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Kotterba S, Neusser T, Norenberg C, Bussfeld P, Glaser T, Dörner M, Schürks M. Sleep quality, daytime sleepiness, fatigue, and quality of life in patients with multiple sclerosis treated with interferon beta-1b: results from a prospective observational cohort study. BMC Neurol 2018; 18:123. [PMID: 30143019 PMCID: PMC6107945 DOI: 10.1186/s12883-018-1113-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Sleep disorders and fatigue are common in multiple sclerosis (MS). The underlying causes are not fully understood, and prospective studies are lacking. Therefore, we conducted a prospective, observational cohort study investigating sleep quality, fatigue, quality of life, and comorbidities in patients with MS. Methods Patients with relapsing-remitting MS or clinically isolated syndrome treated with interferon beta-1b were followed over two years. The primary objective was to investigate correlations between sleep quality (PSQI), fatigue (MFIS), and functional health status (SF-36). Secondary objectives were to investigate correlations of sleep quality and daytime sleepiness (ESS), depression (HADS-D), anxiety (HADS-A), pain (HSAL), and restless legs syndrome (RLS). We applied descriptive statistics, correlation and regression analyses. Results 139 patients were enrolled, 128 were available for full analysis. The proportion of poor sleepers (PSQI≥5) was 55.47% at the beginning and 37.70% by the end of the study (106 and 41 evaluable questionnaires, respectively). Poor sleepers performed worse in MFIS, SF-36, ESS, HADS-D, and HADS-A scores. The prevalence of patients with RLS was low (4.5%) and all were poor sleepers. Poor sleep quality was positively correlated with fatigue and low functional health status. These relationships were corroborated by multivariable-adjusted regression analyses. ESS values and poor sleep quality at baseline seem to predict sleep quality at the one-year follow-up. No variable predicted sleep quality at the two-year follow-up. Conclusions Our results confirm the high prevalence of poor sleep quality among patients with MS and its persistent correlation with fatigue and reduced quality of life over time. They highlight the importance of interventions to improve sleep quality. Trial registration The study was registered at clinicaltrials.gov: NCT01766063 (registered December 7, 2012). Registered retrospectively (first patient enrolled December 6, 2012). Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12883-018-1113-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia Kotterba
- Klinik für Geriatrie, Klinikum Leer gemeinnützige GmbH, Leer, Germany
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Orb Q, Orlandi RR, Alt JA. Sleep dysfunction and its association to chronic rhinosinusitis: Updated review. Laryngoscope Investig Otolaryngol 2017. [PMID: 28630938 PMCID: PMC5473662 DOI: 10.1002/lio2.60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Poor sleep has significant effects on health contributing to increased morbidity and mortality. The direct and indirect costs of sleep dysfunction total well in to the billions of dollars annually in the United States. Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) affects up to 16% of the US population and has been linked to poor sleep quality with up to three quarters of patients with CRS reporting poor sleep quality. There is a growing body of literature evaluating the relationship between sleep and CRS. In this review, we organize and present the current knowledge on the associations between sleep and CRS as well as identify areas for further investigation. Data sources A structured literature search from 1946 to 2016 was conducted in the English language using OVID MEDLINE database, PubMed, and EMBASE. Review methods Abstracts were reviewed for relevance and appropriate studies were included in the narrative review. Results Studies were analyzed and discussed as they pertained to the following categories of CRS and sleep: (1) subjective measures of sleep dysfunction, (2) objective measures of sleep dysfunction, and (3) outcomes on sleep quality following treatment of CRS. Articles on the pathophysiology of sleep dysfunction in CRS were separately reviewed. Conclusions An evolving body of research demonstrates that quality of sleep is compromised in the majority of patients with CRS. Following treatment of CRS, there is significant improvement in subjective sleep quality, but additional research investigating objective measures following treatment is still needed. Additionally, further investigation is required to better elucidate the underlying pathophysiology of the relationship between sleep dysfunction and CRS. Level of Evidence N/A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quinn Orb
- Division of Head and Neck Surgery, Rhinology-Sinus & Skull Base Surgery Program, Department of Surgery; University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, U.S.A
| | - Richard R Orlandi
- Division of Head and Neck Surgery, Rhinology-Sinus & Skull Base Surgery Program, Department of Surgery; University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, U.S.A
| | - Jeremiah A Alt
- Division of Head and Neck Surgery, Rhinology-Sinus & Skull Base Surgery Program, Department of Surgery; University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, U.S.A
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3
