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Zhang L, Zetter MA, Hernández VS, Hernández-Pérez OR, Jáuregui-Huerta F, Krabichler Q, Grinevich V. Morphological Signatures of Neurogenesis and Neuronal Migration in Hypothalamic Vasopressinergic Magnocellular Nuclei of the Adult Rat. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6988. [PMID: 39000096 PMCID: PMC11241681 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25136988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2024] [Revised: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
The arginine vasopressin (AVP)-magnocellular neurosecretory system (AVPMNS) in the hypothalamus plays a critical role in homeostatic regulation as well as in allostatic motivational behaviors. However, it remains unclear whether adult neurogenesis exists in the AVPMNS. By using immunoreaction against AVP, neurophysin II, glial fibrillar acidic protein (GFAP), cell division marker (Ki67), migrating neuroblast markers (doublecortin, DCX), microglial marker (Ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule 1, Iba1), and 5'-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU), we report morphological evidence that low-rate neurogenesis and migration occur in adult AVPMNS in the rat hypothalamus. Tangential AVP/GFAP migration routes and AVP/DCX neuronal chains as well as ascending AVP axonal scaffolds were observed. Chronic water deprivation significantly increased the BrdU+ nuclei within both the supraaoptic (SON) and paraventricular (PVN) nuclei. These findings raise new questions about AVPMNS's potential hormonal role for brain physiological adaptation across the lifespan, with possible involvement in coping with homeostatic adversities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Limei Zhang
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City 04510, Mexico; (M.A.Z.); (V.S.H.); (O.R.H.-P.)
- Section on Molecular Neuroscience, National Institute of Mental Health, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Mario A. Zetter
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City 04510, Mexico; (M.A.Z.); (V.S.H.); (O.R.H.-P.)
- Department of Medicine and Health, University of La Salle, Mexico City 14000, Mexico
| | - Vito S. Hernández
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City 04510, Mexico; (M.A.Z.); (V.S.H.); (O.R.H.-P.)
- Section on Molecular Neuroscience, National Institute of Mental Health, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Oscar R. Hernández-Pérez
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City 04510, Mexico; (M.A.Z.); (V.S.H.); (O.R.H.-P.)
| | - Fernando Jáuregui-Huerta
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City 04510, Mexico; (M.A.Z.); (V.S.H.); (O.R.H.-P.)
| | - Quirin Krabichler
- Department of Neuropeptide Research in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Mannheim, Germany; (Q.K.); (V.G.)
| | - Valery Grinevich
- Department of Neuropeptide Research in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Mannheim, Germany; (Q.K.); (V.G.)
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Nagy EK, Overby PF, Leyrer-Jackson JM, Carfagno VF, Acuña AM, Olive MF. Methamphetamine and the Synthetic Cathinone 3,4-Methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV) Produce Persistent Effects on Prefrontal and Striatal Microglial Morphology and Neuroimmune Signaling Following Repeated Binge-like Intake in Male and Female Rats. Brain Sci 2024; 14:435. [PMID: 38790414 PMCID: PMC11118022 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci14050435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Psychostimulants alter cellular morphology and activate neuroimmune signaling in a number of brain regions, yet few prior studies have investigated their persistence beyond acute abstinence or following high levels of voluntary drug intake. In this study, we examined the effects of the repeated binge-like self-administration (96 h/week for 3 weeks) of methamphetamine (METH) and 21 days of abstinence in female and male rats on changes in cell density, morphology, and cytokine levels in two addiction-related brain regions-the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and dorsal striatum (DStr). We also examined the effects of similar patterns of intake of the cocaine-like synthetic cathinone derivative 3,4-methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV) or saline as a control. Robust levels of METH and MDPV intake (~500-1000 infusions per 96 h period) were observed in both sexes. We observed no changes in astrocyte or neuron density in either region, but decreases in dendritic spine densities were observed in PFC pyramidal and DStr medium spiny neurons. The microglial cell density was decreased in the PFC of METH self-administering animals, accompanied by evidence of microglial apoptosis. Changes in microglial morphology (e.g., decreased territorial volume and ramification and increased cell soma volume) were also observed, indicative of an inflammatory-like state. Multiplex analyses of PFC and DStr cytokine content revealed elevated levels of various interleukins and chemokines only in METH self-administering animals, with region- and sex-dependent effects. Our findings suggest that voluntary binge-like METH or MDPV intake induces similar cellular perturbations in the brain, but they are divergent neuroimmune responses that persist beyond the initial abstinence phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin K. Nagy
- Department of Psychology, Behavioral Neuroscience and Comparative Psychology Area, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Paula F. Overby
- Department of Psychology, Behavioral Neuroscience and Comparative Psychology Area, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Jonna M. Leyrer-Jackson
- Department of Medical Education, School of Medicine, Creighton University, Phoenix, AZ 85012, USA
| | - Vincent F. Carfagno
- Arizona College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ 85308, USA
| | - Amanda M. Acuña
- Department of Psychology, Behavioral Neuroscience and Comparative Psychology Area, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - M. Foster Olive
- Department of Psychology, Behavioral Neuroscience and Comparative Psychology Area, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
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3
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Hirayama M, Mure LS, Le HD, Panda S. Neuronal reprogramming of mouse and human fibroblasts using transcription factors involved in suprachiasmatic nucleus development. iScience 2024; 27:109051. [PMID: 38384840 PMCID: PMC10879699 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) is composed of heterogenous populations of neurons that express signaling peptides such as vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) and arginine vasopressin (AVP) and regulate circadian rhythms in behavior and physiology. SCN neurons acquire functional and morphological specializations from waves of transcription factors (TFs) that are expressed during neurogenesis. However, the in vitro generation of SCN neurons has never been achieved. Here we supplemented a highly efficient neuronal conversion protocol with TFs that are expressed during SCN neurogenesis, namely Six3, Six6, Dlx2, and Lhx1. Neurons induced from mouse and human fibroblasts predominantly exhibited neuronal properties such as bipolar or multipolar morphologies, GABAergic neurons with expression of VIP. Our study reveals a critical contribution of these TFs to the development of vasoactive intestinal peptide (Vip) expressing neurons in the SCN, suggesting the regenerative potential of neuronal subtypes contained in the SCN for future SCN regeneration and in vitro disease remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masatoshi Hirayama
- Regulatory Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ludovic S. Mure
- Regulatory Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Hiep D. Le
- Regulatory Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Satchidananda Panda
- Regulatory Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
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Perez-Rodriguez D, Kalyva M, Santucci C, Proukakis C. Somatic CNV Detection by Single-Cell Whole-Genome Sequencing in Postmortem Human Brain. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2561:205-230. [PMID: 36399272 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2655-9_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The evidence for a role of somatic mutations, including copy-number variants (CNVs), in neurodegeneration has increased in the last decade. However, the understanding of the types and origins of these mutations, and their exact contributions to disease onset and progression, is still in its infancy. The use of single-cell (or nuclear) whole-genome sequencing (scWGS) has emerged as a powerful tool to answer these questions. In the present chapter, we provide laboratory and bioinformatic protocols used successfully in our lab to detect megabase-scale CNVs in single cells from multiple system atrophy (MSA) human postmortem brains, using immunolabeling prior to selection of nuclei for whole-genome amplification (WGA). We also present an unpublished comparison of scWGS generated from the same control substantia nigra (SN) sample, using the latest versions of popular WGA chemistries, MDA and PicoPLEX. We have used this protocol to focus on brain cell types most relevant to synucleinopathies (dopaminergic [DA] neurons in Parkinson's disease [PD] and oligodendrocytes in MSA), but it can be applied to any tissue and/or cell type with appropriate markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Perez-Rodriguez
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Maria Kalyva
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Catherine Santucci
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Christos Proukakis
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK.
