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Zhang C, Shao W, Yuan H, Xiao R, Zhang Y, Wei C, Ni X, He N, Chen G, Gui S, Cheng Z, Wang Q. Engineered Extracellular Vesicle-Based Nanoformulations That Coordinate Neuroinflammation and Immune Homeostasis, Enhancing Parkinson's Disease Therapy. ACS NANO 2024; 18:23014-23031. [PMID: 39145985 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c04674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/16/2024]
Abstract
Although conventional intervention to microglia can mitigate neuroinflammation in the short term, immune disorders by peripheral inflammatory cells can infiltrate continuously, resulting in an overactivated immune microenvironment of Parkinson's disease (PD). Here, we design engineered extracellular vesicle-based nanoformulations (EVNs) to address multiple factors for the management of PD. Specifically, EVN is developed by coating CCR2-enriched mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles (MSCCCR2 EVs) onto a dihydrotanshinone I-loaded nanocarrier (MSeN-DT). The MSCCCR2 EVs (the shell of EVN) can actively show homing to specific chemokines CCL2 in the substantia nigra, which enables them to block the infiltration of peripheral inflammatory cells. Interestingly, MSeN-DT (the core of EVN) can promote the Nrf2-GPX4 pathway for the suppression of the source of inflammation by inhibiting ferroptosis in microglia. In the PD model mice, a satisfactory therapeutic effect is achieved, with inhibition of peripheral inflammatory cell infiltration, precise regulation of inflammatory microglia in the substantia nigra, as well as promotion of behavioral improvement and repairing damaged neurons. In this way, the combinatorial code of alleviation of inflammation and modulation of immune homeostasis can reshape the immune microenvironment in PD, which bridges internal anti-inflammatory and external immunity. This finding reveals a comprehensive therapeutic paradigm for PD that breaks the vicious cycle of immune overactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Zhang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Preparation Technology and Application, School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, Anhui, China
| | - Wei Shao
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Preparation Technology and Application, School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, Anhui, China
| | - Hao Yuan
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Preparation Technology and Application, School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, Anhui, China
| | - Ru Xiao
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Preparation Technology and Application, School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, Anhui, China
| | - Yaru Zhang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Preparation Technology and Application, School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, Anhui, China
| | - Chaoqi Wei
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Preparation Technology and Application, School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, Anhui, China
| | - Xinyi Ni
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Preparation Technology and Application, School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, Anhui, China
| | - Ning He
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Preparation Technology and Application, School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, Anhui, China
| | - Guangliang Chen
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, Anhui, China
| | - Shuangying Gui
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Preparation Technology and Application, School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, Anhui, China
| | - Zhifei Cheng
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Preparation Technology and Application, School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, Anhui, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Preparation Technology and Application, School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, Anhui, China
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Liang SQ, Li PH, Hu YY, Zhao JL, Shao FZ, Kuang F, Ren KX, Wei TX, Fan F, Feng L, Han H, Qin HY. Myeloid-specific blockade of notch signaling alleviates dopaminergic neurodegeneration in Parkinson's disease by dominantly regulating resident microglia activation through NF-κB signaling. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1193081. [PMID: 37680624 PMCID: PMC10481959 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1193081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Yolk sac-derived microglia and peripheral monocyte-derived macrophages play a key role during Parkinson's disease (PD) progression. However, the regulatory mechanism of microglia/macrophage activation and function in PD pathogenesis remains unclear. Recombination signal-binding protein Jκ (RBP-J)-mediated Notch signaling regulates macrophage development and activation. In this study, with an 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) hydrochloride-induced acute murine PD model, we found that Notch signaling was activated in amoeboid microglia accompanied by a decrease in tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-positive neurons. Furthermore, using myeloid-specific RBP-J knockout (RBP-JcKO) mice combined with a PD model, our results showed that myeloid-specific disruption of RBP-J alleviated dopaminergic neurodegeneration and improved locomotor activity. Fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) analysis showed that the number of infiltrated inflammatory macrophages and activated major histocompatibility complex (MHC) II+ microglia decreased in RBP-JcKO mice compared with control mice. Moreover, to block monocyte recruitment by using chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 2 (CCR2) knockout mice, the effect of RBP-J deficiency on dopaminergic neurodegeneration was not affected, indicating that Notch signaling might regulate neuroinflammation independent of CCR2+ monocyte infiltration. Notably, when microglia were depleted with the PLX5622 formulated diet, we found that myeloid-specific RBP-J knockout resulted in more TH+ neurons and fewer activated microglia. Ex vitro experiments demonstrated that RBP-J deficiency in microglia might reduce inflammatory factor secretion, TH+ neuron apoptosis, and p65 nuclear translocation. Collectively, our study first revealed that RBP-J-mediated Notch signaling might participate in PD progression by mainly regulating microglia activation through nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Qian Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Medical Genetics and Developmental Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Peng-Hui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Medical Genetics and Developmental Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
- Department of Orthopedics, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Yi-Yang Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Medical Genetics and Developmental Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Jun-Long Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Medical Genetics and Developmental Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Fang-Ze Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Medical Genetics and Developmental Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Fang Kuang
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Kai-Xi Ren
- Department of Neurology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Tiao-Xia Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Medical Genetics and Developmental Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Fan Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Medical Genetics and Developmental Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Lei Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Medical Genetics and Developmental Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Hua Han
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Hong-Yan Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Medical Genetics and Developmental Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
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Dogra N, Jakhmola-Mani R, Potshangbam AM, Buch S, Pande Katare D. CXCR4 as possible druggable target linking inflammatory bowel disease and Parkinson's disease. Metab Brain Dis 2023; 38:1079-1096. [PMID: 36656397 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-022-01155-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a chronic, progressive, and second most prevalent neurological disorder affecting the motor system. It has been found that people suffering with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are at 22% more risk for PD. In the current study, we have established a molecular link between gut and brain. The microarray gene expression datasets of Homo sapiens were obtained from Gene Expression Omnibus Database. Major genes involved in gut-brain connection were found to be CXCR4, LRRK2, APOE, SNCA, IL6, HIF-1α, ABCA1 etc. The common biological pathways linking both the pathologies were found to be HIF-signaling, cytokines interactions, JAK-STAT pathway, cholesterol metabolism, apoptosis and CXCR4 signaling which modulates the synaptic function and neuronal survival in the mature brain. It is known that flavonoid-rich foods throughout life hold the potential to limit the inflammation, neurodegeneration and, to prevent the age-dependent cognitive impairment. Therefore, the potential receptor, CXCR4 was used further for docking with twenty-seven phytochemicals from 5 different classes of Flavonoids found in several dietary items. Docking studies of the top scoring compounds were compared with a known inhibitor (BPRCX807) of receptor CXCR4 (IC50 = 40.4 ± 8.0 nM). The study indicates that Flavan-3-ol families of flavonoids are the best fit and finest dietary supplements for improving brain health. Hence the food items like Pistachio nuts, hazelnuts, Green Tea, walnuts, etc. should be incorporated more in the diet of healthy people as well as in IBD and PD patients to prevent inflammation in gut and brain damage from oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitu Dogra
- Proteomics and Translational Research Lab, Centre for Medical Biotechnology, Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Noida, India, 201301
| | - Ruchi Jakhmola-Mani
- Proteomics and Translational Research Lab, Centre for Medical Biotechnology, Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Noida, India, 201301
| | - Angamba Meetei Potshangbam
- Department of Biotechnology, Manipur University, Canchipur, Imphal, Manipur, India, 795003
- Research Boulevard Technologies, Greater Noida, India, 201301
| | - Shilpa Buch
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5880, USA
| | - Deepshikha Pande Katare
- Proteomics and Translational Research Lab, Centre for Medical Biotechnology, Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Noida, India, 201301.