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Chen YC, Chen TW, Su MC, Chen CJ, Chen KD, Liou CW, Tang P, Wang TY, Chang JC, Wang CC, Lin HC, Chin CH, Huang KT, Lin MC, Hsiao CC. Whole Genome DNA Methylation Analysis of Obstructive Sleep Apnea: IL1R2, NPR2, AR, SP140 Methylation and Clinical Phenotype. Sleep 2016; 39:743-55. [PMID: 26888452 DOI: 10.5665/sleep.5620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES We hypothesized that DNA methylation patterns may contribute to disease severity or the development of hypertension and excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) in patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). METHODS Illumina's (San Diego, CA, USA) DNA methylation 27-K assay was used to identify differentially methylated loci (DML). DNA methylation levels were validated by pyrosequencing. A discovery cohort of 15 patients with OSA and 6 healthy subjects, and a validation cohort of 72 patients with sleep disordered breathing (SDB). RESULTS Microarray analysis identified 636 DMLs in patients with OSA versus healthy subjects, and 327 DMLs in patients with OSA and hypertension versus those without hypertension. In the validation cohort, no significant difference in DNA methylation levels of six selected genes was found between the primary snoring subjects and OSA patients (primary outcome). However, a secondary outcome analysis showed that interleukin-1 receptor 2 (IL1R2) promoter methylation (-114 cytosine followed by guanine dinucleotide sequence [CpG] site) was decreased and IL1R2 protein levels were increased in the patients with SDB with an oxygen desaturation index > 30. Androgen receptor (AR) promoter methylation (-531 CpG site) and AR protein levels were both increased in the patients with SDB with an oxygen desaturation index > 30. Natriuretic peptide receptor 2 (NPR2) promoter methylation (-608/-618 CpG sites) were decreased, whereas levels of both NPR2 and serum C type natriuretic peptide protein were increased in the SDB patients with EDS. Speckled protein 140 (SP140) promoter methylation (-194 CpG site) was increased, and SP140 protein levels were decreased in the patients with SDB and EDS. CONCLUSIONS IL1R2 hypomethylation and AR hypermethylation may constitute an important determinant of disease severity, whereas NPR2 hypomethylation and SP140 hypermethylation may provide a biomarker for vulnerability to EDS in OSA. COMMENTARY A commentary on this article appears in this issue on page 723.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yung-Che Chen
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Sleep Center, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, Chang Gung University, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Wen Chen
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taiwan.,Bioinformatics Center, Chang Gung University, Taiwan
| | - Mao-Chang Su
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Sleep Center, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Chia-yi, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Jen Chen
- Division of Rheumatology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Kuang-Den Chen
- Center of Translational Research in Biomedical Sciences, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Wei Liou
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Petrus Tang
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taiwan.,Bioinformatics Center, Chang Gung University, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Ya Wang
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Jen-Chieh Chang
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, Chang Gung University, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Chou Wang
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Sleep Center, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Chia-yi, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Ching Lin
- Sleep Center, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Otolaryngology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Hung Chin
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Sleep Center, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Tung Huang
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Sleep Center, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Chih Lin
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Sleep Center, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, Chang Gung University, Taiwan
| | - Chang-Chun Hsiao
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, Chang Gung University, Taiwan
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Ariyasu H, Yamada G, Iwakura H, Matsumura S, Inoue K, Kangawa K, Nakao K, Akamizu T. Reduction in circulating ghrelin concentration after maturation does not affect food intake. Endocr J 2014; 61:1041-52. [PMID: 25029956 DOI: 10.1507/endocrj.ej14-0255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Ghrelin has a potent orexigenic effect and induces adiposity when administered exogenously. Since plasma ghrelin levels rise before meals, ghrelin was thought to play a crucial role in the regulation of appetite. In contrast, mice deficient in the production of ghrelin or the corresponding receptor, GHS-R, do not eat less, throwing the role of ghrelin in the regulation of energy homeostasis into question. Since these mice lack ghrelin or GHS-R from the time of conception, the possibility that compensatory mechanisms may have arisen during development