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Lim RG, Al-Dalahmah O, Wu J, Gold MP, Reidling JC, Tang G, Adam M, Dansu DK, Park HJ, Casaccia P, Miramontes R, Reyes-Ortiz AM, Lau A, Hickman RA, Khan F, Paryani F, Tang A, Ofori K, Miyoshi E, Michael N, McClure N, Flowers XE, Vonsattel JP, Davidson S, Menon V, Swarup V, Fraenkel E, Goldman JE, Thompson LM. Huntington disease oligodendrocyte maturation deficits revealed by single-nucleus RNAseq are rescued by thiamine-biotin supplementation. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7791. [PMID: 36543778 PMCID: PMC9772349 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-35388-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The complexity of affected brain regions and cell types is a challenge for Huntington's disease (HD) treatment. Here we use single nucleus RNA sequencing to investigate molecular pathology in the cortex and striatum from R6/2 mice and human HD post-mortem tissue. We identify cell type-specific and -agnostic signatures suggesting oligodendrocytes (OLs) and oligodendrocyte precursors (OPCs) are arrested in intermediate maturation states. OL-lineage regulators OLIG1 and OLIG2 are negatively correlated with CAG length in human OPCs, and ATACseq analysis of HD mouse NeuN-negative cells shows decreased accessibility regulated by OL maturation genes. The data implicates glucose and lipid metabolism in abnormal cell maturation and identify PRKCE and Thiamine Pyrophosphokinase 1 (TPK1) as central genes. Thiamine/biotin treatment of R6/1 HD mice to compensate for TPK1 dysregulation restores OL maturation and rescues neuronal pathology. Our insights into HD OL pathology spans multiple brain regions and link OL maturation deficits to abnormal thiamine metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan G Lim
- UCI MIND, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Osama Al-Dalahmah
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jie Wu
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Maxwell P Gold
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Guomei Tang
- Department of Neurology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Miriam Adam
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - David K Dansu
- Advanced Science Research Center at the City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - Hye-Jin Park
- Advanced Science Research Center at the City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - Patrizia Casaccia
- Advanced Science Research Center at the City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Andrea M Reyes-Ortiz
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Alice Lau
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Richard A Hickman
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Fatima Khan
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Fahad Paryani
- Department of Neurology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alice Tang
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kenneth Ofori
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Emily Miyoshi
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Neethu Michael
- Department of Pathology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Nicolette McClure
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Xena E Flowers
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York City, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jean Paul Vonsattel
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York City, New York, NY, USA
| | - Shawn Davidson
- Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Vilas Menon
- Department of Neurology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Vivek Swarup
- UCI MIND, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Ernest Fraenkel
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - James E Goldman
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York City, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Leslie M Thompson
- UCI MIND, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.
- Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Center University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.
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6
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Differential distribution of inhibitory neuron types in subregions of claustrum and dorsal endopiriform nucleus of the short-tailed fruit bat. Brain Struct Funct 2022; 227:1615-1640. [PMID: 35188589 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-022-02459-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Few brain regions have such wide-ranging inputs and outputs as the claustrum does, and fewer have posed equivalent challenges in defining their structural boundaries. We studied the distributions of three calcium-binding proteins-calretinin, parvalbumin, and calbindin-in the claustrum and dorsal endopiriform nucleus of the fruit bat, Carollia perspicillata. The proportionately large sizes of claustrum and dorsal endopiriform nucleus in Carollia brain afford unique access to these structures' intrinsic anatomy. Latexin immunoreactivity permits a separation of claustrum into core and shell subregions and an equivalent separation of dorsal endopiriform nucleus. Using latexin labeling, we found that the claustral shell in Carollia brain can be further subdivided into at least four distinct subregions. Calretinin and parvalbumin immunoreactivity reinforced the boundaries of the claustral core and its shell subregions with diametrically opposite distribution patterns. Calretinin, parvalbumin, and calbindin all colocalized with GAD67, indicating that these proteins label inhibitory neurons in both claustrum and dorsal endopiriform nucleus. Calretinin, however, also colocalized with latexin in a subset of neurons. Confocal microscopy revealed appositions that suggest synaptic contacts between cells labeled for each of the three calcium-binding proteins and latexin-immunoreactive somata in claustrum and dorsal endopiriform nucleus. Our results indicate significant subregional differences in the intrinsic inhibitory connectivity within and between claustrum and dorsal endopiriform nucleus. We conclude that the claustrum is structurally more complex than previously appreciated and that claustral and dorsal endopiriform nucleus subregions are differentially modulated by multiple inhibitory systems. These findings can also account for the excitability differences between claustrum and dorsal endopiriform nucleus described previously.
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7
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Zheng M, Liu Y, Xiao Z, Jiao L, Lin X. Tau Knockout and α-Synuclein A53T Synergy Modulated Parvalbumin-Positive Neurons Degeneration Staging in Substantia Nigra Pars Reticulata of Parkinson’s Disease-Liked Model. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 13:784665. [PMID: 35087392 PMCID: PMC8787263 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.784665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The loss of parvalbumin-positive (PV+) neurons in the substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNR) was observed in patients with end-stage Parkinson’s disease (PD) and our previously constructed old-aged Pitx3-A53Tα-Syn × Tau–/– triple transgenic mice model of PD. The aim of this study was to examine the progress of PV+ neurons loss. We demonstrated that, as compared with non-transgenic (nTg) mice, the accumulation of α-synuclein in the SNR of aged Pitx3-A53Tα-Syn × Tau–/– mice was increased obviously, which was accompanied by the considerable degeneration of PV+ neurons and the massive generation of apoptotic NeuN+TUNEL+ co-staining neurons. Interestingly, PV was not costained with TUNEL, a marker of apoptosis. PV+ neurons in the SNR may undergo a transitional stage from decreased expression of PV to increased expression of NeuN and then to TUNEL expression. In addition, the degeneration of PV+ neurons and the expression of NeuN were rarely observed in the SNR of nTg and the other triple transgenic mice. Hence, we propose that Tau knockout and α-syn A53T synergy modulate PV+ neurons degeneration staging in the SNR of aged PD-liked mice model, and NeuN may be suited for an indicator that suggests degeneration of SNR PV+ neurons. However, the molecular mechanism needs to be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meige Zheng
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yanchang Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Zhaoming Xiao
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Luyan Jiao
- Nuwacell Biotechnologies Co., Ltd, Hefei, China
- *Correspondence: Luyan Jiao,
| | - Xian Lin
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Anatomy, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Xian Lin,
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van der Zouwen CI, Boutin J, Fougère M, Flaive A, Vivancos M, Santuz A, Akay T, Sarret P, Ryczko D. Freely Behaving Mice Can Brake and Turn During Optogenetic Stimulation of the Mesencephalic Locomotor Region. Front Neural Circuits 2021; 15:639900. [PMID: 33897379 PMCID: PMC8062873 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2021.639900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A key function of the mesencephalic locomotor region (MLR) is to control the speed of forward symmetrical locomotor movements. However, the ability of freely moving mammals to integrate environmental cues to brake and turn during MLR stimulation is poorly documented. Here, we investigated whether freely behaving mice could brake or turn, based on environmental cues during MLR stimulation. We photostimulated the cuneiform nucleus (part of the MLR) in mice expressing channelrhodopsin in Vglut2-positive neurons in a Cre-dependent manner (Vglut2-ChR2-EYFP) using optogenetics. We detected locomotor movements using deep learning. We used patch-clamp recordings to validate the functional expression of channelrhodopsin and neuroanatomy to visualize the stimulation sites. In the linear corridor, gait diagram and limb kinematics were similar during spontaneous and optogenetic-evoked locomotion. In the open-field arena, optogenetic stimulation of the MLR evoked locomotion, and increasing laser power increased locomotor speed. Mice could brake and make sharp turns (~90°) when approaching a corner during MLR stimulation in the open-field arena. The speed during the turn was scaled with the speed before the turn, and with the turn angle. Patch-clamp recordings in Vglut2-ChR2-EYFP mice show that blue light evoked short-latency spiking in MLR neurons. Our results strengthen the idea that different brainstem neurons convey braking/turning and MLR speed commands in mammals. Our study also shows that Vglut2-positive neurons of the cuneiform nucleus are a relevant target to increase locomotor activity without impeding the ability to brake and turn when approaching obstacles, thus ensuring smooth and adaptable navigation. Our observations may have clinical relevance since cuneiform nucleus stimulation is increasingly considered to improve locomotion function in pathological states such as Parkinson's disease, spinal cord injury, or stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelis Immanuel van der Zouwen
