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Oberman LM, Benussi A. Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Across the Lifespan: Impact of Developmental and Degenerative Processes. Biol Psychiatry 2024; 95:581-591. [PMID: 37517703 PMCID: PMC10823041 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2023.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has emerged as a pivotal noninvasive technique for investigating cortical excitability and plasticity across the lifespan, offering valuable insights into neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative processes. In this review, we explore the impact of TMS applications on our understanding of normal development, healthy aging, neurodevelopmental disorders, and adult-onset neurodegenerative diseases. By presenting key developmental milestones and age-related changes in TMS measures, we provide a foundation for understanding the maturation of neurotransmitter systems and the trajectory of cognitive functions throughout the lifespan. Building on this foundation, the paper delves into the pathophysiology of neurodevelopmental disorders, including autism spectrum disorder, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, Tourette syndrome, and adolescent depression. Highlighting recent findings on altered neurotransmitter circuits and dysfunctional cortical plasticity, we underscore the potential of TMS as a valuable tool for unraveling underlying mechanisms and informing future therapeutic interventions. We also review the emerging role of TMS in investigating and treating the most common adult-onset neurodegenerative disorders and late-onset depression. By outlining the therapeutic applications of noninvasive brain stimulation techniques in these disorders, we discuss the growing body of evidence supporting their use as therapeutic tools for symptom management and potentially slowing disease progression. The insights gained from TMS studies have advanced our understanding of the underlying mechanisms in both healthy and disease states, ultimately informing the development of more targeted diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for a wide range of neuropsychiatric conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay M Oberman
- National Institute of Mental Health Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Alberto Benussi
- Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy.
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Mucignat-Caretta C, Soravia G. Positive or negative environmental modulations on human brain development: the morpho-functional outcomes of music training or stress. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1266766. [PMID: 38027483 PMCID: PMC10657192 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1266766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In the last couple of decades, the study of human living brain has benefitted of neuroimaging and non-invasive electrophysiological techniques, which are particularly valuable during development. A number of studies allowed to trace the usual stages leading from pregnancy to adult age, and relate them to functional and behavioral measurements. It was also possible to explore the effects of some interventions, behavioral or not, showing that the commonly followed pathway to adulthood may be steered by external interventions. These events may result in behavioral modifications but also in structural changes, in some cases limiting plasticity or extending/modifying critical periods. In this review, we outline the healthy human brain development in the absence of major issues or diseases. Then, the effects of negative (different stressors) and positive (music training) environmental stimuli on brain and behavioral development is depicted. Hence, it may be concluded that the typical development follows a course strictly dependent from environmental inputs, and that external intervention can be designed to positively counteract negative influences, particularly at young ages. We also focus on the social aspect of development, which starts in utero and continues after birth by building social relationships. This poses a great responsibility in handling children education and healthcare politics, pointing to social accountability for the responsible development of each child.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Giulia Soravia
- Department of Mother and Child Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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Nguyen DTA, Julkunen P, Säisänen L, Määttä S, Rissanen SM, Lintu N, Könönen M, Lakka T, Karjalainen PA. Developmental models of motor-evoked potential features by transcranial magnetic stimulation across age groups from childhood to adulthood. Sci Rep 2023; 13:10604. [PMID: 37391521 PMCID: PMC10313665 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-37775-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023] Open
Abstract
To derive the maturation of neurophysiological processes from childhood to adulthood reflected by the change of motor-evoked potential (MEP) features. 38 participants were recruited from four groups (age mean in years [SD in months], number (males)): children (7.3 [4.2], 7(4)), preadolescents (10.3 [6.9], 10(5)), adolescents (15.3 [9.8], 11(5)), and adults (26.9 [46.2], 10(5)). The navigated transcranial magnetic stimulation was performed on both hemispheres at seven stimulation intensity (SI) levels from sub- to supra-threshold and targeted to the representative cortical area of abductor pollicis brevis muscle. MEPs were measured from three hand- and two forearm-muscles. The input-output (I/O) curves of MEP features across age groups were constructed using linear mixed-effect models. Age and SI significantly affected MEP features, whereas the stimulated side had a minor impact. MEP size and duration increased from childhood to adulthood. MEP onset- and peak-latency dropped in adolescence, particularly in hand muscles. Children had the smallest MEPs with the highest polyphasia, whereas I/O curves were similar among preadolescents, adolescents, and adults. This study illustrates some of the changing patterns of MEP features across the ages, suggesting developing patterns of neurophysiological processes activated by TMS, and to motivate studies with larger sample size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dao T A Nguyen