cannot be ruled out. In this study, we used a transgenic mouse model that expresses human diphtheria toxin (DT) receptor cDNA under the control of the ghrelin promoter (GPDTR-Tg mice). As previously reported, an injection of DT into this mouse model ablates ghrelin-secreting cells in the stomach but not in the hypothalamus, resulting in a reduction in circulating ghrelin levels. We used this model system to evaluate the physiological roles of circulating ghrelin in the regulation of food intake. Meal patterns, diurnal and nocturnal meal sizes, and cumulative food intake of DT-treated GPDTR-Tg mice were not affected, although circulating ghrelin levels markedly decreased even after fasting. These mice also displayed normal responses to starvation; however, the use of fat increased and slower weight gain when maintained on a high fat diet was observed. Together, these data suggest that circulating ghrelin does not play a crucial role in feeding behavior, but rather is involved in maintaining body weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Ariyasu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
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5
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Alt JA, Sautter NB, Mace JC, Detwiller KY, Smith TL. Antisomnogenic cytokines, quality of life, and chronic rhinosinusitis: a pilot study. Laryngoscope 2013; 124:E107-14. [PMID: 24115141 DOI: 10.1002/lary.24412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 07/24/2013] [Accepted: 08/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS Sleep disturbance, reduced quality of life (QOL), and other components of "sickness behavior" in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) are poorly understood. These complex changes in central behavior are due to the effects of immune mediators acting in the brain. We hypothesized that immune mediators that have been associated with CRS are also associated with sickness behavior, somnifacient complaints, and CRS disease-specific QOL. STUDY DESIGN Pilot study. METHODS Twenty patients with CRS were prospectively enrolled and completed the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), disease-specific QOL, and olfactory instruments. Ethmoid mucosa was obtained and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction was performed for the cytokines interleukin (IL)-4, -13, and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β). Average change in crossover threshold was calculated, and differences in gene expression were correlated with sleep quality, CRS-specific QOL, and disease severity. RESULTS Patients with CRS reported overall poor sleep quality and poor CRS-specific QOL with significant correlations between them. Increased expression of TGF-β (r = -0.443; P = .050) and IL-4 (r = -0.548; P = .012) correlated with sleep dysfunction, whereas IL-13 expression was linearly associated with worse sleep quality (PSQI scores r = -0.417; P = .075). IL-4 and TGF-β expression was not associated with CRS disease severity or QOL, whereas significantly higher levels of IL-13 expression correlated with worse CRS disease severity and QOL. CONCLUSIONS Patients with CRS exhibited behavioral changes commonly referred to as sickness behavior, which include poor sleep quality and reduced QOL. The upregulation of IL-4 and TGF-β may contribute to inflammatory brain-mediated effects on sleep quality, whereas IL-13 may be a pleiotropic signaling molecule influencing sleep, QOL, and CRS disease severity. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 2b.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremiah A Alt
- Division of Rhinology and Sinus Surgery, Oregon Sinus Center, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, U.S.A
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6
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Millstein J, Volfson D. Computationally efficient permutation-based confidence interval estimation for tail-area FDR. Front Genet 2013; 4:179. [PMID: 24062767 PMCID: PMC3775454 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2013.00179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2013] [Accepted: 08/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Challenges of satisfying parametric assumptions in genomic settings with thousands or millions of tests have led investigators to combine powerful False Discovery Rate (FDR) approaches with computationally expensive but exact permutation testing. We describe a computationally efficient permutation-based approach that includes a tractable estimator of the proportion of true null hypotheses, the variance of the log of tail-area FDR, and a confidence interval (CI) estimator, which accounts for the number of permutations conducted and dependencies between tests. The CI estimator applies a binomial distribution and an overdispersion parameter to counts of positive tests. The approach is general with regards to the distribution of the test statistic, it performs favorably in comparison to other approaches, and reliable FDR estimates are demonstrated with as few as 10 permutations. An application of this approach to relate sleep patterns to gene expression patterns in mouse hypothalamus yielded a set of 11 transcripts associated with 24 h REM sleep [FDR = 0.15 (0.08, 0.26)]. Two of the corresponding genes, Sfrp1 and Sfrp4, are involved in wnt signaling and several others, Irf7, Ifit1, Iigp2, and Ifih1, have links to interferon signaling. These genes would have been overlooked had a typical a priori FDR threshold such as 0.05 or 0.1 been applied. The CI provides the flexibility for choosing a significance threshold based on tolerance for false discoveries and precision of the FDR estimate. That is, it frees the investigator to use a more data-driven approach to define significance, such as the minimum estimated FDR, an option that is especially useful for weak effects, often observed in studies of complex diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Millstein