- Département de pharmacologie-physiologie, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Joël Boutin
- Département de pharmacologie-physiologie, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Maxime Fougère
- Département de pharmacologie-physiologie, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Aurélie Flaive
- Département de pharmacologie-physiologie, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Mélanie Vivancos
- Département de pharmacologie-physiologie, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Alessandro Santuz
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Atlantic Mobility Action Project, Brain Repair Center, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.,Department of Training and Movement Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin School of Movement Science, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Turgay Akay
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Atlantic Mobility Action Project, Brain Repair Center, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Philippe Sarret
- Département de pharmacologie-physiologie, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.,Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.,Centre d'excellence en neurosciences de l'Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.,Institut de pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Dimitri Ryczko
- Département de pharmacologie-physiologie, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.,Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.,Centre d'excellence en neurosciences de l'Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.,Institut de pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
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9
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Fougère M, van der Zouwen CI, Boutin J, Ryczko D. Heterogeneous expression of dopaminergic markers and Vglut2 in mouse mesodiencephalic dopaminergic nuclei A8-A13. J Comp Neurol 2020; 529:1273-1292. [PMID: 32869307 DOI: 10.1002/cne.25020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Co-transmission of glutamate by brain dopaminergic (DA) neurons was recently proposed as a potential factor influencing cell survival in models of Parkinson's disease. Intriguingly, brain DA nuclei are differentially affected in Parkinson's disease. Whether this is associated with different patterns of co-expression of the glutamatergic phenotype along the rostrocaudal brain axis is unknown in mammals. We hypothesized that, as in zebrafish, the glutamatergic phenotype is present preferentially in the caudal mesodiencephalic DA nuclei. Here, we used in mice a cell fate mapping strategy based on reporter protein expression (ZsGreen) consecutive to previous expression of the vesicular glutamate transporter 2 (Vglut2) gene, coupled with immunofluorescence experiments against tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) or dopamine transporter (DAT). We found three expression patterns in DA cells, organized along the rostrocaudal brain axis. The first pattern (TH-positive, DAT-positive, ZsGreen-positive) was found in A8-A10. The second pattern (TH-positive, DAT-negative, ZsGreen-positive) was found in A11. The third pattern (TH-positive, DAT-negative, ZsGreen-negative) was found in A12-A13. These patterns should help to refine the establishment of the homology of DA nuclei between vertebrate species. Our results also uncover that Vglut2 is expressed at some point during cell lifetime in DA nuclei known to degenerate in Parkinson's disease and largely absent from those that are preserved, suggesting that co-expression of the glutamatergic phenotype in DA cells influences their survival in Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Fougère
- Département de Pharmacologie-Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de La Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Cornelis Immanuel van der Zouwen
- Département de Pharmacologie-Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de La Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Joël Boutin
- Département de Pharmacologie-Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de La Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Dimitri Ryczko
- Département de Pharmacologie-Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de La Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
- Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
- Centre d'Excellence en Neurosciences de l'Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
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10
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Perez-Rodriguez D, Kalyva M, Leija-Salazar M, Lashley T, Tarabichi M, Chelban V, Gentleman S, Schottlaender L, Franklin H, Vasmatzis G, Houlden H, Schapira AHV, Warner TT, Holton JL, Jaunmuktane Z, Proukakis C. Investigation of somatic CNVs in brains of synucleinopathy cases using targeted SNCA analysis and single cell sequencing. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2019; 7:219. [PMID: 31870437 PMCID: PMC6929293 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-019-0873-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Synucleinopathies are mostly sporadic neurodegenerative disorders of partly unexplained aetiology, and include Parkinson's disease (PD) and multiple system atrophy (MSA). We have further investigated our recent finding of somatic SNCA (α-synuclein) copy number variants (CNVs, specifically gains) in synucleinopathies, using Fluorescent in-situ Hybridisation for SNCA, and single-cell whole genome sequencing for the first time in a synucleinopathy. In the cingulate cortex, mosaicism levels for SNCA gains were higher in MSA and PD than controls in neurons (> 2% in both diseases), and for MSA also in non-neurons. In MSA substantia nigra (SN), we noted SNCA gains in > 3% of dopaminergic (DA) neurons (identified by neuromelanin) and neuromelanin-negative cells, including olig2-positive oligodendroglia. Cells with CNVs were more likely to have α-synuclein inclusions, in a pattern corresponding to cell categories mostly relevant to the disease: DA neurons in Lewy-body cases, and other cells in the striatonigral degeneration-dominant MSA variant (MSA-SND). Higher mosaicism levels in SN neuromelanin-negative cells may correlate with younger onset in typical MSA-SND, and in cingulate neurons with younger death in PD. Larger sample sizes will, however, be required to confirm these putative findings. We obtained genome-wide somatic CNV profiles from 169 cells from the substantia nigra of two MSA cases, and pons and putamen of one. These showed somatic CNVs in ~ 30% of cells, with clonality and origins in segmental duplications for some. CNVs had distinct profiles based on cell type, with neurons having a mix of gains and losses, and other cells having almost exclusively gains, although control data sets will be required to determine possible disease relevance. We propose that somatic SNCA CNVs may contribute to the aetiology and pathogenesis of synucleinopathies, and that genome-wide somatic CNVs in MSA brain merit further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Perez-Rodriguez
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Maria Kalyva
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Melissa Leija-Salazar
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Tammaryn Lashley
- Queen Square Brain Bank for Neurological disorders, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, 1 Wakefield street, London, WC1N 1PJ, UK
| | - Maxime Tarabichi
- The Francis Crick Institute, Midland Road 1, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Viorica Chelban
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | | | - Lucia Schottlaender
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Hannah Franklin
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - George Vasmatzis
- Center for Individualized Medicine, Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Henry Houlden
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Anthony H V Schapira
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Thomas T Warner
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- Queen Square Brain Bank for Neurological disorders, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, 1 Wakefield street, London, WC1N 1PJ, UK
- National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Janice L Holton
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- Queen Square Brain Bank for Neurological disorders, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, 1 Wakefield street, London, WC1N 1PJ, UK
| | - Zane Jaunmuktane
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- Queen Square Brain Bank for Neurological disorders, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, 1 Wakefield street, London, WC1N 1PJ, UK
- National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Christos Proukakis
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK.