- Department of Technical Physics, University of Eastern Finland, POB 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Petro Julkunen
- Department of Technical Physics, University of Eastern Finland, POB 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Kuopio University Hospital, POB 100, 70029 KYS, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Laura Säisänen
- Department of Technical Physics, University of Eastern Finland, POB 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Kuopio University Hospital, POB 100, 70029 KYS, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Sara Määttä
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Kuopio University Hospital, POB 100, 70029 KYS, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Saara M Rissanen
- Department of Technical Physics, University of Eastern Finland, POB 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Niina Lintu
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, POB 162, 70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mervi Könönen
- Department of Technical Physics, University of Eastern Finland, POB 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Timo Lakka
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, POB 162, 70211, Kuopio, Finland
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital, POB 100, 70029 KYS, Kuopio, Finland
- Foundation for Research in Health Exercise and Nutrition, Kuopio Research Institute of Exercise Medicine, Haapaniementie 16, 70100, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Pasi A Karjalainen
- Department of Technical Physics, University of Eastern Finland, POB 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland
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McClelland VM, Lin JP. Dystonia in Childhood: How Insights from Paediatric Research Enrich the Network Theory of Dystonia. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2023; 31:1-22. [PMID: 37338693 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-26220-3_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
Dystonia is now widely accepted as a network disorder, with multiple brain regions and their interconnections playing a potential role in the pathophysiology. This model reconciles what could previously have been viewed as conflicting findings regarding the neuroanatomical and neurophysiological characteristics of the disorder, but there are still significant gaps in scientific understanding of the underlying pathophysiology. One of the greatest unmet challenges is to understand the network model of dystonia in the context of the developing brain. This article outlines how research in childhood dystonia supports and contributes to the network theory and highlights aspects where data from paediatric studies has revealed novel and unique physiological insights, with important implications for understanding dystonia across the lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verity M McClelland
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.
- Children's Neurosciences Department, Evelina London Children's Hospital, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.
| | - Jean-Pierre Lin
- Children's Neurosciences Department, Evelina London Children's Hospital, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- Women and Children's Institute, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine (FolSM), King's College London, London, UK
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Jannati A, Ryan MA, Kaye HL, Tsuboyama M, Rotenberg A. Biomarkers Obtained by Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in Neurodevelopmental Disorders. J Clin Neurophysiol 2022; 39:135-148. [PMID: 34366399 PMCID: PMC8810902 DOI: 10.1097/wnp.0000000000000784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
SUMMARY Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a method for focal brain stimulation that is based on the principle of electromagnetic induction where small intracranial electric currents are generated by a powerful fluctuating magnetic field. Over the past three decades, TMS has shown promise in the diagnosis, monitoring, and treatment of neurological and psychiatric disorders in adults. However, the use of TMS in children has been more limited. We provide a brief introduction to the TMS technique; common TMS protocols including single-pulse TMS, paired-pulse TMS, paired associative stimulation, and repetitive TMS; and relevant TMS-derived neurophysiological measurements including resting and active motor threshold, cortical silent period, paired-pulse TMS measures of intracortical inhibition and facilitation, and plasticity metrics after repetitive TMS. We then discuss the biomarker applications of TMS in a few representative neurodevelopmental disorders including autism spectrum disorder, fragile X syndrome, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, Tourette syndrome, and developmental stuttering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Jannati
- Neuromodulation Program and Division of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology, Department of Neurology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation and Division of Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Department of Neurology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mary A. Ryan
- Neuromodulation Program and Division of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology, Department of Neurology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation and Division of Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Harper Lee Kaye
- Behavioral Neuroscience Program, Division of Medical Sciences, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, USA
| | - Melissa Tsuboyama
- Neuromodulation Program and Division of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology, Department of Neurology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alexander Rotenberg