- Division of Biostatistics, Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California Los Angeles, CA, USA
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7
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Alt JA, Smith TL. Chronic rhinosinusitis and sleep: a contemporary review. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol 2013; 3:941-9. [PMID: 24039230 DOI: 10.1002/alr.21217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2013] [Revised: 06/25/2013] [Accepted: 07/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) exhibit centrally mediated behavioral changes commonly referred to as "sickness behavior." Sleep alteration is a component of sickness behavior which is estimated to affect up to 70 million patients annually. Patients with CRS have poor sleep quality, and little is known about the underlying etiology and pathophysiology. This narrative review aims to further organize and present the current knowledge associating sleep and CRS. METHODS A literature search was conducted of the OVID MEDLINE database using key search words including: "chronic rhinosinusitis," "sleep," "sleep disorders," and "sleep dysfunction." Additional keywords "nasal obstruction," "nasal polyp," and "fatigue" were identified and used to further delineate relevant articles. RESULTS The articles that specifically addressed sleep and CRS were dissected and presented as follows: (1) chronic rhinosinusitis and sleep; (2) chronic rhinosinusitis and fatigue; (3) chronic rhinosinusitis, nasal obstruction, and sleep; and (4) pathophysiology of sleep in chronic rhinosinusitis (cytokines in both sleep and chronic rhinosinusitis and their association to the neuroimmune biology of chronic rhinosinusitis). CONCLUSION Patients with CRS have sleep dysfunction that is associated with their disease severity and overall quality of life. The etiology of sleep dysfunction in CRS is most likely multifactorial. Increasing evidence suggests sleep dysfunction in patients with CRS is partly due to the inflammatory disease process, and sleep physiology in patients with CRS may be actively regulated by the inflammatory component of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremiah A Alt
- Division of Rhinology and Sinus Surgery, Oregon Sinus Center, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR
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8
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Kelly JM, Bianchi MT. Mammalian sleep genetics. Neurogenetics 2012; 13:287-326. [DOI: 10.1007/s10048-012-0341-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2012] [Accepted: 08/10/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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9
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Logan RW, Sarkar DK. Circadian nature of immune function. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2012; 349:82-90. [PMID: 21784128 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2011.06.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2011] [Revised: 06/01/2011] [Accepted: 06/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The primary physiological role of the circadian system is to synchronize and coordinate organ systems, particularly in response to dynamics in the environment. The immune system is under direct circadian control by systemic cues and molecular clocks within immune cells. The master circadian pacemaker called the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) conveys timing information to the immune system through endocrine and autonomic pathways. These signals promote phase coherence of peripheral clocks in the immune system, and also govern daily variations in immune function. The coordination of immune response may compose an anticipatory state for optimal immune response. Interactions between circadian and immune systems are bidirectional, in that immune factors can modulate phasing of circadian clocks. Circadian disruption, such as environmental desynchronization and/or anomalous molecular clock functions, may lead to lack of system coordination, and particular vulnerabilities to infection and disease may develop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan W Logan
- Endocrinology Program and Department of Animal Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
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10
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Krueger JM, Majde JA, Rector DM. Cytokines in immune function and sleep regulation. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2011; 98:229-40. [PMID: 21056190 PMCID: PMC5440845 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-52006-7.00015-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James M Krueger
- Department of Veterinary and Comparetive Anatomy, Pharmacology and Physiology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6520, USA.