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Xiromerisiou G, Marogianni C, Lampropoulos IC, Dardiotis E, Speletas M, Ntavaroukas P, Androutsopoulou A, Kalala F, Grigoriadis N, Papoutsopoulou S. Peripheral Inflammatory Markers TNF-α and CCL2 Revisited: Association with Parkinson's Disease Severity. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010264. [PMID: 36613708 PMCID: PMC9820450 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the major mediators of neuroinflammation in PD is tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), which, similar to other cytokines, is produced by activated microglia and astrocytes. Although TNF-α can be neuroprotective in the brain, long-term neuroinflammation and TNF release can be harmful, having a neurotoxic role that leads to death of oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, and neurons and, therefore, is associated with neurodegeneration. Apart from cytokines, a wide family of molecules with homologous structures, namely chemokines, play a key role in neuro-inflammation by drawing cytotoxic T-lymphocytes and activating microglia. The objective of the current study was to examine the levels of the serum TNF-α and CCL2 (Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2), also known as MCP-1 (Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1), in PD patients compared with healthy controls. We also investigated the associations between the serum levels of these two inflammatory mediators and a number of clinical symptoms, in particular, disease severity and cognition. Such an assessment may point to their prognostic value and provide some treatment hints. PD patients with advanced stage on the Hoehn-Yahr scale showed an increase in TNF-α levels compared with PD patients with stages 1 and 2 (p = 0.01). Additionally, the UPDRS score was significantly associated with TNF-α levels. CCL2 levels, however, showed no significant associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia Xiromerisiou
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Thessaly, 41500 Larisa, Greece
- Correspondence:
| | - Chrysoula Marogianni
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Thessaly, 41500 Larisa, Greece
| | - Ioannis C. Lampropoulos
- Respiratory Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, 41500 Larissa, Greece
| | - Efthimios Dardiotis
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Thessaly, 41500 Larisa, Greece
| | - Matthaios Speletas
- Department of Immunology & Histocompatibility, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, 41500 Larissa, Greece
| | - Panagiotis Ntavaroukas
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Thessaly, 41500 Larisa, Greece
| | - Anastasia Androutsopoulou
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Thessaly, 41500 Larisa, Greece
| | - Fani Kalala
- Department of Immunology & Histocompatibility, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, 41500 Larissa, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Grigoriadis
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology and Neuroimmunology, Second Department of Neurology, American Hellenic Educational Progressive Association (AHEPA) University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Stamatia Papoutsopoulou
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Thessaly, 41500 Larisa, Greece
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The Innate and Adaptive Immune Cells in Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s Diseases. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:1315248. [PMID: 36211819 PMCID: PMC9534688 DOI: 10.1155/2022/1315248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD) are the most common neurodegenerative disorders of the central nervous system (CNS). Increasing evidence supports the view that dysfunction of innate immune cells initiated by accumulated and misfolded proteins plays essential roles in the pathogenesis and progression of these diseases. The TLR family was found to be involved in the regulation of microglial function in the pathogenesis and progression of AD or PD, making it as double-edged sword in these diseases. Altered function of peripheral innate immune cells was found in AD and PD and thus contributed to the development and progression of AD and PD. Alteration of different subsets of T cells was found in the peripheral blood and CNS in AD and PD. The CNS-infiltrating T cells can exert both neuroprotective and neurotoxic effects in the pathogenesis and progression. Here, we review recent evidences for the roles of innate and adaptive immune cells in the pathogenesis and progression of AD and PD.
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Weiss F, Labrador-Garrido A, Dzamko N, Halliday G. Immune responses in the Parkrtdinson's disease brain. Neurobiol Dis 2022; 168:105700. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2022.105700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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Human Monocytes Plasticity in Neurodegeneration. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9070717. [PMID: 34201693 PMCID: PMC8301413 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9070717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Monocytes play a crucial role in immunity and tissue homeostasis. They constitute the first line of defense during the inflammatory process, playing a role in the pathogenesis and progression of diseases, making them an attractive therapeutic target. They are heterogeneous in morphology and surface marker expression, which suggest different molecular and physiological properties. Recent evidences have demonstrated their ability to enter the brain, and, as a consequence, their hypothetical role in different neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, we will discuss the current knowledge about the correlation between monocyte dysregulation in the brain and/or in the periphery and neurological diseases in humans. Here we will focus on the most common neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and multiple sclerosis.
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8
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Role of microgliosis, oxidative stress and associated neuroinflammation in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease: The therapeutic role of Nrf2 activators. Neurochem Int 2021; 145:105014. [PMID: 33689805 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2021.105014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Microglial cells are the resident immune cells of the central nervous system. They are essential for normal functioning, maintenance of tissue integrity, clearance of dying neurons, elimination of pathogens, development and maintenance of homeostasis of the CNS. Many studies have consistently reported that oxidative stress and associated neuroinflammation mediated by microglial cells have a degenerating effect on dopaminergic neurons. In Parkinson's disease, the microglial cells by a process called microgliosis undergo rapid proliferation, accumulate at the site of tissue injury and undergo phenotypic and functional changes that result in the release of massive amounts of free radicals causing inflammation and neurodegeneration of dopaminergic neurons. Following the discovery of the irrefutable role oxidative stress and associated neuroinflammation, several proven antioxidants were tested for possible protective and therapeutic potential in Parkinson's disease but the results so far have not been encouraging and equivocal. Consequently, it is rational to look for endogenous targets that enhance the oxidative defense mechanism against free radicals and protect dopaminergic neurons from neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. One such target is a nuclear factor-erythroid -2-related factor 2 (Nrf2). Nrf2 is a redox-sensitive transcription factor located in the cytoplasm of the cells that helps cells adapt to oxidative stress and inflammation by upregulating the expression of almost 200 cytoprotective genes. Fractalkine exists in a transmembrane form and a soluble form and is a cytokine that links microglial cells and Nrf2. The fractalkine receptors, expressed exclusively by microglial cells, on activation by fractalkine protects dopaminergic neurons from degeneration caused by free radicals and pro-inflammatory mediators through increased expression of Nrf2 dependent genes. The current anti Parkinsonism drugs do not cure the disease and also cause several debilitating motor and non-motor adverse drug effects. So it becomes imperative to explore novel targets and discover novel therapeutic agents to treat Parkinson's disease in a better way and improve the quality of life of patients with Parkinson's disease.
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Ahearn OC, Watson MN, Rawls SM. Chemokines, cytokines and substance use disorders. Drug Alcohol Depend 2021; 220:108511. [PMID: 33465606 PMCID: PMC7889725 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.108511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Efficacious pharmacotherapies for the treatment of substance use disorders need to be expanded and improved. Non-neuronal cells, particularly astrocytes and microglia, have emerged as therapeutic targets for the development of pharmacotherapies to treat dependence and relapse that accompanies chronic drug use. Cytokines and chemokines are neuroimmune factors expressed in neurons, astrocytes, and microglia that demonstrate promising clinical utility as therapeutic targets for substance use disorders. In this review, we describe a role for cytokines and chemokines in the rewarding and reinforcing effects of alcohol, opioids, and psychostimulants. We also discuss emerging cytokine- and chemokine-based therapeutic strategies that differ from conventional strategies directed toward transporters and receptors within the dopamine, glutamate, GABA, serotonin, and GABA systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia C. Ahearn
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Mia N. Watson
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Scott M. Rawls
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University Philadelphia, PA, USA,Department of Pharmacology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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10
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The Neuromelanin Paradox and Its Dual Role in Oxidative Stress and Neurodegeneration. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10010124. [PMID: 33467040 PMCID: PMC7829956 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10010124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is associated with an increasing dysfunction of key brain homeostasis mechanisms and represents the main risk factor across most neurodegenerative disorders. However, the degree of dysregulation and the affectation of specific pathways set apart normal aging from neurodegenerative disorders. In particular, the neuronal metabolism of catecholaminergic neurotransmitters appears to be a specifically sensitive pathway that is affected in different neurodegenerations. In humans, catecholaminergic neurons are characterized by an age-related accumulation of neuromelanin (NM), rendering the soma of the neurons black. This intracellular NM appears to serve as a very efficient quencher for toxic molecules. However, when a neuron degenerates, NM is released together with its load (many undegraded cellular components, transition metals, lipids, xenobiotics) contributing to initiate and worsen an eventual immune response, exacerbating the oxidative stress, ultimately leading to the neurodegenerative process. This review focuses on the analysis of the role of NM in normal aging and neurodegeneration related to its capabilities as an antioxidant and scavenging of harmful molecules, versus its involvement in oxidative stress and aberrant immune response, depending on NM saturation state and its extracellular release.
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Pro-Inflammatory Role of AQP4 in Mice Subjected to Intrastriatal Injections of the Parkinsonogenic Toxin MPP. Cells 2020; 9:cells9112418. [PMID: 33167342 PMCID: PMC7694382 DOI: 10.3390/cells9112418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Aquaporin-4 (AQP4) is critically involved in brain water and volume homeostasis and has been implicated in a wide range of pathological conditions. Notably, evidence has been accrued to suggest that AQP4 plays a proinflammatory role by promoting release of astrocytic cytokines that activate microglia and other astrocytes. Neuroinflammation is a hallmark of Parkinson’s disease (PD), and we have previously shown that astrocytes in substantia nigra (SN) are enriched in AQP4 relative to cortical astrocytes, and that their complement of AQP4 is further increased following treatment with the parkinsonogenic toxin MPTP (1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine). Here, we investigated the effect of Aqp4 deletion on microglial activation in mice subjected to unilateral intrastriatal injection of 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+, the toxic metabolite of MPTP). Our results show that MPP+ injections lead to a pronounced increase in the expression level of microglial activating genes in the ventral mesencephalon of wild type (WT) mice, but not Aqp4−/− mice. We also show, in WT mice, that MPP+ injections cause an upregulation of nigral AQP4 and swelling of astrocytic endfeet. These findings are consistent with the idea that AQP4 plays a pro-inflammatory role in Parkinson’s disease, secondary to the dysregulation of astrocytic volume homeostasis.