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11
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NeuN immunoreactivity in the brain of Xenopus laevis. Tissue Cell 2017; 49:514-519. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2017.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Revised: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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12
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Mao S, Xiong G, Zhang L, Dong H, Liu B, Cohen NA, Cohen AS. Verification of the Cross Immunoreactivity of A60, a Mouse Monoclonal Antibody against Neuronal Nuclear Protein. Front Neuroanat 2016; 10:54. [PMID: 27242450 PMCID: PMC4865646 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2016.00054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A60, the mouse monoclonal antibody against the neuronal nuclear protein (NeuN), is the most widely used neuronal marker in neuroscience research and neuropathological assays. Previous studies identified fragments of A60-immunoprecipitated protein as Synapsin I (Syn I), suggesting the antibody will demonstrate cross immunoreactivity. However, the likelihood of cross reactivity has never been verified by immunohistochemical techniques. Using our established tissue processing and immunofluorescent staining protocols, we found that A60 consistently labeled mossy fiber terminals in hippocampal area CA3. These A60-positive mossy fiber terminals could also be labeled by Syn I antibody. After treating brain slices with saponin in order to better preserve various membrane and/or vesicular proteins for immunostaining, we observed that A60 could also label additional synapses in various brain areas. Therefore, we used A60 together with a rabbit monoclonal NeuN antibody to confirm the existence of this cross reactivity. We showed that the putative band positive for A60 and Syn I could not be detected by the rabbit anti-NeuN in Western blotting. As efficient as Millipore A60 to recognize neuronal nuclei, the rabbit NeuN antibody demonstrated no labeling of synaptic structures in immunofluorescent staining. The present study successfully verified the cross reactivity present in immunohistochemistry, cautioning that A60 may not be the ideal biomarker to verify neuronal identity due to its cross immunoreactivity. In contrast, the rabbit monoclonal NeuN antibody used in this study may be a better candidate to substitute for A60.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanping Mao
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital, Wuhan University Wuhan, China
| | - Guoxiang Xiong
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennslyvania Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennslyvania Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Huimin Dong
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital, Wuhan University Wuhan, China
| | - Baohui Liu
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital, Wuhan University Wuhan, China
| | - Noam A Cohen
- Philadelphia Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of PennslyvaniaPhiladelphia, PA, USA; Departments of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of PennslyvaniaPhiladelphia, PA, USA
| | - Akiva S Cohen
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of PennslyvaniaPhiladelphia, PA, USA; Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of PennslyvaniaPhiladelphia, PA, USA
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13
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Alekseeva OS, Gusel’nikova VV, Beznin GV, Korzhevskii DE. Prospects for the application of neun nuclear protein as a marker of the functional state of nerve cells in vertebrates. J EVOL BIOCHEM PHYS+ 2015. [DOI: 10.1134/s0022093015050014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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14
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Herculano-Houzel S, Catania K, Manger PR, Kaas JH. Mammalian Brains Are Made of These: A Dataset of the Numbers and Densities of Neuronal and Nonneuronal Cells in the Brain of Glires, Primates, Scandentia, Eulipotyphlans, Afrotherians and Artiodactyls, and Their Relationship with Body Mass. BRAIN, BEHAVIOR AND EVOLUTION 2015; 86:145-63. [DOI: 10.1159/000437413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 07/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Comparative studies amongst extant species are one of the pillars of evolutionary neurobiology. In the 20th century, most comparative studies remained restricted to analyses of brain structure volume and surface areas, besides estimates of neuronal density largely limited to the cerebral cortex. Over the last 10 years, we have amassed data on the numbers of neurons and other cells that compose the entirety of the brain (subdivided into cerebral cortex, cerebellum, and rest of brain) of 39 mammalian species spread over 6 clades, as well as their densities. Here we provide that entire dataset in a format that is readily useful to researchers of any area of interest in the hope that it will foster the advancement of evolutionary and comparative studies well beyond the scope of neuroscience itself. We also reexamine the relationship between numbers of neurons, neuronal densities and body mass, and find that in the rest of brain, but not in the cerebral cortex or cerebellum, there is a single scaling rule that applies to average neuronal cell size, which increases with the linear dimension of the body, even though there is no single scaling rule that relates the number of neurons in the rest of brain to body mass. Thus, larger bodies do not uniformly come with more neurons - but they do fairly uniformly come with larger neurons in the rest of brain, which contains a number of structures directly connected to sources or targets in the body.
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15
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Scalia F, Rasweiler JJ, Danias J. Retinal projections in the short-tailed fruit bat, Carollia perspicillata, as studied using the axonal transport of cholera toxin B subunit: Comparison with mouse. J Comp Neurol 2015; 523:1756-91. [PMID: 25503714 DOI: 10.1002/cne.23723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Revised: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 11/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
To provide a modern description of the Chiropteran visual system, the subcortical retinal projections were studied in the short-tailed fruit bat, Carollia perspicillata, using the anterograde transport of eye-injected cholera toxin B subunit, supplemented by the silver-impregnation of anterograde degeneration following eye removal, and compared with the retinal projections of the mouse. The retinal projections were heavily labeled by the transported toxin in both species. Almost all components of the murine retinal projection are present in Carollia in varying degrees of prominence and laterality. The projections: to the superior colliculus, accessory optic nuclei, and nucleus of the optic tract are predominantly or exclusively contralateral; to the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus and posterior pretectal nucleus are predominantly contralateral; to the ventral lateral geniculate nucleus, intergeniculate leaflet, and olivary pretectal nucleus have a substantial ipsilateral component; and to the suprachiasmatic nucleus are symmetrically bilateral. The retinal projection in Carollia is surprisingly reduced at the anterior end of the dorsal lateral geniculate and superior colliculus, suggestive of a paucity of the relevant ganglion cells in the ventrotemporal retina. In the superior colliculus, in which the superficial gray layer is very thin, the projection is patchy in places where the layer is locally absent. Except for a posteriorly located lateral terminal nucleus, the other accessory optic nuclei are diminutive in Carollia, as is the nucleus of the optic tract. In both species the cholera toxin labeled sparse groups of apparently terminating axons in numerous regions not listed above. A question of their significance is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Scalia
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Cell Biology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, 11203.,SUNY Eye Institute, Brooklyn, NY, 11203
| | - John J Rasweiler
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, 11203
| | - John Danias
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Cell Biology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, 11203.,SUNY Eye Institute, Brooklyn, NY, 11203
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16
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Duan W, Zhang YP, Hou Z, Huang C, Zhu H, Zhang CQ, Yin Q. Novel Insights into NeuN: from Neuronal Marker to Splicing Regulator. Mol Neurobiol 2015; 53:1637-1647. [PMID: 25680637 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9122-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 02/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Neuronal nuclei (NeuN) is a well-recognized "marker" that is detected exclusively in post-mitotic neurons and was initially identified through an immunological screen to produce neuron-specific antibodies. Immunostaining evidence indicates that NeuN is distributed in the nuclei of mature neurons in nearly all parts of the vertebrate nervous system. NeuN is highly conserved among species and is stably expressed during specific stages of development. Therefore, NeuN has been considered to be a reliable marker of mature neurons for the past two decades. However, this role has been challenged by recent studies indicating that NeuN staining is variable and even absent during certain diseases and specific physiological states. More importantly, despite the widespread use of the anti-NeuN antibody, the natural identity of the NeuN protein remained elusive for 17 years. NeuN was recently eventually identified as an epitope of Rbfox3, which is a novel member of the Rbfox1 family of splicing factors. This identification might provide a novel perspective on NeuN expression during both physiological and pathological conditions. This review summarizes the current progress on the biochemical identity and biological significance of NeuN and recommends caution when applying NeuN immunoreactivity as a definitive marker of mature neurons in certain diseases and specific physiological states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Duan
- Department of Neurology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Ping Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi Hou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen Huang
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - He Zhu
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.,The Vanderbilt Kennedy Center for Research on Human Development, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Chun-Qing Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, People's Republic of China.