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11
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Lagus M, Gass N, Saharinen J, Saarela J, Porkka-Heiskanen T, Paunio T. Gene expression patterns in a rodent model for depression. Eur J Neurosci 2010; 31:1465-73. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2010.07166.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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12
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Vitale G, Caraglia M, van Koetsveld PM, Maroni P, Marra M, Colao A, Lamberts SWJ, Cavagnini F, Hofland LJ. Potential role of type I interferons in the treatment of pituitary adenomas. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2009; 10:125-33. [PMID: 18604644 DOI: 10.1007/s11154-008-9083-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2008] [Accepted: 06/12/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Cytokines, particularly those endowed with pro-inflammatory properties, are known to influence the release of anterior pituitary hormones by a direct and indirect action at the level of pituitary gland and hypothalamus. Type I interferons (IFNs) represent a group of cytokines that act through a common receptor composed by two chains (IFNAR-1 and IFNAR-2). Several in vitro and in vivo studies underline the fact that type I IFNs are involved in the regulation of the immune-endocrine circuitry. Treatment with type I IFNs of patients affected by chronic viral hepatitis, multiple sclerosis and tumors influences the secretion of pituitary hormones. This article reviews the current knowledge about the effects of IFN-alpha and IFN-beta on hypothalamic-pituitary function and describes the potential role of type I IFNs in the treatment of pituitary adenomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Vitale
- Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
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13
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Kapás L, Bohnet SG, Traynor TR, Majde JA, Szentirmai E, Magrath P, Taishi P, Krueger JM. Spontaneous and influenza virus-induced sleep are altered in TNF-alpha double-receptor deficient mice. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2008; 105:1187-98. [PMID: 18687977 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.90388.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) is associated with sleep regulation in health and disease. Previous studies assessed sleep in mice genetically deficient in the TNF-alpha 55-kDa receptor. In this study, spontaneous and influenza virus-induced sleep profiles were assessed in mice deficient in both the 55-kDa and 75-kDa TNF-alpha receptors [TNF-2R knockouts (KO)] and wild-type (WT) strain controls. Under baseline conditions the TNF-2R KO mice had less non-rapid eye movement sleep (NREMS) than WTs during the nighttime and more rapid eye movement sleep (REMS) than controls during the daytime. The differences between nighttime maximum and daytime minimum values of electroencephalogram (EEG) delta power during NREMS were greater in the TNF-2R KO mice than in WTs. Viral challenge (mouse-adapted influenza X-31) enhanced NREMS and decreased REMS in both strains roughly to the same extent. EEG delta power responses to viral challenge differed substantially between strains; the WT animals increased, whereas the TNF-2R KO mice decreased their EEG delta wave power during NREMS. There were no differences between strains in body temperatures or locomotor activity in uninfected mice or after viral challenge. Analyses of cortical mRNAs confirmed that the TNF-2R KO mice lacked both TNF-alpha receptors; these mice also had higher levels of orexin mRNA and reduced levels of the purine P2X7 receptor compared with WTs. Results reinforce the hypothesis that TNF-alpha is involved in physiological sleep regulation but plays a limited role in the acute-phase response induced by influenza virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Levente Kapás
- Department of Biological Sciences, Fordham University, Bronx, NY 10458, USA.
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14
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Coogan AN, Wyse CA. Neuroimmunology of the circadian clock. Brain Res 2008; 1232:104-12. [PMID: 18703032 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2008.07.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2008] [Revised: 03/31/2008] [Accepted: 07/11/2008] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Circadian timekeeping is a ubiquitous feature of all eukaryotes which allows for the imposition of a biologically appropriate temporal architecture on an animal's physiology, behavior and metabolism. There is growing evidence that in mammals the processes of circadian timing are under the influence of the immune system. Such a role for the neuroimmune regulation of the circadian clock has inferences for phenomena such as sickness behavior. Conversely, there is also accumulating evidence for a circadian influence on immune function, raising the likelihood that there is a bidirectional communication between the circadian and immune systems. In this review, we examine the evidence for these interactions, including circadian rhythmicity in models of disease and immune challenge, distribution of cytokines and their receptors in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus, the site of the master circadian pacemaker, and the evidence for endogenous circadian timekeeping in immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew N Coogan
- Neuroscience and Molecular Psychiatry, Institute of Life Science, School of Medicine, Swansea University, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK.
