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Xie Z, Li T, Su W, Lou Y, Zhang Y, Zhou X, Li Z, Bai X, Liu X. Extension domain of amyloid processor protein inhibits amyloidogenic cleavage and balances neural activity in a traumatic brain injury mouse model. CNS Neurosci Ther 2024; 30:e14402. [PMID: 37592823 PMCID: PMC10848085 DOI: 10.1111/cns.14402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mechanisms underlying cognitive dysfunction following traumatic brain injury (TBI) partially due to abnormal amyloid processor protein (APP) cleavage and neural hyperactivity. Binding of the extension domain of APP (ExD17) to the GABAbR1 receptor results in reduced neural activity, which might play a role in the mechanisms of cognitive dysfunction caused by TBI. METHODS Stretch-induced injury was utilized to establish a cell injury model in HT22 cells. The TBI model was created by striking the exposed brain tissue with a free-falling weight. Topical or intraperitoneal administration of ExD17 was performed. Cell viability was assessed through a cell counting kit-8 assay, while intracellular Ca2+ was measured using Fluo-4. Western blotting was used to investigate the expression of APP amyloidogenic cleavage proteins, GABAbR1, phospholipase C (PLC), PLCB3, and synaptic proteins. ELISA was performed to analyze the levels of Aβ42. Seizures were assessed using electroencephalography (EEG). Behaviors were evaluated through the novel object recognition test, open field test, elevated plus maze test, and nest-building test. RESULTS ExD17 improved cell viability and reduced intracellular calcium in the cell injury model. The treatment also suppressed the increased expression of APP amyloidogenic cleavage proteins and Aβ42 in both cell injury and TBI models. ExD17 treatment reversed the abnormal expression of GABAbR1, GRIA2, p-PLCG1/PLCG1 ratio, and p-PLCB3/PLCB3 ratio. In addition, ExD17 treatment reduced neural activity, seizure events, and their duration in TBI. Intraperitoneal injection of ExD17 improved behavioral outcomes in the TBI mouse model. CONCLUSIONS ExD17 treatment results in a reduction of amyloidogenic APP cleavage and neuroexcitotoxicity, ultimately leading to an improvement in the behavioral deficits observed in TBI mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenxing Xie
- Division of Trauma Surgery, Emergency Surgery & Surgical Critical, Tongji Trauma Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Tianyu Li
- Division of Trauma Surgery, Emergency Surgery & Surgical Critical, Tongji Trauma Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Wei Su
- Division of Trauma Surgery, Emergency Surgery & Surgical Critical, Tongji Trauma Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Yanyun Lou
- Division of Trauma Surgery, Emergency Surgery & Surgical Critical, Tongji Trauma Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Yongsheng Zhang
- Division of Trauma Surgery, Emergency Surgery & Surgical Critical, Tongji Trauma Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Xiyuan Zhou
- Division of Trauma Surgery, Emergency Surgery & Surgical Critical, Tongji Trauma Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Zhanfei Li
- Division of Trauma Surgery, Emergency Surgery & Surgical Critical, Tongji Trauma Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Xiangjun Bai
- Division of Trauma Surgery, Emergency Surgery & Surgical Critical, Tongji Trauma Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Xinghua Liu
- Division of Trauma Surgery, Emergency Surgery & Surgical Critical, Tongji Trauma Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
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Majou D, Dermenghem AL. Effects of DHA (omega-3 fatty acid) and estradiol on amyloid β-peptide regulation in the brain. Brain Res 2024; 1823:148681. [PMID: 37992797 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2023.148681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
In the early stages of sporadic Alzheimer's disease (SAD), there is a strong correlation between memory impairment and cortical levels of soluble amyloid-β peptide oligomers (Aβ). It has become clear that Aβ disrupt glutamatergic synaptic function, which can in turn lead to the characteristic cognitive deficits of SAD, but the actual pathways are still not well understood. This opinion article describes the pathogenic mechanisms underlying cerebral amyloidosis. These mechanisms are dependent on the amyloid precursor protein and concern the synthesis of Aβ peptides with competition between the non-amyloidogenic pathway and the amyloidogenic pathway (i.e. a competition between the ADAM10 and BACE1 enzymes), on the one hand, and the various processes of Aβ residue clearance, on the other hand. This clearance mobilizes both endopeptidases (NEP, and IDE) and removal transporters across the blood-brain barrier (LRP1, ABCB1, and RAGE). Lipidated ApoE also plays a major role in all processes. The disturbance of these pathways induces an accumulation of Aβ. The description of the mechanisms reveals two key molecules in particular: (i) free estradiol, which has genomic and non-genomic action, and (ii) free DHA as a preferential ligand of PPARα-RXRα and PPARɣ-RXRα heterodimers. DHA and free estradiol are also self-regulating, and act in synergy. When a certain level of chronic DHA and free estradiol deficiency is reached, a permanent imbalance is established in the central nervous system. The consequences of these deficits are revealed in particular by the presence of Aβ peptide deposits, as well as other markers of the etiology of SAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Didier Majou
- ACTIA, 149, rue de Bercy, 75595 Paris Cedex 12, France.
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3
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Sokol DK, Lahiri DK. APPlications of amyloid-β precursor protein metabolites in macrocephaly and autism spectrum disorder. Front Mol Neurosci 2023; 16:1201744. [PMID: 37799731 PMCID: PMC10548831 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2023.1201744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolites of the Amyloid-β precursor protein (APP) proteolysis may underlie brain overgrowth in Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). We have found elevated APP metabolites (total APP, secreted (s) APPα, and α-secretase adamalysins in the plasma and brain tissue of children with ASD). In this review, we highlight several lines of evidence supporting APP metabolites' potential contribution to macrocephaly in ASD. First, APP appears early in corticogenesis, placing APP in a prime position to accelerate growth in neurons and glia. APP metabolites are upregulated in neuroinflammation, another potential contributor to excessive brain growth in ASD. APP metabolites appear to directly affect translational signaling pathways, which have been linked to single gene forms of syndromic ASD (Fragile X Syndrome, PTEN, Tuberous Sclerosis Complex). Finally, APP metabolites, and microRNA, which regulates APP expression, may contribute to ASD brain overgrowth, particularly increased white matter, through ERK receptor activation on the PI3K/Akt/mTOR/Rho GTPase pathway, favoring myelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah K. Sokol
- Department of Neurology, Section of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Debomoy K. Lahiri
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
- Indiana Alzheimer Disease Research Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
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4
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Masi M, Biundo F, Fiou A, Racchi M, Pascale A, Buoso E. The Labyrinthine Landscape of APP Processing: State of the Art and Possible Novel Soluble APP-Related Molecular Players in Traumatic Brain Injury and Neurodegeneration. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076639. [PMID: 37047617 PMCID: PMC10095589 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyloid Precursor Protein (APP) and its cleavage processes have been widely investigated in the past, in particular in the context of Alzheimer’s Disease (AD). Evidence of an increased expression of APP and its amyloidogenic-related cleavage enzymes, β-secretase 1 (BACE1) and γ-secretase, at the hit axon terminals following Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI), firstly suggested a correlation between TBI and AD. Indeed, mild and severe TBI have been recognised as influential risk factors for different neurodegenerative diseases, including AD. In the present work, we describe the state of the art of APP proteolytic processing, underlining the different roles of its cleavage fragments in both physiological and pathological contexts. Considering the neuroprotective role of the soluble APP alpha (sAPPα) fragment, we hypothesised that sAPPα could modulate the expression of genes of interest for AD and TBI. Hence, we present preliminary experiments addressing sAPPα-mediated regulation of BACE1, Isthmin 2 (ISM2), Tetraspanin-3 (TSPAN3) and the Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGFA), each discussed from a biological and pharmacological point of view in AD and TBI. We finally propose a neuroprotective interaction network, in which the Receptor for Activated C Kinase 1 (RACK1) and the signalling cascade of PKCβII/nELAV/VEGF play hub roles, suggesting that vasculogenic-targeting therapies could be a feasible approach for vascular-related brain injuries typical of AD and TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirco Masi
- Computational and Chemical Biology, Italian Institute of Technology, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Biundo
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Ave, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - André Fiou
- Department of Drug Sciences, Pharmacology Section, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 12/14, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Marco Racchi
- Department of Drug Sciences, Pharmacology Section, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 12/14, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Alessia Pascale
- Department of Drug Sciences, Pharmacology Section, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 12/14, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Erica Buoso
- Department of Drug Sciences, Pharmacology Section, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 12/14, 27100 Pavia, Italy
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
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5
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Aβ and Tau Interact with Metal Ions, Lipid Membranes and Peptide-Based Amyloid Inhibitors: Are These Common Features Relevant in Alzheimer’s Disease? Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27165066. [PMID: 36014310 PMCID: PMC9414153 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27165066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last two decades, the amyloid hypothesis, i.e., the abnormal accumulation of toxic Aβ assemblies in the brain, has been considered the mainstream concept sustaining research in Alzheimer’s Disease (AD). However, the course of cognitive decline and AD development better correlates with tau accumulation rather than amyloid peptide deposition. Moreover, all clinical trials of amyloid-targeting drug candidates have been unsuccessful, implicitly suggesting that the amyloid hypothesis needs significant amendments. Accumulating evidence supports the existence of a series of potentially dangerous relationships between Aβ oligomeric species and tau protein in AD. However, the molecular determinants underlying pathogenic Aβ/tau cross interactions are not fully understood. Here, we discuss the common features of Aβ and tau molecules, with special emphasis on: (i) the critical role played by metal dyshomeostasis in promoting both Aβ and tau aggregation and oxidative stress, in AD; (ii) the effects of lipid membranes on Aβ and tau (co)-aggregation at the membrane interface; (iii) the potential of small peptide-based inhibitors of Aβ and tau misfolding as therapeutic tools in AD. Although the molecular mechanism underlying the direct Aβ/tau interaction remains largely unknown, the arguments discussed in this review may help reinforcing the current view of a synergistic Aβ/tau molecular crosstalk in AD and stimulate further research to mechanism elucidation and next-generation AD therapeutics.
