unique members of the PAT family as it is mainly localised to the plasma membrane and contains an extended cytoplasmic domain with several regulatory features. ZDHHC5 plays a vital role in a wide range of processes in different cell types. In this review, we offer a summary of the functions of ZDHHC5 in synaptic plasticity, cardiac function, cell adhesion and fatty acid uptake, among other processes. We also explore recent work has revealed several mechanisms to control the activity, localisation and function of ZDHHC5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith T Woodley
- Department of Biomedical Science & Centre for Membrane Interactions and Dynamics (CMIAD), Firth Court, Western Bank, University of Sheffield, UK.,Barts Cancer Institute, John Vane Science Centre, Queen Mary University of London, UK
| | - Mark O Collins
- Department of Biomedical Science & Centre for Membrane Interactions and Dynamics (CMIAD), Firth Court, Western Bank, University of Sheffield, UK
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17
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Schianchi F, Glatz JFC, Navarro Gascon A, Nabben M, Neumann D, Luiken JJFP. Putative Role of Protein Palmitoylation in Cardiac Lipid-Induced Insulin Resistance. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21249438. [PMID: 33322406 PMCID: PMC7764417 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21249438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In the heart, inhibition of the insulin cascade following lipid overload is strongly associated with contractile dysfunction. The translocation of fatty acid transporter CD36 (SR-B2) from intracellular stores to the cell surface is a hallmark event in the lipid-overloaded heart, feeding forward to intracellular lipid accumulation. Yet, the molecular mechanisms by which intracellularly arrived lipids induce insulin resistance is ill-understood. Bioactive lipid metabolites (diacyl-glycerols, ceramides) are contributing factors but fail to correlate with the degree of cardiac insulin resistance in diabetic humans. This leaves room for other lipid-induced mechanisms involved in lipid-induced insulin resistance, including protein palmitoylation. Protein palmitoylation encompasses the reversible covalent attachment of palmitate moieties to cysteine residues and is governed by protein acyl-transferases and thioesterases. The function of palmitoylation is to provide proteins with proper spatiotemporal localization, thereby securing the correct unwinding of signaling pathways. In this review, we provide examples of palmitoylations of individual signaling proteins to discuss the emerging role of protein palmitoylation as a modulator of the insulin signaling cascade. Second, we speculate how protein hyper-palmitoylations (including that of CD36), as they occur during lipid oversupply, may lead to insulin resistance. Finally, we conclude that the protein palmitoylation machinery may offer novel targets to fight lipid-induced cardiomyopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Schianchi
- Department of Genetics & Cell Biology, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands; (F.S.); (J.F.C.G.); (A.N.G.); (M.N.)
| | - Jan F. C. Glatz
- Department of Genetics & Cell Biology, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands; (F.S.); (J.F.C.G.); (A.N.G.); (M.N.)
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Maastricht University Medical Center+, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Artur Navarro Gascon
- Department of Genetics & Cell Biology, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands; (F.S.); (J.F.C.G.); (A.N.G.); (M.N.)
| | - Miranda Nabben
- Department of Genetics & Cell Biology, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands; (F.S.); (J.F.C.G.); (A.N.G.); (M.N.)
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Maastricht University Medical Center+, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Dietbert Neumann
- Department of Pathology, Maastricht University Medical Center+, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands;
| | - Joost J. F. P. Luiken
- Department of Genetics & Cell Biology, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands; (F.S.); (J.F.C.G.); (A.N.G.); (M.N.)
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Maastricht University Medical Center+, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +31-43-388-1998
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18
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Salaun C, Locatelli C, Zmuda F, Cabrera González J, Chamberlain LH. Accessory proteins of the zDHHC family of S-acylation enzymes. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:133/22/jcs251819. [PMID: 33203738 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.251819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Almost two decades have passed since seminal work in Saccharomyces cerevisiae identified zinc finger DHHC domain-containing (zDHHC) enzymes as S-acyltransferases. These enzymes are ubiquitous in the eukarya domain, with 23 distinct zDHHC-encoding genes in the human genome. zDHHC enzymes mediate the bulk of S-acylation (also known as palmitoylation) reactions in cells, transferring acyl chains to cysteine thiolates, and in so-doing affecting the stability, localisation and function of several thousand proteins. Studies using purified components have shown that the minimal requirements for S-acylation are an appropriate zDHHC enzyme-substrate pair and fatty acyl-CoA. However, additional proteins including GCP16 (also known as Golga7), Golga7b, huntingtin and selenoprotein K, have been suggested to regulate the activity, stability and trafficking of certain zDHHC enzymes. In this Review, we discuss the role of these accessory proteins as essential components of the cellular S-acylation system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Salaun
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK
| | - Carolina Locatelli
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK
| | - Filip Zmuda
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK
| | - Juan Cabrera González
- Fac. de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense, Avda. Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Luke H Chamberlain
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK
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19
