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Tschetter KE, Callahan LB, Flynn SA, Rahman S, Beresford TP, Ronan PJ. Early life stress and susceptibility to addiction in adolescence. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2021; 161:277-302. [PMID: 34801172 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2021.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Early life stress (ELS) is a risk factor for developing a host of psychiatric disorders. Adolescence is a particularly vulnerable period for the onset of these disorders and substance use disorders (SUDs). Here we discuss ELS and its effects in adolescence, especially SUDs, and their correlates with molecular changes to signaling systems in reward and stress neurocircuits. Using a maternal separation (MS) model of neonatal ELS, we studied a range of behaviors that comprise a "drug-seeking" phenotype. We then investigated potential mechanisms underlying the development of this phenotype. Corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) and serotonin (5-HT) are widely believed to be involved in "stress-induced" disorders, including addiction. Here, we show that ELS leads to the development of a drug-seeking phenotype indicative of increased susceptibility to addiction and concomitant sex-dependent upregulation of CRF and 5-HT system components throughout extended brain reward/stress neurocircuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- K E Tschetter
- Research Service, Sioux Falls VA Healthcare System, Sioux Falls, SD, United States; Department of Psychiatry and Basic Biomedical Sciences, University of South Dakota Sanford School of Medicine, Sioux Falls, SD, United States; Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, University of South Dakota Sanford School of Medicine, Sioux Falls, SD, United States
| | - L B Callahan
- Research Service, Sioux Falls VA Healthcare System, Sioux Falls, SD, United States; Department of Psychiatry and Basic Biomedical Sciences, University of South Dakota Sanford School of Medicine, Sioux Falls, SD, United States; Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, University of South Dakota Sanford School of Medicine, Sioux Falls, SD, United States
| | - S A Flynn
- Department of Psychiatry and Basic Biomedical Sciences, University of South Dakota Sanford School of Medicine, Sioux Falls, SD, United States
| | - S Rahman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, United States
| | - T P Beresford
- Laboratory for Clinical and Translational Research in Psychiatry, Rocky Mountain Regional, VA Medical Center, Aurora, CO, United States; Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - P J Ronan
- Research Service, Sioux Falls VA Healthcare System, Sioux Falls, SD, United States; Department of Psychiatry and Basic Biomedical Sciences, University of South Dakota Sanford School of Medicine, Sioux Falls, SD, United States; Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, University of South Dakota Sanford School of Medicine, Sioux Falls, SD, United States; Laboratory for Clinical and Translational Research in Psychiatry, Rocky Mountain Regional, VA Medical Center, Aurora, CO, United States.
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2
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Akbarabadi A, Sadat-Shirazi MS, Kabbaj M, Nouri Zadeh-Tehrani S, Khalifeh S, Pirri F, Zarrindast MR. Effects of Morphine and Maternal Care on Behaviors and Protein Expression of Male Offspring. Neuroscience 2021; 466:58-76. [PMID: 33915201 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2021.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Genes and environment interact during development to alter gene expression and behavior. Parental morphine exposure before conception has devastating effects on the offspring. In the present study, we evaluated the role of maternal care in the intergenerational effect of maternal morphine exposure. Female rats received morphine or saline for ten days and were drugfree for another ten days. Thereafter, they were allowed to mate with drug-naïve male rats. When pups were born, they were cross-fostered to assess the contribution of maternal care versus morphine effects on the offspring. Adult male offspring were examined for anxiety-like behavior, spatial memory, and obsessive-compulsive-like behavior. To determine the mechanisms underlying the observed behavioral changes, protein levels of acetylated histone H3, BDNF, Trk-B, NMDA subunits, p-CREB, and 5-HT3R were measured in the brain. Our results indicate that maternal caregiving is impaired in morphine-abstinent mothers. Interestingly, maternal care behaviors were also affected in drug-naïve mothers that raised offspring of morphine-exposed mothers. In addition, the offspring of morphine abstinent and non-drug dependent mothers, when raised by morphine abstinent mothers, exhibited more anxiety, obsessive-compulsive behaviors and impaired spatial memory. These altered behaviors were associated with alterations in the levels of the above-mentioned proteins. These data illustrate the intergenerational effects of maternal morphine exposure on offspring behaviors. Moreover, exposure to morphine before gestation not only affects maternal care and offspring behavior, but also has negative consequences on behaviors and protein expression in adoptive mothers of affected offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ardeshir Akbarabadi
- Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Mohamed Kabbaj
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306-1270, United States; Program of Neuroscience, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306-1270, United States
| | | | - Solmaz Khalifeh
- Cognitive and Neuroscience Research Center (CNRC), Tehran Medical Sciences, Amir-Almomenin Hospital, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fardad Pirri
- Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad-Reza Zarrindast
- Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Cognitive and Neuroscience Research Center (CNRC), Tehran Medical Sciences, Amir-Almomenin Hospital, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran.