| | - Qing Yin
- Department of Rehabilitation and Physical Therapy, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, People's Republic of China.
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17
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Gusel’nikova VV, Korzhevskiy DE. NeuN As a Neuronal Nuclear Antigen and Neuron Differentiation Marker. Acta Naturae 2015; 7:42-7. [PMID: 26085943 PMCID: PMC4463411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The NeuN protein is localized in nuclei and perinuclear cytoplasm of most of the neurons in the central nervous system of mammals. Monoclonal antibodies to the NeuN protein have been actively used in the immunohistochemical research of neuronal differentiation to assess the functional state of neurons in norm and pathology for more than 20 years. Recently, NeuN antibodies have begun to be applied in the differential morphological diagnosis of cancer. However, the structure of the protein, which can be revealed by antibodies to NeuN, remained unknown until recently, and the functions of the protein are still not fully clear. In the present mini-review, data on NeuN accumulated so far are summarized and analyzed. Data on the structure and properties of the protein, its isoforms, intracellular localization, and hypothesized functions are reported. The application field of immunocytochemical detection of NeuN in scientific and clinical studies, as well as the difficulties in the interpretation of the obtained experimental data and their possible causes, is described in details.
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Affiliation(s)
- V. V. Gusel’nikova
- Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution “Institute of Experimental Medicine”, akad. Pavlov str., 12, St. Petersburg, 197376, Russia
| | - D. E. Korzhevskiy
- Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution “Institute of Experimental Medicine”, akad. Pavlov str., 12, St. Petersburg, 197376, Russia
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18
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Immunocytochemical markers of neuronal maturation in human diagnostic neuropathology. Cell Tissue Res 2014; 359:279-94. [DOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-1988-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Accepted: 08/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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19
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Andrade-Moraes CH, Oliveira-Pinto AV, Castro-Fonseca E, da Silva CG, Guimarães DM, Szczupak D, Parente-Bruno DR, Carvalho LR, Polichiso L, Gomes BV, Oliveira LM, Rodriguez RD, Leite RE, Ferretti-Rebustini RE, Jacob-Filho W, Pasqualucci CA, Grinberg LT, Lent R. Cell number changes in Alzheimer's disease relate to dementia, not to plaques and tangles. Brain 2013; 136:3738-52. [PMID: 24136825 PMCID: PMC3859218 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awt273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2012] [Revised: 08/04/2013] [Accepted: 08/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is the commonest cause of dementia in the elderly, but its pathological determinants are still debated. Amyloid-β plaques and neurofibrillary tangles have been implicated either directly as disruptors of neural function, or indirectly by precipitating neuronal death and thus causing a reduction in neuronal number. Alternatively, the initial cognitive decline has been attributed to subtle intracellular events caused by amyloid-β oligomers, resulting in dementia after massive synaptic dysfunction followed by neuronal degeneration and death. To investigate whether Alzheimer's disease is associated with changes in the absolute cell numbers of ageing brains, we used the isotropic fractionator, a novel technique designed to determine the absolute cellular composition of brain regions. We investigated whether plaques and tangles are associated with neuronal loss, or whether it is dementia that relates to changes of absolute cell composition, by comparing cell numbers in brains of patients severely demented with those of asymptomatic individuals-both groups histopathologically diagnosed as Alzheimer's-and normal subjects with no pathological signs of the disease. We found a great reduction of neuronal numbers in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex of demented patients with Alzheimer's disease, but not in asymptomatic subjects with Alzheimer's disease. We concluded that neuronal loss is associated with dementia and not the presence of plaques and tangles, which may explain why subjects with histopathological features of Alzheimer's disease can be asymptomatic; and exclude amyloid-β deposits as causes for the reduction of neuronal numbers in the brain. We found an increase of non-neuronal cell numbers in the cerebral cortex and subcortical white matter of demented patients with Alzheimer's disease when compared with asymptomatic subjects with Alzheimer's disease and control subjects, suggesting a reactive glial cell response in the former that may be related to the symptoms they present.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Emily Castro-Fonseca
- 1 Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Camila G. da Silva
- 1 Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Daniel M. Guimarães
- 1 Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Diego Szczupak
- 1 Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | - Lívia Polichiso
- 2 Ageing Brain Study Group, Department of Pathology, LIM 22, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
- 3 Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Bruna V. Gomes
- 1 Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Lays M. Oliveira
- 1 Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Roberta D. Rodriguez
- 2 Ageing Brain Study Group, Department of Pathology, LIM 22, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Renata E.P. Leite
- 2 Ageing Brain Study Group, Department of Pathology, LIM 22, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Renata E.L. Ferretti-Rebustini
- 2 Ageing Brain Study Group, Department of Pathology, LIM 22, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
- 4 University of São Paulo Nursing School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Wilson Jacob-Filho
- 2 Ageing Brain Study Group, Department of Pathology, LIM 22, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
- 5 Division of Geriatrics, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carlos A. Pasqualucci
- 2 Ageing Brain Study Group, Department of Pathology, LIM 22, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lea T. Grinberg
- 2 Ageing Brain Study Group, Department of Pathology, LIM 22, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
- 3 Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Roberto Lent
- 1 Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- 6 National Institute of Translational Neuroscience, Ministry of Science and Technology, Brazil
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20
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Sarnat HB. Clinical neuropathology practice guide 5-2013: markers of neuronal maturation. Clin Neuropathol 2013; 32:340-69. [PMID: 23883617 PMCID: PMC3796735 DOI: 10.5414/np300638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2013] [Accepted: 08/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This review surveys immunocytochemical and histochemical markers of neuronal lineage for application to tissue sections of fetal and neonatal brain. They determine maturation of individual nerve cells as the tissue progresses to mature architecture. From a developmental perspective, neuronal markers are all about timing. These diverse cellular labels may be classified in two ways: 1) time of onset of expression (early; intermediate; late); 2) labeling of subcellular structures or metabolic functions (nucleoproteins; synaptic vesicle proteins; enolases; cytoskeletal elements; calcium-binding; nucleic acids; mitochondria). Apart from these positive markers of maturation, other negative markers are expressed in primitive neuroepithelial cells and early stages of neuroblast maturation, but no longer are demonstrated after initial stages of maturation. These examinations are relevant for studies of normal neuroembryology at the cellular level. In fetal and perinatal neuropathology they provide control criteria for application to malformations of the brain, inborn metabolic disorders and acquired fetal insults in which neuroblastic maturation may be altered. Disorders, in which cells differentiate abnormally, as in tuberous sclerosis and hemimegalencephaly, pose another yet aspect of mixed cellular lineage. The measurement in living patients, especially neonates, of serum and CSF levels of enolases, chromogranins and S-100 proteins as biomarkers of brain damage may potentially be correlated with their corresponding tissue markers at autopsy in infants who do not survive. The neuropathological markers here described can be performed in ordinary hospital laboratories, not just research facilities, and offer another dimension of diagnostic precision in interpreting abnormally developed fetal and postnatal brains.