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6
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Ohline SM, Chan C, Schoderboeck L, Wicky HE, Tate WP, Hughes SM, Abraham WC. Effect of soluble amyloid precursor protein-alpha on adult hippocampal neurogenesis in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Mol Brain 2022; 15:5. [PMID: 34980189 PMCID: PMC8721980 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-021-00889-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Soluble amyloid precursor protein-alpha (sAPPα) is a regulator of neuronal and memory mechanisms, while also having neurogenic and neuroprotective effects in the brain. As adult hippocampal neurogenesis is impaired in Alzheimer’s disease, we tested the hypothesis that sAPPα delivery would rescue adult hippocampal neurogenesis in an APP/PS1 mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease. An adeno-associated virus-9 (AAV9) encoding murine sAPPα was injected into the hippocampus of 8-month-old wild-type and APP/PS1 mice, and later two different thymidine analogues (XdU) were systemically injected to label adult-born cells at different time points after viral transduction. The proliferation of adult-born cells, cell survival after eight weeks, and cell differentiation into either neurons or astrocytes was studied. Proliferation was impaired in APP/PS1 mice but was restored to wild-type levels by viral expression of sAPPα. In contrast, sAPPα overexpression failed to rescue the survival of XdU+-labelled cells that was impaired in APP/PS1 mice, although it did cause a significant increase in the area density of astrocytes in the granule cell layer across both genotypes. Finally, viral expression of sAPPα reduced amyloid-beta plaque load in APP/PS1 mice in the dentate gyrus and somatosensory cortex. These data add further evidence that increased levels of sAPPα could be therapeutic for the cognitive decline in AD, in part through restoration of the proliferation of neural progenitor cells in adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane M Ohline
- Department of Psychology, Brain Health Research Centre, Brain Research New Zealand, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.,Department of Physiology, Brain Health Research Centre, Brain Research New Zealand, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Connie Chan
- Department of Psychology, Brain Health Research Centre, Brain Research New Zealand, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Lucia Schoderboeck
- Department of Biochemistry, Brain Health Research Centre, Brain Research New Zealand, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Hollie E Wicky
- Department of Biochemistry, Brain Health Research Centre, Brain Research New Zealand, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Warren P Tate
- Department of Biochemistry, Brain Health Research Centre, Brain Research New Zealand, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Stephanie M Hughes
- Department of Biochemistry, Brain Health Research Centre, Brain Research New Zealand, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Wickliffe C Abraham
- Department of Psychology, Brain Health Research Centre, Brain Research New Zealand, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
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7
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C-type lectin receptor DCIR contributes to hippocampal injury in acute neurotropic virus infection. Sci Rep 2021; 11:23819. [PMID: 34893671 PMCID: PMC8664856 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-03201-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurotropic viruses target the brain and contribute to neurologic diseases. C-type lectin receptors (CLRs) are pattern recognition receptors that recognize carbohydrate structures on endogenous molecules and pathogens. The myeloid CLR dendritic cell immunoreceptor (DCIR) is expressed by antigen presenting cells and mediates inhibitory intracellular signalling. To investigate the effect of DCIR on neurotropic virus infection, mice were infected experimentally with Theiler’s murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV). Brain tissue of TMEV-infected C57BL/6 mice and DCIR−/− mice were analysed by histology, immunohistochemistry and RT-qPCR, and spleen tissue by flow cytometry. To determine the impact of DCIR deficiency on T cell responses upon TMEV infection in vitro, antigen presentation assays were utilised. Genetic DCIR ablation in C57BL/6 mice was associated with an ameliorated hippocampal integrity together with reduced cerebral cytokine responses and reduced TMEV loads in the brain. Additionally, absence of DCIR favoured increased peripheral cytotoxic CD8+ T cell responses following TMEV infection. Co-culture experiments revealed that DCIR deficiency enhances the activation of antigen-specific CD8+ T cells by virus-exposed dendritic cells (DCs), indicated by increased release of interleukin-2 and interferon-γ. Results suggest that DCIR deficiency has a supportive influence on antiviral immune mechanisms, facilitating virus control in the brain and ameliorates neuropathology during acute neurotropic virus infection.
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8
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Pu H, Ma C, Zhao Y, Wang Y, Zhang W, Miao W, Yu F, Hu X, Shi Y, Leak RK, Hitchens TK, Dixon CE, Bennett MV, Chen J. Intranasal delivery of interleukin-4 attenuates chronic cognitive deficits via beneficial microglial responses in experimental traumatic brain injury. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2021; 41:2870-2886. [PMID: 34259069 PMCID: PMC8545055 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x211028680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is commonly followed by long-term cognitive deficits that severely impact the quality of life in survivors. Recent studies suggest that microglial/macrophage (Mi/MΦ) polarization could have multidimensional impacts on post-TBI neurological outcomes. Here, we report that repetitive intranasal delivery of interleukin-4 (IL-4) nanoparticles for 4 weeks after controlled cortical impact improved hippocampus-dependent spatial and non-spatial cognitive functions in adult C57BL6 mice, as assessed by a battery of neurobehavioral tests for up to 5 weeks after TBI. IL-4-elicited enhancement of cognitive functions was associated with improvements in the integrity of the hippocampus at the functional (e.g., long-term potentiation) and structural levels (CA3 neuronal loss, diffusion tensor imaging of white matter tracts, etc.). Mechanistically, IL-4 increased the expression of PPARγ and arginase-1 within Mi/MΦ, thereby driving microglia toward a global inflammation-resolving phenotype. Notably, IL-4 failed to shift microglial phenotype after TBI in Mi/MΦ-specific PPARγ knockout (mKO) mice, indicating an obligatory role for PPARγ in IL-4-induced Mi/MΦ polarization. Accordingly, post-TBI treatment with IL-4 failed to improve hippocampal integrity or cognitive functions in PPARγ mKO mice. These results demonstrate that administration of exogenous IL-4 nanoparticles stimulates PPARγ-dependent beneficial Mi/MΦ responses, and improves hippocampal function after TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjian Pu
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Health Care System, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders & Recovery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Cheng Ma
- Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders & Recovery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Yongfang Zhao
- Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders & Recovery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Yangfan Wang
- Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders & Recovery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Wenting Zhang
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Health Care System, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders & Recovery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Wanying Miao
- Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders & Recovery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Fang Yu
- Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders & Recovery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Xiaoming Hu
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Health Care System, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders & Recovery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Yejie Shi
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Health Care System, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders & Recovery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Rehana K Leak
- Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders & Recovery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - T Kevin Hitchens
- Animal Imaging Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - C Edward Dixon
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Health Care System, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Michael Vl Bennett
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Jun Chen
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Health Care System, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders & Recovery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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9
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Joly S, Rodriguez L, Pernet V. The Lack of Amyloidogenic Activity Is Persistent in Old WT and APP swe/PS1ΔE9 Mouse Retinae. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:11344. [PMID: 34768774 PMCID: PMC8583210 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously reported that vision decline was not associated with amyloidogenesis processing in aging C57BL/6J wild-type (WT) mice and in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease, the APPswe/PS1ΔE9 transgenic mouse model (APP/PS1). This conclusion was drawn using middle-aged (10-13 months old) mice. Here, we hypothesized that compared with hippocampal and cortical neurons, the weak amyloidogenic activity of retinal neurons may result in a detectable release of amyloid β (Aβ) only in aged mice, i.e., between 14 and 24 months of age. The aim of the present study was thus to follow potential activity changes in the amyloidogenic and nonamyloidogenic pathways of young (4 months) and old (20-24 months) WT and APP/PS1 mice. Our results showed that in spite of retinal activity loss reported by electroretinogram (ERG) recordings, the level of amyloid beta precursor protein (APP) and its derivatives did not significantly vary in the eyes of old vs. young mice. Strikingly, the ectopic expression of human APPswe in APP/PS1 mice did not allow us to detect Aβ monomers at 23 months. In contrast, Aβ was observed in hippocampal and cortical tissues at this age but not at 4 months of life. In contrast, optic nerve transection-induced retinal ganglion cell injury significantly affected the level of retinal APP and the secretion of soluble APP alpha in the vitreous. Collectively, these results suggest that the amyloidogenic and nonamyloidogenic pathways are not involved in visual function decline in aging mice. In WT and APP/PS1 mice, it is proposed that retinal neurons do not have the capacity to secrete Aβ in contrast with other cortical and hippocampal neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine Joly
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval and Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada; (S.J.); (L.R.)
- Department of Ophthalmology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Léa Rodriguez
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval and Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada; (S.J.); (L.R.)
| | - Vincent Pernet
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval and Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada; (S.J.); (L.R.)
- Department of Neurology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
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10
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Sex-dependent effects of amyloid precursor-like protein 2 in the SOD1-G37R transgenic mouse model of MND. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:6605-6630. [PMID: 34476545 PMCID: PMC8558206 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-03924-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Motor neurone disease (MND) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterised by progressive destruction of motor neurons, muscle paralysis and death. The amyloid precursor protein (APP) is highly expressed in the central nervous system and has been shown to modulate disease outcomes in MND. APP is part of a gene family that includes the amyloid precursor-like protein 1 (APLP1) and 2 (APLP2) genes. In the present study, we investigated the role of APLP2 in MND through the examination of human spinal cord tissue and by crossing APLP2 knockout mice with the superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1-G37R) transgenic mouse model of MND. We found the expression of APLP2 is elevated in the spinal cord from human cases of MND and that this feature of the human disease is reproduced in SOD1-G37R mice at the End-stage of their MND-like phenotype progression. APLP2 deletion in SOD1-G37R mice significantly delayed disease progression and increased the survival of female SOD1-G37R mice. Molecular and biochemical analysis showed female SOD1-G37R:APLP2-/- mice displayed improved innervation of the neuromuscular junction, ameliorated atrophy of muscle fibres with increased APP protein expression levels in the gastrocnemius muscle. These results indicate a sex-dependent role for APLP2 in mutant SOD1-mediated MND and further support the APP family as a potential target for further investigation into the cause and regulation of MND.
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11
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Inampudi C, Ciccotosto GD, Cappai R, Crack PJ. Genetic Modulators of Traumatic Brain Injury in Animal Models and the Impact of Sex-Dependent Effects. J Neurotrauma 2021; 37:706-723. [PMID: 32027210 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2019.6955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major health problem causing disability and death worldwide. There is no effective treatment, due in part to the complexity of the injury pathology and factors affecting its outcome. The extent of brain injury depends on the type of insult, age, sex, lifestyle, genetic risk factors, socioeconomic status, other co-injuries, and underlying health problems. This review discusses the genes that have been directly tested in TBI models, and whether their effects are known to be sex-dependent. Sex differences can affect the incidence, symptom onset, pathology, and clinical outcomes following injury. Adult males are more susceptible at the acute phase and females show greater injury in the chronic phase. TBI is not restricted to a single sex; despite variations in the degree of symptom onset and severity, it is important to consider both female and male animals in TBI pre-clinical research studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaitanya Inampudi
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Giuseppe D Ciccotosto
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Roberto Cappai
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Peter J Crack
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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12
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D'Angelo C, Costantini E, Salvador N, Marchioni M, Di Nicola M, Greig NH, Reale M. nAChRs gene expression and neuroinflammation in APPswe/PS1dE9 transgenic mouse. Sci Rep 2021; 11:9711. [PMID: 33958667 PMCID: PMC8102527 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-89139-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
An evaluation of the APPswe/PS1dE9 transgenic AD mouse, presenting with the toxic Aβ1-42 deposition found in human AD, allowed us to characterize time-dependent changes in inflammatory and cholinergic markers present in AD. Astrogliosis was observed in cortex and hippocampus, with cellular loss occurring in the same areas in which Aβ plaques were present. In this setting, we found early significantly elevated levels of IL-1β and TNFα gene expression; with the hippocampus showing the highest IL-1β expression. To investigate the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway, the expression of nicotinic receptors (nAChRs) and cholinesterase enzymes also was evaluated. The anti-inflammatory nAChRα7, α4, and β2 were particularly increased at 6 months of age in the hippocampus, potentially as a strategy to counteract Aβ deposition and the ensuing inflammatory state. A time-dependent subunit switch to the α3β4 type occurred. Whether α3, β4 subunits have a pro-inflammatory or an inhibitory effect on ACh stimulation remains speculative. Aβ1-42 deposition, neuronal loss and increased astrocytes were detected, and a time-dependent change in components of the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway were observed. A greater understanding of time-dependent Aβ/nAChRs interactions may aid in defining new therapeutic strategies and novel molecular targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara D'Angelo
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University "G. D'Annunzio", Via dei Vestini 31, 66100, Chieti, Italy
| | - Erica Costantini
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University "G. D'Annunzio", Via dei Vestini 31, 66100, Chieti, Italy
| | - Nieves Salvador
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Neurobiology, Instituto Cajal-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Michele Marchioni
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University "G. D'Annunzio", Via dei Vestini 31, 66100, Chieti, Italy
| | - Marta Di Nicola
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University "G. D'Annunzio", Via dei Vestini 31, 66100, Chieti, Italy
| | - Nigel H Greig
- Drug Design and Development Section, Translational Gerontology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Marcella Reale
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University "G. D'Annunzio", Via dei Vestini 31, 66100, Chieti, Italy.