- Neuromodulation Program and Division of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology, Department of Neurology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation and Division of Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Department of Neurology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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6
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McClelland VM, Lin JP. Sensorimotor Integration in Childhood Dystonia and Dystonic Cerebral Palsy-A Developmental Perspective. Front Neurol 2021; 12:668081. [PMID: 34367047 PMCID: PMC8343097 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.668081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Dystonia is a disorder of sensorimotor integration, involving dysfunction within the basal ganglia, cortex, cerebellum, or their inter-connections as part of the sensorimotor network. Some forms of dystonia are also characterized by maladaptive or exaggerated plasticity. Development of the neuronal processes underlying sensorimotor integration is incompletely understood but involves activity-dependent modeling and refining of sensorimotor circuits through processes that are already taking place in utero and which continue through infancy, childhood, and into adolescence. Several genetic dystonias have clinical onset in early childhood, but there is evidence that sensorimotor circuit development may already be disrupted prenatally in these conditions. Dystonic cerebral palsy (DCP) is a form of acquired dystonia with perinatal onset during a period of rapid neurodevelopment and activity-dependent refinement of sensorimotor networks. However, physiological studies of children with dystonia are sparse. This discussion paper addresses the role of neuroplasticity in the development of sensorimotor integration with particular focus on the relevance of these mechanisms for understanding childhood dystonia, DCP, and implications for therapy selection, including neuromodulation and timing of intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verity M McClelland
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.,Children's Neurosciences Department, Evelina London Children's Hospital, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jean-Pierre Lin
- Children's Neurosciences Department, Evelina London Children's Hospital, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
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Development of corticospinal motor excitability and cortical silent period from mid-childhood to adulthood – a navigated TMS study. Neurophysiol Clin 2018; 48:65-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neucli.2017.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Revised: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
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Inoue T, Ninuma S, Hayashi M, Okuda A, Asaka T, Maejima H. Effects of long-term exercise and low-level inhibition of GABAergic synapses on motor control and the expression of BDNF in the motor related cortex. Neurol Res 2017; 40:18-25. [DOI: 10.1080/01616412.2017.1382801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Inoue
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Shuta Ninuma
- Department of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Masataka Hayashi
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Akane Okuda
- Department of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Tadayoshi Asaka
- Department of Rehabilitation Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Maejima
- Department of Rehabilitation Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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9
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Kuhn YA, Keller M, Ruffieux J, Taube W. Intracortical Inhibition Within the Primary Motor Cortex Can Be Modulated by Changing the Focus of Attention. J Vis Exp 2017:55771. [PMID: 28930973 PMCID: PMC5752204 DOI: 10.3791/55771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well recognized that an external focus (EF) compared with an internal focus (IF) of attention improves motor learning and performance. Studies have indicated benefits in accuracy, balance, force production, jumping performance, movement speed, oxygen consumption, and fatiguing task. Although behavioral outcomes of using an EF strategy are well explored, the underlying neural mechanisms remain unknown. A recent TMS study compared the activity of the primary motor cortex (M1) between an EF and an IF. More precisely, this study showed that, when adopting an EF, the activity of intracortical inhibitory circuits is enhanced. On the behavioral level, the present protocol tests the influence of attentional foci on the time to task failure (TTF) when performing submaximal contractions of the first dorsal interosseous (FDI). Additionally, the current paper describes two TMS protocols to assess the influence of attentional conditions on the activity of cortical inhibitory circuits within the M1. Thus, the present article describes how to use single-pulse TMS at intensities below the motor threshold (subTMS) and paired-pulse TMS, inducing short-interval intracortical inhibition (SICI) when applied to the M1. As these methods are assumed to reflect the responsiveness of GABAergic inhibitory neurons, without being affected by spinal reflex circuitries, they are well suited to measuring the activity of intracortical inhibitory circuits within the M1. The results show that directing attention externally improves motor performance, as participants were able to prolong the time to task failure. Moreover, the results were accompanied by a larger subTMS-induced electromyography suppression and SICI when adopting an EF compared to an IF. As the level of cortical inhibition within the M1 was previously demonstrated to influence motor performance, the enhanced inhibition with an EF might contribute to the better movement efficiency observed in the behavioral task, indicated by a prolonged TTF with an EF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yves-Alain Kuhn
- Department of Medicine, Movement and Sport Sciences, University of Fribourg;
| | - Martin Keller
- Department of Medicine, Movement and Sport Sciences, University of Fribourg
| | - Jan Ruffieux