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21
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Seelke AMH, Dooley JC, Krubitzer LA. Differential changes in the cellular composition of the developing marsupial brain. J Comp Neurol 2013; 521:2602-20. [PMID: 23322491 PMCID: PMC3934569 DOI: 10.1002/cne.23301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2012] [Revised: 09/18/2012] [Accepted: 01/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Throughout development both the body and the brain change at remarkable rates. Specifically, the number of cells in the brain undergoes dramatic nonlinear changes, first exponentially increasing in cell number and then decreasing in cell number. Different cell types, such as neurons and glia, undergo these changes at different stages of development. The current investigation used the isotropic fractionator method to examine the changes in cellular composition at multiple developmental milestones in the short-tailed opossum, Monodelphis domestica. Here we report several novel findings concerning marsupial brain development and organization. First, during the later stages of neurogenesis (P18), neurons make up most of the cells in the neocortex, although the total number of neurons remains the same throughout the life span. In contrast, in the subcortical regions, the number of neurons decreases dramatically after P18, and a converse relationship is observed for nonneuronal cells. In the cerebellum, the total number of cells gradually increases until P180 and then remains constant, and then the number of neurons is consistent across the developmental ages examined. For the three major structures examined, neuronal density and the percentage of neurons within a structure are highest during neurogenesis and then decrease after this point. Finally, the total number of neurons in the opossum brain is relatively low compared with other small-brained mammals such as mice. The relatively low number of neurons and correspondingly high number of nonneurons suggests that in the marsupial brain nonneurons may play a significant role in signal processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adele M H Seelke
- Center for Neuroscience, University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95618, USA
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22
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Azevedo FA, Andrade-Moraes CH, Curado MR, Oliveira-Pinto AV, Guimarães DM, Szczupak D, Gomes BV, Alho AT, Polichiso L, Tampellini E, Lima L, de Lima DO, da Silva HA, Lent R. Automatic isotropic fractionation for large-scale quantitative cell analysis of nervous tissue. J Neurosci Methods 2013; 212:72-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2012.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2012] [Revised: 07/30/2012] [Accepted: 09/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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23
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Mezey S, Krivokuca D, Bálint E, Adorján A, Zachar G, Csillag A. Postnatal changes in the distribution and density of neuronal nuclei and doublecortin antigens in domestic chicks (Gallus domesticus). J Comp Neurol 2012; 520:100-16. [PMID: 21674497 DOI: 10.1002/cne.22696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
To understand better the rate of neurogenesis and the distribution of new neurons in posthatch domestic chicks, we describe and compare the expression of the neuronal nuclei protein (NeuN, a.k.a. Fox-3) and doublecortin antigens in the whole brain of chicks 2 days, 8 days, and 14 weeks posthatch. In the forebrain ventricular and paraventricular zones, the density of bromodeoxyuridine-, NeuN-, and doublecortin-labeled cells was compared between chicks 24 hours and 7 days after an injection of bromodeoxyuridine (2 and 8 days posthatch, respectively). The distribution of NeuN-labeled neurons was similar to Nissl-stained tissue, with the exception of some areas where neurons did not express NeuN: cerebellar Purkinje cells and olfactory bulb mitral cells. The ventral tegmental area of 2-day-old chicks was also faintly labeled. The distribution of doublecortin was similar at all timepoints, with doublecortin-labeled profiles located throughout all forebrain areas as well as in the cerebellar granule cell layer. However, doublecortin labeling was not detectable in any midbrain or brainstem areas. Our data indicate that a significant number of new neurons is still formed in the telencephalon of posthatch domestic chicks, whereas subtelencephalic areas (except for the cerebellum) finish their neuronal expansion before hatching. Most newly formed cells in chicks leave the paraventricular zone after hatching, but a pool of neurons stays in the vicinity of the ventricular zone and matures in situ within 7 days. Proliferating cells often migrate laterally along forebrain laminae into still-developing brain areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szilvia Mezey
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Semmelweis University, Tüzoltó u. 58, Budapest, Hungary.
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24
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Morin LP, Hefton S, Studholme KM. Neurons identified by NeuN/Fox-3 immunoreactivity have a novel distribution in the hamster and mouse suprachiasmatic nucleus. Brain Res 2011; 1421:44-51. [PMID: 21981805 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2011.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2011] [Revised: 08/05/2011] [Accepted: 09/10/2011] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) has several structural characteristics and cell phenotypes shared across species. Here, we describe a novel feature of SCN anatomy that is seen in both hamster and mouse. Frozen sections through the SCN were obtained from fixed brains and stained for the presence of immunoreactivity to neuronal nuclear protein (NeuN-IR) using a mouse monoclonal antibody which is known to exclusively identify neurons. NeuN-IR did not identify all SCN neurons as medial NeuN-IR neurons were generally not present. In the hamster, NeuN-IR cells are present rostrally, scattered in the dorsal half of the nucleus. More caudally, the NeuN-IR cells are largely, but not exclusively, scattered inside the lateral and dorsolateral border. At mid- to mid-caudal SCN levels, a dense group of NeuN-IR cells extends from the dorsolateral border ventromedially to encompass the central subnucleus of the SCN (SCNce). The pattern is similar in the mouse SCN. NeuN-IR does not co-localize with either cholecystokinin- or vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, but does with vasopressin-IR in the caudal SCN. In the hamster SCNce, numerous cells contain both calbindin- and NeuN-IR. The distribution of NeuN-IR cells in the SCN is unique, especially with regard to its generally lateral location through the length of the nucleus. The distribution of NeuN-IR cells is not consistent with most schemas representing SCN organization or with terminology referring to its widely accepted subdivisions. NeuN has recently been identified as Fox-3 protein. Its function in the SCN is not known, nor is it known why a large proportion of SCN cells do not contain NeuN-IR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence P Morin
- Dept. Psychiatry, Stony Brook University Medical Center, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA.