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3
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Taschetto Vey L, Zuquetto Rosa H, Cristine Silva Barcelos R, Tironi Dias V, Izabel Ugalde Marques da Rocha M, Escobar Burger M. Neonatal handling increases neurogenesis, BDNF and GR in the hippocampus favoring memory acquisition in rats. Brain Res 2020; 1745:146921. [PMID: 32505752 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2020.146921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Early life is a critical period for the development of the central nervous system (CNS) when the brain undergoes functional organization, neuronal proliferation and migration. This study aimed to evaluate influences and possible interactions of the neonatal handling (NH) on morphologic, biochemical and molecular markers in the hippocampus, as well as on Mu opioid receptors (MOR) immunoreactivity when adolescent rats were exposed to morphine. On postnatal day (PND) 1, male pups were assigned to two experimental groups: unhandled (UH) or neonatal handling (NH), whose procedure was applied from PND2 to PND9. On PND 50, animals were submitted to memory behavioral test, anesthesia and euthanasia for blood collection and hippocampus removal. Animals exposed to NH showed: i) increased levels of proBDNF and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF); ii) increased memory performance; iii) decreased lipid peroxidation (LP) in plasma and hippocampus; iv) increased antioxidant defenses; v) increased glucocorticoids receptor (GR) levels. Interestingly, our data showed a positive correlation between BDNF and working memory after NH procedure (r2 = 0.73; P = 0.006). Animals submitted to NH showed an increased per se of MOR immunoreactivity regardless of morphine exposure, while this increasing was also observed in the UH group after morphine exposure, even in a small extent. NH beneficial influence during early stage of life can be reflected during the development of the puppies, enhancing memory performance, preventing oxidative events and improving molecular targets in hippocampus. Further experimental studies in addition to clinical ones are needed to validate NH protocol as a therapeutic tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Taschetto Vey
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Bioquímica Toxicológica, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Maria Izabel Ugalde Marques da Rocha
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Farmacologia, UFSM, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil; Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, UFSM, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Marilise Escobar Burger
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Bioquímica Toxicológica, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brazil; Programa de Pós Graduação em Farmacologia, UFSM, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil; Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, UFSM, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
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Zhang J, Xue R, Li YF, Zhang YZ, Wei HW. Anxiolytic-like effects of treadmill exercise on an animal model of post-traumatic stress disorder and its mechanism. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2020; 60:172-179. [DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.20.10120-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Antoniazzi CTD, Metz VG, Roversi K, Freitas DL, Vey LT, Dias VT, Segat HJ, Duarte MMMF, Burger ME. Tactile stimulation during different developmental periods modifies hippocampal BDNF and GR, affecting memory and behavior in adult rats. Hippocampus 2016; 27:210-220. [PMID: 27874237 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.22686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Revised: 11/20/2016] [Accepted: 11/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that tactile stimulation (TS) in pups is able to prevent and/or minimize fear, anxiety behaviors, and addiction to psychostimulant drugs in adult rats. In these studies, animals have been exposed to handling from postnatal day (PND) 1-21. This study was designed to precisely establish which period of preweaning development has a greater influence of TS on neuronal development. After birth, male pups were exposed to TS from PND1-7, PND8-14, and PND15-21. In adulthood, the different periods of postnatal TS were assessed through behavioral, biochemical, and molecular assessments. Animals that received TS from PND8-14 showed lower anxiety-like symptoms, as observed by decreased anxiety index in elevated plus maze. This same TS period was able to improve rats' working memory by increasing the percentage of alternation rate in Y-maze, and induce better ability to cope with stressful situations, as showed in the defensive burying test by a reduced time of burying behavior. On the other hand, animals receiving TS in the first week of life showed longest cumulative burying time, which is directly related to increased anxiety-like behavior. Moreover, TS from PND8-14 showed lower corticosterone levels and better oxidative status, as observed by decreased lipid peroxidation and increased catalase activity in the hippocampus. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) immunocontent was increased in the hippocampus of animals receiving TS from PND8-14, while glucocorticoid receptors immunocontent was decreased in both TS1-7 and TS15-21 , but not TS8-14 . To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to show TS can be more efficient if applied over a focused period of neonatal development (PND8-14) and this beneficial influence can be reflected on reduced emotionality and increased ability to address stressful situations in adulthood. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caren T D Antoniazzi
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Farmacologia Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Vinícia G Metz
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Karine Roversi
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Farmacologia Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Daniele L Freitas
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica Toxicológica Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Luciana T Vey
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica Toxicológica Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Verônica T Dias
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Farmacologia Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Hecson J Segat
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica Toxicológica Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Marilise E Burger
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Farmacologia Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica Toxicológica Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
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Yuan L, Liu J, Dong R, Zhu J, Tao C, Zheng R, Zhu S. 14,15-epoxyeicosatrienoic acid promotes production of brain derived neurotrophic factor from astrocytes and exerts neuroprotective effects during ischaemic injury. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2016; 42:607-620. [PMID: 26526810 DOI: 10.1111/nan.12291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Revised: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
AIMS 14,15-Epoxyeicosatrienoic acid (14,15-EET) is abundantly expressed in brain and exerts protective effects against ischaemia. 14,15-EET is hydrolysed by soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH). sEH-/- mice show a higher level of 14,15-EET in the brain. Astrocytes play a pivotal role in neuronal survival under ischaemic conditions. However, it is unclear whether the neuroprotective effect of 14,15-EET is associated with astrocytes. METHODS A mouse model of focal cerebral ischaemia was induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion. Oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R) was performed on cultured murine astrocytes, neurons and a human cell line. Cell viabilities were measured by 3-(4, 5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2, 5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. The mRNA expressions were quantified by real-time PCR. Brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) concentration was measured by ELISA. Protein expressions were quantified by Western blotting. BDNF and peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-γ) expressions were analysed by confocal microscopy. RESULTS Decreased infarct volumes, elevated BDNF expression and increased numbers of BDNF/GFAP Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein double-positive cells were observed in the ischaemic penumbra of sEH-/- mice. The decreased infarct volumes of sEH-/- mice were diminished by intracerebroventricular injection of a blocker of BDNF receptor. 14,15-EET increases BDNF expression and cell viability of murine astrocytes and U251 cells by BDNF-TrkB Tyrosine receptor kinase-B-extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 signalling during OGD/R. 14,15-EET protects neurons from OGD/R by stimulating the production of astrocyte-derived BDNF. 14,15-EET stimulates the production of astrocyte-derived BDNF through PPAR-γ/p-cAMP-response element binding protein signal pathways. CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrates the importance of 14,15-EET-mediated production of astrocyte-derived BDNF for enhancing viability of astrocytes and protecting neurons from the ischaemic injury and provides insights into the mechanism by which 14,15-EET is involved in neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Yuan