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12
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Ciechanowska A, Popiolek-Barczyk K, Pawlik K, Ciapała K, Oggioni M, Mercurio D, De Simoni MG, Mika J. Changes in macrophage inflammatory protein-1 (MIP-1) family members expression induced by traumatic brain injury in mice. Immunobiology 2020; 225:151911. [PMID: 32059938 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2020.151911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A deep knowledge of the profound immunological response induced by traumatic brain injury (TBI) raises the possibility of novel therapeutic interventions. Existing studies have highlighted the important roles of C-C motif ligands in the development of neuroinflammation after brain injury; however, the participation of macrophage inflammatory protein-1 (MIP-1) family members in this phenomenon is still undefined. Therefore, the goal of our study was to evaluate changes in macrophage inflammatory protein-1 (MIP-1) family members (CCL3, CCL4, and CCL9) and their receptors (CCR1 and CCR5) in a mouse model of TBI (induced by controlled cortical impact (CCI)). We also investigated the pattern of activation of immunological cells (such as neutrophils, microglia and astroglia), which on one hand express CCR1/CCR5, and on the other hand might be a source of the tested chemokines in the injured brain. We investigated changes in mRNA (RT-qPCR) and/or protein (ELISA and Western blot) expression in brain structures (the cortex, hippocampus, thalamus, and striatum) at different time points (24 h, 4 days, 7 days, 2 weeks, and/or 5 weeks) after trauma. Our time-course studies revealed the upregulation of the mRNA expression of all members of the MIP-1 family (CCL3, CCL4, and CCL9) in all tested brain structures, mainly in the early stages after injury. A similar pattern of activation was observed at the protein level in the cortex and thalamus, where the strongest activation was observed 1 day after CCI; however, we did not observe any change in CCL3 in the thalamus. Analyses of CCR1 and CCR5 demonstrated the upregulation of the mRNA expression of both receptors in all tested cerebral structures, mainly in the early phases post injury (24 h, 4 days and 7 days). Protein analysis showed the upregulation of CCR1 and CCR5 in the thalamus 24 h after TBI, but we did not detect any change in the cortex. We also observed the upregulation of neutrophil marker (MPO) at the early time points (24 h and 7 days) in the cortex, while the profound activation of microglia (IBA-1) and astroglia (GFAP) was observed mainly on day 7. Our findings highlight for the first time that CCL3, CCL4, CCL9 and their receptors offer promising targets for influencing secondary neuronal injury and improving TBI therapy. The results suggest that the MIP-1 family is an important target for pharmacological intervention for brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Ciechanowska
- Department of Pain Pharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Popiolek-Barczyk
- Department of Pain Pharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Pawlik
- Department of Pain Pharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Ciapała
- Department of Pain Pharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
| | - Marco Oggioni
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Department of Neuroscience, Milan, Italy
| | - Domenico Mercurio
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Department of Neuroscience, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria-Grazia De Simoni
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Department of Neuroscience, Milan, Italy
| | - Joanna Mika
- Department of Pain Pharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland.
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Nayak SU, Cicalese S, Tallarida C, Oliver CF, Rawls SM. Chemokine CCR5 and cocaine interactions in the brain: Cocaine enhances mesolimbic CCR5 mRNA levels and produces place preference and locomotor activation that are reduced by a CCR5 antagonist. Brain Behav Immun 2020; 83:288-292. [PMID: 31557508 PMCID: PMC6906231 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2019.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
C-C chemokine receptor type 5, also known as CCR5 or CD195, is best known as a viral co-receptor that facilitates entry of HIV into cells. Evidence that CCR5 knockout mice display fewer dopamine neurons, lower striatal dopamine levels, and reduced locomotor activation compared to wild types also suggest a link between CCR5 receptors and cocaine dependence. Here, we tested the hypothesis using male Sprague-Dawley rats that cocaine-induced locomotor activation and conditioned place preference (CPP) are inhibited by a FDA-approved CCR5 antagonist (maraviroc), and that CCR5 gene expression in mesolimbic substrates is enhanced by repeated cocaine exposure. Pretreatment with maraviroc (1, 2.5, 5 mg/kg, IP) reduced hyperlocomotion induced by acute cocaine (10 mg/kg) without affecting spontaneous locomotor activity. For CPP experiments, rats conditioned with cocaine (10 mg/kg × 4 days, IP) were injected with maraviroc (1, 2.5, 5 mg/kg, IP) before each injection of cocaine. Maraviroc dose-dependently inhibited development of cocaine CPP, with a dose of 5 mg/kg producing a significant reduction. In rats treated repeatedly with cocaine (10 mg/kg × 4 days, IP), CCR5 gene expression was upregulated in the nucleus accumbens and ventral tegmental area but mRNA levels of CCR5 ligands (i.e., CCL3, CCL4 and CCL5) were not affected. Our results suggest that mesolimbic CCR5 receptors are dysregulated by cocaine exposure and, similar to CXCR4 and CCR2 receptors, influence behavioral effects related to the abuse liability of cocaine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil U Nayak
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Stephanie Cicalese
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Chris Tallarida
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Chicora F. Oliver
- Department of Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Scott M. Rawls
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA,Department of Pharmacology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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14
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Kustrimovic N, Marino F, Cosentino M. Peripheral Immunity, Immunoaging and Neuroinflammation in Parkinson's Disease. Curr Med Chem 2019; 26:3719-3753. [PMID: 30306855 DOI: 10.2174/0929867325666181009161048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Revised: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder among elderly population, characterized by the progressive degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the midbrain. To date, exact cause remains unknown and the mechanism of neurons death uncertain. It is typically considered as a disease of central nervous system (CNS). Nevertheless, numerous evidence has been accumulated in several past years testifying undoubtedly about the principal role of neuroinflammation in progression of PD. Neuroinflammation is mainly associated with presence of activated microglia in brain and elevated levels of cytokine levels in CNS. Nevertheless, active participation of immune system as well has been noted, such as, elevated levels of cytokine levels in blood, the presence of auto antibodies, and the infiltration of T cell in CNS. Moreover, infiltration and reactivation of those T cells could exacerbate neuroinflammation to greater neurotoxic levels. Hence, peripheral inflammation is able to prime microglia into pro-inflammatory phenotype, which can trigger stronger response in CNS further perpetuating the on-going neurodegenerative process. In the present review, the interplay between neuroinflammation and the peripheral immune response in the pathobiology of PD will be discussed. First of all, an overview of regulation of microglial activation and neuroinflammation is summarized and discussed. Afterwards, we try to collectively analyze changes that occurs in peripheral immune system of PD patients, suggesting that these peripheral immune challenges can exacerbate the process of neuroinflammation and hence the symptoms of the disease. In the end, we summarize some of proposed immunotherapies for treatment of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasa Kustrimovic
- Center of Research in Medical Pharmacology, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Franca Marino
- Center of Research in Medical Pharmacology, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Marco Cosentino
- Center of Research in Medical Pharmacology, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
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15
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Hamm-Alvarez SF, Okamoto CT, Janga SR, Feigenbaum D, Edman MC, Freire D, Shah M, Ghanshani R, Mack WJ, Lew MF. Oligomeric α-synuclein is increased in basal tears of Parkinson's patients. Biomark Med 2019; 13:941-952. [PMID: 31262201 DOI: 10.2217/bmm-2019-0167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Secretion of proteins into basal tears of Parkinson's disease (PD) patients may be altered by changes in nerve function. Materials & methods: Oligomeric α-SynOligo and total α-SynTotal, CCL-2, DJ-1, LF and MMP-9 were measured in basal tears from 93 PD patients and 82 age- and sex-equivalent healthy controls. Results: α-SynTotal was decreased (p = 0.0043), whereas α-SynOligo (p < 0.0001) and the ratio of α-SynOligo/α-SynTotal (p < 0.0001) were increased in basal tears from PD patients compared with healthy controls. Area under receiver-operating curves of α-SynOligo and α-SynOligo/α-SynTotal contents were 0.70 (95% confidence limits: 0.621-0.774) and 0.72 (95% confidence limits: 0.642-0.792). Conclusion: PD patient basal tears may contain biomarkers that can be assayed noninvasively and inexpensively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah F Hamm-Alvarez
- Department of Ophthalmology & Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90033-6103, USA.,Department of Pharmacology & Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Los Angeles, CA 90033-6103, USA
| | - Curtis T Okamoto
- Department of Pharmacology & Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Los Angeles, CA 90033-6103, USA
| | - Srikanth R Janga
- Department of Ophthalmology & Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90033-6103, USA
| | - Danielle Feigenbaum
- Department of Neurology, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90033-6103, USA
| | - Maria C Edman
- Department of Ophthalmology & Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90033-6103, USA
| | - Daniel Freire
- Department of Neurology, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90033-6103, USA
| | - Mihir Shah
- Department of Ophthalmology & Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90033-6103, USA
| | - Raveena Ghanshani
- Department of Ophthalmology & Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90033-6103, USA.,Department of Neurology, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90033-6103, USA
| | - Wendy J Mack
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033-6103, USA
| | - Mark F Lew
- Department of Neurology, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90033-6103, USA
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16
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Artelsmair M, Miranda-Azpiazu P, Kingston L, Bergare J, Schou M, Varrone A, Elmore CS. Synthesis, 3 H-labelling and in vitro evaluation of a substituted dipiperidine alcohol as a potential ligand for chemokine receptor 2. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2019; 62:265-279. [PMID: 30937946 PMCID: PMC6617762 DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.3731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The immune system is implicated in the pathology of neurodegenerative disorders. The C‐C chemokine receptor 2 (CCR2) is one of the key targets involved in the activation of the immune system. A suitable ligand for CCR2 could be a useful tool to study immune activation in central nervous system (CNS) disorders. Herein, we describe the synthesis, tritium radiolabelling, and preliminary in vitro evaluation in post‐mortem human brain tissue of a known potent small molecule antagonist for CCR2. The preparation of a tritium‐labelled analogue for the autoradiography (ARG) study gave rise to an intriguing and unexpected side reaction profile through a novel amination of ethanol and methanol in the presence of tritium. After successful preparation of the tritiated radioligand, in vitro ARG measurements on human brain sections revealed nonspecific binding properties of the selected antagonist in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Artelsmair
- Early Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Patricia Miranda-Azpiazu
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre of Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lee Kingston
- Early Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jonas Bergare
- Early Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Magnus Schou
- PET Science Centre, Precision Medicine and Genomics, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andrea Varrone
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre of Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Charles S Elmore
- Early Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
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17
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Liu JQ, Chu SF, Zhou X, Zhang DY, Chen NH. Role of chemokines in Parkinson's disease. Brain Res Bull 2019; 152:11-18. [PMID: 31136787 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2019.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2018] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a chronic progressive neurodegenerative disorder with an increasing incidence year by year, particularly as the population ages. The most common neuropathologic manifestation in patients with Parkinson's disease is dopamine neurons degeneration and loss in substantia nigra of middle brain. The main neurochemistry problem is the lack of the neurotransmitter dopamine. Clinically, PD patients may also have higher levels of glutamate, gamma-aminobutyric acid, acetylcholine and other neurotransmitters. At present, many data have shown that some chemokines are involved in regulating the release and transmission of neurotransmitters, and the growth and development of related neurons. In recent years, most of the studies relative to PD is based on immune and inflammatory mechanisms, and chemokines is also the focus on this mechanism. Chemokines are a class of cytokines that have definite chemotaxis effects on the different target cells. They might be involved in the pathogenesis of PD by inducing neuronal apoptosis and microglia activation. Clinical data has shown that the levels of chemokines in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid of PD patients have corresponding changes compared with the healthy persons. This review summarizes recent studies on chemokines and their receptors in Parkinson's disease: (i) to explore the role of chemokines in Parkinson's disease; (ii) to provide new indicators for clinical diagnosis of PD; (iii) to provide new targets for drug research and development in the treatment of Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Qi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica & Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China; Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Shi-Feng Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica & Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Xin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica & Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Da-Yong Zhang
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Nai-Hong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica & Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China.