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25
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Borner R, Bento-Torres J, Souza DRV, Sadala DB, Trevia N, Farias JA, Lins N, Passos A, Quintairos A, Diniz JA, Perry VH, Vasconcelos PF, Cunningham C, Picanço-Diniz CW. Early behavioral changes and quantitative analysis of neuropathological features in murine prion disease: stereological analysis in the albino Swiss mice model. Prion 2011; 5:215-27. [PMID: 21862877 DOI: 10.4161/pri.5.3.16936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Behavioral and neuropathological changes have been widely investigated in murine prion disease but stereological based unbiased estimates of key neuropathological features have not been carried out. After injections of ME7 infected (ME7) or normal brain homogenates (NBH) into dorsal CA1 of albino Swiss mice and C57BL6, we assessed behavioral changes on hippocampal-dependent tasks. We also estimated by optical fractionator at 15 and 18 weeks post-injections (w.p.i.) the total number of neurons, reactive astrocytes, activated microglia and perineuronal nets (PN) in the polymorphic layer of dentate gyrus (PolDG), CA1 and septum in albino Swiss mice. On average, early behavioral changes in albino Swiss mice start four weeks later than in C57BL6. Cluster and discriminant analysis of behavioral data in albino Swiss mice revealed that four of nine subjects start to change their behavior at 12 w.p.i. and reach terminal stage at 22 w.p.i and the remaining subjects start at 22 w.p.i. and reach terminal stage at 26 w.p.i. Biotinylated dextran-amine BDA-tracer experiments in mossy fiber pathway confirmed axonal degeneration, and stereological data showed that early astrocytosis, microgliosis and reduction in the perineuronal nets are independent of a change in the number of neuronal cell bodies. Statistical analysis revealed that the septal region had greater levels of neuroinflammation and extracellular matrix damage than CA1. This stereological and multivariate analysis at early stages of disease in an outbred model of prion disease provided new insights connecting behavioral changes and neuroinflammation and seems to be important to understand the mechanisms of prion disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roseane Borner
- Laboratory of Neurodegeneration and Infection at the University Hospital João de Barros Barreto, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil
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26
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Norwood BA, Bumanglag AV, Osculati F, Sbarbati A, Marzola P, Nicolato E, Fabene PF, Sloviter RS. Classic hippocampal sclerosis and hippocampal-onset epilepsy produced by a single "cryptic" episode of focal hippocampal excitation in awake rats. J Comp Neurol 2010; 518:3381-407. [PMID: 20575073 DOI: 10.1002/cne.22406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In refractory temporal lobe epilepsy, seizures often arise from a shrunken hippocampus exhibiting a pattern of selective neuron loss called "classic hippocampal sclerosis." No single experimental injury has reproduced this specific pathology, suggesting that hippocampal atrophy might be a progressive "endstage" pathology resulting from years of spontaneous seizures. We posed the alternative hypothesis that classic hippocampal sclerosis results from a single excitatory event that has never been successfully modeled experimentally because convulsive status epilepticus, the insult most commonly used to produce epileptogenic brain injury, is too severe and necessarily terminated before the hippocampus receives the needed duration of excitation. We tested this hypothesis by producing prolonged hippocampal excitation in awake rats without causing convulsive status epilepticus. Two daily 30-minute episodes of perforant pathway stimulation in Sprague-Dawley rats increased granule cell paired-pulse inhibition, decreased epileptiform afterdischarge durations during 8 hours of subsequent stimulation, and prevented convulsive status epilepticus. Similarly, one 8-hour episode of reduced-intensity stimulation in Long-Evans rats, which are relatively resistant to developing status epilepticus, produced hippocampal discharges without causing status epilepticus. Both paradigms immediately produced the extensive neuronal injury that defines classic hippocampal sclerosis, without giving any clinical indication during the insult that an injury was being inflicted. Spontaneous hippocampal-onset seizures began 16-25 days postinjury, before hippocampal atrophy developed, as demonstrated by sequential magnetic resonance imaging. These results indicate that classic hippocampal sclerosis is uniquely produced by a single episode of clinically "cryptic" excitation. Epileptogenic insults may often involve prolonged excitation that goes undetected at the time of injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Braxton A Norwood
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona 85724, USA
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27
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Xu JH, Long L, Wang J, Tang YC, Hu HT, Soong TW, Tang FR. Nuclear localization of Cav2.2 and its distribution in the mouse central nervous system, and changes in the hippocampus during and after pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2010; 36:71-85. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2990.2009.01044.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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28
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Kienzler F, Norwood BA, Sloviter RS. Hippocampal injury, atrophy, synaptic reorganization, and epileptogenesis after perforant pathway stimulation-induced status epilepticus in the mouse. J Comp Neurol 2009; 515:181-96. [PMID: 19412934 DOI: 10.1002/cne.22059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Prolonged dentate granule cell discharges produce hippocampal injury and chronic epilepsy in rats. In preparing to study this epileptogenic process in genetically altered mice, we determined whether the background strain used to generate most genetically altered mice, the C57BL/6 mouse, is vulnerable to stimulation-induced seizure-induced injury. This was necessary because C57BL/6 mice are reportedly resistant to the neurotoxic effects of kainate-induced seizures, which we hypothesized to be related to strain differences in kainate's effects, rather than genetic differences in intrinsic neuronal vulnerability. Bilateral perforant pathway stimulation-induced granule cell discharge for 4 hours under urethane anesthesia produced degeneration of glutamate receptor subunit 2 (GluR2)-positive hilar mossy cells and peptide-containing interneurons in both FVB/N (kainate-vulnerable) and C57BL/6 (kainate-resistant) mice, indicating no strain differences in neuronal vulnerability to seizure activity. Granule cell discharge for 2 hours in C57BL/6 mice destroyed most GluR2-positive dentate hilar mossy cells, but not peptide-containing hilar interneurons, indicating that mossy cells are the neurons most vulnerable to this insult. Stimulation for 24 hours caused extensive hippocampal neuron loss and injury to the septum and entorhinal cortex, but no other detectable damage. Mice stimulated for 24 hours developed hippocampal sclerosis, granule cell mossy fiber sprouting, and chronic epilepsy, but not the granule cell layer hypertrophy (granule cell dispersion) produced by intrahippocampal kainate. These results demonstrate that perforant pathway stimulation in mice reliably reproduces the defining features of human mesial temporal lobe epilepsy with hippocampal sclerosis. Experimental studies in transgenic or knockout mice are feasible if electrical stimulation is used to produce controlled epileptogenic insults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Friederike Kienzler
- Departments of Pharmacology and Neurology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona 85724, USA
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29
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Leyva-Grado VH, Churchill L, Wu M, Williams TJ, Taishi P, Majde JA, Krueger JM. Influenza virus- and cytokine-immunoreactive cells in the murine olfactory and central autonomic nervous systems before and after illness onset. J Neuroimmunol 2009; 211:73-83. [PMID: 19410300 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2009.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2008] [Revised: 03/02/2009] [Accepted: 03/25/2009] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Influenza virus invades the olfactory bulb (OB) and enhances cytokine mRNAs therein at the time of illness onset. Here we show that viral antigen immunoreactivity co-localized with glial markers in the OB but could not be detected in other brain areas. Interleukin 1beta- and tumor necrosis factor alpha-immunoreactivity co-localized with neuronal markers in olfactory and central autonomic systems, and the number of cytokine-immunoreactive neurons increased at the time of illness onset [15 h post-inoculation (PI)] but not before (10 h PI). These results suggest that the OB virus influences the brain cytokines and therefore the onset of illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor H Leyva-Grado
- Department of Veterinary and Comparative Anatomy, Pharmacology and Physiology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6520, United States
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30
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Azevedo FAC, Carvalho LRB, Grinberg LT, Farfel JM, Ferretti REL, Leite REP, Jacob Filho W, Lent R, Herculano-Houzel S. Equal numbers of neuronal and nonneuronal cells make the human brain an isometrically scaled-up primate brain. J Comp Neurol 2009; 513:532-41. [PMID: 19226510 DOI: 10.1002/cne.21974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1099] [Impact Index Per Article: 73.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Frederico A C Azevedo
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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31
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Oberlaender M, Dercksen VJ, Egger R, Gensel M, Sakmann B, Hege HC. Automated three-dimensional detection and counting of neuron somata. J Neurosci Methods 2009; 180:147-60. [PMID: 19427542 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2009.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2008] [Revised: 03/06/2009] [Accepted: 03/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We present a novel approach for automated detection of neuron somata. A three-step processing pipeline is described on the example of confocal image stacks of NeuN-stained neurons from rat somato-sensory cortex. It results in a set of position landmarks, representing the midpoints of all neuron somata. In the first step, foreground and background pixels are identified, resulting in a binary image. It is based on local thresholding and compensates for imaging and staining artifacts. Once this pre-processing guarantees a standard image quality, clusters of touching neurons are separated in the second step, using a marker-based watershed approach. A model-based algorithm completes the pipeline. It assumes a dominant neuron population with Gaussian distributed volumes within one microscopic field of view. Remaining larger objects are hence split or treated as a second neuron type. A variation of the processing pipeline is presented, showing that our method can also be used for co-localization of neurons in multi-channel images. As an example, we process 2-channel stacks of NeuN-stained somata, labeling all neurons, counterstained with GAD67, labeling GABAergic interneurons, using an adapted pre-processing step for the second channel. The automatically generated landmark sets are compared to manually placed counterparts. A comparison yields that the deviation in landmark position is negligible and that the difference between the numbers of manually and automatically counted neurons is less than 4%. In consequence, this novel approach for neuron counting is a reliable and objective alternative to manual detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Oberlaender
- Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, Group "Cortical Column in silico", Am Klopferspitz 18, Martinsried 82152, Germany.