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - J Liu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - R Dong
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - J Zhu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - C Tao
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - R Zheng
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - S Zhu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
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Anastasio NC, Stutz SJ, Fink LHL, Swinford-Jackson SE, Sears RM, DiLeone RJ, Rice KC, Moeller FG, Cunningham KA. Serotonin (5-HT) 5-HT2A Receptor (5-HT2AR):5-HT2CR Imbalance in Medial Prefrontal Cortex Associates with Motor Impulsivity. ACS Chem Neurosci 2015; 6:1248-58. [PMID: 26120876 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.5b00094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A feature of multiple neuropsychiatric disorders is motor impulsivity. Recent studies have implicated serotonin (5-HT) systems in medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) in mediating individual differences in motor impulsivity, notably the 5-HT2AR receptor (5-HT2AR) and 5-HT2CR. We investigated the hypothesis that differences in the ratio of 5-HT2AR:5-HT2CR protein expression in mPFC would predict the individual level of motor impulsivity and that the engineered loss of the 5-HT2CR would result in high motor impulsivity concomitant with elevated 5-HT2AR expression and pharmacological sensitivity to the selective 5-HT2AR antagonist M100907. High and low impulsive rats were identified in a 1-choice serial reaction time task. Native protein levels of the 5-HT2AR and the 5-HT2CR predicted the intensity of motor impulsivity and the 5-HT2AR:5-HT2CR ratio in mPFC positively correlated with levels of premature responses in individual outbred rats. The possibility that the 5-HT2AR and 5-HT2CR act in concert to control motor impulsivity is supported by the observation that high phenotypic motor impulsivity associated with a diminished mPFC synaptosomal 5-HT2AR:5-HT2CR protein:protein interaction. Knockdown of mPFC 5-HT2CR resulted in increased motor impulsivity and triggered a functional disruption of the local 5-HT2AR:5-HT2CR balance as evidenced by a compensatory upregulation of 5-HT2AR protein expression and a leftward shift in the potency of M100907 to suppress impulsive behavior. We infer that there is an interactive relationship between the mPFC 5-HT2AR and 5-HT2CR, and that a 5-HT2AR:5-HT2CR imbalance may be a functionally relevant mechanism underlying motor impulsivity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Robert M. Sears
- Department
of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Ralph J. DiLeone
- Department
of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Kenner C. Rice
- Chemical
Biology Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, DHHS/NIH/NIDA, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - F. Gerard Moeller
- Department
of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
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Howell LL, Cunningham KA. Serotonin 5-HT2 receptor interactions with dopamine function: implications for therapeutics in cocaine use disorder. Pharmacol Rev 2015; 67:176-97. [PMID: 25505168 DOI: 10.1124/pr.114.009514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cocaine exhibits prominent abuse liability, and chronic abuse can result in cocaine use disorder with significant morbidity. Major advances have been made in delineating neurobiological mechanisms of cocaine abuse; however, effective medications to treat cocaine use disorder remain to be discovered. The present review will focus on the role of serotonin (5-HT; 5-hydroxytryptamine) neurotransmission in the neuropharmacology of cocaine and related abused stimulants. Extensive research suggests that the primary contribution of 5-HT to cocaine addiction is a consequence of interactions with dopamine (DA) neurotransmission. The literature on the neurobiological and behavioral effects of cocaine is well developed, so the focus of the review will be on cocaine with inferences made about other monoamine uptake inhibitors and releasers based on mechanistic considerations. 5-HT receptors are widely expressed throughout the brain, and several different 5-HT receptor subtypes have been implicated in mediating the effects of endogenous 5-HT on DA. However, the 5-HT2A and 5-HT2C receptors in particular have been implicated as likely candidates for mediating the influence of 5-HT in cocaine abuse as well as to traits (e.g., impulsivity) that contribute to the development of cocaine use disorder and relapse in humans. Lastly, new approaches are proposed to guide targeted development of serotonergic ligands for the treatment of cocaine use disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonard L Howell
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia (L.L.H.); and Center for Addiction Research and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas (K.A.C.)
| | - Kathryn A Cunningham
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia (L.L.H.); and Center for Addiction Research and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas (K.A.C.)
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Tata DA, Markostamou I, Ioannidis A, Gkioka M, Simeonidou C, Anogianakis G, Spandou E. Effects of maternal separation on behavior and brain damage in adult rats exposed to neonatal hypoxia-ischemia. Behav Brain Res 2014; 280:51-61. [PMID: 25433094 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2014.11.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Revised: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Animal studies suggest that maternal separation, a widely used paradigm to study the effects of early life adversity, exerts a profound and life-long impact on both brain and behavior. The aim of the current study was to investigate whether adverse early life experiences interact with neonatal hypoxia-ischemia, affecting the outcome of this neurological insult at both functional and structural levels during adulthood. Rat pups were separated from their mothers during postnatal days 1-6, for either a short (15 min) or prolonged (180 min) period, while another group was left undisturbed. On postnatal day 7, a subgroup from each of the three postnatal manipulations was exposed to a hypoxic-ischemic episode. Behavioral examination took place approximately at three months of age and included tests of learning and memory (Morris water maze, novel object and novel place recognition), as well as motor coordination (rota-rod). We found that both prolonged maternal separation and neonatal hypoxia-ischemia impaired the animals' spatial learning and reference memory. Deficits in spatial but not visual recognition memory were detected only in hypoxic-ischemic rats. Interestingly, prolonged maternal separation prior to neonatal hypoxia-ischemia augmented the reference memory impairments. Histological analysis of infarct size, hippocampal area and thickness of corpus callosum did not reveal any exacerbation of damage in hypoxic-ischemic rats that were maternally separated for a prolonged period. These are the first data suggesting that an adverse postnatal environmental manipulation of just 6 days causes long-term effects on spatial learning and memory and may render the organism more vulnerable to a subsequent insult.
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Affiliation(s)
- Despina A Tata
- School of Psychology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Ioanna Markostamou
- School of Psychology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Anestis Ioannidis
- School of Psychology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Mara Gkioka
- School of Psychology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Constantina Simeonidou
- Laboratory of Experimental Physiology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Georgios Anogianakis
- Laboratory of Experimental Physiology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Evangelia Spandou
- Laboratory of Experimental Physiology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.