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18
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Tansey MG, Romero-Ramos M. Immune system responses in Parkinson's disease: Early and dynamic. Eur J Neurosci 2019; 49:364-383. [PMID: 30474172 PMCID: PMC6391192 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The neuropathological hallmarks of Parkinson's disease (PD) are the degeneration and death of dopamine-producing neurons in the ventral midbrain, the widespread intraneuronal aggregation of alpha-synuclein (α) in Lewy bodies and neurites, neuroinflammation, and gliosis. Signs of microglia activation in the PD brain postmortem as well as during disease development revealed by neuroimaging, implicate immune responses in the pathophysiology of the disease. Intensive research during the last two decades has advanced our understanding of the role of these responses in the disease process, yet many questions remain unanswered. A transformative finding in the field has been the confirmation that in vivo microglia are able to respond directly to pathological a-syn aggregates but also to neuronal dysfunction due to intraneuronal a-syn toxicity well in advance of neuronal death. In addition, clinical research and disease models have revealed the involvement of both the innate and adaptive immune systems. Indeed, the data suggest that PD leads not only to a microglia response, but also to a cellular and humoral peripheral immune response. Together, these findings compel us to consider a more holistic view of the immunological processes associated with the disease. Central and peripheral immune responses aimed at maintaining neuronal health will ultimately have consequences on neuronal survival. We will review here the most significant findings that have contributed to the current understanding of the immune response in PD, which is proposed to occur early, involve peripheral and brain immune cells, evolve as neuronal dysfunction progresses, and is likely to influence disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malú G Tansey
- Department of Physiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Marina Romero-Ramos
- Department of Biomedicine, Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience - DANDRITE, Nordic-EMBL Partnership for Molecular Medicine, & AU IDEAS center NEURODIN, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
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19
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Murthy MN, Ramachandra NB. Prioritization of differentially expressed genes in Substantia nigra transcriptomes of Parkinson's disease reveals key protein interactions and pathways. Meta Gene 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mgene.2017.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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20
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Differential contribution of microglia and monocytes in neurodegenerative diseases. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2017; 125:809-826. [PMID: 29063348 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-017-1795-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is a hallmark of neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Microglia, the innate immune cells of the CNS, are the first to react to pathological insults. However, multiple studies have also demonstrated an involvement of peripheral monocytes in several neurodegenerative diseases. Due to the different origins of these two cell types, it is important to distinguish their role and function in the development and progression of these diseases. In this review, we will summarize and discuss the current knowledge of the differential contributions of microglia and monocytes in the common neurodegenerative diseases AD, PD, and ALS, as well as multiple sclerosis, which is now regarded as a combination of inflammatory processes and neurodegeneration. Until recently, it has been challenging to differentiate microglia from monocytes, as there were no specific markers. Therefore, the recent identification of specific molecular signatures of both cell types will help to advance our understanding of their differential contribution in neurodegenerative diseases.
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21
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Kaur K, Gill JS, Bansal PK, Deshmukh R. Neuroinflammation - A major cause for striatal dopaminergic degeneration in Parkinson's disease. J Neurol Sci 2017; 381:308-314. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2017.08.3251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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22
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Jewett M, Jimenez-Ferrer I, Swanberg M. Astrocytic Expression of GSTA4 Is Associated to Dopaminergic Neuroprotection in a Rat 6-OHDA Model of Parkinson's Disease. Brain Sci 2017; 7:brainsci7070073. [PMID: 28672859 PMCID: PMC5532586 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci7070073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Revised: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a complex disease caused by multiple, mainly unknown, genetic and environmental factors. The Ventral root avulsion 1 (Vra1) locus on rat chromosome 8 includes the Glutathione S-transferase alpha 4 (Gsta4) gene and has been identified in crosses between Dark Agouti (DA) and Piebald Virol Glaxo (PVG) rat strains as being associated to neurodegeneration after nerve and brain injury. The Gsta4 protein clears lipid peroxidation by-products, a process suggested to being implicated in PD. We therefore investigated whether PVG alleles in Vra1 are neuroprotective in a toxin-induced model of PD and if this effect is coupled to Gsta4. We performed unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) partial lesions in the striatum and compared the extent of neurodegeration in parental (DA) and congenic (DA.VRA1) rats. At 8 weeks after 6-OHDA lesion, DA.VRA1 rats displayed a higher density of remaining dopaminergic fibers in the dorsolateral striatum compared to DA rats (44% vs. 23%, p < 0.01), indicating that Vra1 alleles derived from the PVG strain protect dopaminergic neurons from 6-OHDA toxicity. Gsta4 gene expression levels in the striatum and midbrain were higher in DA.VRA1 congenic rats compared to DA at 2 days post-lesion (p < 0.05). The GSTA4 protein co-localized with astrocytic marker GFAP, but not with neuronal marker NeuN or microglial marker IBA1, suggesting astrocyte-specific expression. This is the first report on Vra1 protective effects on dopaminergic neurodegeneration and encourages further studies on Gsta4 in relation to PD susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Jewett
- Translational Neurogenetics Unit, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, BMC A10, Sölvegatan 17, 221 84 Lund, Sweden.
| | - Itzia Jimenez-Ferrer
- Translational Neurogenetics Unit, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, BMC A10, Sölvegatan 17, 221 84 Lund, Sweden.
| | - Maria Swanberg
- Translational Neurogenetics Unit, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, BMC A10, Sölvegatan 17, 221 84 Lund, Sweden.