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13
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Abstract
Protein aggregation and amyloid formation are pathogenic events underlying the development of an increasingly large number of human diseases named “proteinopathies”. Abnormal accumulation in affected tissues of amyloid β (Aβ) peptide, islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP), and the prion protein, to mention a few, are involved in the occurrence of Alzheimer’s (AD), type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and prion diseases, respectively. Many reports suggest that the toxic properties of amyloid aggregates are correlated with their ability to damage cell membranes. However, the molecular mechanisms causing toxic amyloid/membrane interactions are still far to be completely elucidated. This review aims at describing the mutual relationships linking abnormal protein conformational transition and self-assembly into amyloid aggregates with membrane damage. A cross-correlated analysis of all these closely intertwined factors is thought to provide valuable insights for a comprehensive molecular description of amyloid diseases and, in turn, the design of effective therapies.
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14
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Sambra V, Echeverria F, Valenzuela A, Chouinard-Watkins R, Valenzuela R. Docosahexaenoic and Arachidonic Acids as Neuroprotective Nutrients throughout the Life Cycle. Nutrients 2021; 13:986. [PMID: 33803760 PMCID: PMC8003191 DOI: 10.3390/nu13030986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and arachidonic acid (AA) in neurogenesis and brain development throughout the life cycle is fundamental. DHA and AA are long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA) vital for many human physiological processes, such as signaling pathways, gene expression, structure and function of membranes, among others. DHA and AA are deposited into the lipids of cell membranes that form the gray matter representing approximately 25% of the total content of brain fatty acids. Both fatty acids have effects on neuronal growth and differentiation through the modulation of the physical properties of neuronal membranes, signal transduction associated with G proteins, and gene expression. DHA and AA have a relevant role in neuroprotection against neurodegenerative pathologies such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease, which are associated with characteristic pathological expressions as mitochondrial dysfunction, neuroinflammation, and oxidative stress. The present review analyzes the neuroprotective role of DHA and AA in the extreme stages of life, emphasizing the importance of these LCPUFA during the first year of life and in the developing/prevention of neurodegenerative diseases associated with aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica Sambra
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago 8380000, Chile; (V.S.); (F.E.)
| | - Francisca Echeverria
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago 8380000, Chile; (V.S.); (F.E.)
| | - Alfonso Valenzuela
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Nutrition, Universidad de Los Andes, Santiago 8380000, Chile;
| | - Raphaël Chouinard-Watkins
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S1A8, Canada;
| | - Rodrigo Valenzuela
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago 8380000, Chile; (V.S.); (F.E.)
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S1A8, Canada;
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15
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Appel D, Hummel R, Weidemeier M, Endres K, Gölz C, Schäfer MKE. Pharmacologic Inhibition of ADAM10 Attenuates Brain Tissue Loss, Axonal Injury and Pro-inflammatory Gene Expression Following Traumatic Brain Injury in Mice. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:661462. [PMID: 33791311 PMCID: PMC8005610 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.661462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The α-secretase A disintegrin and metalloprotease 10 (ADAM10) regulates various physiological and pathophysiological processes. Despite its broad functional implications during development, plasticity, and disease, no pharmacological approaches to inhibit ADAM10 in acute brain injury have been reported. Here, we examined the effects of the ADAM10 inhibitor GI254023X on the neurological and histopathological outcome after experimental traumatic brain injury (TBI). C57BL/6N mice were subjected to the controlled cortical impact (CCI) model of TBI or sham procedure and received GI254023X or vehicle during the acute phase of injury (n = 40, 100 mg/kg, 25% DMSO, 0.1 M Na2CO3, intraperitoneal, 30 min and 24 h after TBI). GI254023X treatment did not improve neurological deficits from 1 to 7 days post-injury (dpi) but animals treated with GI254023X exhibited smaller brain lesions compared to vehicle treatment. Determination of brain mRNA expression by quantitative PCR showed that TBI-induced up-regulation of Adam10 and Adam17 was not influenced by GI254023X but the up-regulation of the matrix metalloproteinase genes Mmp2 and Mmp9 was attenuated. GI254023X treatment further increased the T cell marker Cd247 but did not affect blood brain barrier integrity, as assessed by Occludin mRNA expression and IgG brain extravasation. However, in agreement with neuroprotective effects of ADAM10 inhibition, GI254023X treatment attenuated axonal injury, as indicated by decreased generation of spectrin breakdown products (SBDPs) and decreased immunostaining using anti-non-phosphorylated neurofilament (SMI-32). Interestingly, reduced axonal injury in GI254023X-treated animals coincided with subtle mRNA dysregulation in the glutamate receptor subunit genes Gria1 and Grin2b. Quantitative PCR also revealed that GI254023X mitigated up-regulation of the pro-inflammatory markers Il6, Tnfa, and Lcn2 but not the up-regulation of the pan-microglia marker Aif1, the M2 microglia marker Arg1 and the reactive astrocyte marker Gfap. Taken together, the ADAM10 inhibitor GI254023X attenuates brain tissue loss, axonal injury and pro-inflammatory gene expression in the CCI model of TBI. These results suggest that ADAM10 may represent a therapeutic target in the acute phase of TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Appel
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Regina Hummel
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Martin Weidemeier
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Kristina Endres
- Focus Program Translational Neurosciences (FTN) of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Christina Gölz
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Michael K. E. Schäfer
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
- Focus Program Translational Neurosciences (FTN) of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
- Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
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16
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García-Viñuales S, Sciacca MFM, Lanza V, Santoro AM, Grasso G, Tundo GR, Sbardella D, Coletta M, Grasso G, La Rosa C, Milardi D. The interplay between lipid and Aβ amyloid homeostasis in Alzheimer's Disease: risk factors and therapeutic opportunities. Chem Phys Lipids 2021; 236:105072. [PMID: 33675779 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2021.105072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's Diseases (AD) is characterized by the accumulation of amyloid deposits of Aβ peptide in the brain. Besides genetic background, the presence of other diseases and an unhealthy lifestyle are known risk factors for AD development. Albeit accumulating clinical evidence suggests that an impaired lipid metabolism is related to Aβ deposition, mechanistic insights on the link between amyloid fibril formation/clearance and aberrant lipid interactions are still unavailable. Recently, many studies have described the key role played by membrane bound Aβ assemblies in neurotoxicity. Moreover, it has been suggested that a derangement of the ubiquitin proteasome pathway and autophagy is significantly correlated with toxic Aβ aggregation and dysregulation of lipid levels. Thus, studies focusing on the role played by lipids in Aβ aggregation and proteostasis could represent a promising area of investigation for the design of valuable treatments. In this review we examine current knowledge concerning the effects of lipids in Aβ aggregation and degradation processes, focusing on the therapeutic opportunities that a comprehensive understanding of all biophysical, biochemical, and biological processes involved may disclose.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michele F M Sciacca
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Cristallografia, Catania, Italy
| | - Valeria Lanza
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Cristallografia, Catania, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Santoro
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Cristallografia, Catania, Italy
| | - Giulia Grasso
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Cristallografia, Catania, Italy
| | - Grazia R Tundo
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Massimiliano Coletta
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Grasso
- Department of Chemistry, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Carmelo La Rosa
- Department of Chemistry, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Danilo Milardi
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Cristallografia, Catania, Italy.
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17
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Zhang X, Tang L, Zhang Z. ADAM10 and ADAM17 are degraded by lysosomal pathway via asparagine endopeptidase. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 537:15-21. [PMID: 33383559 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.12.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A disintegrin and metalloproteinases 10 (ADAM10) and ADAM17 are transmembrane metalloproteinases that cleave the membrane-anchored proteins. They act as α-secretase that cleaves amyloid precursor protein (APP), precluding the production of amyloid-β, thus protecting against the onset of Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the degradation pathway of ADAM10 and ADAM17 remains unknown. In this study, we show that ADAM10 and ADAM17 are degraded through the lysosomal pathway. The lysosomal cysteine protease, AEP, plays an important role in the degradation of ADAM10/17. AEP directly cleaves ADAM10/17. Knockout of AEP increases the content of ADAM10/17 in the brain. Given the protective role of ADAM10 and ADAM17 against AD, AEP-mediated degradation of ADAM10/17 may be involved in the pathogenesis of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingyu Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Li Tang
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Zhentao Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China.
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18
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Dar NJ, Glazner GW. Deciphering the neuroprotective and neurogenic potential of soluble amyloid precursor protein alpha (sAPPα). Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 77:2315-2330. [PMID: 31960113 PMCID: PMC11105086 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03404-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Amyloid precursor protein (APP) is a transmembrane protein expressed largely within the central nervous system. Upon cleavage, it does not produce the toxic amyloid peptide (Aβ) only, which is involved in neurodegenerative progressions but via a non-amyloidogenic pathway it is metabolized to produce a soluble fragment (sAPPα) through α-secretase. While a lot of studies are focusing on the role played by APP in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease, sAPPα is reported to have numerous neuroprotective effects and it is being suggested as a candidate with possible therapeutic potential against Alzheimer's disease. However, the mechanisms through which sAPPα precisely works remain elusive. We have presented a comprehensive review of how sAPPα is regulating the neuroprotective effects in different biological models. Moreover, we have focused on the role of sAPPα during different developmental stages of the brain, neurogenic microenvironment in the brain and how this metabolite of APP is regulating the neurogenesis which is regarded as a compelling approach to ameliorate the impaired learning and memory deficits in dementia and diseases like Alzheimer's disease. sAPPα exerts beneficial physiological, biochemical and behavioral effects mitigating the detrimental effects of neurotoxic compounds. It has shown to increase the proliferation rate of numerous cell types and promised the synaptogenesis, neurite outgrowth, cell survival and cell adhesion. Taken together, we believe that further studies are warranted to investigate the exact mechanism of action so that sAPPα could be developed as a novel therapeutic target against neuronal deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nawab John Dar
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- St. Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre, Winnipeg, MB, R2H 2A6, Canada
| | - Gordon W Glazner
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.
- St. Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre, Winnipeg, MB, R2H 2A6, Canada.