- Department of Medicine, Movement and Sport Sciences, University of Fribourg
| | - Wolfgang Taube
- Department of Medicine, Movement and Sport Sciences, University of Fribourg
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Kuhn Y, Keller M, Ruffieux J, Taube W. Adopting an external focus of attention alters intracortical inhibition within the primary motor cortex. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2017; 220:289-299. [PMID: 27653020 PMCID: PMC5484339 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Revised: 08/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
AIM Although it is well established that an external (EF) compared to an internal (IF) or neutral focus of attention enhances motor performance, little is known about the underlying neural mechanisms. This study aimed to clarify whether the focus of attention influences not only motor performance but also activity of the primary motor cortex (M1) when executing identical fatiguing tasks of the right index finger (first dorsal interosseous). Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) at intensities below motor threshold was applied over M1 to assess and compare the excitability of intracortical inhibitory circuits. METHODS In session 1, 14 subjects performed an isometric finger abduction at 30% of their maximal force to measure the time to task failure (TTF) with either an IF or EF. In session 2, the same task was performed with the other focus. In sessions 3 and 4, subthreshold TMS (subTMS) and paired-pulse TMS were applied to the contralateral M1 to compare the activity of cortical inhibitory circuits within M1 during EF and IF. RESULTS With an EF, TTF was significantly prolonged (P = 0.01), subTMS-induced electromyographical suppression enhanced (P = 0.001) and short-interval intracortical inhibition (SICI) increased (P = 0.004). CONCLUSION The level of intracortical inhibition was previously shown to influence motor performance. Our data shed new light on the ability to instantly modulate the activity of inhibitory circuits within M1 by changing the type of attentional focus. The increased inhibition with EF might contribute to the better movement efficiency, which is generally associated with focusing externally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y.‐A. Kuhn
- Movement and Sport SciencesDepartment of MedicineUniversity of FribourgFribourgSwitzerland
| | - M. Keller
- Movement and Sport SciencesDepartment of MedicineUniversity of FribourgFribourgSwitzerland
| | - J. Ruffieux
- Movement and Sport SciencesDepartment of MedicineUniversity of FribourgFribourgSwitzerland
| | - W. Taube
- Movement and Sport SciencesDepartment of MedicineUniversity of FribourgFribourgSwitzerland
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Kakebeeke TH, Zysset AE, Messerli-Bürgy N, Chaouch A, Stülb K, Leeger-Aschmann CS, Schmutz EA, Arhab A, Rousson V, Kriemler S, Munsch S, Puder JJ, Jenni OG. Impact of age, sex, socioeconomic status, and physical activity on associated movements and motor speed in preschool children. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 2017; 40:95-106. [DOI: 10.1080/13803395.2017.1321107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tanja H. Kakebeeke
- Child Development Centre, University Children’s Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Children’s Research Center, University Children’s Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Annina E. Zysset
- Child Development Centre, University Children’s Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nadine Messerli-Bürgy
- Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism Service, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Aziz Chaouch
- Division of Biostatistics, Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kerstin Stülb
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | | | - Einat A. Schmutz
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Amar Arhab
- Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism Service, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Valentin Rousson
- Division of Biostatistics, Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Susi Kriemler
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Simone Munsch
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Jardena J. Puder
- Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism Service, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetology and Obesity, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Oskar G. Jenni
- Child Development Centre, University Children’s Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Children’s Research Center, University Children’s Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Määttä S, Könönen M, Kallioniemi E, Lakka T, Lintu N, Lindi V, Ferreri F, Ponzo D, Säisänen L. Development of cortical motor circuits between childhood and adulthood: A navigated TMS-HdEEG study. Hum Brain Mapp 2017; 38:2599-2615. [PMID: 28218489 PMCID: PMC6866783 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.23545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Revised: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Motor functions improve during childhood and adolescence, but little is still known about the development of cortical motor circuits during early life. To elucidate the neurophysiological hallmarks of motor cortex development, we investigated the differences in motor cortical excitability and connectivity between healthy children, adolescents, and adults by means of navigated suprathreshold motor cortex transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) combined with high-density electroencephalography (EEG). We demonstrated that with development, the excitability of the motor system increases, the TMS-evoked EEG waveform increases in complexity, the magnitude of induced activation decreases, and signal spreading increases. Furthermore, the phase of the oscillatory response to TMS becomes less consistent with age. These changes parallel an improvement in manual dexterity and may reflect developmental changes in functional connectivity. Hum Brain Mapp 38:2599-2615, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Määttä