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23
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Parillaud VR, Lornet G, Monnet Y, Privat AL, Haddad AT, Brochard V, Bekaert A, de Chanville CB, Hirsch EC, Combadière C, Hunot S, Lobsiger CS. Analysis of monocyte infiltration in MPTP mice reveals that microglial CX3CR1 protects against neurotoxic over-induction of monocyte-attracting CCL2 by astrocytes. J Neuroinflammation 2017; 14:60. [PMID: 28320442 PMCID: PMC5359822 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-017-0830-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Evidence from mice suggests that brain infiltrating immune cells contribute to neurodegeneration, and we previously identified a deleterious lymphocyte infiltration in Parkinson’s disease mice. However, this remains controversial for monocytes, due to artifact-prone techniques used to distinguish them from microglia. Our aim was to reassess this open question, by taking advantage of the recent recognition that chemokine receptors CCR2 and CX3CR1 can differentiate between inflammatory monocytes and microglia, enabling to test whether CCR2+ monocytes infiltrate the brain during dopaminergic (DA) neurodegeneration and whether they contribute to neuronal death. This revealed unexpected insights into possible regulation of monocyte-attracting CCL2 induction. Methods We used acute 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) mice and assessed monocyte infiltration by combining laser microdissection-guided chemokine RNA profiling of the substantia nigra (SN) with immunohistochemistry and CCR2-GFP reporter mice. To determine contribution to neuronal loss, we used CCR2-deletion and CCL2-overexpression, to reduce and increase CCR2+ monocyte infiltration, and CX3CR1-deletion to assess a potential implication in CCL2 regulation. Results Nigral chemokine profiling revealed early CCL2/7/12-CCR2 axis induction, suggesting monocyte infiltration in MPTP mice. CCL2 protein showed early peak induction in nigral astrocytes, while CCR2-GFP mice revealed early but limited nigral monocyte infiltration. However, blocking infiltration by CCR2 deletion did not influence DA neuronal loss. In contrast, transgenic astrocytic CCL2 over-induction increased CCR2+ monocyte infiltration and DA neuronal loss in MPTP mice. Surprisingly, CCL2 over-induction was also detected in MPTP intoxicated CX3CR1-deleted mice, which are known to present increased DA neuronal loss. Importantly, CX3CR1/CCL2 double-deletion suggested that increased neurotoxicity was driven by astrocytic CCL2 over-induction. Conclusions We show that CCR2+ monocytes infiltrate the affected CNS, but at the level observed in acute MPTP mice, this does not contribute to DA neuronal loss. In contrast, the underlying astrocytic CCL2 induction seemed to be tightly controled, as already moderate CCL2 over-induction led to increased neurotoxicity in MPTP mice, likely due to the increased CCR2+ monocyte infiltration. Importantly, we found evidence suggesting that during DA neurodegeneration, this control was mediated by microglial CX3CR1 signaling, which protects against such neurotoxic CCL2 over-induction by astrocytes, thus hinting at an endogenous mechanism to limit neurotoxic effects of the CCL2-CCR2 axis. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12974-017-0830-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent R Parillaud
- Inserm, U 1127, F-75013, Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR 7225, F-75013, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR S 1127, F-75013, Paris, France.,Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Guillaume Lornet
- Inserm, U 1127, F-75013, Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR 7225, F-75013, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR S 1127, F-75013, Paris, France.,Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, F-75013, Paris, France.,Present address: VIB Inflammation Research Center, Laboratory of Immunoregulation and Mucosal Immunology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Yann Monnet
- Inserm, U 1127, F-75013, Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR 7225, F-75013, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR S 1127, F-75013, Paris, France.,Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Anne-Laure Privat
- Inserm, U 1127, F-75013, Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR 7225, F-75013, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR S 1127, F-75013, Paris, France.,Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Andrei T Haddad
- Inserm, U 1127, F-75013, Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR 7225, F-75013, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR S 1127, F-75013, Paris, France.,Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Vanessa Brochard
- Inserm, U 1127, F-75013, Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR 7225, F-75013, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR S 1127, F-75013, Paris, France.,Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Amaury Bekaert
- Inserm, U 1127, F-75013, Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR 7225, F-75013, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR S 1127, F-75013, Paris, France.,Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Camille Baudesson de Chanville
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Inserm U 1135, CNRS, ERL 8255, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI-Paris), Paris, France
| | - Etienne C Hirsch
- Inserm, U 1127, F-75013, Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR 7225, F-75013, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR S 1127, F-75013, Paris, France.,Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Christophe Combadière
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Inserm U 1135, CNRS, ERL 8255, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI-Paris), Paris, France
| | - Stéphane Hunot
- Inserm, U 1127, F-75013, Paris, France. .,CNRS, UMR 7225, F-75013, Paris, France. .,Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR S 1127, F-75013, Paris, France. .,Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, F-75013, Paris, France.
| | - Christian S Lobsiger
- Inserm, U 1127, F-75013, Paris, France. .,CNRS, UMR 7225, F-75013, Paris, France. .,Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR S 1127, F-75013, Paris, France. .,Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, F-75013, Paris, France.
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Nurr1 overexpression exerts neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory roles via down-regulating CCL2 expression in both in vivo and in vitro Parkinson's disease models. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 482:1312-1319. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.12.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Machado V, Zöller T, Attaai A, Spittau B. Microglia-Mediated Neuroinflammation and Neurotrophic Factor-Induced Protection in the MPTP Mouse Model of Parkinson's Disease-Lessons from Transgenic Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17020151. [PMID: 26821015 PMCID: PMC4783885 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17020151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Revised: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease characterised by histopathological and biochemical manifestations such as loss of midbrain dopaminergic (DA) neurons and decrease in dopamine levels accompanied by a concomitant neuroinflammatory response in the affected brain regions. Over the past decades, the use of toxin-based animal models has been crucial to elucidate disease pathophysiology, and to develop therapeutic approaches aimed to alleviate its motor symptoms. Analyses of transgenic mice deficient for cytokines, chemokine as well as neurotrophic factors and their respective receptors in the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) model of PD have broadened the current knowledge of neuroinflammation and neurotrophic support. Here, we provide a comprehensive review that summarises the contribution of microglia-mediated neuroinflammation in MPTP-induced neurodegeneration. Moreover, we highlight the contribution of neurotrophic factors as endogenous and/or exogenous molecules to slow the progression of midbrain dopaminergic (mDA) neurons and further discuss the potential of combined therapeutic approaches employing neuroinflammation modifying agents and neurotrophic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venissa Machado
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Molecular Embryology, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Albertstraße 17, Freiburg 79104, Germany.
- Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine (SGBM), Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Albertstraße 19A, Freiburg 79104, Germany.
- Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 1, Freiburg 79104, Germany.
| | - Tanja Zöller
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Molecular Embryology, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Albertstraße 17, Freiburg 79104, Germany.
- Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 1, Freiburg 79104, Germany.
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Neuroanatomy, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Albertstraße 17, Freiburg 79104, Germany.
| | - Abdelraheim Attaai
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Molecular Embryology, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Albertstraße 17, Freiburg 79104, Germany.
- Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 1, Freiburg 79104, Germany.
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut 71526, Egypt.
| | - Björn Spittau
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Molecular Embryology, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Albertstraße 17, Freiburg 79104, Germany.
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Ahmed HH, Metwally FM, Khalil WKB, Aglan HA. Bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells: A unique cytotherapy for rescuing degenerated dopaminergic neurons. NEUROCHEM J+ 2015. [DOI: 10.1134/s1819712415040029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Taka E, Mazzio EA, Goodman CB, Redmon N, Flores-Rozas H, Reams R, Darling-Reed S, Soliman KFA. Anti-inflammatory effects of thymoquinone in activated BV-2 microglial cells. J Neuroimmunol 2015; 286:5-12. [PMID: 26298318 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2015.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Revised: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Thymoquinone (TQ), the main pharmacological active ingredient within the black cumin seed (Nigella sativa) is believed to be responsible for the therapeutic effects on chronic inflammatory conditions such as arthritis, asthma and neurodegeneration. In this study, we evaluated the potential anti-inflammatory role of TQ in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated BV-2 murine microglia cells. The results obtained indicate that TQ was effective in reducing NO2(-) with an IC50 of 5.04μM, relative to selective iNOS inhibitor LNIL-l-N6-(1-iminoethyl)lysine (IC50 4.09μM). TQ mediated reduction in NO2(-) was found to parallel the decline of iNOS protein expression as confirmed by immunocytochemistry. In addition, we evaluated the anti-inflammatory effects of TQ on ninety-six (96) cytokines using a RayBio AAM-CYT-3 and 4 cytokine antibody protein array. Data obtained establish a baseline protein expression profile characteristic of resting BV-2 cells in the order of osteopontin>MIP-1alpha>MIP-1g>IGF-1 and MCP-I. In the presence of LPS [1ug/ml], activated BV-2 cells produced a sharp rise in specific pro-inflammatory cytokines/chemokine's IL-6, IL-12p40/70, CCL12 /MCP-5, CCL2/MCP-1, and G-CSF which were attenuated by the addition of TQ (10μM). The TQ mediated attenuation of MCP-5, MCP-1 and IL-6 protein in supernatants from activated BV-2 cells were corroborated by independent ELISA. Moreover, the data obtained from the RT(2) PCR demonstrated a similar pattern where the LPS mediated elevation of mRNA for IL-6, CCL12/MCP-5, CCL2/MCP-1 were significantly attenuated by TQ (10μM). Also, in this study, consistent data were obtained for both protein antibody array densitometry and ELISA assays. In addition, TQ was found to reduce LPS mediated elevation in gene expression of Cxcl10 and a number of other cytokines in the panel. These findings demonstrate the significant anti-inflammatory properties of TQ in LPS activated microglial cells. Therefore, the obtained results might indicate the usefulness of TQ in delaying the onset of inflammation-mediated neurodegenerative disorders involving activated microglia cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Equar Taka
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL 32307, United States
| | - Elizabeth A Mazzio
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL 32307, United States
| | - Carl B Goodman
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL 32307, United States
| | - Natalie Redmon
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL 32307, United States
| | - Hernan Flores-Rozas
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL 32307, United States
| | - Renee Reams
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL 32307, United States
| | - Selina Darling-Reed
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL 32307, United States
| | - Karam F A Soliman
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL 32307, United States.