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19
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Casillas‐Espinosa PM, Ali I, O'Brien TJ. Neurodegenerative pathways as targets for acquired epilepsy therapy development. Epilepsia Open 2020; 5:138-154. [PMID: 32524040 PMCID: PMC7278567 DOI: 10.1002/epi4.12386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a growing body of clinical and experimental evidence that neurodegenerative diseases and epileptogenesis after an acquired brain insult may share common etiological mechanisms. Acquired epilepsy commonly develops as a comorbid condition in patients with neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, although it is likely much under diagnosed in practice. Progressive neurodegeneration has also been described after traumatic brain injury, stroke, and other forms of brain insults. Moreover, recent evidence has shown that acquired epilepsy is often a progressive disorder that is associated with the development of drug resistance, cognitive decline, and worsening of other neuropsychiatric comorbidities. Therefore, new pharmacological therapies that target neurobiological pathways that underpin neurodegenerative diseases have potential to have both an anti-epileptogenic and disease-modifying effect on the seizures in patients with acquired epilepsy, and also mitigate the progressive neurocognitive and neuropsychiatric comorbidities. Here, we review the neurodegenerative pathways that are plausible targets for the development of novel therapies that could prevent the development or modify the progression of acquired epilepsy, and the supporting published experimental and clinical evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo M. Casillas‐Espinosa
- Departments of Neuroscience and MedicineCentral Clinical SchoolMonash UniversityMelbourneVic.Australia
- Department of MedicineThe Royal Melbourne HospitalThe University of MelbourneMelbourneVic.Australia
| | - Idrish Ali
- Departments of Neuroscience and MedicineCentral Clinical SchoolMonash UniversityMelbourneVic.Australia
- Department of MedicineThe Royal Melbourne HospitalThe University of MelbourneMelbourneVic.Australia
| | - Terence J. O'Brien
- Departments of Neuroscience and MedicineCentral Clinical SchoolMonash UniversityMelbourneVic.Australia
- Department of MedicineThe Royal Melbourne HospitalThe University of MelbourneMelbourneVic.Australia
- Department of NeurologyThe Alfred HospitalMelbourneVic.Australia
- Department of NeurologyThe Royal Melbourne HospitalParkvilleVic.Australia
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20
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Collins JM, Woodhouse A, Bye N, Vickers JC, King AE, Ziebell JM. Pathological Links between Traumatic Brain Injury and Dementia: Australian Pre-Clinical Research. J Neurotrauma 2020; 37:782-791. [PMID: 32046575 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2019.6906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) can cause persistent cognitive changes and ongoing neurodegeneration in the brain. Accumulating epidemiological and pathological evidence implicates TBI in the development of Alzheimer's disease, the most common cause of dementia. Further, the TBI-induced form of dementia, called chronic traumatic encephalopathy, shares many pathological hallmarks present in multiple different diseases which cause dementia. The inflammatory and neuritic responses to TBI and dementia overlap, indicating that they may share common pathological mechanisms and that TBI may ultimately cause a pathological cascade culminating in the development of dementia. This review explores Australian pre-clinical research investigating the pathological links between TBI and dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M Collins
- Wicking Dementia Research and Education Centre, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Adele Woodhouse
- Wicking Dementia Research and Education Centre, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Nicole Bye
- School of Pharmacy, and College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - James C Vickers
- Wicking Dementia Research and Education Centre, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia.,School of Medicine, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Anna E King
- Wicking Dementia Research and Education Centre, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Jenna M Ziebell
- Wicking Dementia Research and Education Centre, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
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21
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Yang B, Xu J, Li Y, Dong Y, Li Y, Tucker L, Yang L, Zong X, Wu C, Xu T, Hu S, Zhang Q, Yan X. Photobiomodulation therapy for repeated closed head injury in rats. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2020; 13:e201960117. [PMID: 31657525 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201960117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Repeated traumatic brain injury, leads to cumulative neuronal injury and neurological impairments. There are currently no effective treatments to prevent these consequences. Growing interest is building in the use of transcranial photobiomodulation (PBM) therapy to treat traumatic brain injury. Here, we examined PBM in a repeated closed head injury (rCHI) rat model. Rats were administered a total of three closed head injuries, with each injury separated by 5 days. PBM treatment was initiated 2 hours after the first injury and administered daily for a total of 15 days. We found that PBM-treated rCHI rats had a significant reduction in motor ability, anxiety and cognitive deficits compared to CHI group. PBM group showed an increase of synaptic proteins and surviving neurons, along with a reduction in reactive gliosis and neuronal injury. These findings highlight the complexity of gliosis and neuronal injury following rCHI and suggest that PBM may be a viable treatment option to mitigate these effects and their detrimental consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baocheng Yang
- Jiangsu Provincial Institute of Health Emergency, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
- Emergency Center of the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Juanyong Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Oral Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yong Li
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Yan Dong
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Yuyu Li
- Jiangsu Provincial Institute of Health Emergency, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
- Emergency Center of the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Lorelei Tucker
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Luodan Yang
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Xuemei Zong
- Jiangsu Provincial Institute of Health Emergency, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
- Emergency Center of the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Chongyun Wu
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Tie Xu
- Jiangsu Provincial Institute of Health Emergency, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
- Emergency Center of the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
- Department of Emergency, Nanjing Jiangning Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Shuqun Hu
- Jiangsu Provincial Institute of Health Emergency, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
- Emergency Center of the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Quanguang Zhang
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Xianliang Yan
- Jiangsu Provincial Institute of Health Emergency, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
- Emergency Center of the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
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22
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Fabiani C, Antollini SS. Alzheimer's Disease as a Membrane Disorder: Spatial Cross-Talk Among Beta-Amyloid Peptides, Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors and Lipid Rafts. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:309. [PMID: 31379503 PMCID: PMC6657435 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Biological membranes show lateral and transverse asymmetric lipid distribution. Cholesterol (Chol) localizes in both hemilayers, but in the external one it is mostly condensed in lipid-ordered microdomains (raft domains), together with saturated phosphatidyl lipids and sphingolipids (including sphingomyelin and glycosphingolipids). Membrane asymmetries induce special membrane biophysical properties and behave as signals for several physiological and/or pathological processes. Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is associated with a perturbation in different membrane properties. Amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques and neurofibrillary tangles of tau protein together with neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration are the most characteristic cellular changes observed in this disease. The extracellular presence of Aβ peptides forming senile plaques, together with soluble oligomeric species of Aβ, are considered the major cause of the synaptic dysfunction of AD. The association between Aβ peptide and membrane lipids has been extensively studied. It has been postulated that Chol content and Chol distribution condition Aβ production and posterior accumulation in membranes and, hence, cell dysfunction. Several lines of evidence suggest that Aβ partitions in the cell membrane accumulate mostly in raft domains, the site where the cleavage of the precursor AβPP by β- and γ- secretase is also thought to occur. The main consequence of the pathogenesis of AD is the disruption of the cholinergic pathways in the cerebral cortex and in the basal forebrain. In parallel, the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor has been extensively linked to membrane properties. Since its transmembrane domain exhibits extensive contacts with the surrounding lipids, the acetylcholine receptor function is conditioned by its lipid microenvironment. The nicotinic acetylcholine receptor is present in high-density clusters in the cell membrane where it localizes mainly in lipid-ordered domains. Perturbations of sphingomyelin or cholesterol composition alter acetylcholine receptor location. Therefore, Aβ processing, Aβ partitioning, and acetylcholine receptor location and function can be manipulated by changes in membrane lipid biophysics. Understanding these mechanisms should provide insights into new therapeutic strategies for prevention and/or treatment of AD. Here, we discuss the implications of lipid-protein interactions at the cell membrane level in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Fabiani
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Bahía Blanca CONICET-UNS, Bahía Blanca, Argentina.,Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional del Sur, Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - Silvia S Antollini
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Bahía Blanca CONICET-UNS, Bahía Blanca, Argentina.,Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional del Sur, Bahía Blanca, Argentina
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23
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Reinhardt S, Schuck F, Stoye N, Hartmann T, Grimm MOW, Pflugfelder G, Endres K. Transcriptional repression of the ectodomain sheddase ADAM10 by TBX2 and potential implication for Alzheimer's disease. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:1005-1025. [PMID: 30599067 PMCID: PMC11105458 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-018-2998-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ADAM10-mediated cleavage of transmembrane proteins regulates cellular processes such as proliferation or migration. Substrate cleavage by ADAM10 has also been implicated in pathological situations such as cancer or Morbus Alzheimer. Therefore, identifying endogenous molecules, which modulate the amount and consequently the activity of ADAM10, might contribute to a deeper understanding of the enzyme's role in both, physiology and pathology. METHOD To elucidate the underlying cellular mechanism of the TBX2-mediated repression of ADAM10 gene expression, we performed overexpression, RNAi-mediated knockdown and pharmacological inhibition studies in the human neuroblastoma cell line SH-SY5Y. Expression analysis was conducted by e.g. real-time RT-PCR or western blot techniques. To identify the binding region of TBX2 within the ADAM10 promoter, we used luciferase reporter assay on deletion constructs and EMSA/WEMSA experiments. In addition, we analyzed a TBX2 loss-of-function Drosophila model regarding the expression of ADAM10 orthologs by qPCR. Furthermore, we quantified the mRNA level of TBX2 in post-mortem brain tissue of AD patients. RESULTS Here, we report TBX2 as a transcriptional repressor of ADAM10 gene expression: both, the DNA-binding domain and the repression domain of TBX2 were necessary to effect transcriptional repression of ADAM10 in neuronal SH-SY5Y cells. This regulatory mechanism required HDAC1 as a co-factor of TBX2. Transcriptional repression was mediated by two functional TBX2 binding sites within the core promoter sequence (- 315 to - 286 bp). Analysis of a TBX2 loss-of-function Drosophila model revealed that kuzbanian and kuzbanian-like, orthologs of ADAM10, were derepressed compared to wild type. Vice versa, analysis of cortical brain samples of AD-patients, which showed reduced ADAM10 mRNA levels, revealed a 2.5-fold elevation of TBX2, while TBX3 and TBX21 levels were not affected. CONCLUSION Our results characterize TBX2 as a repressor of ADAM10 gene expression and suggest that this regulatory interaction is conserved across tissues and species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Reinhardt
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Untere Zahlbacher Strasse 8, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Florian Schuck
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Untere Zahlbacher Strasse 8, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Nicolai Stoye
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Untere Zahlbacher Strasse 8, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Tobias Hartmann
- Deutsches Institut für Demenz Prävention (DIDP), Neurodegeneration and Neurobiology, Saarland University, Kirrbergerstrasse 1, 66421, Homburg, Saar, Germany
- Experimental Neurology, Saarland University, Kirrbergerstrasse 1, 66421, Homburg, Saar, Germany
| | - Marcus O W Grimm
- Deutsches Institut für Demenz Prävention (DIDP), Neurodegeneration and Neurobiology, Saarland University, Kirrbergerstrasse 1, 66421, Homburg, Saar, Germany
- Experimental Neurology, Saarland University, Kirrbergerstrasse 1, 66421, Homburg, Saar, Germany
| | - Gert Pflugfelder
- Institute of Developmental Biology and Neurobiology, Johannes Gutenberg University, Becherweg 32, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Kristina Endres
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Untere Zahlbacher Strasse 8, 55131, Mainz, Germany.