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Ren W, Luo Z, Pan F, Liu J, Sun Q, Luo G, Wang R, Zhao H, Bian B, Xiao X, Pu Q, Yang S, Yu G. Integrated network pharmacology and molecular docking approaches to reveal the synergistic mechanism of multiple components in Venenum Bufonis for ameliorating heart failure. PeerJ 2020; 8:e10107. [PMID: 33194384 PMCID: PMC7605218 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.10107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Venenum Bufonis (VB), also called Chan Su in China, has been extensively used as a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) for treating heart failure (HF) since ancient time. However, the active components and the potential anti-HF mechanism of VB remain unclear. In the current study, the major absorbed components and metabolites of VB after oral administration in rats were first collected from literatures. A total of 17 prototypes and 25 metabolites were gathered. Next, a feasible network-based pharmacological approach was developed and employed to explore the therapeutic mechanism of VB on HF based on the collected constituents. In total, 158 main targets were screened out and considered as effective players in ameliorating HF. Then, the VB components-main HF putative targets-main pathways network was established, clarifying the underlying biological process of VB on HF. More importantly, the main hubs were found to be highly enriched in adrenergic signalling in cardio-myocytes. After verified by molecular docking studies, four key targets (ATP1A1, GNAS, MAPK1 and PRKCA) and three potential active leading compounds (bufotalin, cinobufaginol and 19-oxo-bufalin) were identified, which may play critical roles in cardiac muscle contraction. This study demonstrated that the integrated strategy based on network pharmacology and molecular docking was helpful to uncover the synergistic mechanism of multiple constituents in TCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Ren
- National Traditional Chinese Medicine Clinical Research Base, Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Zhiqiang Luo
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Fulu Pan
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jiali Liu
- National Traditional Chinese Medicine Clinical Research Base, Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Qin Sun
- National Traditional Chinese Medicine Clinical Research Base, Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Gang Luo
- National Traditional Chinese Medicine Clinical Research Base, Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Raoqiong Wang
- National Traditional Chinese Medicine Clinical Research Base, Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Haiyu Zhao
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Baolin Bian
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao Xiao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qingrong Pu
- National Traditional Chinese Medicine Clinical Research Base, Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Sijin Yang
- National Traditional Chinese Medicine Clinical Research Base, Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Guohua Yu
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
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20
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Zmuda F, Chamberlain LH. Regulatory effects of post-translational modifications on zDHHC S-acyltransferases. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:14640-14652. [PMID: 32817054 PMCID: PMC7586229 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.rev120.014717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 08/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The human zDHHC S-acyltransferase family comprises 23 enzymes that mediate the S-acylation of a multitude of cellular proteins, including channels, receptors, transporters, signaling molecules, scaffolds, and chaperones. This reversible post-transitional modification (PTM) involves the attachment of a fatty acyl chain, usually derived from palmitoyl-CoA, to specific cysteine residues on target proteins, which affects their stability, localization, and function. These outcomes are essential to control many processes, including synaptic transmission and plasticity, cell growth and differentiation, and infectivity of viruses and other pathogens. Given the physiological importance of S-acylation, it is unsurprising that perturbations in this process, including mutations in ZDHHC genes, have been linked to different neurological pathologies and cancers, and there is growing interest in zDHHC enzymes as novel drug targets. Although zDHHC enzymes control a diverse array of cellular processes and are associated with major disorders, our understanding of these enzymes is surprisingly incomplete, particularly with regard to the regulatory mechanisms controlling these enzymes. However, there is growing evidence highlighting the role of different PTMs in this process. In this review, we discuss how PTMs, including phosphorylation, S-acylation, and ubiquitination, affect the stability, localization, and function of zDHHC enzymes and speculate on possible effects of PTMs that have emerged from larger screening studies. Developing a better understanding of the regulatory effects of PTMs on zDHHC enzymes will provide new insight into the intracellular dynamics of S-acylation and may also highlight novel approaches to modulate S-acylation for clinical gain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filip Zmuda
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom.
| | - Luke H Chamberlain
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom.
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Essandoh K, Philippe JM, Jenkins PM, Brody MJ. Palmitoylation: A Fatty Regulator of Myocardial Electrophysiology. Front Physiol 2020; 11:108. [PMID: 32140110 PMCID: PMC7042378 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulation of cardiac physiology is well known to occur through the action of kinases that reversibly phosphorylate ion channels, calcium handling machinery, and signaling effectors. However, it is becoming increasingly apparent that palmitoylation or S-acylation, the post-translational modification of cysteines with saturated fatty acids, plays instrumental roles in regulating the localization, activity, stability, sorting, and function of numerous proteins, including proteins known to have essential functions in cardiomyocytes. However, the impact of this modification on cardiac physiology requires further investigation. S-acylation is catalyzed by the zDHHC family of S-acyl transferases that localize to intracellular organelle membranes or the sarcolemma. Recent work has begun to uncover functions of S-acylation in the heart, particularly in the regulation of cardiac electrophysiology, including modification of the sodium-calcium exchanger, phospholemman and the cardiac sodium pump, as well as the voltage-gated sodium channel. Elucidating the regulatory functions of zDHHC enzymes in cardiomyocytes and determination of how S-acylation is altered in the diseased heart will shed light on how these modifications participate in cardiac pathogenesis and potentially identify novel targets for the treatment of cardiovascular disease. Indeed, proteins with critical signaling roles in the heart are also S-acylated, including receptors and G-proteins, yet the dynamics and functions of these modifications in myocardial physiology have not been interrogated. Here, we will review what is known about zDHHC enzymes and substrate S-acylation in myocardial physiology and highlight future areas of investigation that will uncover novel functions of S-acylation in cardiac homeostasis and pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kobina Essandoh
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Julie M Philippe
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Paul M Jenkins
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Matthew J Brody
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
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