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15
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Majde JA, Bohnet SG, Ellis GA, Churchill L, Leyva-Grado V, Wu M, Szentirmai E, Rehman A, Krueger JM. Detection of mouse-adapted human influenza virus in the olfactory bulbs of mice within hours after intranasal infection. J Neurovirol 2008; 13:399-409. [PMID: 17994424 DOI: 10.1080/13550280701427069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Influenza pneumonitis causes severe systemic symptoms in mice, including hypothermia and excess sleep. The association of extrapulmonary virus, particularly virus in the brain, with the onset of such disease symptoms has not been investigated. Mature C57BL/6 male mice were infected intranasally with mouse-adapted human influenza viruses (PR8 or X-31) under inhalation, systemic, or no anesthesia. Core body temperatures were monitored continuously by radiotelemetry, and tissues (lung, brain, olfactory bulb, spleen, blood) were harvested at the time of onset of hypothermia (13 to 24 h post infection [PI]) or at 4 or 7 h PI. Whole RNA from all tissues was examined by one or more of three reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) procedures using H1N1 nucleoprotein (NP) primers for minus polarity RNA (genomic or vRNA) or plus polarity RNA (replication intermediates). Selected cytokines were assayed at 4, 7, and 15 h in the olfactory bulb (OB). Minus and plus RNA strands were readily detected in OBs as early as 4 h PI by nested RT-PCR. Anesthesia was not required for viral invasion of the OB. Cytokine mRNAs were also significantly elevated in the OB at 7 and 15 h PI in infected mice. Controls receiving boiled virus expressed only input vRNA and that only in lung. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated localization of H1N1 and NP antigens in olfactory nerves and the glomerular layer of the OB. Therefore a mouse-adapted human influenza virus strain, not known to be neurotropic, was detected in the mouse OB within 4 h PI where it appeared to induce replication intermediates and cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeannine A Majde
- Department of Veterinary and Comparative Anatomy, Pharmacology and Physiology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
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Ochoa-Repáraz J, Sentissi J, Trunkle T, Riccardi C, Pascual DW. Attenuated Coxiella burnetii phase II causes a febrile response in gamma interferon knockout and Toll-like receptor 2 knockout mice and protects against reinfection. Infect Immun 2007; 75:5845-58. [PMID: 17893129 PMCID: PMC2168348 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00901-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2007] [Revised: 08/28/2007] [Accepted: 09/11/2007] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Coxiella burnetii is a highly infectious obligate intracellular bacterium. The phase I form is responsible for Q fever, a febrile illness with flu-like symptoms that often goes undiagnosed. The attenuated C. burnetii phase II (having a truncated "O" chain of its lipopolysaccharide) does not cause disease in immunocompetent animals; however, phase II organisms remain infectious, and we questioned whether disease could be produced in immunodeficient mice. To study C. burnetii phase II infections, febrile responses in gamma interferon knockout (IFN-gamma(-/-)), BALB/c, Toll-like receptor 2 knockout (TLR2(-/-)), and C57BL/6 mice were measured using the Nine Mile phase II (NMII) strain of C. burnetii. Immunocompetent mice showed minimal febrile responses, unlike those obtained with IFN-gamma(-/-) and TLR2(-/-) mice, which showed elevated rectal temperatures that were sustained for approximately 15 days with transient increases in splenic weights. Reinfection of IFN-gamma(-/-) and TLR2(-/-) mice with C. burnetii NMII 30 days after primary infection protected mice as evident by reduced febrile responses and a lack of splenic inflammation. Although minimal detection of Coxiella in TLR2(-/-) mouse spleens was observed, greater colonization was evident in the IFN-gamma(-/-) mice. Cytokine analysis was performed on infected peritoneal macrophages isolated from these mice, and immunocompetent macrophages showed robust tumor necrosis factor alpha, IFN-gamma, and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) but no interleukin-12 (IL-12) responses. IFN-gamma(-/-) macrophages produced elevated levels of IL-6, IL-10, and IL-12, while TLR2(-/-) macrophages produced GM-CSF, IL-12, and minimal IL-10. To distinguish immunity conferred by innate or adaptive systems, adoptive transfer studies were performed and showed that immune lymphocytes obtained from immunocompetent mice protected against a subsequent challenge with NMII, indicating that adaptive immunity mediates the observed protection. Thus, our data show that NMII is capable of eliciting disease in immunocompromised mice, which may help in evaluation of vaccine candidates as well as the study of host-pathogen interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Ochoa-Repáraz