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24
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Zhang Y, Chopp M, Zhang ZG, Zhang Y, Zhang L, Lu M, Zhang T, Winter S, Doppler E, Brandstäetter H, Mahmood A, Xiong Y. Cerebrolysin Reduces Astrogliosis and Axonal Injury and Enhances Neurogenesis in Rats After Closed Head Injury. Neurorehabil Neural Repair 2019; 33:15-26. [PMID: 30499355 DOI: 10.1177/1545968318809916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cerebrolysin is a neuropeptide preparation with neuroprotective and neurotrophic properties. Our previous study demonstrates that cerebrolysin significantly improves functional recovery in rats after mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI). OBJECTIVE To determine histological outcomes associated with therapeutic effects of cerebrolysin on functional recovery after TBI. METHODS In this prospective, randomized, blinded, and placebo-controlled study, adult Wistar rats with mild TBI induced by a closed head impact were randomly assigned to one of the cerebrolysin dose groups (0.8, 2.5, 7.5 mL/kg) or placebo, which were administered 4 hours after TBI and then daily for 10 consecutive days. Functional tests assessed cognitive, behavioral, motor, and neurological performance. Study end point was day 90 after TBI. Brains were processed for histological tissue analyses of astrogliosis, axonal injury, and neurogenesis. RESULTS Compared with placebo, cerebrolysin significantly reduced amyloid precursor protein accumulation, astrogliosis, and axonal damage in various brain regions and increased the number of neuroblasts and neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus. There was a significant dose effect of cerebrolysin on functional outcomes at 3 months after injury compared with saline treatment. Cerebrolysin at a dose of ⩾0.8 mL/kg significantly improved cognitive function, whereas at a dose of ⩾2.5 mL/kg, cerebrolysin also significantly improved sensorimotor function at various time points. There were significant correlations between multiple histological and functional outcomes 90 days after mTBI. CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrate that cerebrolysin reduces astrogliosis and axonal injury and promotes neurogenesis, which may contribute to improved functional recovery in rats with mTBI.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael Chopp
- 1 Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA
- 2 Oakland University, Rochester, MI, USA
| | | | - Yi Zhang
- 1 Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Li Zhang
- 1 Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Mei Lu
- 1 Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Ye Xiong
- 1 Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA
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25
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Zhang X, Fu Z, Meng L, He M, Zhang Z. The Early Events That Initiate β-Amyloid Aggregation in Alzheimer's Disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2018; 10:359. [PMID: 30542277 PMCID: PMC6277872 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2018.00359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is characterized by the development of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) consisting of aggregated β-amyloid (Aβ) and tau, respectively. The amyloid hypothesis has been the predominant framework for research in AD for over two decades. According to this hypothesis, the accumulation of Aβ in the brain is the primary factor initiating the pathogenesis of AD. However, it remains elusive what factors initiate Aβ aggregation. Studies demonstrate that AD has multiple causes, including genetic and environmental factors. Furthermore, genetic factors, many age-related events and pathological conditions such as diabetes, traumatic brain injury (TBI) and aberrant microbiota also affect the aggregation of Aβ. Here we provide an overview of the age-related early events and other pathological processes that precede Aβ aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingyu Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhihui Fu
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lanxia Meng
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Mingyang He
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhentao Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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26
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Newcombe EA, Camats-Perna J, Silva ML, Valmas N, Huat TJ, Medeiros R. Inflammation: the link between comorbidities, genetics, and Alzheimer's disease. J Neuroinflammation 2018; 15:276. [PMID: 30249283 PMCID: PMC6154824 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-018-1313-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 310] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder, most cases of which lack a clear causative event. This has made the disease difficult to characterize and, thus, diagnose. Although some cases are genetically linked, there are many diseases and lifestyle factors that can lead to an increased risk of developing AD, including traumatic brain injury, diabetes, hypertension, obesity, and other metabolic syndromes, in addition to aging. Identifying common factors and trends between these conditions could enhance our understanding of AD and lead to the development of more effective treatments. Although the immune system is one of the body’s key defense mechanisms, chronic inflammation has been increasingly linked with several age-related diseases. Moreover, it is now well accepted that chronic inflammation has an important role in the onset and progression of AD. In this review, the different inflammatory signals associated with AD and its risk factors will be outlined to demonstrate how chronic inflammation may be influencing individual susceptibility to AD. Our goal is to bring attention to potential shared signals presented by the immune system during different conditions that could lead to the development of successful treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estella A Newcombe
- Neurula Laboratory, Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Building 79, Brisbane, 4072, QLD, Australia.
| | - Judith Camats-Perna
- Neurula Laboratory, Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Building 79, Brisbane, 4072, QLD, Australia
| | - Mallone L Silva
- Neurula Laboratory, Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Building 79, Brisbane, 4072, QLD, Australia
| | - Nicholas Valmas
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, QLD, Australia
| | - Tee Jong Huat
- Neurula Laboratory, Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Building 79, Brisbane, 4072, QLD, Australia.,Centre for Stem Cell Ageing and Regenerative Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, QLD, Australia
| | - Rodrigo Medeiros
- Neurula Laboratory, Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Building 79, Brisbane, 4072, QLD, Australia.
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27
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Ali I, Silva JC, Liu S, Shultz SR, Kwan P, Jones NC, O'Brien TJ. Targeting neurodegeneration to prevent post-traumatic epilepsy. Neurobiol Dis 2018; 123:100-109. [PMID: 30099094 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2018.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In the quest for developing new therapeutic targets for post-traumatic epilepsies (PTE), identifying mechanisms relevant to development and progression of disease is critical. A growing body of literature suggests involvement of neurodegenerative mechanisms in the pathophysiology of acquired epilepsies, including following traumatic brain injury (TBI). In this review, we discuss the potential of some of these mechanisms to be targets for the development of a therapy against PTE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Idrish Ali
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Medicine (Royal Melbourne Hospital), The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Juliana C Silva
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Medicine (Royal Melbourne Hospital), The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Shijie Liu
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Medicine (Royal Melbourne Hospital), The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Sandy R Shultz
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Medicine (Royal Melbourne Hospital), The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Patrick Kwan
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Medicine (Royal Melbourne Hospital), The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Nigel C Jones
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Medicine (Royal Melbourne Hospital), The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Terence J O'Brien
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Medicine (Royal Melbourne Hospital), The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
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28
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Ikonomovic MD, Abrahamson EE, Carlson SW, Graham SH, Dixon CE. Novel therapies for combating chronic neuropathological sequelae of TBI. Neuropharmacology 2018; 145:160-176. [PMID: 29933008 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2018.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Revised: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a risk factor for development of chronic neurodegenerative disorders later in life. This review summarizes the current knowledge and concepts regarding the connection between long-term consequences of TBI and aging-associated neurodegenerative disorders including Alzheimer's disease (AD), chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE), and Parkinsonism, with implications for novel therapy targets. Several aggregation-prone proteins such as the amyloid-beta (Aβ) peptides, tau proteins, and α-synuclein protein are involved in secondary pathogenic cascades initiated by a TBI and are also major building blocks of the hallmark pathological lesions in chronic human neurodegenerative diseases with dementia. Impaired metabolism and degradation pathways of aggregation-prone proteins are discussed as potentially critical links between the long-term aftermath of TBI and chronic neurodegeneration. Utility and limitations of previous and current preclinical TBI models designed to study the link between TBI and chronic neurodegeneration, and promising intervention pharmacotherapies and non-pharmacologic strategies to break this link, are also summarized. Complexity of long-term neuropathological consequences of TBI is discussed, with a goal of guiding future preclinical studies and accelerating implementation of promising therapeutics into clinical trials. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled "Novel Treatments for Traumatic Brain Injury".
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Affiliation(s)
- Milos D Ikonomovic
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Pittsburgh VA Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Eric E Abrahamson
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Pittsburgh VA Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Shaun W Carlson
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Pittsburgh VA Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Steven H Graham
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Pittsburgh VA Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - C Edward Dixon
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Pittsburgh VA Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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29
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The amyloid precursor protein derivative, APP96-110, is efficacious following intravenous administration after traumatic brain injury. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0190449. [PMID: 29320530 PMCID: PMC5761886 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0190449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Following traumatic brain injury (TBI) neurological damage is ongoing through a complex cascade of primary and secondary injury events in the ensuing minutes, days and weeks. The delayed nature of secondary injury provides a valuable window of opportunity to limit the consequences with a timely treatment. Recently, the amyloid precursor protein (APP) and its derivative APP96-110 have shown encouraging neuroprotective activity following TBI following an intracerebroventricular administration. Nevertheless, its broader clinical utility would be enhanced by an intravenous (IV) administration. This study assessed the efficacy of IV APP96-110, where a dose-response for a single dose of 0.005mg/kg– 0.5mg/kg APP96-110 at either 30 minutes or 5 hours following moderate-severe diffuse impact-acceleration injury was performed. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were assessed daily for 3 or 7 days on the rotarod to examine motor outcome, with a separate cohort of animals utilised for immunohistochemistry analysis 3 days post-TBI to assess axonal injury and neuroinflammation. Animals treated with 0.05mg/kg or 0.5mg/kg APP96-110 after 30 minutes demonstrated significant improvements in motor outcome. This was accompanied by a reduction in axonal injury and neuroinflammation in the corpus callosum at 3 days post-TBI, whereas 0.005mg/kg had no effect. In contrast, treatment with 0.005m/kg or 0.5mg/kg APP96-110 at 5 hours post-TBI demonstrated significant improvements in motor outcome over 3 days, which was accompanied by a reduction in axonal injury in the corpus callosum. This demonstrates that APP96-110 remains efficacious for up to 5 hours post-TBI when administered IV, and supports its development as a novel therapeutic compound following TBI.
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30
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Yu Q, Zhong C. Membrane Aging as the Real Culprit of Alzheimer's Disease: Modification of a Hypothesis. Neurosci Bull 2017; 34:369-381. [PMID: 29177767 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-017-0192-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 08/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Our previous studies proposed that Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a metabolic disorder and hypothesized that abnormal brain glucose metabolism inducing multiple pathophysiological cascades contributes to AD pathogenesis. Aging is one of the great significant risk factors for AD. Membrane aging is first prone to affect the function and structure of the brain by impairing glucose metabolism. We presume that risk factors of AD, including genetic factors (e.g., the apolipoprotein E ε4 allele and genetic mutations) and non-genetic factors (such as fat, diabetes, and cardiac failure) accelerate biomembrane aging and lead to the onset and development of the disease. In this review, we further modify our previous hypothesis to demonstrate "membrane aging" as an initial pathogenic factor that results in functional and structural alterations of membranes and, consequently, glucose hypometabolism and multiple pathophysiological cascades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiujian Yu
- Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Chunjiu Zhong
- Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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31
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Huang W, Cheng P, Yu K, Han Y, Song M, Li Y. Hyperforin attenuates aluminum-induced Aβ production and Tau phosphorylation via regulating Akt/GSK-3β signaling pathway in PC12 cells. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 96:1-6. [PMID: 28961505 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.09.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Revised: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Aluminum (Al) is a neurotoxicant and cause β-amyloid (Aβ) peptides aggregation and tau hyperphosphorylation. Hyperforin (HF) is one of the major active constituents of the extracts of St. John's Wort (Hypericum perforatum), can treat Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other diseases involving peptide accumulation and cognition impairment. To determine the effects of HF on Al-induced Aβ formation and tau hyperphosphorylation, PC12 cells were cultured and treated with Al-malt (500μM) and/or HF (1μM). The results showed that HF treatment significantly attenuated Al-malt-induced Aβ1-42 production by reducing the expressions of APP, BACE1 and PS1, while increasing the expressions of sAPPα, ADAM9/10/17, and tau phosphorylation in PC12 cells. In addition, HF treatment also increased phosphorylation of AKT (Ser473) and inhibited GSK-3β activity by increasing phosphorylation of GSK-3β (Ser9). These results indicated that HF may exert the protection via regulating the AKT/GSK-3β signaling to reduce Aβ production and tau phosphorylation in PC12 cells. Furthermore, these results could lead a possible therapeutics for the management of Al neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanyue Huang
- Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Ping Cheng
- Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Kaiyuan Yu
- Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Yanfei Han
- Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Miao Song
- Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Yanfei Li
- Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China.