- Department of Clinical NeurophysiologyInstitute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern FinlandKuopioFinland
- Department of Clinical NeurophysiologyKuopio University HospitalKuopioFinland
| | - Mervi Könönen
- Department of Clinical NeurophysiologyKuopio University HospitalKuopioFinland
- Department of Clinical RadiologyKuopio University HospitalKuopioFinland
| | - Elisa Kallioniemi
- Department of Clinical NeurophysiologyKuopio University HospitalKuopioFinland
- Department of Applied PhysicsUniversity of Eastern FinlandKuopioFinland
| | - Timo Lakka
- Institute of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern FinlandKuopioFinland
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear MedicineKuopio University HospitalKuopioFinland
- Kuopio Research Institute of Exercise MedicineKuopioFinland
| | - Niina Lintu
- Institute of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern FinlandKuopioFinland
| | - Virpi Lindi
- Institute of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern FinlandKuopioFinland
| | - Florinda Ferreri
- Department of Clinical NeurophysiologyInstitute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern FinlandKuopioFinland
- Department of NeurologyUniversity Campus BiomedicoRomeItaly
| | - David Ponzo
- Department of NeurologyUniversity Campus BiomedicoRomeItaly
| | - Laura Säisänen
- Department of Clinical NeurophysiologyInstitute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern FinlandKuopioFinland
- Department of Clinical NeurophysiologyKuopio University HospitalKuopioFinland
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Ruffieux J, Keller M, Lauber B, Taube W. Changes in Standing and Walking Performance Under Dual-Task Conditions Across the Lifespan. Sports Med 2016; 45:1739-58. [PMID: 26253187 PMCID: PMC4656695 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-015-0369-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Simultaneous performance of a postural and a concurrent task is rather unproblematic as long as the postural task is executed in an automatic way. However, in situations where postural control requires more central processing, cognitive resources may be exceeded by the addition of an attentionally demanding task. This may lead to interference between the two tasks, manifested in a decreased performance in one or both tasks (dual-task costs). Owing to changes in attentional demands of postural tasks as well as processing capacities across the lifespan, it might be assumed that dual-task costs are particularly pronounced in children and older adults probably leading to a U-shaped pattern for dual-task costs as a function of age. However, these changes in the ability of dual-tasking posture from childhood to old age have not yet been systematically reviewed. Therefore, Web of Science and PubMed databases were searched for studies comparing dual-task performance with one task being standing or walking in healthy groups of young adults and either children or older adults. Seventy-nine studies met inclusion criteria. For older adults, the expected increase in dual-task costs could be confirmed. In contrast, in children there was only feeble evidence for a trend towards enlarged dual-task costs. More good-quality studies comparing dual-task ability in children, young, and, ideally, also older adults within the same paradigm are needed to draw unambiguous conclusions about lifespan development of dual-task performance in postural tasks. There is evidence that, in older adults, dual-task performance can be improved by training. For the other age groups, these effects have yet to be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Ruffieux
- Department of Medicine, Movement and Sport Sciences, University of Fribourg, Bd de Pérolles 95, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland.
| | - Martin Keller
- Department of Medicine, Movement and Sport Sciences, University of Fribourg, Bd de Pérolles 95, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Benedikt Lauber
- Department of Sport and Sport Science, University of Freiburg, Schwarzwaldstr. 175, 79117, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Taube
- Department of Medicine, Movement and Sport Sciences, University of Fribourg, Bd de Pérolles 95, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
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Rubio B, Boes AD, Laganiere S, Rotenberg A, Jeurissen D, Pascual-Leone A. Noninvasive Brain Stimulation in Pediatric Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): A Review. J Child Neurol 2016; 31:784-96. [PMID: 26661481 PMCID: PMC4833526 DOI: 10.1177/0883073815615672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most prevalent neurodevelopmental disorders in the pediatric population. The clinical management of ADHD is currently limited by a lack of reliable diagnostic biomarkers and inadequate therapy for a minority of patients who do not respond to standard pharmacotherapy. There is optimism that noninvasive brain stimulation may help to address these limitations. Transcranial magnetic stimulation and transcranial direct current stimulation are 2 methods of noninvasive brain stimulation that modulate cortical excitability and brain network activity. Transcranial magnetic stimulation can be used diagnostically to probe cortical neurophysiology, whereas daily use of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation or transcranial direct current stimulation can induce long-lasting and potentially therapeutic changes in targeted networks. In this review, we highlight research showing the potential diagnostic and therapeutic applications of transcranial magnetic stimulation and transcranial direct current stimulation in pediatric ADHD. We also discuss the safety and ethics of using these tools in the pediatric population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belen Rubio
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain Both are co-primary authors
| | - Aaron D Boes
- Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, Division of Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA Harvard Medical School, Department of Pediatric Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA Both are co-primary authors.