- Veterinary Molecular Biology, Montana State University, P.O. Box 173610, Bozeman, MT 59717-3610, USA
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17
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Traynor TR, Majde JA, Bohnet SG, Krueger JM. Interferon type I receptor-deficient mice have altered disease symptoms in response to influenza virus. Brain Behav Immun 2007; 21:311-22. [PMID: 17098395 PMCID: PMC1820588 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2006.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2006] [Revised: 09/15/2006] [Accepted: 09/29/2006] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of type I interferons (IFNs) in mediation of acute viral symptoms (fever, somnolence, anorexia, etc.) is unknown. To determine the role of type I IFN in selected symptom development, body temperature and sleep responses to a marginally lethal dose of X-31 influenza virus were examined in mice with a targeted mutation of the IFN receptor type I (IFN-RI knockouts) and compared to wild-type 129 SvEv control mice. Mice were monitored for 48 h to determine baseline temperature and sleep profiles prior to infection, and then for 9 days following infection. Hypothermic responses to virus were perceptible beginning at 64 h post-infection (PI) and were more marked in KO mice until 108 h, when hypothermia became more exaggerated in wild-type controls. Temperatures of wild-type mice continued to decline through day 9 while temperatures in IFN-RI KO mice stabilized. Time spent in non-rapid eye movement sleep (NREMS) increased in KO mice when hypothermia was marked and then returned to baseline levels, while NREMS continued to increase in wild-type mice through day 9. Other sleep parameters [time spent in rapid eye movement sleep (REMS), relative NREMS EEG slow wave activity, NREMS EEG power density] were all reduced in wild-type mice compared to KOs from days 3 to 8 while REMS low frequency EEG power density increased in wild-type relative to KOs. In conclusion, our results indicate that the presence of functional type I IFN slightly ameliorates disease symptoms early in the X-31 infection while exacerbating disease symptoms later in the infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim R Traynor
- Department of Veterinary and Comparative Anatomy, Pharmacology and Physiology, Washington State University, P.O. Box 646520, Pullman, WA 99164-6520, USA
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Paul S, Ricour C, Sommereyns C, Sorgeloos F, Michiels T. Type I interferon response in the central nervous system. Biochimie 2007; 89:770-8. [PMID: 17408841 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2007.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2006] [Accepted: 02/16/2007] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
This review is dedicated to the influence of type I IFNs (also called IFN-alpha/beta) in the central nervous system (CNS). Studies in mice with type I IFN receptor or IFN-beta gene deficiency have highlighted the importance of the type I IFN system against CNS viral infections and non-viral autoimmune disorders. Direct antiviral effects of type I IFNs appear to be crucial in limiting early spread of a number of viruses in CNS tissues. Type I IFNs have also proved to be beneficial in autoimmune disorders like multiple sclerosis or experimental autoimmune encephalitis, probably through immunomodulatory effects. Increasing efforts are done to characterize IFN expression and response in the CNS: to identify type I IFN producing cells, to decipher pathways leading to type I IFN expression in those cells, and to identify responding cells. However, reversible and irreversible damages consecutive to chronic exposure of the CNS to type I IFNs underline the importance of a tightly regulated type I IFN homeostasis in this organ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Paul
- Université catholique de Louvain, Christian de Duve Institute of Cellular Pathology, Microbial Pathogenesis Unit, MIPA-VIRO 74-49, 74, avenue Hippocrate, B-1200, Brussels, Belgium