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Rieger DK, Cunha RMS, Lopes MW, Costa AP, Budni J, Rodrigues ALS, Walz R, Teixeira EH, Nascimento KS, Cavada BS, Leal RB. ConBr, a lectin fromCanavalia brasiliensisseeds, modulates signaling pathways and increases BDNF expression probably via a glycosylated target. J Mol Recognit 2014; 27:746-54. [DOI: 10.1002/jmr.2401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2013] [Revised: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 06/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Débora K. Rieger
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas; Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina; Florianópolis SC 88040-900 Brazil
| | | | - Mark William Lopes
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas; Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina; Florianópolis SC 88040-900 Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Costa
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas; Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina; Florianópolis SC 88040-900 Brazil
| | - Josiani Budni
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas; Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina; Florianópolis SC 88040-900 Brazil
| | - Ana Lúcia S. Rodrigues
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas; Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina; Florianópolis SC 88040-900 Brazil
| | - Roger Walz
- Departamento de Clínica Médica, Hospital Universitário (HU), Centro de Ciências da Saúde; Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina; Florianópolis SC Brazil
| | - Edson H. Teixeira
- BioMolLab; Universidade Federal do Ceará; Fortaleza CE 60455-970 Brazil
| | | | - Benildo S. Cavada
- BioMolLab; Universidade Federal do Ceará; Fortaleza CE 60455-970 Brazil
| | - Rodrigo B. Leal
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas; Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina; Florianópolis SC 88040-900 Brazil
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Caporali P, Cutuli D, Gelfo F, Laricchiuta D, Foti F, De Bartolo P, Mancini L, Angelucci F, Petrosini L. Pre-reproductive maternal enrichment influences offspring developmental trajectories: motor behavior and neurotrophin expression. Front Behav Neurosci 2014; 8:195. [PMID: 24910599 PMCID: PMC4038762 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2014.00195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental enrichment is usually applied immediately after weaning or in adulthood, with strong effects on CNS anatomy and behavior. To examine the hypothesis that a pre-reproductive environmental enrichment of females could affect the motor development of their offspring, female rats were reared in an enriched environment from weaning to sexual maturity, while other female rats used as controls were reared under standard conditions. Following mating with standard-reared males, all females were housed individually. To evaluate the eventual transgenerational influence of positive pre-reproductive maternal experiences, postural and motor development of male pups was analyzed from birth to weaning. Moreover, expression of Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor and Nerve Growth Factor in different brain regions was evaluated at birth and weaning. Pre-reproductive environmental enrichment of females affected the offspring motor development, as indicated by the earlier acquisition of complex motor abilities displayed by the pups of enriched females. The earlier acquisition of motor abilities was associated with enhanced neurotrophin levels in striatum and cerebellum. In conclusion, maternal positive experiences were transgenerationally transmitted, and influenced offspring phenotype at both behavioral and biochemical levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Caporali
- Department of Psychology, University "Sapienza" of Rome Rome, Italy ; I.R.C.C.S. Santa Lucia Foundation Rome, Italy
| | - Debora Cutuli
- Department of Psychology, University "Sapienza" of Rome Rome, Italy ; I.R.C.C.S. Santa Lucia Foundation Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Gelfo
- I.R.C.C.S. Santa Lucia Foundation Rome, Italy ; Department of Systemic Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata" Rome, Italy
| | - Daniela Laricchiuta
- Department of Psychology, University "Sapienza" of Rome Rome, Italy ; I.R.C.C.S. Santa Lucia Foundation Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Foti
- Department of Psychology, University "Sapienza" of Rome Rome, Italy ; I.R.C.C.S. Santa Lucia Foundation Rome, Italy
| | - Paola De Bartolo
- Department of Psychology, University "Sapienza" of Rome Rome, Italy ; I.R.C.C.S. Santa Lucia Foundation Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Mancini
- Department of Psychology, University "Sapienza" of Rome Rome, Italy
| | | | - Laura Petrosini
- Department of Psychology, University "Sapienza" of Rome Rome, Italy ; I.R.C.C.S. Santa Lucia Foundation Rome, Italy
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Kwon SJ, Song KS, Kim H, Kim YS, Choi WS, Kwon SO. Low-intensity treadmill exercise and bright light upregulate brain-derived neurotrophic factor expression and intracellular signaling pathway in rat hippocampus and cerebral cortex. Anim Cells Syst (Seoul) 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/19768354.2014.891536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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Neonatal handling alters the structure of maternal behavior and affects mother-pup bonding. Behav Brain Res 2014; 265:216-28. [PMID: 24598277 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2014.02.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2013] [Revised: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
During early life, a mother and her pups establish a very close relationship, and the olfactory learning of the nest odor is very important for the bond formation. The olfactory bulb (OB) is a structure that plays a fundamental role in the olfactory learning (OL) mechanism that also involves maternal behavior (licking and contact). We hypothesized that handling the pups would alter the structure of the maternal behavior, affect OL, and alter mother-pup relationships. Moreover, changes in the cyclic AMP-response element binding protein phosphorylation (CREB) and neurotrophic factors could be a part of the mechanism of these changes. This study aimed to analyze the effects of neonatal handling, 1 min per day from postpartum day 1 to 10 (PPD 1 to PPD 10), on the maternal behavior and pups' preference for the nest odor in a Y maze (PPD 11). We also tested CREB's phosphorylation and BDNF signaling in the OB of the pups (PPD 7) by Western blot analysis. The results showed that handling alters mother-pups interaction by decreasing mother-pups contact and changing the temporal pattern of all components of the maternal behavior especially the daily licking and nest-building. We found sex-dependent changes in the nest odor preference, CREB and BDNF levels in pups OB. Male pups were more affected by alterations in the licking pattern, and female pups were more affected by changes in the mother-pup contact (the time spent outside the nest and nursing).
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Hyperlocomotor activity and stress vulnerability during adulthood induced by social isolation after early weaning are prevented by voluntary running exercise before normal weaning period. Behav Brain Res 2014; 264:197-206. [PMID: 24534713 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2014.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2013] [Revised: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
In rodents, the disruption of social-rearing conditions before normal weaning induces emotional behavioral abnormalities, such as anxiety, motor activity dysregulation, and stress vulnerability. The beneficial effects of exercise after normal weaning on emotional regulation have been well documented. However, effects of exercise before normal weaning on emotion have not been reported. We examined whether voluntary wheel running (R) during social isolation after early weaning (early weaning/isolation; EI) from postnatal day (PD) 14-30 could prevent EI-induced emotional behavioral abnormalities in Sprague-Dawley rats. Compared with control rats reared with their dam and siblings until PD30, rats performed R during EI (EI+R) and EI rats demonstrated greater locomotion and lower grooming activity in the open-field test (OFT) during the juvenile period. Juvenile EI ± R rats showed greater learned helplessness (LH) after exposure to inescapable stress (IS; electric foot shock) than IS-exposed control and EI rats. In contrast, EI rats showed increased locomotion in the OFT and LH after exposure to IS compared with control rats during adulthood; this was not observed in EI ± R rats. Both EI and EI ± R rats exhibited greater rearing activity in the OFT than controls during adulthood. EI did not increase anxiety in the OFT and elevated plus-maze. These results suggested that R during EI until normal weaning prevented some of the EI-induced behavioral abnormalities, including hyperlocomotor activity and greater LH, during adulthood but not in the juvenile period.