| | - Simon Laganiere
- Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, Division of Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alexander Rotenberg
- Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, Division of Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA Pediatric Neuromodulation Program, Division of Epilepsy and Neurophysiology, Department of Neurology, Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Danique Jeurissen
- Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, Division of Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA Department of Vision and Cognition, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Alvaro Pascual-Leone
- Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, Division of Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
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15
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Schneider L, Goldsworthy M, Cole J, Ridding M, Pitcher J. The influence of short-interval intracortical facilitation when assessing developmental changes in short-interval intracortical inhibition. Neuroscience 2016; 312:19-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.10.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Revised: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Oberman LM, Pascual-Leone A, Rotenberg A. Modulation of corticospinal excitability by transcranial magnetic stimulation in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder. Front Hum Neurosci 2014; 8:627. [PMID: 25165441 PMCID: PMC4131188 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2014.00627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The developmental pathophysiology of autism spectrum disorders (ASD) is currently not fully understood. However, multiple lines of evidence suggest that the behavioral phenotype may result from dysfunctional inhibitory control over excitatory synaptic plasticity. Consistent with this claim, previous studies indicate that adults with Asperger’s Syndrome show an abnormally extended modulation of corticospinal excitability following a train of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS). As ASD is a developmental disorder, the current study aimed to explore the effect of development on the duration of modulation of corticospinal excitability in children and adolescents with ASD. Additionally, as the application of rTMS to the understanding and treatment of pediatric neurological and psychiatric disorders is an emerging field, this study further sought to provide evidence for the safety and tolerability of rTMS in children and adolescents with ASD. Corticospinal excitability was measured by applying single pulses of TMS to the primary motor cortex both before and following a 40 s train of continuous theta burst stimulation. 19 high-functioning males ages 9–18 with ASD participated in this study. Results from this study reveal a positive linear relationship between age and duration of modulation of rTMS after-effects. Specifically we found that the older participants had a longer lasting response. Furthermore, though the specific protocol employed typically suppresses corticospinal excitability in adults, more than one third of our sample had a paradoxical facilitatory response to the stimulation. Results support the safety and tolerability of rTMS in pediatric clinical populations. Data also support published theories implicating aberrant plasticity and GABAergic dysfunction in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay M Oberman
- Department of Neurology, Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center - Harvard Medical School Boston, MA, USA ; Neuromodulation Program and Division of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital - Harvard Medical School Boston, MA, USA ; Neuroplasticity and Autism Spectrum Disorder Program, E. P. Bradley Hospital, East Providence, RI USA ; Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, East Providence, RI USA
| | - Alvaro Pascual-Leone
- Department of Neurology, Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center - Harvard Medical School Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alexander Rotenberg
- Department of Neurology, Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center - Harvard Medical School Boston, MA, USA ; Neuromodulation Program and Division of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital - Harvard Medical School Boston, MA, USA
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The aging motor system as a model for plastic changes of GABA-mediated intracortical inhibition and their behavioral relevance. J Neurosci 2013; 33:9039-49. [PMID: 23699515 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4094-12.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Since GABAA-mediated intracortical inhibition has been shown to underlie plastic changes throughout the lifespan from development to aging, here, the aging motor system was used as a model to analyze the interdependence of plastic alterations within the inhibitory motorcortical network and level of behavioral performance. Double-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (dpTMS) was used to examine inhibition by means of short-interval intracortical inhibition (SICI) of the contralateral primary motor cortex in a sample of 64 healthy right-handed human subjects covering a wide range of the adult lifespan (age range 20-88 years, mean 47.6 ± 20.7, 34 female). SICI was evaluated during resting state and in an event-related condition during movement preparation in a visually triggered simple reaction time task. In a subgroup (N = 23), manual motor performance was tested with tasks of graded dexterous demand. Weak resting-state inhibition was associated with an overall lower manual motor performance. Better event-related modulation of inhibition correlated with better performance in more demanding tasks, in which fast alternating activation of cortical representations are necessary. Declining resting-state inhibition was associated with weakened event-related modulation of inhibition. Therefore, reduced resting-state inhibition might lead to a subsequent loss of modulatory capacity, possibly reflecting malfunctioning precision in GABAAergic neurotransmission; the consequence is an inevitable decline in motor function.
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Sumich AL, Sarkar S, Hermens DF, Ibrahimovic A, Kelesidi K, Wilson D, Rubia K. Sex differences in brain maturation as measured using event-related potentials. Dev Neuropsychol 2012; 37:415-33. [PMID: 22799761 DOI: 10.1080/87565641.2011.653461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Little is known about how sex influences functional brain maturation. The current study investigated sex differences in the maturation of event-related potential (ERP) amplitudes during an auditory oddball task (N = 170; age = 6-17 years). Performance improved with age. N200 amplitude declined with age: parietal sites showed earlier development than temporal and frontal locations. Girls showed greater bilateral frontal P300 amplitude development, approaching the higher values observed in boys during childhood. After controlling for age, right frontal P300 amplitude was associated with reaction time in girls. The findings demonstrate sex differences in ERP maturation in line with behavioral and neuroimaging studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander L Sumich
- Division of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom.