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32
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Lopez Sanchez MIG, Waugh HS, Tsatsanis A, Wong BX, Crowston JG, Duce JA, Trounce IA. Amyloid precursor protein drives down-regulation of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation independent of amyloid beta. Sci Rep 2017; 7:9835. [PMID: 28852095 PMCID: PMC5574989 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-10233-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyloid precursor protein (APP) and its extracellular domain, soluble APP alpha (sAPPα) play important physiological and neuroprotective roles. However, rare forms of familial Alzheimer’s disease are associated with mutations in APP that increase toxic amyloidogenic cleavage of APP and produce amyloid beta (Aβ) at the expense of sAPPα and other non-amyloidogenic fragments. Although mitochondrial dysfunction has become an established hallmark of neurotoxicity, the link between Aβ and mitochondrial function is unclear. In this study we investigated the effects of increased levels of neuronal APP or Aβ on mitochondrial metabolism and gene expression, in human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. Increased non-amyloidogenic processing of APP, but not Aβ, profoundly decreased respiration and enhanced glycolysis, while mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) transcripts were decreased, without detrimental effects to cell growth. These effects cannot be ascribed to Aβ toxicity, since higher levels of endogenous Aβ in our models do not cause oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) perturbations. Similarly, chemical inhibition of β-secretase decreased mitochondrial respiration, suggesting that non-amyloidogenic processing of APP may be responsible for mitochondrial changes. Our results have two important implications, the need for caution in the interpretation of mitochondrial perturbations in models where APP is overexpressed, and a potential role of sAPPα or other non-amyloid APP fragments as acute modulators of mitochondrial metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Isabel G Lopez Sanchez
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, 75 Commercial Road, Melbourne, 3004, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Surgery, Ophthalmology, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Hayley S Waugh
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, 75 Commercial Road, Melbourne, 3004, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Surgery, Ophthalmology, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Andrew Tsatsanis
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Bruce X Wong
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, LS2 9JT, United Kingdom.,Oxidation Biology Unit, The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, 30 Royal Parade, Parkville, 3052, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jonathan G Crowston
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, 75 Commercial Road, Melbourne, 3004, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Surgery, Ophthalmology, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - James A Duce
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, LS2 9JT, United Kingdom.,Oxidation Biology Unit, The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, 30 Royal Parade, Parkville, 3052, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ian A Trounce
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, 75 Commercial Road, Melbourne, 3004, Victoria, Australia. .,Department of Surgery, Ophthalmology, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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33
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SUMOylation and calcium signalling: potential roles in the brain and beyond. Neuronal Signal 2017; 1:NS20160010. [PMID: 32714579 PMCID: PMC7373246 DOI: 10.1042/ns20160010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Revised: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) conjugation (or SUMOylation) is a post-translational protein modification implicated in alterations to protein expression, localization and function. Despite a number of nuclear roles for SUMO being well characterized, this process has only started to be explored in relation to membrane proteins, such as ion channels. Calcium ion (Ca2+) signalling is crucial for the normal functioning of cells and is also involved in the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying relevant neurological and cardiovascular diseases. Intracellular Ca2+ levels are tightly regulated; at rest, most Ca2+ is retained in organelles, such as the sarcoplasmic reticulum, or in the extracellular space, whereas depolarization triggers a series of events leading to Ca2+ entry, followed by extrusion and reuptake. The mechanisms that maintain Ca2+ homoeostasis are candidates for modulation at the post-translational level. Here, we review the effects of protein SUMOylation, including Ca2+ channels, their proteome and other proteins associated with Ca2+ signalling, on vital cellular functions, such as neurotransmission within the central nervous system (CNS) and in additional systems, most prominently here, in the cardiac system.
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34
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Hypothermia pretreatment improves cognitive impairment via enhancing synaptic plasticity in a traumatic brain injury model. Brain Res 2017; 1672:18-28. [PMID: 28729191 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2017.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Revised: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Posttraumatic hypothermia attenuates cognitive deficits caused by TBI when it is administered at an early stage. However, little is known regarding the effect of hypothermia pretreatment on cognitive deficits one month after TBI. In the current study, the behavior test revealed that hypothermia pretreatment mitigates the learning and memory impairment induced by TBI in mice. Hypothermia treatment significantly increased the expression of PSD93, PSD95 and NR2B one month after TBI in the cortex and hippocampus compared with the normothermia group. Hypothermia pretreatment also restored the decreased spine number and the impairment in LTP and decreased the number of activated microglia one month after TBI. On the other hand, hypothermia pretreatment increased glucose metabolism in TBI mice. Taken together, these data suggested that hypothermia pretreatment is an effective method with which to prevent spine loss, maintain normal LTP and preserve learning and memory function after TBI. The neuroprotective role might be associated with the preservation of postsynaptic protein expression, the inhibition of activated microglia and the increase in glucose metabolism.
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35
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Amyloid Precursor Protein Protects Neuronal Network Function after Hypoxia via Control of Voltage-Gated Calcium Channels. J Neurosci 2017; 36:8356-71. [PMID: 27511009 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4130-15.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 06/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Acute cerebral ischemia and chronic neurovascular diseases share various common mechanisms with neurodegenerative diseases, such as disturbed cellular calcium and energy homeostasis and accumulation of toxic metabolites. A link between these conditions may be constituted by amyloid precursor protein (APP), which plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease, but has also been associated with the response to acute hypoxia and regulation of calcium homeostasis. We therefore studied hypoxia-induced loss of function and recovery upon reoxygenation in hippocampal slices of mice lacking APP (APP(-/-)) or selectively expressing its soluble extracellular domain (APPsα-KI). Transient hypoxia disrupted electrical activity at the network and cellular level. In mice lacking APP, these impairments were significantly more severe, showing increased rise of intracellular calcium, faster loss of function, and higher incidence of spreading depression. Likewise, functional recovery upon reoxygenation was much slower and less complete than in controls. Most of these deficits were rescued by selective expression of the soluble extracellular fragment APPsα, or by pharmacological block of L-type calcium channels. We conclude that APP supports neuronal resistance toward acute hypoxia. This effect is mediated by the secreted APPsα-domain and involves L-type calcium channels. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Amyloid precursor protein (APP) is involved in the pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease, but its normal function in the brain remains elusive. Here, we describe a neuroprotective role of the protein in acute hypoxia. Functional recovery of mouse hippocampal networks after transient reduction of oxygen supply was strongly impaired in animals lacking APP. Most protective effects are mediated by the soluble extracellular fragment APPsα and involve L-type calcium channels. Thus, APP contributes to calcium homeostasis in situations of metabolic stress. This finding may shed light on the physiological function of APP and may be important for understanding mechanisms of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Not just amyloid: physiological functions of the amyloid precursor protein family. Nat Rev Neurosci 2017; 18:281-298. [PMID: 28360418 DOI: 10.1038/nrn.2017.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 371] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Amyloid precursor protein (APP) gives rise to the amyloid-β peptide and thus has a key role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer disease. By contrast, the physiological functions of APP and the closely related APP-like proteins (APLPs) remain less well understood. Studying these physiological functions has been challenging and has required a careful long-term strategy, including the analysis of different App-knockout and Aplp-knockout mice. In this Review, we summarize these findings, focusing on the in vivo roles of APP family members and their processing products for CNS development, synapse formation and function, brain injury and neuroprotection, as well as ageing. In addition, we discuss the implications of APP physiology for therapeutic approaches.
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Vasques JF, Heringer PVB, Gonçalves RGDJ, Campello-Costa P, Serfaty CA, Faria-Melibeu ADC. Monocular denervation of visual nuclei modulates APP processing and sAPPα production: A possible role on neural plasticity. Int J Dev Neurosci 2017; 60:16-25. [PMID: 28323038 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2017.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Revised: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyloid precursor protein (APP) is essential to physiological processes such as synapse formation and neural plasticity. Sequential proteolysis of APP by beta- and gamma-secretases generates amyloid-beta peptide (Aβ), the main component of senile plaques in Alzheimer Disease. Alternative APP cleavage by alpha-secretase occurs within Aβ domain, releasing soluble α-APP (sAPPα), a neurotrophic fragment. Among other functions, sAPPα is important to synaptogenesis, neural survival and axonal growth. APP and sAPPα levels are increased in models of neuroplasticity, which suggests an important role for APP and its metabolites, especially sAPPα, in the rearranging brain. In this work we analyzed the effects of monocular enucleation (ME), a classical model of lesion-induced plasticity, upon APP content, processing and also in secretases levels. Besides, we addressed whether α-secretase activity is crucial for retinotectal remodeling after ME. Our results showed that ME induced a transient reduction in total APP content. We also detected an increase in α-secretase expression and in sAPP production concomitant with a reduction in Aβ and β-secretase contents. These data suggest that ME facilitates APP processing by the non-amyloidogenic pathway, increasing sAPPα levels. Indeed, the pharmacological inhibition of α-secretase activity reduced the axonal sprouting of ipsilateral retinocollicular projections from the intact eye after ME, suggesting that sAPPα is necessary for synaptic structural rearrangement. Understanding how APP processing is regulated under lesion conditions may provide new insights into APP physiological role on neural plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Ferreira Vasques
- Programa de Neurociências, Departamento de Neurobiologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, CEP 24001-970, Niterói 100180, RJ, Brazil
| | - Pedro Vinícius Bastos Heringer
- Programa de Neurociências, Departamento de Neurobiologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, CEP 24001-970, Niterói 100180, RJ, Brazil
| | - Renata Guedes de Jesus Gonçalves
- Programa de Neurociências, Departamento de Neurobiologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, CEP 24001-970, Niterói 100180, RJ, Brazil
| | - Paula Campello-Costa
- Programa de Neurociências, Departamento de Neurobiologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, CEP 24001-970, Niterói 100180, RJ, Brazil
| | - Claudio Alberto Serfaty
- Programa de Neurociências, Departamento de Neurobiologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, CEP 24001-970, Niterói 100180, RJ, Brazil
| | - Adriana da Cunha Faria-Melibeu
- Programa de Neurociências, Departamento de Neurobiologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, CEP 24001-970, Niterói 100180, RJ, Brazil.