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Valera E, Mante M, Anderson S, Rockenstein E, Masliah E. Lenalidomide reduces microglial activation and behavioral deficits in a transgenic model of Parkinson's disease. J Neuroinflammation 2015; 12:93. [PMID: 25966683 PMCID: PMC4432827 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-015-0320-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parkinson's disease (PD) is one of the most common causes of dementia and motor deficits in the elderly. PD is characterized by the abnormal accumulation of the synaptic protein alpha-synuclein (α-syn) and degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in substantia nigra, which leads to neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation. Currently, there are no disease modifying alternatives for PD; however, targeting neuroinflammation might be a viable option for reducing motor deficits and neurodegeneration. Lenalidomide is a thalidomide derivative designed for reduced toxicity and increased immunomodulatory properties. Lenalidomide has shown protective effects in an animal model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and its mechanism of action involves modulation of cytokine production and inhibition of NF-κB signaling. METHODS In order to assess the effect of lenalidomide in an animal model of PD, mThy1-α-syn transgenic mice were treated with lenalidomide or the parent molecule thalidomide at 100 mg/kg for 4 weeks. RESULTS Lenalidomide reduced motor behavioral deficits and ameliorated dopaminergic fiber loss in the striatum. This protective action was accompanied by a reduction in microgliosis both in striatum and hippocampus. Central expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines was diminished in lenalidomide-treated transgenic animals, together with reduction in NF-κB activation. CONCLUSION These results support the therapeutic potential of lenalidomide for reducing maladaptive neuroinflammation in PD and related neuropathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvira Valera
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0624, USA.
| | - Michael Mante
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0624, USA.
| | - Scott Anderson
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0624, USA.
| | - Edward Rockenstein
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0624, USA.
| | - Eliezer Masliah
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0624, USA. .,Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0624, USA.
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The chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 in neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2014; 824:209-19. [PMID: 25039002 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-07320-0_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Among all the chemokines known so far, chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (CCL2) is probably the best characterized. This is mainly due to the therapeutic potential attributed to its regulation. The suppression of CCL2 function may reduce the attraction of immune cells to the sites of inflammation and therefore slow down the progression of inflammation and the tissue damage that may be associated to it. While this has proven to be right in diverse conditions, it has also been described to have deleterious consequences such as a dual effect that is also frequently observed in other endogenous defense systems. This review discusses current knowledge about CCL2 involvement in different neurodegenerative diseases as well as its anti-inflammatory and neuro-protective actions.
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Cudaback E, Yang Y, Montine TJ, Keene CD. APOE genotype-dependent modulation of astrocyte chemokine CCL3 production. Glia 2014; 63:51-65. [PMID: 25092803 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Apolipoprotein E (apoE) is well known as a regulator of cholesterol homeostasis, and is increasingly recognized to play a prominent role in the modulation of innate immune response, including cell-to-cell communication and migration. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a slowly progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by neuroinflammation that appears to be an important component of the pathophysiology of the disease. Astrocytes are the majority cell type in brain, exerting significant influence over a range of central nervous system activities, including microglial-mediated neuroinflammatory responses. As the resident innate immune effector cells of the brain, microglia respond to soluble chemical signals released from tissue during injury and disease by mobilizing to lesion sites, clearing toxic molecules, and releasing chemical signals of their own. While microglial-mediated neuroinflammation in the AD brain remains an area of intense investigation, the mechanisms underlying reinforcement and regulation of these aberrant microglial responses by astrocytes are largely unstudied. Moreover, although inheritance of APOE ɛ4 represents the greatest genetic risk factor for sporadic AD, the mechanism by which apoE isoforms differentially influence AD pathophysiology is unknown. Here we show that APOE ɛ4 genotype specifically modulates astrocyte secretion of potent microglial chemotactic agents, including CCL3, thus providing evidence that APOE modulation of central nervous system (CNS) innate immune response is mediated through astrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiron Cudaback
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
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Gómez-Nicola D, Schetters STT, Perry VH. Differential role of CCR2 in the dynamics of microglia and perivascular macrophages during prion disease. Glia 2014; 62:1041-52. [PMID: 24648328 PMCID: PMC4324129 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Revised: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The expansion of the microglial population is one of the hallmarks of numerous brain disorders. The addition of circulating progenitors to the pool of brain macrophages can contribute to the progression of brain disease and needs to be precisely defined to better understand the evolution of the glial and inflammatory reactions in the brain. We have analyzed the degree of infiltration/recruitment of circulating monocytes to the microglial pool, in a prion disease model of chronic neurodegeneration. Our results indicate a minimal/absent level of CCR2-dependent recruitment of circulating monocytes, local proliferation of microglia is the main driving force maintaining the amplification of the population. A deficiency in CCR2, and thus the absence of recruitment of circulating monocytes, does not impact microglial dynamics, the inflammatory profile or the temporal behavioral course of prion disease. However, the lack of CCR2 has unexpected effects including the failure to recruit perivascular macrophages in diseased but not healthy CNS and a small reduction in microglia proliferation. These data define the composition of the CNS-resident macrophage populations in prion disease and will help to understand the dynamics of the CNS innate immune response during chronic neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Gómez-Nicola
- Centre for Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, United Kingdom
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Janelidze S, Ventorp F, Erhardt S, Hansson O, Minthon L, Flax J, Samuelsson M, Traskman-Bendz L, Brundin L. Altered chemokine levels in the cerebrospinal fluid and plasma of suicide attempters. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2013; 38:853-62. [PMID: 23062672 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2012.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2012] [Revised: 09/14/2012] [Accepted: 09/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Chemokines constitute a class of small inflammatory proteins that control the chemotaxis of leukocytes. They are also present in the central nervous system (CNS) and contribute to diverse physiological functions, such as the regulation of cell migration, axonal growth and neuronal survival. It is to date not known whether chemokines in the CNS are affected in psychiatric disorders. In this study, chemokine levels were measured in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of 137 psychiatric patients in conjunction to a suicide attempt, and 43 healthy controls. A subgroup of patients (n = 42) was followed up with blood samples 12 years after the initial CSF collection, when they did not show suicidal behavior. The follow-up chemokine levels were compared to those of psychiatric patients (n = 17) who had never attempted suicide. Ultra-sensitive chemokine multiplex immunoassay was used to quantify eotaxin-1 (CCL11), interferon gamma-induced protein-10 (IP-10, CXCL10), macrophage inflammatory protein-1β (MIP-1β, CCL4), monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1, CCL2), MCP-4 (CCL13) and thymus and activation regulated chemokine (TARC, CCL17). Patients were diagnosed using DSM-III-R/DSM-IV, and assessed using the Comprehensive Psychopathological Rating Scale (CPRS), including subscales, and the Suicidal Intent Scale (SIS). CSF eotaxin-1, MIP-1β, MCP-1, MCP-4 and TARC were significantly lower in suicide attempters than in healthy controls. Low chemokine levels were specifically associated with psychotic symptoms and pain. In the samples collected at follow-up, TARC was significantly lower in suicide attempters compared to psychiatric patients who had never attempted suicide. We also found a positive correlation between blood TARC and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels. Our study thus provides evidence of reduced chemokine levels in suicide attempters, both in the acute suicidal setting, and at long-term, compared to non-attempters. These results warrant future studies on the detailed neurobiological functions of chemokines in psychiatric patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shorena Janelidze
- Psychoimmunology Unit, Section for Psychiatry, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
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Barcia C, Mitxitorena I, Carrillo-de Sauvage MA, Gallego JM, Pérez-Vallés A, Barcia C. Imaging the microanatomy of astrocyte-T-cell interactions in immune-mediated inflammation. Front Cell Neurosci 2013; 7:58. [PMID: 23641198 PMCID: PMC3639405 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2013.00058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2013] [Accepted: 04/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of astrocytes in the immune-mediated inflammatory response in the brain is more prominent than previously thought. Astrocytes become reactive in response to neuro-inflammatory stimuli through multiple pathways, contributing significantly to the machinery that modifies the parenchymal environment. In particular, astrocytic signaling induces the establishment of critical relationships with infiltrating blood cells, such as lymphocytes, which is a fundamental process for an effective immune response. The interaction between astrocytes and T-cells involves complex modifications to both cell types, which undergo micro-anatomical changes and the redistribution of their binding and secretory domains. These modifications are critical for different immunological responses, such as for the effectiveness of the T-cell response, for the specific infiltration of these cells and their homing in the brain parenchyma, and for their correct apposition with antigen-presenting cells (APCs) to form immunological synapses (ISs). In this article, we review the current knowledge of the interactions between T-cells and astrocytes in the context of immune-mediated inflammation in the brain, based on the micro-anatomical imaging of these appositions by high-resolution confocal microscopy and three-dimensional rendering. The study of these dynamic interactions using detailed technical approaches contributes to understanding the function of astrocytes in inflammatory responses and paves the way for new therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Barcia
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hospital General Universitari de València València, Spain
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Taylor JM, Main BS, Crack PJ. Neuroinflammation and oxidative stress: Co-conspirators in the pathology of Parkinson’s disease. Neurochem Int 2013; 62:803-19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2012.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2012] [Revised: 12/20/2012] [Accepted: 12/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Réaux-Le Goazigo A, Van Steenwinckel J, Rostène W, Mélik Parsadaniantz S. Current status of chemokines in the adult CNS. Prog Neurobiol 2013; 104:67-92. [PMID: 23454481 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2013.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2012] [Revised: 02/01/2013] [Accepted: 02/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Chemokines - chemotactic cytokines - are small secreted proteins that attract and activate immune and non-immune cells in vitro and in vivo. It has been suggested that chemokines and their receptors play a role in the central nervous system (CNS), in addition to their well established role in the immune system. We focus here on three chemokines-CXCL12 (C-X-C motif ligand 12), CCL2 (C-C motif ligand 2), and CX3CL1 (C-X-3C motif ligand 1) - and their principal receptors - CXCR4 (C-X-C motif receptor 4), CCR2 (C-C motif receptor 2) and CX3CR1 (C-X-3C motif receptor 1), respectively. We first introduce the classification of chemokines and their G-protein coupled receptors and the main signaling pathways triggered by receptor activation. We then discuss the cellular distribution of CXCL12/CXCR4, CCL2/CCR2 and CX3CL1/CX3CR1 in adult brain and the neurotransmission and neuromodulation effects controlled by these chemokines in the adult CNS. Changes in the expression of CXCL12, CCL2 and CX3CL1 and their respective receptors are also increasingly being implicated in the pathogenesis of CNS disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, HIV-associated encephalopathy, stroke and multiple sclerosis, and are therefore plausible targets for future pharmacological intervention. The final section thus discusses the role of these chemokines in these pathophysiological states. In conclusion, the role of these chemokines in cellular communication may make it possible: (i) to identify new pathways of neuron-neuron, glia-glia or neuron-glia communications relevant to both normal brain function and neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases; (ii) to develop new therapeutic approaches for currently untreatable brain diseases.