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Neurogenesis recovery induced by granulocyte-colony stimulating factor in neonatal rat brain after perinatal hypoxia. Pediatr Neonatol 2013; 54:380-8. [PMID: 23791015 DOI: 10.1016/j.pedneo.2013.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2012] [Revised: 03/14/2013] [Accepted: 05/14/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Perinatal hypoxia can lead to a wide range of neurological deficits depending on the differential vulnerability of the involved brain regions to oxygen deprivation. It remains unclear whether the differential vulnerability to oxygen deprivation leads to altered neurogenesis in the neonatal brain after perinatal hypoxia. The primary objective was to investigate whether perinatal hypoxia induces deleterious changes in neurogenesis within three representative brain regions (dentate gyrus of the hippocampus, midbrain, and temporal cortex), with regards to common pathological areas clinically. The secondary objective was to investigate whether granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) therapy exerts beneficial effects in neurogenesis in neonatal rat brains subjected to experimental perinatal hypoxia. MATERIALS AND METHODS Rat pups were subjected to experimental perinatal hypoxia on the tenth day of life (P10). They were then given G-CSF (30 μg/kg, single injection/day, intraperitoneal injection, P11-16). The neurogenesis efficacy was analyzed on P17 and the radial-arm maze task, a memory task for higher cognitive functions such as problem-solving abilities, was evaluated on P37-58. RESULTS Perinatal hypoxia caused a significant decrease in neurogenesis within the three representative brain regions, and this deleterious outcome was alleviated by G-CSF (p < 0.05). In addition, the G-CSF therapy markedly improved the decreased performance of long-term cognitive functions induced by perinatal hypoxia (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION This study suggests that G-CSF may be a potentially beneficial therapy, at least in part, through universal recovery of neurogenesis effects in the neonatal brain after perinatal hypoxia insult.
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Ferreira CF, Bernardi JR, Krolow R, Arcego DM, Fries GR, de Aguiar BW, Senter G, Kapczinski FP, Silveira PP, Dalmaz C. Vulnerability to dietary n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid deficiency after exposure to early stress in rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2013; 107:11-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2013.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2012] [Revised: 02/28/2013] [Accepted: 03/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Liu Q, Wong-Riley MTT. Postnatal development of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and tyrosine protein kinase B (TrkB) receptor immunoreactivity in multiple brain stem respiratory-related nuclei of the rat. J Comp Neurol 2013; 521:109-29. [PMID: 22678720 DOI: 10.1002/cne.23164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2012] [Revised: 04/23/2012] [Accepted: 06/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Previously, we found a transient imbalance between suppressed excitation and enhanced inhibition in the respiratory network of the rat around postnatal days (P) 12-13, a critical period when the hypoxic ventilatory response is at its weakest. The mechanism underlying the imbalance is poorly understood. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and its tyrosine protein kinase B (TrkB) receptors are known to potentiate glutamatergic and attenuate gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic neurotransmission, and BDNF is essential for respiratory development. We hypothesized that the excitation-inhibition imbalance during the critical period stemmed from a reduced expression of BDNF and TrkB at that time within respiratory-related nuclei of the brain stem. An in-depth, semiquantitative immunohistochemical study was undertaken in seven respiratory-related brain stem nuclei and one nonrespiratory nucleus in P0-21 rats. The results indicate that the expressions of BDNF and TrkB: 1) in the pre-Bötzinger complex, nucleus ambiguus, commissural and ventrolateral subnuclei of solitary tract nucleus, and retrotrapezoid nucleus/parafacial respiratory group were significantly reduced at P12, but returned to P11 levels by P14; 2) in the lateral paragigantocellular nucleus and parapyramidal region were increased from P0 to P7, but were strikingly reduced at P10 and plateaued thereafter; and 3) in the nonrespiratory cuneate nucleus showed a gentle plateau throughout the first 3 postnatal weeks, with only a slight decline of BDNF expression after P11. Thus, the significant downregulation of both BDNF and TrkB in respiratory-related nuclei during the critical period may form the basis of, or at least contribute to, the inhibitory-excitatory imbalance within the respiratory network during this time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuli Liu
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226, USA
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Wu YC, Hill RA, Klug M, van den Buuse M. Sex-specific and region-specific changes in BDNF–TrkB signalling in the hippocampus of 5-HT1A receptor and BDNF single and double mutant mice. Brain Res 2012; 1452:10-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2012.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2011] [Revised: 02/20/2012] [Accepted: 03/02/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Chen WF, Hsu JH, Lin CS, Jong YJ, Yang CH, Huang LT, Yang SN. Granulocyte-colony stimulating factor alleviates perinatal hypoxia-induced decreases in hippocampal synaptic efficacy and neurogenesis in the neonatal rat brain. Pediatr Res 2011; 70:589-95. [PMID: 21857381 DOI: 10.1203/pdr.0b013e3182324424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Using various animal models, studies have greatly expanded our understanding of perinatal hypoxia-induced neuronal injury in the newborn at the cellular/molecular levels. However, the synapse-basis pathogenesis and therapeutic strategy for such detrimental alterations in the neonatal brain remain to be addressed. We investigated whether the damaged synaptic efficacy and neurogenesis within hippocampal CA1 region (an essential integration area for mammalian learning and memory) of the neonatal rat brain after perinatal hypoxia were restored by granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) therapy. Ten-day-old (P10) rat pups were subjected to experimentally perinatal hypoxia. G-CSF (10, 30, or 50 μg/kg, single injection/d, P11-16) was s.c. administered to neonatal rats which were analyzed on P17. Perinatal hypoxia reduced the expression in pRaf-pERK1/2-pCREB(Ser-133) signaling, the synaptic complex of postsynaptic density protein-95 (PSD-95) with N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) subunits (NR1, NR2A, and NR2B), synaptic efficacy, and neurogenesis. A representatively effective dosage of G-CSF (30 μg/kg) alleviated the perinatal hypoxia-induced detrimental changes and improved the performance in long-term cognitive function. In summary, our results suggest a novel concept that synaptic efficacy defects exist in the neonatal brain previously exposed to perinatal hypoxia and that G-CSF could be a clinical potential for the synapse-basis recovery in the perinatal hypoxia suffers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wu-Fu Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