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Mockett BG, Richter M, Abraham WC, Müller UC. Therapeutic Potential of Secreted Amyloid Precursor Protein APPsα. Front Mol Neurosci 2017; 10:30. [PMID: 28223920 PMCID: PMC5293819 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2017.00030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cleavage of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) by α-secretase generates an extracellularly released fragment termed secreted APP-alpha (APPsα). Not only is this process of interest due to the cleavage of APP within the amyloid-beta sequence, but APPsα itself has many physiological properties that suggest its great potential as a therapeutic target. For example, APPsα is neurotrophic, neuroprotective, neurogenic, a stimulator of protein synthesis and gene expression, and enhances long-term potentiation (LTP) and memory. While most early studies have been conducted in vitro, effectiveness in animal models is now being confirmed. These studies have revealed that either upregulating α-secretase activity, acutely administering APPsα or chronic delivery of APPsα via a gene therapy approach can effectively treat mouse models of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other disorders such as traumatic head injury. Together these findings suggest the need for intensifying research efforts to harness the therapeutic potential of this multifunctional protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce G. Mockett
- Department of Psychology, Brain Health Research Centre, Brain Research New Zealand, University of OtagoOtago, New Zealand
| | - Max Richter
- Department of Functional Genomics, Institute for Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Heidelberg UniversityHeidelberg, Germany
| | - Wickliffe C. Abraham
- Department of Psychology, Brain Health Research Centre, Brain Research New Zealand, University of OtagoOtago, New Zealand
| | - Ulrike C. Müller
- Department of Functional Genomics, Institute for Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Heidelberg UniversityHeidelberg, Germany
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Hefter D, Draguhn A. APP as a Protective Factor in Acute Neuronal Insults. Front Mol Neurosci 2017; 10:22. [PMID: 28210211 PMCID: PMC5288400 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2017.00022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite its key role in the molecular pathology of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), the physiological function of amyloid precursor protein (APP) is unknown. Increasing evidence, however, points towards a neuroprotective role of this membrane protein in situations of metabolic stress. A key observation is the up-regulation of APP following acute (stroke, cardiac arrest) or chronic (cerebrovascular disease) hypoxic-ischemic conditions. While this mechanism may increase the risk or severity of AD, APP by itself or its soluble extracellular fragment APPsα can promote neuronal survival. Indeed, different animal models of acute hypoxia-ischemia, traumatic brain injury (TBI) and excitotoxicity have revealed protective effects of APP or APPsα. The underlying mechanisms involve APP-mediated regulation of calcium homeostasis via NMDA receptors (NMDAR), voltage-gated calcium channels (VGCC) or internal calcium stores. In addition, APP affects the expression of survival- or apoptosis-related genes as well as neurotrophic factors. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of the neuroprotective role of APP and APPsα and possible implications for future research and new therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitri Hefter
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Heidelberg UniversityHeidelberg, Germany; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg UniversityMannheim, Germany
| | - Andreas Draguhn
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Heidelberg University Heidelberg, Germany
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Xiong M, Jones OD, Peppercorn K, Ohline SM, Tate WP, Abraham WC. Secreted amyloid precursor protein-alpha can restore novel object location memory and hippocampal LTP in aged rats. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2017; 138:291-299. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2016.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Revised: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Yanai H. Effects of N-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids on Dementia. J Clin Med Res 2016; 9:1-9. [PMID: 27924168 PMCID: PMC5127208 DOI: 10.14740/jocmr2815w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) including α-linolenic acid (ALA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) have anti-inflammatory effects and neuronal protective functions and may benefit prevention of dementia; however, the epidemiological evidence is very limited. Therefore, the literature about the association between n-3 PUFA and dementia was searched, by using Pubmed. In the analyses of observational studies, n-3 PUFA has been reported to be beneficially associated with dementia in 17 studies; however, the beneficial association between n-3 PUFA and dementia was denied by three studies. In the analyses of intervention studies, n-3 PUFA supplementation was beneficially associated with dementia in eight studies; however, five studies reported the negligible effect of n-3 PUFA for dementia. N-3 PUFA may improve Alzheimer’s disease by increasing clearance of amyloid-β peptide, neurotrophic and neuroprotective factors, and by anti-inflammatory effects. In conclusion, patients with mild memory and/or cognitive impairment can be treated by a long-term and higher intake of n-3 PUFA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidekatsu Yanai
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Center for Global Health and Medicine Kohnodai Hospital, 1-7-1 Kohnodai, Ichikawa, Chiba 272-0034, Japan.
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Peptide Pharmacological Approaches to Treating Traumatic Brain Injury: a Case for Arginine-Rich Peptides. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:7838-7857. [PMID: 27844291 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-0287-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) has a devastating effect on victims and their families, and has profound negative societal and economic impacts, a situation that is further compounded by the lack of effective treatments to minimise injury after TBI. The current strategy for managing TBI is partly through preventative measures and partly through surgical and rehabilitative interventions. Secondary brain damage remains the principal focus for the development of a neuroprotective therapeutic. However, the complexity of TBI pathophysiology has meant that single-action pharmacological agents have been largely unsuccessful in combatting the associated brain injury cascades, while combination therapies to date have proved equally ineffective. Peptides have recently emerged as promising lead agents for the treatment of TBI, especially those rich in the cationic amino acid, arginine. Having been shown to lessen the impact of ischaemic stroke in animal models, there are reasonable grounds to believe that arginine-rich peptides may have neuroprotective therapeutic potential in TBI. Here, we review a range of peptides previously examined as therapeutic agents for TBI. In particular, we focus on cationic arginine-rich peptides -- a new class of agents that growing evidence suggests acts through multiple neuroprotective mechanisms.
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Habib A, Sawmiller D, Tan J. Restoring Soluble Amyloid Precursor Protein α Functions as a Potential Treatment for Alzheimer's Disease. J Neurosci Res 2016; 95:973-991. [PMID: 27531392 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Revised: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Soluble amyloid precursor protein α (sAPPα), a secreted proteolytic fragment of nonamyloidogenic amyloid precursor protein (APP) processing, is known for numerous neuroprotective functions. These functions include but are not limited to proliferation, neuroprotection, synaptic plasticity, memory formation, neurogenesis, and neuritogenesis in cell culture and animal models. In addition, sAPPα influences amyloid-β (Aβ) production by direct modulation of APP β-secretase proteolysis as well as Aβ-related or unrelated tau pathology, hallmark pathologies of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Thus, the restoration of sAPPα levels and functions in the brain by increasing nonamyloidogenic APP processing and/or manipulation of its signaling could reduce AD pathology and cognitive impairment. It is likely that identification and characterization of sAPPα receptors in the brain, downstream effectors, and signaling pathways will pave the way for an attractive therapeutic target for AD prevention or intervention. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahsan Habib
- Rashid Laboratory for Developmental Neurobiology, Silver Child Development Center, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Darrell Sawmiller
- Rashid Laboratory for Developmental Neurobiology, Silver Child Development Center, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Jun Tan
- Rashid Laboratory for Developmental Neurobiology, Silver Child Development Center, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
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Manocha GD, Floden AM, Rausch K, Kulas JA, McGregor BA, Rojanathammanee L, Puig KR, Puig KL, Karki S, Nichols MR, Darland DC, Porter JE, Combs CK. APP Regulates Microglial Phenotype in a Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease. J Neurosci 2016; 36:8471-86. [PMID: 27511018 PMCID: PMC4978805 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4654-15.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2015] [Revised: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Prior work suggests that amyloid precursor protein (APP) can function as a proinflammatory receptor on immune cells, such as monocytes and microglia. Therefore, we hypothesized that APP serves this function in microglia during Alzheimer's disease. Although fibrillar amyloid β (Aβ)-stimulated cytokine secretion from both wild-type and APP knock-out (mAPP(-/-)) microglial cultures, oligomeric Aβ was unable to stimulate increased secretion from mAPP(-/-) cells. This was consistent with an ability of oligomeric Aβ to bind APP. Similarly, intracerebroventricular infusions of oligomeric Aβ produced less microgliosis in mAPP(-/-) mice compared with wild-type mice. The mAPP(-/-) mice crossed to an APP/PS1 transgenic mouse line demonstrated reduced microgliosis and cytokine levels and improved memory compared with wild-type mice despite robust fibrillar Aβ plaque deposition. These data define a novel function for microglial APP in regulating their ability to acquire a proinflammatory phenotype during disease. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT A hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD) brains is the accumulation of amyloid β (Aβ) peptide within plaques robustly invested with reactive microglia. This supports the notion that Aβ stimulation of microglial activation is one source of brain inflammatory changes during disease. Aβ is a cleavage product of the ubiquitously expressed amyloid precursor protein (APP) and is able to self-associate into a wide variety of differently sized and structurally distinct multimers. In this study, we demonstrate both in vitro and in vivo that nonfibrillar, oligomeric forms of Aβ are able to interact with the parent APP protein to stimulate microglial activation. This provides a mechanism by which metabolism of APP results in possible autocrine or paracrine Aβ production to drive the microgliosis associated with AD brains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunjan D Manocha
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, North Dakota 58203
| | - Angela M Floden
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, North Dakota 58203
| | - Keiko Rausch
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, North Dakota 58203
| | - Joshua A Kulas
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, North Dakota 58203
| | - Brett A McGregor
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, North Dakota 58203
| | - Lalida Rojanathammanee
- Institute of Science, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, 30000 Thailand
| | - Kelley R Puig
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, North Dakota 58203
| | - Kendra L Puig
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, North Dakota 58203
| | - Sanjib Karki
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Missouri-St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63121-4400, and
| | - Michael R Nichols
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Missouri-St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63121-4400, and
| | - Diane C Darland
- Department of Biology, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota 58202
| | - James E Porter
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, North Dakota 58203
| | - Colin K Combs
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, North Dakota 58203,
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Busingye DS, Turner RJ, Vink R. Combined Magnesium/Polyethylene Glycol Facilitates the Neuroprotective Effects of Magnesium in Traumatic Brain Injury at a Reduced Magnesium Dose. CNS Neurosci Ther 2016; 22:854-9. [PMID: 27421816 DOI: 10.1111/cns.12591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Revised: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS While a number of studies have shown that free magnesium (Mg) decline is a feature of traumatic brain injury (TBI), poor central penetration of Mg has potentially limited clinical translation. This study examines whether polyethylene glycol (PEG) facilitates central penetration of Mg after TBI, increasing neuroprotection while simultaneously reducing the dose requirements for Mg. METHODS Rats were exposed to diffuse TBI and administered intravenous MgCl2 either alone (254 μmol/kg or 25.4 μmol/kg) or in combination with PEG (1 g/kg PEG) at 30-min postinjury. Vehicle-treated (saline or PEG) and sham animals served as controls. All animals were subsequently assessed for blood-brain barrier permeability and edema at 5 h, and functional outcome for 1 week postinjury. RESULTS Optimal dose (254 μmol/kg) MgCl2 or Mg PEG significantly improved all outcome parameters compared to vehicle or PEG controls. Intravenous administration of 10% MgCl2 alone (25.4 μmol/kg) had no beneficial effect on any of the outcome parameters, whereas 10% Mg in PEG had the same beneficial effects as optimal dose Mg administration. CONCLUSION Polyethylene glycol facilitates central penetration of Mg following TBI, reducing the concentration of Mg required to confer neuroprotection while simultaneously reducing the risks associated with high peripheral Mg concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana S Busingye