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Funk N, Wieghofer P, Grimm S, Schaefer R, Bühring HJ, Gasser T, Biskup S. Characterization of peripheral hematopoietic stem cells and monocytes in Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 2013; 28:392-5. [PMID: 23401086 DOI: 10.1002/mds.25300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2012] [Revised: 10/20/2012] [Accepted: 10/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emerging evidence has highlighted the pivotal role of the immune system in neurodegenerative diseases. This study investigated the impact of progressive neurodegeneration on the differentiation and development of hematopoietic stem cells in the peripheral blood of Parkinson's patients. METHODS A colony-forming cell assay was established to study hematopoietic stem cells from venous blood of Parkinson's patients, and flow cytometry was used to analyze the expression of chemokine receptors on monocytes. RESULTS We demonstrate that there is strong upregulation in the percentage of monocyte precursors in the peripheral blood of Parkinson's patients and asymptomatic high-risk individuals. We identify the receptor CCR2 as undergoing strong upregulation on the surface of classical monocytes in Parkinson's patients. CONCLUSIONS The association between blood cell development and progressive cell death in the brain of Parkinson's patients should be further investigated as a potential dynamic biomarker and indicator of disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalja Funk
- Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Tuebingen, Germany
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Abstract
While immune responses in neurodegeneration were regarded as little more than a curiosity a decade ago, they are now increasingly moving toward center stage. Factors driving this movement include the recognition that most of the relevant immune molecules are produced within the brain, that microglia are proficient immune cells shaping neuronal circuitry and fate, and that systemic immune responses affect brain function. We will review this complex field from the perspective of neurons, extra-neuronal brain cells, and the systemic environment and highlight the possibility that cell intrinsic innate immune molecules in neurons may function in neurodegenerative processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Czirr
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305-5489, USA
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38
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The CC chemokine receptor 5 regulates olfactory and social recognition in mice. Neuroscience 2011; 197:153-61. [PMID: 21963866 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.09.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2011] [Revised: 09/19/2011] [Accepted: 09/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Chemokines are chemotactic cytokines that regulate cell migration and are thought to play an important role in a broad range of inflammatory diseases. The availability of chemokine receptor blockers makes them an important therapeutic target. In vitro, chemokines are shown to modulate neurotransmission. However, it is not very clear if chemokines play a role in behavior and cognition. Here we evaluated the role of CC chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5) in various behavioral tasks in mice using Wt (Ccr5⁺/⁺) and Ccr5-null (Ccr5⁻/⁻)mice. Ccr5⁻/⁻ mice showed enhanced social recognition. Administration of CC chemokine ligand 3 (CCL3), one of the CCR5-ligands, impaired social recognition. Since the social recognition task is dependent on the sense of olfaction, we tested olfactory recognition for social and non-social scents in these mice. Ccr5⁻/⁻ mice had enhanced olfactory recognition for both these scents indicating that enhanced performance in social recognition task could be due to enhanced olfactory recognition in these mice. Spatial memory and aversive memory were comparable in Wt and Ccr5⁻/⁻ mice. Collectively, these results suggest that chemokines/chemokine receptors might play an important role in olfactory recognition tasks in mice and to our knowledge represents the first direct demonstration of an in vivo role of CCR5 in modulating social behavior in mice. These studies are important as CCR5 blockers are undergoing clinical trials and can potentially modulate behavior.
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Scalzo P, de Miranda AS, Guerra Amaral DC, de Carvalho Vilela M, Cardoso F, Teixeira AL. Serum levels of chemokines in Parkinson's disease. Neuroimmunomodulation 2011; 18:240-4. [PMID: 21430395 DOI: 10.1159/000323779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2010] [Accepted: 12/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Neuroinflammatory processes seem to contribute to the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in Parkinson's disease (PD). Chemokines play a role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases, acting mainly as mediators of leukocyte recruitment to inflammatory sites. The aim of the present study was to compare the serum levels of chemokines between healthy subjects and PD patients and to correlate these levels with the severity of PD. METHODS We used ELISA to measure the levels of CCL3, CCL11, CCL24, CXCL8 and CXCL10 chemokines in the serum of PD patients (n = 47) and age- and gender-matched controls (n = 23). Patients were also clinically evaluated with the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale, the Modified Hoehn and Yahr Staging Scale and the Modified Schwab and England Activities of Daily Living Scale. RESULTS There was no significant difference in serum levels of chemokines between controls and PD patients. There was no correlation between the serum levels of chemokines and the clinical measures of disease severity. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that serum levels of chemokines may not be considered as potential biomarkers of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Scalzo
- Neuroimmunology Group, Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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Tousi NS, Buck DJ, Zecca L, Davis RL. Neuromelanin inhibits CXCL10 expression in human astroglial cells. Neurosci Lett 2010; 486:47-50. [PMID: 20851166 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2010.09.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2010] [Revised: 09/03/2010] [Accepted: 09/14/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence indicates neuroinflammation is instrumental in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD). In PD, there is selective degeneration of neuromelanin (NM)-containing dopamine neurons. Neuromelanin is predominantly cytoprotective within dopaminergic neurons, whereas, NM released from damaged neurons activates microglia. However, the effects of NM on astroglial cells remain largely unknown. Astroglia are essential to neuronal homeostasis and responsive to injury, in part, through secretion of chemokines, including interferon γ inducible protein-10 (CXCL10). Thus, we used an in vitro approach to identify the effects of NM on TNFα-induced CXCL10 expression in human astroglial cells. TNFα-induced CXCL10 expression was inhibited in NM exposed cells. Additionally, TNFα-induced NF-кB activation was inhibited by NM. Given that CXCL10 expression is NF-кB-dependent in human astroglial cells, these findings suggest that NM may inhibit CXCL10 expression, in part, through an NF-кB-dependent mechanism. While the in vivo consequences of NM mediated effects on astroglial CXCL10 expression remain to be fully elucidated, insights obtained in this study further our understanding of the effects of NM on inflammatory signaling in human astroglial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neda Saffarian Tousi
- Department of Pharmacology/Physiology, Oklahoma State University Center for Health Sciences, Tulsa, OK 74107, United States
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T cell-microglial dialogue in Parkinson's disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: are we listening? Trends Immunol 2009; 31:7-17. [PMID: 19879804 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2009.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2009] [Revised: 09/04/2009] [Accepted: 09/08/2009] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is a pathological hallmark in Parkinson's disease (PD) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and is characterized by activated microglia and infiltrating T cells at sites of neuronal injury. In PD and ALS, neurons do not die alone; neuronal injury is non-cell-autonomous and depends on a well-orchestrated dialogue in which neuronally secreted misfolded proteins activate microglia and initiate a self-propagating cycle of neurotoxicity. Diverse populations and phenotypes of CD4(+) T cells crosstalk with microglia, and depending on their activation status, influence this dialogue and promote neuroprotection or neurotoxicity. A greater understanding of the T cell population that mediates these effects, as well as the molecular signals involved should provide targets for neuroprotective immunomodulation to treat these devastating neurodegenerative diseases.