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Winkelmann-Duarte EC, Padilha-Hoffmann CB, Martins DF, Schuh AFS, Fernandes MC, Santin R, Merlo S, Sanvitto GL, Lucion AB. Early-life environmental intervention may increase the number of neurons, astrocytes, and cellular proliferation in the hippocampus of rats. Exp Brain Res 2011; 215:163-72. [DOI: 10.1007/s00221-011-2881-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2010] [Accepted: 09/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Curley JP, Jensen CL, Mashoodh R, Champagne FA. Social influences on neurobiology and behavior: epigenetic effects during development. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2011; 36:352-71. [PMID: 20650569 PMCID: PMC2980807 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2010.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2010] [Revised: 06/10/2010] [Accepted: 06/14/2010] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The quality of the social environment can have profound influences on the development and activity of neural systems with implications for numerous behavioral and physiological responses, including the expression of emotionality. Though social experiences occurring early in development may be particularly influential on the developing brain, there is continued plasticity within these neural circuits amongst juveniles and into early adulthood. In this review, we explore the evidence derived from studies in rodents which illustrates the social modulation during development of neural systems, with a particular emphasis on those systems in which a long-term effect is observed. One possible explanation for the persistence of dynamic changes in these systems in response to the environment is the involvement of epigenetic mechanisms, and here we discuss recent studies which support the role of these mechanisms in mediating the link between social experiences, gene expression, neurobiological changes, and behavioral variation. This literature raises critical questions about the interaction between neural systems, the concordance between neural and behavioral changes, sexual dimorphism in effects, the importance of considering individual differences in response to the social environment, and the potential of an epigenetic perspective in advancing our understanding of the pathways leading to variations in mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Curley
- Columbia University, Department of Psychology, 1190 Amsterdam Avenue, New York, NY 10027, USA
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Tanaka Y, Tanaka R, Liu M, Hattori N, Urabe T. Cilostazol attenuates ischemic brain injury and enhances neurogenesis in the subventricular zone of adult mice after transient focal cerebral ischemia. Neuroscience 2010; 171:1367-76. [PMID: 20933581 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2010.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2010] [Revised: 09/29/2010] [Accepted: 10/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Evidence suggests that neurogenesis occurs in the adult mammalian brain, and that various stimuli, for example, ischemia/hypoxia, enhance the generation of neural progenitor cells in the subventricular zone (SVZ) and their migration into the olfactory bulb. In a mouse stroke model, focal ischemia results in activation of neural progenitor cells followed by their migration into the ischemic lesion. The present study assessed the in vivo effects of cilostazol, a type 3 phosphodiesterase inhibitor known to activate the cAMP-responsive element binding protein (CREB) signaling, on neurogenesis in the ipsilateral SVZ and peri-infarct area in a mouse model of transient middle cerebral artery occlusion. Mice were divided into sham operated (n=12), vehicle- (n=18) and cilostazol-treated (n=18) groups. Sections stained for 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) and several neuronal and a glial markers were analyzed at post-ischemia days 1, 3 and 7. Cilostazol reduced brain ischemic volume (P<0.05) and induced earlier recovery of neurologic deficit (P<0.05). Cilostazol significantly increased the density of BrdU-positive newly-formed cells in the SVZ compared with the vehicle group without ischemia. Increased density of doublecortin (DCX)-positive and BrdU/DCX-double positive neural progenitor cells was noted in the ipsilateral SVZ and peri-infarct area at 3 and 7 days after focal ischemia compared with the vehicle group (P<0.05). Cilostazol increased DCX-positive phosphorylated CREB (pCREB)-expressing neural progenitor cells, and increased brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)-expressing astrocytes in the ipsilateral SVZ and peri-infarct area. The results indicated that cilostazol enhanced neural progenitor cell generation in both ipsilateral SVZ and peri-infarct area through CREB-mediated signaling pathway after focal ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Tanaka
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Chen MJ, Russo-Neustadt AA. Running exercise-induced up-regulation of hippocampal brain-derived neurotrophic factor is CREB-dependent. Hippocampus 2009; 19:962-72. [PMID: 19294650 PMCID: PMC2756465 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.20579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The past decade has witnessed burgeoning evidence that antidepressant medications and physical exercise increase the expression of hippocampal brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). This phenomenon has gained widespread appeal, because BDNF is one of the first macromolecules observed to play a central role not only in the treatment of mood disorders, but also in neuronal survival-, growth-, and plasticity-related signaling cascades. Thus, it has become critical to understand how BDNF synthesis is regulated. Much evidence exists that changes in BDNF expression result from the activation/phosphorylation of the transcription factor, cAMP-response-element binding protein (CREB) following the administration of antidepressant medications. Utilizing a mouse model genetically engineered with an inducible CREB repressor, our current study provides evidence that increases in BDNF expression and cellular survival signaling resulting from physical exercise are also dependent upon activation of this central transcription factor. The transcription and expression of hippocampal BDNF, as well as the activation of Akt, a key survival signaling molecule, were measured following acute exercise, and also following short-term treatment with the norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor, reboxetine. We found that both interventions led to a marked increase in hippocampal BDNF mRNA, BDNF protein, and Akt phosphorylation (as well as CREB phosphorylation) in wild-type mice. As expected, activation of the CREB repressor in mutant mice sharply decreased CREB phosphorylation. In addition, all measures noted above remained at baseline levels when mutant mice exercised or received reboxetine. Increases in BDNF and phospho-Akt were also prevented when mutant mice received a combination of exercise and antidepressant treatment. The results are discussed in the context of what is currently known about BDNF signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Chen
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University, 5151 State University Dr., Los Angeles, CA 90032, USA.