- Adelaide Centre for Neuroscience Research, School of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Renée J Turner
- Adelaide Centre for Neuroscience Research, School of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Robert Vink
- Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
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Shim SS, Stutzmann GE. Inhibition of Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3: An Emerging Target in the Treatment of Traumatic Brain Injury. J Neurotrauma 2016; 33:2065-2076. [PMID: 26979735 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2015.4177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Although traumatic brain injury (TBI) has been a major public health concern for decades, the pathophysiological mechanism of TBI is not clearly understood, and an effective medical treatment of TBI is not available at present. Of particular concern is sustained TBI, which has a strong tendency to take a deteriorating neurodegenerative course into chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) and dementia, including Alzheimer's disease. Tauopathy and beta amyloid (Aβ) plaques are known to be the key pathological markers of TBI, which contribute to the progressive deterioration associated with TBI such as CTE and Alzheimer's disease. The multiple lines of evidence strongly suggest that the inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) is a potential target in the treatment of TBI. GSK-3 constitutively inhibits neuroprotective processes and promotes apoptosis. After TBI, GSK-3 is inhibited through the receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) and canonical Wnt signaling pathways as an innate neuroprotective mechanism against TBI. GSK-3 inhibition via GSK-3 inhibitors and drugs activating RTK or Wnt signaling is likely to reinforce the innate neuroprotective mechanism. GSK-3 inhibition studies using rodent TBI models demonstrate that GSK-3 inhibition produces diverse neuroprotective actions such as reducing the size of the traumatic injury, tauopathy, Aβ accumulation, and neuronal death, by releasing and activating neuroprotective substrates from GSK-3 inhibition. These effects are correlated with reduced TBI-induced behavioral and cognitive symptoms. Here, we review studies on the therapeutic effects of GSK-3 inhibition in TBI rodent models, and critically discuss the issues that these studies address.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong S Shim
- 1 Atlanta VA Medical Center, Mental Health Service Line , Decatur, Georgia
| | - Grace E Stutzmann
- 2 Department of Neuroscience, Rosalind Franklin University/The Chicago Medical School , North Chicago, Illinois
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Plummer S, Van den Heuvel C, Thornton E, Corrigan F, Cappai R. The Neuroprotective Properties of the Amyloid Precursor Protein Following Traumatic Brain Injury. Aging Dis 2016; 7:163-79. [PMID: 27114849 PMCID: PMC4809608 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2015.0907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the significant health and economic burden that traumatic brain injury (TBI) places on society, the development of successful therapeutic agents have to date not translated into efficacious therapies in human clinical trials. Injury to the brain is ongoing after TBI, through a complex cascade of primary and secondary injury events, providing a valuable window of opportunity to help limit and prevent some of the severe consequences with a timely treatment. Of note, it has been suggested that novel treatments for TBI should be multifactorial in nature, mimicking the body's own endogenous repair response. Whilst research has historically focused on the role of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease, recent advances in trauma research have demonstrated that APP offers considerable neuroprotective properties following TBI, suggesting that APP is an ideal therapeutic candidate. Its acute upregulation following TBI has been shown to serve a beneficial role following trauma and has lead to significant advances in understanding the neuroprotective and neurotrophic functions of APP and its metabolites. Research has focused predominantly on the APP derivative sAPPα, which has consistently demonstrated neuroprotective and neurotrophic functions both in vitro and in vivo following various traumatic insults. Its neuroprotective activity has been narrowed down to a 15 amino acid sequence, and this region is linked to both heparan binding and growth-factor-like properties. It has been proposed that APP binds to heparan sulfate proteoglycans to exert its neuroprotective action. APP presents us with a novel therapeutic compound that could overcome many of the challenges that have stalled development of efficacious TBI treatments previously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Plummer
- Adelaide Centre for Neuroscience Research, the University of Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Corinna Van den Heuvel
- Adelaide Centre for Neuroscience Research, the University of Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Emma Thornton
- Adelaide Centre for Neuroscience Research, the University of Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Frances Corrigan
- Adelaide Centre for Neuroscience Research, the University of Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Roberto Cappai
- Department of Pathology, the University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Fol R, Braudeau J, Ludewig S, Abel T, Weyer SW, Roederer JP, Brod F, Audrain M, Bemelmans AP, Buchholz CJ, Korte M, Cartier N, Müller UC. Viral gene transfer of APPsα rescues synaptic failure in an Alzheimer's disease mouse model. Acta Neuropathol 2016; 131:247-266. [PMID: 26538149 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-015-1498-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Revised: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by synaptic failure, dendritic and axonal atrophy, neuronal death and progressive loss of cognitive functions. It is commonly assumed that these deficits arise due to β-amyloid accumulation and plaque deposition. However, increasing evidence indicates that loss of physiological APP functions mediated predominantly by neurotrophic APPsα produced in the non-amyloidogenic α-secretase pathway may contribute to AD pathogenesis. Upregulation of APPsα production via induction of α-secretase might, however, be problematic as this may also affect substrates implicated in tumorigenesis. Here, we used a gene therapy approach to directly overexpress APPsα in the brain using AAV-mediated gene transfer and explored its potential to rescue structural, electrophysiological and behavioral deficits in APP/PS1∆E9 AD model mice. Sustained APPsα overexpression in aged mice with already preexisting pathology and amyloidosis restored synaptic plasticity and partially rescued spine density deficits. Importantly, AAV-APPsα treatment also resulted in a functional rescue of spatial reference memory in the Morris water maze. Moreover, we demonstrate a significant reduction of soluble Aβ species and plaque load. In addition, APPsα induced the recruitment of microglia with a ramified morphology into the vicinity of plaques and upregulated IDE and TREM2 expression suggesting enhanced plaque clearance. Collectively, these data indicate that APPsα can mitigate synaptic and cognitive deficits, despite established pathology. Increasing APPsα may therefore be of therapeutic relevance for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Fol
- INSERM U1169/MIRCen CEA, 92265, Fontenay aux Roses, France
- University Paris Sud, University Paris-Saclay, 91400, Orsay, France
- Université Paris Descartes, 75006, Paris, France
| | - Jerome Braudeau
- INSERM U1169/MIRCen CEA, 92265, Fontenay aux Roses, France
- University Paris Sud, University Paris-Saclay, 91400, Orsay, France
| | - Susann Ludewig
- Division of Cellular Neurobiology, Zoological Institute, TU Braunschweig, Brunswick, Germany
| | - Tobias Abel
- Molecular Biotechnology and Gene Therapy, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, 63225, Langen, Germany
| | - Sascha W Weyer
- Department of Bioinformatics and Functional Genomics, Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jan-Peter Roederer
- Department of Bioinformatics and Functional Genomics, Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Florian Brod
- Molecular Biotechnology and Gene Therapy, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, 63225, Langen, Germany
| | - Mickael Audrain
- INSERM U1169/MIRCen CEA, 92265, Fontenay aux Roses, France
- University Paris Sud, University Paris-Saclay, 91400, Orsay, France
- Université Paris Descartes, 75006, Paris, France
| | - Alexis-Pierre Bemelmans
- University Paris Sud, University Paris-Saclay, 91400, Orsay, France
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives (CEA), Département des Sciences du Vivant (DSV), Institut d'Imagerie Biomédicale (I2BM), Molecular Imaging Research Center (MIRCen), 92260, Fontenay aux Roses, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR 9199, Neurodegenerative Diseases Laboratory, 92260, Fontenay aux Roses, France
| | - Christian J Buchholz
- Molecular Biotechnology and Gene Therapy, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, 63225, Langen, Germany
| | - Martin Korte
- Division of Cellular Neurobiology, Zoological Institute, TU Braunschweig, Brunswick, Germany
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, AG NIND, Inhoffenstr. 7, 38124, Brunswick, Germany
| | - Nathalie Cartier
- INSERM U1169/MIRCen CEA, 92265, Fontenay aux Roses, France.
- University Paris Sud, University Paris-Saclay, 91400, Orsay, France.
| | - Ulrike C Müller
- Department of Bioinformatics and Functional Genomics, Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
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Zhu M, Zhao X, Chen J, Xu J, Hu G, Guo D, Li Q, Zhang X, Chang CCY, Song B, Xiong Y, Chang T, Li B. ACAT1 regulates the dynamics of free cholesterols in plasma membrane which leads to the APP-α-processing alteration. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2015; 47:951-9. [PMID: 26474739 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmv101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase 1 (ACAT1) is a key enzyme exclusively using free cholesterols as the substrates in cell and is involved in the cellular cholesterol homeostasis. In this study, we used human neuroblastoma cell line SK-N-SH as a model and first observed that inhibiting ACAT1 can decrease the amyloid precursor protein (APP)-α-processing. Meanwhile, the transfection experiments using the small interfering RNA and expression plasmid of ACAT1 indicated that ACAT1 can dependently affect the APP-α-processing. Furthermore, inhibiting ACAT1 was found to increase the free cholesterols in plasma membrane (PM-FC), and the increased PM-FC caused by inhibiting ACAT1 can lead to the decrease of the APP-α-processing, indicating that ACAT1 regulates the dynamics of PM-FC, which leads to the alteration of the APP-α-processing. More importantly, further results showed that under the ACAT1 inhibition, the alterations of the PM-FC and the subsequent APP-α-processing are not dependent on the cellular total cholesterol level, confirming that ACAT1 regulates the dynamics of PM-FC. Finally, we revealed that even when the Niemann-Pick-Type C-dependent pathway is blocked, the ACAT1 inhibition still obviously results in the PM-FC increase, suggesting that the ACAT1-dependent pathway is responsible for the shuttling of PM-FC to the intracellular pool. Our data provide a novel insight that ACAT1 which enzymatically regulates the dynamics of PM-FC may play important roles in the human neuronal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Zhu
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Xiaonan Zhao
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Jia Chen
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Jiajia Xu
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Guangjing Hu
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Dongqing Guo
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Qin Li
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Xiaowei Zhang
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Catherine C Y Chang
- Department of Biochemistry, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Baoliang Song
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China College of Life Sciences, The Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Ying Xiong
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Tayuan Chang
- Department of Biochemistry, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Boliang Li
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
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50
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Hosono T, Mouri A, Nishitsuji K, Jung CG, Kontani M, Tokuda H, Kawashima H, Shibata H, Suzuki T, Nabehsima T, Michikawa M. Arachidonic or Docosahexaenoic Acid Diet Prevents Memory Impairment in Tg2576 Mice. J Alzheimers Dis 2015; 48:149-62. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-150341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Hosono
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Nihon University Graduate School of Bioresource Sciences, Fujisawa, Japan
- Department of Alzheimer’s Disease, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Japan
| | - Akihiro Mouri
- Division of Clinical Sciences and Neuropsychopharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Nagoya, Japan
- NPO Japanese Drug Organization of Appropriate Use and Research, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kazuchika Nishitsuji
- Department of Alzheimer’s Disease, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Japan
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Institute of Biomedical Science, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Cha-Gyun Jung
- Department of Alzheimer’s Disease, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Japan
- Department of Neurophysiology and Brain Science, Nagoya City University, School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Masanori Kontani
- Institute for Health Care Science, Suntory Wellness Ltd., Osaka, Japan
| | - Hisanori Tokuda
- Institute for Health Care Science, Suntory Wellness Ltd., Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kawashima
- Institute for Health Care Science, Suntory Wellness Ltd., Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Shibata
- Institute for Health Care Science, Suntory Wellness Ltd., Osaka, Japan
| | - Toshiharu Suzuki
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Toshitaka Nabehsima
- NPO Japanese Drug Organization of Appropriate Use and Research, Nagoya, Japan
- Nabeshima Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Meijyo University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Makoto Michikawa
- Department of Alzheimer’s Disease, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Japan
- Department of Biochemistry, Nagoya City University, School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
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