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Sen S, West AB. The therapeutic potential of LRRK2 and alpha-synuclein in Parkinson's disease. Antioxid Redox Signal 2009; 11:2167-87. [PMID: 19271991 PMCID: PMC2787962 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2009.2430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Current treatments for Parkinson's disease fail to modify disease progression, and the underlying pathogenic mechanisms remain elusive. The identification of specific targets responsible for disease will aid in the development of relevant model systems and the discovery of neuroprotective and neurorestorative therapies. Two promising protein candidates, alpha-synuclein and LRRK2, offer unique insight into the molecular basis of disease and the potential to intervene in pathogenesis. Although multiple lines of evidence support alpha-synuclein and LRRK2 as robust targets for therapy, the connection between protein function and neurodegeneration is unclear. Technology capable of mitigating alpha-synuclein and LRRK2 disease-associated function will ultimately be required before the true value of these proteins as therapeutic targets can be discerned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurabh Sen
- Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Neurology, University of Alabama School of Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, USA
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Gordon RJ, McGregor AL, Connor B. Chemokines direct neural progenitor cell migration following striatal cell loss. Mol Cell Neurosci 2009; 41:219-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2009.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2008] [Revised: 02/19/2009] [Accepted: 03/11/2009] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
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Guyon A, Skrzydelski D, De Giry I, Rovère C, Conductier G, Trocello JM, Daugé V, Kitabgi P, Rostène W, Nahon JL, Mélik Parsadaniantz S. Long term exposure to the chemokine CCL2 activates the nigrostriatal dopamine system: a novel mechanism for the control of dopamine release. Neuroscience 2009; 162:1072-80. [PMID: 19477239 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.05.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2009] [Revised: 05/20/2009] [Accepted: 05/20/2009] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence show that chemokines can modulate the activity of neurons through various mechanisms. Recently, we demonstrated that CCR2, the main receptor for the chemokine CCL2, is constitutively expressed in dopamine neurons in the rat substantia nigra. Here we show that unilateral intranigral injections of CCL2 (50 ng) in freely moving rats increase extracellular concentrations of dopamine and its metabolites and decrease dopamine content in the ipsilateral dorsal striatum. Furthermore, these CCL2 injections are responsible for an increase in locomotor activity resulting in contralateral circling behavior. Using patch-clamp recordings of dopaminergic neurons in slices of the rat substantia nigra, we observed that a prolonged exposure (>8 min) to 10 nM CCL2 significantly increases the membrane resistance of dopaminergic neurons by closure of background channels mainly selective to potassium ions. This leads to an enhancement of dopaminergic neuron discharge in pacemaker or burst mode necessary for dopamine release. We provide here the first evidence that application of CCL2 on dopaminergic neurons increases their excitability, dopamine release and related locomotor activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Guyon
- Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS UNSA, UMR, 6097 CNRS, 660 Route des Lucioles, Sophia Antipolis, 06560, Valbonne, France.
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Abstract
Parkinson's disease is characterised by a slow and progressive degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. Despite intensive research, the cause of the neuronal loss in Parkinson's disease is poorly understood. Neuroinflammatory mechanisms might contribute to the cascade of events leading to neuronal degeneration. In this Review, we describe the evidence for neuroinflammatory processes from post-mortem and in vivo studies in Parkinson's disease. We further identify the cellular and molecular events associated with neuroinflammation that are involved in the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in animal models of the disease. Overall, available data support the importance of non-cell-autonomous pathological mechanisms in Parkinson's disease, which are mostly mediated by activated glial and peripheral immune cells. This cellular response to neurodegeneration triggers deleterious events (eg, oxidative stress and cytokine-receptor-mediated apoptosis), which might eventually lead to dopaminergic cell death and hence disease progression. Finally, we highlight possible therapeutic strategies (including immunomodulatory drugs and therapeutic immunisation) aimed at downregulating these inflammatory processes that might be important to slow the progression of Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etienne C Hirsch
- INSERM, UMRS 975, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, Experimental Therapeutics of Neurodegeneration, Paris, France.
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Abstract
Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (CCL2), also known as monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, plays a critical role in leukocyte recruitment and activation. In the present study, we identify an additional role for CCL2 that of neuroprotection against HIV-1 transactivator protein (Tat) toxicity in rat primary midbrain neurons. Furthermore, we report the involvement of transient receptor potential canonical (TRPC) channels in CCL2-mediated neuroprotection. TRPC are Ca(2+)-permeable, nonselective cation channels with a variety of physiological functions. Blockage of TRPC channels resulted in suppression of both CCL2-mediated neuroprotection and intracellular Ca(2+) elevations. Parallel but distinct extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)/cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) and Akt/nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) pathways were involved in the CCL2-mediated neuroprotection. Blocking TRPC channels and specific downregulation of TRPC channels 1 and 5 resulted in suppression of CCL2-induced ERK/CREB activation but not Akt/NF-kappaB activation. In vivo relevance of these findings was further corroborated in wild-type and CCR2 knock-out mice. In the wild-type but not CCR2 knock-out mice, exogenous CCL2 exerted neuroprotection against intrastriatal injection of HIV-1 Tat. These findings clearly demonstrate a novel role of TRPC channels in the protection of neurons against Tat through the CCL2/CCR2 axis.
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Aksenova MV, Aksenov MY, Adams SM, Mactutus CF, Booze RM. Neuronal survival and resistance to HIV-1 Tat toxicity in the primary culture of rat fetal neurons. Exp Neurol 2008; 215:253-63. [PMID: 19013459 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2008.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2008] [Revised: 07/18/2008] [Accepted: 10/10/2008] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
In this study we report that primary cultures of rat fetal neurons contain subpopulations of cells that may be sensitive or resistant to HIV-1 Tat neurotoxicity. We demonstrate that rapid binding/uptake of Tat 1-86 for 2 h was sufficient to trigger caspase activation and neurodegeneration in rat fetal midbrain cell cultures. The uptake of Tat was followed by an increase in MCP1 (CCL2) immunoreactivity. Approximately 70% of neurons were able to survive transient or continuous (7 days) Tat exposure. The surviving neurons did not contain bound/internalized Tat, but were able to interact with Tat after medium replacement. These neurons were resistant to Tat toxicity. In neurons that resisted the toxic effects of continuous and repeated Tat treatment, levels of NR2A subunit of the NMDA receptor complex were significantly lower than in controls. We suggest that the subunit composition of NMDAR complexes may be important for the sensitivity of neurons to Tat toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina V Aksenova
- Program in Behavioral Neuroscience, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
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Monahan AJ, Warren M, Carvey PM. Neuroinflammation and Peripheral Immune Infiltration in Parkinson's Disease: An Autoimmune Hypothesis. Cell Transplant 2008. [DOI: 10.3727/096368908784423328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite decades of research and the development of a large group of animal models, our understanding of the mechanisms responsible for the progressive loss of dopamine neurons in Parkinson's disease (PD) is unknown. So-called neuroprotective studies demonstrate that a vast group of molecules readily attenuate the dopamine (DA) neuron loss produced by DA neurotoxin insult. Despite these successes, these neuroprotective strategies have been surprisingly ineffective in patients. This may reflect the fact that the initial pathogenic event and the subsequent disease progression is a consequence of different mechanisms. As we began to think about this disconnect, we discovered that animals exposed to DA neurotoxins exhibited blood–brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction. If the BBB in PD patients is disrupted, then the barrier that normally segregates peripheral vascular factors from brain parenchyma is no longer present. Immune cells could then enter brain and produce a self-perpetuating (progressive) degenerative process. In this review, we propose that peripheral immunity contributes to the degenerative process of PD and may be responsible for the progressive nature of the disease. This hypothesis is supported by a broad and diverse literature that is just beginning to come together to suggest that PD is, in part, an autoimmune disease. In order to understand this hypothesis, the reader must question the conventional wisdom that the BBB is intact in PD, the brain is an immune privileged area, and that pathogenic insult and disease progression may reflect different mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela J. Monahan
- Department of Pharmacology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Michael Warren
- Department of Pharmacology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Paul M. Carvey
- Department of Pharmacology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
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Koprich JB, Reske-Nielsen C, Mithal P, Isacson O. Neuroinflammation mediated by IL-1beta increases susceptibility of dopamine neurons to degeneration in an animal model of Parkinson's disease. J Neuroinflammation 2008; 5:8. [PMID: 18304357 PMCID: PMC2292163 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-5-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 256] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2007] [Accepted: 02/27/2008] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The etiology of Parkinson's disease (PD) remains elusive despite identification of several genetic mutations. It is more likely that multiple factors converge to give rise to PD than any single cause. Here we report that inflammation can trigger degeneration of dopamine (DA) neurons in an animal model of Parkinson's disease. Methods We examined the effects of inflammation on the progressive 6-OHDA rat model of Parkinson's disease using immunohistochemistry, multiplex ELISA, and cell counting stereology. Results We show that a non-toxic dose of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced secretion of cytokines and predisposed DA neurons to be more vulnerable to a subsequent low dose of 6-hydroxydopamine. Alterations in cytokines, prominently an increase in interleukin-1beta (IL-1β), were identified as being potential mediators of this effect that was associated with activation of microglia. Administration of an interleukin-1 receptor antagonist resulted in significant reductions in tumor necrosis factor-α and interferon-γ and attenuated the augmented loss of DA neurons caused by the LPS-induced sensitization to dopaminergic degeneration. Conclusion These data provide insight into the etiology of PD and support a role for inflammation as a risk factor for the development of neurodegenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- James B Koprich
- Center for Neuroregeneration Research, Harvard Medical School/McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA 02478, USA.
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