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Garoflos E, Stamatakis A, Rafrogianni A, Pondiki S, Stylianopoulou F. Neonatal handling on the first postnatal day leads to increased maternal behavior and fos levels in the brain of the newborn rat. Dev Psychobiol 2008; 50:704-13. [DOI: 10.1002/dev.20332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Günther L, Liebscher S, Jähkel M, Oehler J. Effects of chronic citalopram treatment on 5-HT1A and 5-HT2A receptors in group- and isolation-housed mice. Eur J Pharmacol 2008; 593:49-61. [PMID: 18657534 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2008.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2008] [Revised: 06/27/2008] [Accepted: 07/09/2008] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI) are characterized by high clinical effectiveness and good tolerability. A 2-3 week delay in the onset of effects is caused by adaptive mechanisms, probably at the serotonergic (5-HT) receptor level. To analyze this in detail, we measured 5-HT(1A) and 5-HT(2A) receptor bindings in vitro after 3 weeks of citalopram treatment (20 mg/kg i.p. daily) in group-housed as well as isolation-housed mice, reflecting neurobiological aspects seen in psychiatric patients. Isolation housing increased somatodendritic (+52%) and postsynaptic (+30-95%) 5-HT(1A) as well as postsynaptic 5-HT(2A) receptor binding (+25-34%), which confirms previous findings. Chronic citalopram treatment did not induce alterations in raphe 5-HT(1A) autoreceptor binding, independent of housing conditions. Housing-dependent citalopram effects on postsynaptic 5-HT(1A) receptor binding were found with increases in group- (+11-42%) but decreases in isolation-housed (-11 to 35%) mice. Forebrain 5-HT(2A) receptor binding decreased between 11 and 38% after chronic citalopram administration, independent of housing conditions. Citalopram's long-term action comprises alterations at the postsynaptic 5-HT(1A) and 5-HT(2A) receptor binding levels. Housing conditions interact with citalopram effects, especially on 5-HT(1A) receptor binding, and should be more strongly considered in pharmacological studies. In general, SSRI-induced alterations were more pronounced and affected more brain regions in isolates, supporting the concept of a higher responsiveness in "stressed" animals. Isolation-induced receptor binding changes were partly normalized by chronic citalopram treatment, suggesting the isolation housing model for further analyses of SSRI effects, especially at the behavioral level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia Günther
- AG Neurobiologie, Klinik für Psychiatrie, Universitätsklinikum der TU Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, Dresden, Germany.
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Garoflos E, Stamatakis A, Pondiki S, Apostolou A, Philippidis H, Stylianopoulou F. Cellular mechanisms underlying the effect of a single exposure to neonatal handling on neurotrophin-3 in the brain of 1-day-old rats. Neuroscience 2007; 148:349-58. [PMID: 17683871 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2007.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2007] [Revised: 06/13/2007] [Accepted: 06/18/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) has an important role in brain development and is thus a good candidate molecule to be involved in the cellular mechanisms mediating the effects of early experiences on the brain. In the present work we employed the model of neonatal handling, which is known to affect the ability of the adult organism to respond to stressful stimuli, and determined its effects on NT-3 levels in the rat hippocampus and cortex 2, 4 and 8 h after handling on postnatal day 1. We also recorded maternal behavior during the 8 h following handling. At both the 4 and 8 h time-points there was an increase in NT-3 positive cells in field 1 of Ammon's horn (CA1 area of the hippocampus) and parietal cortex of the handled animals. In the parietal cortex NT-3 levels increased with time following handling: at 8 h there were more NT-3 positive cells than at 4 h. During the 4 h following the end of handling, handled pups were subject to more maternal licking, indicating that the more intense maternal care could underlie the handling-induced increase in NT-3. In the hippocampus, the handling induced increase in NT-3 was cancelled by inhibition of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA), AMPA/kainate, or GABA-A receptors, as well as L-type voltage-gated Ca(2+) channels. It thus appears that neonatal handling activates these neurotransmitter receptors and channels, leading to increased intracellular Ca(2+) and increased NT-3 expression. NT-3 can then activate downstream effectors and exert its morphogenetic actions and thus imprint the effects of handling on the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Garoflos
- Laboratory of Biology-Biochemistry, School of Health Sciences, University of Athens, Papadiamantopoulou 123, GR-11527, Athens, Greece
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Nair A, Vadodaria KC, Banerjee SB, Benekareddy M, Dias BG, Duman RS, Vaidya VA. Stressor-specific regulation of distinct brain-derived neurotrophic factor transcripts and cyclic AMP response element-binding protein expression in the postnatal and adult rat hippocampus. Neuropsychopharmacology 2007; 32:1504-19. [PMID: 17164818 DOI: 10.1038/sj.npp.1301276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Stress regulation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is implicated in the hippocampal damage observed in depression. BDNF has a complex gene structure with four 5' untranslated exons (I-IV) with unique promoters, and a common 3' coding exon (V). To better understand the stress regulation of BDNF, we addressed whether distinct stressors differentially regulate exon-specific BDNF transcripts in the postnatal and adult hippocampus. The early life stress of maternal separation (MS) resulted in a time point-dependent differential upregulation of BDNF transcripts restricted to early postnatal life (P14-BDNF II, P21-BDNF IV, V). In adulthood, distinct stressors regulated BDNF transcripts in a signature manner. Immobilization stress, administered once, decreased all BDNF splice variants but had differing effects on BDNF I/II (increase) and III/IV (decrease) when administered chronically. Although immobilization stress reduced BDNF (V) mRNA, chronic unpredictable stress did not influence total BDNF despite altering specific BDNF transcripts. Furthermore, a prior history of MS altered the signature pattern in which adult-onset stress regulated specific BDNF transcripts. We also examined the expression of cyclic AMP response element-binding protein (CREB), an upstream transcriptional activator of BDNF, and observed a CREB induction in the postnatal hippocampus following MS. As a possible consequence of enhanced CREB and BDNF expression following MS, we examined hippocampal progenitor proliferation and observed a significant increase restricted to early life. These results suggest that alterations in CREB/BDNF may contribute to the generation of individual differences in stress neurocircuitry, providing a substrate for altered vulnerability to depressive disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrita Nair
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, India
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Tejedor-Real P, Sahagún M, Biguet NF, Mallet J. Neonatal handling prevents the effects of phencyclidine in an animal model of negative symptoms of schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 2007; 61:865-72. [PMID: 17125743 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.08.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2006] [Revised: 06/23/2006] [Accepted: 08/10/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Environmental factors during the neonatal period have long-lasting effects on the brain. Neonatal handling, an early mild stress, enhances the ability to cope with stress in adult rats. In humans, inappropriate stress responses increase the risk of schizophrenia in genetically predisposed individuals. We studied the effect of neonatal handling on the phencyclidine (PCP)-induced immobility time of rats in the forced swimming test (FST, an animal model of negative symptoms of schizophrenia) and on plasma adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) as a measure of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA) reactivity. METHODS Pups were removed from their mothers 15 min/21 days after birth. Postnatal day 65: animals were submitted to restraint stress. Postnatal day 75: after PCP treatment (5 mg/kg/5 days) animals were submitted to the FST. RESULTS Neonatal handling reduced HPA reactivity to passive stress (restraint) but not to active coping stress (forced swimming). Immobilization time was significantly lower in saline- and PCP-treated, handled animals than in non-handled ones. Handling prevented the ACTH increase induced by PCP that was observed in the non-handled rats after FST. CONCLUSIONS First, neonatal handling protects animals from acquiring the schizophrenic-like behavior provoked by sub-chronic PCP treatment, which was associated with a reduced HPA activity. Second, the beneficial properties of handling in stress responses seem to depend on the type of stress.