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19
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Brain motor excitability and visuomotor coordination in 8-year-old children born very preterm. Clin Neurophysiol 2012; 123:1191-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2011.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2011] [Revised: 09/09/2011] [Accepted: 09/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Bruckmann S, Hauk D, Roessner V, Resch F, Freitag CM, Kammer T, Ziemann U, Rothenberger A, Weisbrod M, Bender S. Cortical inhibition in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: new insights from the electroencephalographic response to transcranial magnetic stimulation. Brain 2012; 135:2215-30. [PMID: 22492560 DOI: 10.1093/brain/aws071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder is one of the most frequent neuropsychiatric disorders in childhood. Transcranial magnetic stimulation studies based on muscle responses (motor-evoked potentials) suggested that reduced motor inhibition contributes to hyperactivity, a core symptom of the disease. Here we employed the N100 component of the electroencephalographic response to transcranial magnetic stimulation as a novel marker for a direct assessment of cortical inhibitory processes, which has not been examined in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder so far. We further investigated to what extent affected children were able to regulate motor cortical inhibition, and whether effects of age on the electroencephalographic response to transcranial magnetic stimulation were compatible with either a delay in brain maturation or a qualitatively different development. N100 amplitude evoked by transcranial magnetic stimulation and its age-dependent development were assessed in 20 children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and 19 healthy control children (8-14 years) by 64-channel electroencephalography. Amplitude and latency of the N100 component were compared at rest, during response preparation in a forewarned motor reaction time task and during movement execution. The amplitude of the N100 component at rest was significantly lower and its latency tended to be shorter in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Only in controls, N100 amplitude to transcranial magnetic stimulation was reduced by response preparation. During movement execution, N100 amplitude decreased while motor evoked potential amplitudes showed facilitation, indicating that the electroencephalographic response to transcranial magnetic stimulation provides further information on cortical excitability independent of motor evoked potential amplitudes and spinal influences. Children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder showed a smaller N100 amplitude reduction during movement execution compared with control children. The N100 amplitude evoked by transcranial magnetic stimulation decreased with increasing age in both groups. The N100 reduction in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder at all ages suggests a qualitative difference rather than delayed development of cortical inhibition in this disease. Findings further suggest that top-down control of motor cortical inhibition is reduced in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. We conclude that evoked potentials in response to transcranial magnetic stimulation are a promising new marker of cortical inhibition in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder during childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Bruckmann
- Department for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Centre for Psychosocial Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Blumenstr. 8, 69115 Heidelberg, Germany
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21
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Graziadio S, Basu A, Tomasevic L, Zappasodi F, Tecchio F, Eyre JA. Developmental tuning and decay in senescence of oscillations linking the corticospinal system. J Neurosci 2010; 30:3663-74. [PMID: 20220000 PMCID: PMC6632255 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.5621-09.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2009] [Revised: 01/04/2010] [Accepted: 01/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
There is increasing evidence of the importance of synchronous activity within the corticospinal system for motor control. We compared oscillatory activity in the primary sensorimotor cortex [EEG of sensorimotor cortex (SMC-EEG)] and a motor neuronal pool [surface electromyogram of opponens pollicis (OP-EMG)], and their coherence in children (4-12 years of age), young adults (20-35 years of age), and elderly adults (>55 years of age). The ratio between lower (2-13 Hz) and higher (14-32 Hz) frequencies in both SMC-EEG and OP-EMG decreased with age, correlating inversely with motor performance. There was evidence for larger, more distributed cortical networks in the children and elderly compared with young adults. Corticomuscular coherence (CMC) was present in all age groups and shifted between frontal and parietal cortical areas. In children, CMC was smaller and less stationary in amplitude and frequency than in adults. Young adults had single peaks of CMC clustered near the modal frequency (23 Hz); multiple peaks with a broad spread of frequencies occurred in children and the elderly; the further the frequency of the maximum peak CMC was from 23 Hz, the poorer the performance. CMC amplitude was inversely related to performance in young adults but was not modulated in relation to performance in children and the elderly. We propose that progressive fine-tuning of the frequency coding and stabilization of the dynamic properties within and between corticospinal networks occurs during adolescence, refining the capacity for efficient dynamic communication in adulthood. In old age, blurring of the tuning between networks and breakdown in their integration occurs and is likely to contribute to a decrement in motor control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Graziadio