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19
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Traynor TR, Majde JA, Bohnet SG, Krueger JM. Sleep and body temperature responses in an acute viral infection model are altered in interferon type I receptor-deficient mice. Brain Behav Immun 2006; 20:290-9. [PMID: 16243480 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2005.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2005] [Revised: 08/25/2005] [Accepted: 08/31/2005] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Type I interferons (IFNs) include IFNalpha and IFNbeta, both of which are elevated in acute viral infections and both of which have been shown to induce symptoms such as fever and somnolence when administered in pharmacological doses. To investigate the role of type I IFNs in mediation of acute respiratory viral symptoms we examined sleep and body temperature responses in mice with a targeted mutation of the IFN receptor type I (IFN-RI knockouts). IFN-RI knockouts (KOs) or wild-type 129 SvEv controls were challenged intratracheally (IT) with combined poly[rI.rC] (synthetic double-stranded RNA) and IFNgamma, a model that simulates an acute viral infection with respect to body temperature and locomotor activity responses. Control mice of both strains were treated with IT IFNgamma alone. Hypothermic responses to IT poly[rI.rC]/IFNgamma were more exaggerated in the IFN-RI KO mice than in wild-type. The non-rapid eye movement sleep (NREMS) response to IT poly[rI.rC]/IFNgamma was increased earlier in the IFN-RI KO mice than in wild-type, though the total time spent in NREMS was reduced in the KOs compared to wild-type and the return to baseline NREMS was faster in the KOs. The quality of NREMS also was altered more extensively in the wild-type than in the KO mice. Spontaneous rapid eye movement sleep (REMS) was suppressed in IFN-RI KOs as previously reported, but was not substantially altered in either mouse strain by IT poly[rI.rC]/IFNgamma challenge. Our results implicate type I IFNs as inhibitors of the hypothermic response and enhancers of the NREMS response to IT poly[rI.rC]/IFNgamma, a model of acute viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim R Traynor
- Department of VCAPP, Washington State University, USA
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20
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Obál F, Garcia-Garcia F, Kacsóh B, Taishi P, Bohnet S, Horseman ND, Krueger JM. Rapid eye movement sleep is reduced in prolactin-deficient mice. J Neurosci 2006; 25:10282-9. [PMID: 16267236 PMCID: PMC6725790 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2572-05.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Prolactin (PRL) is implicated in the modulation of spontaneous rapid eye movement sleep (REMS). Previous models of hypoprolactinemic animals were characterized by changes in REMS, although associated deficits made it difficult to ascribe changes in REMS to reduced PRL. In the current studies, male PRL knock-out (KO) mice were used; these mice lack functional PRL but have no known additional deficits. Spontaneous REMS was reduced in the PRL KO mice compared with wild-type or heterozygous littermates. Infusion of PRL for 11-12 d into PRL KO mice restored their REMS to that occurring in wild-type or heterozygous controls. Six hours of sleep deprivation induced a non-REMS and a REMS rebound in both PRL KO mice and heterozygous littermates, although the REMS rebound in the KOs was substantially less. Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) induced REMS responses in heterozygous mice but not in KO mice. Similarly, an ether stressor failed to enhance REMS in the PRL KOs but did in heterozygous littermates. Finally, hypothalamic mRNA levels for PRL, VIP, neural nitric oxide synthase (NOS), inducible NOS, and the interferon type I receptor were similar in KO and heterozygous mice. In contrast, tyrosine hydroxylase mRNA was lower in the PRL KO mice than in heterozygous controls and was restored to control values by infusion of PRL, suggesting a functioning short-loop negative feedback regulation in PRL KO mice. Data support the notion that PRL is involved in REMS regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferenc Obál
- Department of Veterinary and Comparative Anatomy, Pharmacology, and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-6520, USA
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