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Bilbo SD, Newsum NJ, Sprunger DB, Watkins LR, Rudy JW, Maier SF. Differential effects of neonatal handling on early life infection-induced alterations in cognition in adulthood. Brain Behav Immun 2007; 21:332-42. [PMID: 17126527 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2006.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2006] [Revised: 10/06/2006] [Accepted: 10/06/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously demonstrated that bacterial infection (Escherichia coli) in neonatal rats is associated with impaired memory in a fear-conditioning task in adulthood. This impairment, however, is only observed if a peripheral immune challenge (lipopolysaccharide; LPS) is administered around the time of learning. We used a brief separation/handling paradigm to determine if the adult memory impairment associated with neonatal-infection could be prevented. Naturally occurring variations in maternal care promote striking variations in offspring cognitive development, and handling paradigms are used to manipulate the quality and quantity of maternal care. Rats were injected on post natal (P) day 4 with E. coli or PBS, and half from each group were handled for 15 min/day from P4 to 20. All rats were then tested in adulthood. Neonatal handling of rats infected as neonates prevented the increase in microglial cell marker reactivity within the hippocampus, and the exaggerated brain IL-1beta production to LPS normally produced by the infection. Thus, these neural processes were now comparable to levels of non-infected PBS controls. Furthermore, handling completely prevented LPS-induced memory impairment in a context-fear task in adult rats infected as neonates. Finally, neonatal handling dramatically improved spatial learning and memory and decreased anxiety in rats treated early with PBS, but had no beneficial effect on these measures in rats infected as neonates. Taken together, these data suggest that maternal care may profoundly influence neuroinflammatory processes in adulthood, and that infection may also prevent maternal care influences on cognition later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Staci D Bilbo
- Department of Psychology, Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Campus Box 345, Boulder, CO 80309-0345, USA.
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Sarbadhikari SN, Saha AK. Moderate exercise and chronic stress produce counteractive effects on different areas of the brain by acting through various neurotransmitter receptor subtypes: a hypothesis. Theor Biol Med Model 2006; 3:33. [PMID: 16995950 PMCID: PMC1592480 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4682-3-33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2006] [Accepted: 09/23/2006] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Regular, "moderate", physical exercise is an established non-pharmacological form of treatment for depressive disorders. Brain lateralization has a significant role in the progress of depression. External stimuli such as various stressors or exercise influence the higher functions of the brain (cognition and affect). These effects often do not follow a linear course. Therefore, nonlinear dynamics seem best suited for modeling many of the phenomena, and putative global pathways in the brain, attributable to such external influences. Hypothesis The general hypothesis presented here considers only the nonlinear aspects of the effects produced by "moderate" exercise and "chronic" stressors, but does not preclude the possibility of linear responses. In reality, both linear and nonlinear mechanisms may be involved in the final outcomes. The well-known neurotransmitters serotonin (5-HT), dopamine (D) and norepinephrine (NE) all have various receptor subtypes. The article hypothesizes that 'Stress' increases the activity/concentration of some particular subtypes of receptors (designated nts) for each of the known (and unknown) neurotransmitters in the right anterior (RA) and left posterior (LP) regions (cortical and subcortical) of the brain, and has the converse effects on a different set of receptor subtypes (designated nth). In contrast, 'Exercise' increases nth activity/concentration and/or reduces nts activity/concentration in the LA and RP areas of the brain. These effects may be initiated by the activation of Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) (among others) in exercise and its suppression in stress. Conclusion On the basis of this hypothesis, a better understanding of brain neurodynamics might be achieved by considering the oscillations caused by single neurotransmitters acting on their different receptor subtypes, and the temporal pattern of recruitment of these subtypes. Further, appropriately designed and planned experiments will not only corroborate such theoretical models, but also shed more light on the underlying brain dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Asit K Saha
- School of Electrical and Information Engineering, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes Campus, South Australia 5095, Australia
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Branchi I, D'Andrea I, Sietzema J, Fiore M, Di Fausto V, Aloe L, Alleva E. Early social enrichment augments adult hippocampal BDNF levels and survival of BrdU-positive cells while increasing anxiety- and “depression”-like behavior. J Neurosci Res 2006; 83:965-73. [PMID: 16477619 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.20789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Early experiences affect brain function and behavior at adulthood. Being reared in a communal nest (CN), consisting of a single nest where three mothers keep their pups together and share care-giving behavior from birth to weaning (postnatal day [PND] 25), provides an highly socially stimulating environment to the developing pup. Communal nest characterizes the natural ecologic niche of many rodent species including the mouse. At adulthood, CN reared mice, compared to mice reared in standard nesting laboratory condition (SN), show an increase in BDNF protein levels and longer survival of BrdU-positive cells in the hippocampus. Open field and elevated plus maze results indicate that CN mice, although showing levels of exploratory and locomotor activity similar to those of SN mice, displayed increased anxiety-like behavior, performing more thigmotaxis in the open field and spending less time in the open arms of the plus maze. Furthermore, CN mice displayed higher levels of immobility behavior in the forced swim test. Overall, these findings show that CN, an highly stimulating early social environment, increases adult neuronal plasticity, as suggested by high BDNF levels and augmented number of newly generated cells in the hippocampus, which is associated to an increased anxiety- and "depression"-like behavior. These findings are discussed in the framework of the neurotrophin hypothesis of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Branchi
- Section of Behavioural Neurosciences, Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.
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