- Developmental Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 4LP, United Kingdom
| | - Anna Basu
- Developmental Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 4LP, United Kingdom
| | - Leo Tomasevic
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie della Cognizione, National Council for Research, 00186 Rome, Italy
| | - Filippo Zappasodi
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Bioimaging, “G. D'Annunzio” University, 66013 Chieti-Pescara, Italy
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie della Cognizione, National Council for Research, 00186 Rome, Italy
- Associazione Fatebenefratelli per la Ricerca, Center of Medical Statistics and Information Technology, Fatebenefratelli Hospital, 00186 Rome, Italy, and
| | - Franca Tecchio
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie della Cognizione, National Council for Research, 00186 Rome, Italy
- Associazione Fatebenefratelli per la Ricerca, Center of Medical Statistics and Information Technology, Fatebenefratelli Hospital, 00186 Rome, Italy, and
- Casa di Cura San Raffaele Cassino e Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, San Raffaele Pisana, 00163 Rome, Italy
| | - Janet A. Eyre
- Developmental Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 4LP, United Kingdom
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Neuromagnetic imaging of movement-related cortical oscillations in children and adults: age predicts post-movement beta rebound. Neuroimage 2010; 51:792-807. [PMID: 20116434 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.01.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2009] [Revised: 12/24/2009] [Accepted: 01/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We measured visually-cued motor responses in two developmentally separate groups of children and compared these responses to a group of adults. We hypothesized that if post-movement beta rebound (PMBR) depends on developmentally sensitive processes, PMBR will be greatest in adults and progressively decrease in children performing a basic motor task as a function of age. Twenty children (10 young children 4-6 years; 10 adolescent children 11-13 years) and 10 adults all had MEG recorded during separate recordings of right and left index finger movements. Beta band (15-30 Hz) event-related desynchronization (ERD) of bi-lateral sensorimotor areas was observed to increase significantly from both contralateral and ipsilateral MI with age. Movement-related gamma synchrony (60-90 Hz) was also observed from contralateral MI for each age group. However, PMBR was significantly reduced in the 4-6 year group and, while more prominent, remained significantly diminished in the adolescent (11-13 year) age group as compared to adults. PMBR measures were weak or absent in the youngest children tested and appear maximally from bilateral MI in adults. Thus PMBR may reflect an age-dependent inhibitory process of the primary motor cortex which comes on-line with normal development. Previous studies have shown PMBR may be observed from MI following a variety of movement-related tasks in adult participants - however, the origin and purpose of the PMBR is unclear. The current study shows that the expected PMBR from MI observed from adults is increasingly diminished in adolescent and young children respectively. A reduction in PMBR from children may reflect reduced motor cortical inhibition. Relatively less motor inhibition may facilitate neuronal plasticity and promote motor learning in children.
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Cui J, Wang F, Wang K, Xiang H. GABAergic signaling increases through the postnatal development to provide the potent inhibitory capability for the maturing demands of the prefrontal cortex. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2009; 30:543-55. [PMID: 19921423 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-009-9478-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2009] [Accepted: 11/02/2009] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The developmental profile of the firing patterns and construction of synapse connection were studied in LTS interneurons of prefrontal cortex (PFC) in rats with age (from P7 to P30). We used whole cell patch-clamp recordings to characterize electrophysiological properties of LTS interneurons in PFC at different age stages, including the action potentials (APs), short-term plasticity (STP), evoked excitatory postsynaptic currents (eEPSCs), spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic currents (sEPSC), and spontaneous inhibitory postsynaptic current (sIPSC). The developmental profile of LTS interneurons in our research showed two phases changes. The early phase from P7-P11 to P16-P19 during which the development of individual LTS interneuron dominated and just some simple synaptic connections formed, the synaptic inputs from pyramidal cells play a promoting role for the maturation of LTS interneurons to some extent. This was based on the changes of APs, eEPSCs, and STP such as the curtailment of time course of APs, the increasing facilitation of STP before P16-P19 group. The late phase from P20-P23 to P > 27 during which the function of inhibitory cortex network enhanced and the characters of this inhibitory cortex network continually changed although in the oldest age group (P > 27) in our research. The frequency and amplitude of sIPSC showed continually changes, and at the same age group, the frequency ratios and amplitude ratios of sIPSC was higher than that of sEPSC. Our study showed a foundation to clarify mechanisms underlying the evolution in time of intrinsic neuronal membrane properties and their important roles in balancing the cortex network, providing an academic foundation for the pathological researching on some psychiatric and neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihong Cui
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen (Zhongshan) University, 135 Xingang Xi Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510275, People's Republic of China
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