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32
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Acharya MM, Hattiangady B, Shetty AK. Progress in neuroprotective strategies for preventing epilepsy. Prog Neurobiol 2008; 84:363-404. [PMID: 18207302 PMCID: PMC2441599 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2007.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2007] [Revised: 09/09/2007] [Accepted: 10/26/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Neuroprotection is increasingly considered as a promising therapy for preventing and treating temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). The development of chronic TLE, also termed as epileptogenesis, is a dynamic process. An initial precipitating injury (IPI) such as the status epilepticus (SE) leads to neurodegeneration, abnormal reorganization of the brain circuitry and a significant loss of functional inhibition. All of these changes likely contribute to the development of chronic epilepsy, characterized by spontaneous recurrent motor seizures (SRMS) and learning and memory deficits. The purpose of this review is to discuss the current state of knowledge pertaining to neuroprotection in epileptic conditions, and to highlight the efficacy of distinct neuroprotective strategies for preventing or treating chronic TLE. Although the administration of certain conventional and new generation anti-epileptic drugs is effective for primary neuroprotection such as reduced neurodegeneration after acute seizures or the SE, their competence for preventing the development of chronic epilepsy after an IPI is either unknown or not promising. On the other hand, alternative strategies such as the ketogenic diet therapy, administration of distinct neurotrophic factors, hormones or antioxidants seem useful for preventing and treating chronic TLE. However, long-term studies on the efficacy of these approaches introduced at different time-points after the SE or an IPI are lacking. Additionally, grafting of fetal hippocampal cells at early time-points after an IPI holds considerable promise for preventing TLE, though issues regarding availability of donor cells, ethical concerns, timing of grafting after SE, and durability of graft-mediated seizure suppression need to be resolved for further advances with this approach. Overall, from the studies performed so far, there is consensus that neuroprotective strategies need to be employed as quickly as possible after the onset of the SE or an IPI for considerable beneficial effects. Nevertheless, ideal strategies that are capable of facilitating repair and functional recovery of the brain after an IPI and preventing the evolution of IPI into chronic epilepsy are still hard to pin down.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munjal M. Acharya
- Department of Surgery (Neurosurgery) Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710. Medical Research and Surgery Services, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, NC 27705
| | - Bharathi Hattiangady
- Department of Surgery (Neurosurgery) Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710. Medical Research and Surgery Services, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, NC 27705
| | - Ashok K. Shetty
- Department of Surgery (Neurosurgery) Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710. Medical Research and Surgery Services, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, NC 27705
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33
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Suzuki K, Iseki E, Togo T, Yamaguchi A, Katsuse O, Katsuyama K, Kanzaki S, Shiozaki K, Kawanishi C, Yamashita S, Tanaka Y, Yamanaka S, Hirayasu Y. Neuronal and glial accumulation of alpha- and beta-synucleins in human lipidoses. Acta Neuropathol 2007; 114:481-9. [PMID: 17653558 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-007-0264-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2006] [Revised: 06/28/2007] [Accepted: 06/28/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A number of the lysosomal storage diseases that have now been characterized are associated with intra-lysosomal accumulation of lipids, caused by defective lysosomal enzymes. We have previously reported neuronal accumulation of both alpha- and beta-synucleins in brain tissue of a GM2 gangliosidosis mouse model. Although alpha-synuclein has been implicated in several neurodegenerative disorders including Parkinson's disease, dementia with Lewy bodies and multiple system atrophy, its functions remain largely unclear. In our present study, we have examined a cohort of human lipidosis cases, including Sandhoff disease, Tay-Sachs disease, metachromatic leukodystrophy, beta-galactosialidosis and adrenoleukodystrophy, for the expression of alpha- and beta-synucleins and the associated lipid storage levels. The accumulation of alpha-synuclein was found in brain tissue in not only cases of lysosomal storage diseases, but also in instances of adrenoleukodystrophy, which is a peroxisomal disease. alpha-synuclein was detected in both neurons and glial cells of patients with these two disorders, although its distribution was found to be disease-dependent. In addition, alpha-synuclein-positive neurons were also found to be NeuN-positive, whereas NeuN-negative neurons did not show any accumulation of this protein. By comparison, the accumulation of beta-synuclein was detectable only in the pons of Sandhoff disease cases. This differential accumulation of alpha- and beta-synucleins in human lipidoses may be related to functional differences between these two proteins. In addition, the accumulation of alpha-synuclein may also be a condition that is common to lysosomal storage diseases and adrenoleukodystrophies that show an enhanced expression of this protein upon the elevation of stored lipids.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Antigens, Nuclear/metabolism
- Brain/metabolism
- Brain/pathology
- Brain/physiopathology
- Brain Diseases, Metabolic, Inborn/metabolism
- Brain Diseases, Metabolic, Inborn/pathology
- Brain Diseases, Metabolic, Inborn/physiopathology
- Child, Preschool
- Cohort Studies
- Humans
- Lipid Metabolism/genetics
- Lipidoses/metabolism
- Lipidoses/pathology
- Lipidoses/physiopathology
- Lysosomal Storage Diseases, Nervous System/metabolism
- Lysosomal Storage Diseases, Nervous System/pathology
- Lysosomal Storage Diseases, Nervous System/physiopathology
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/metabolism
- Neuroglia/metabolism
- Neuroglia/pathology
- Neurons/metabolism
- Neurons/pathology
- Peroxisomal Disorders/metabolism
- Peroxisomal Disorders/pathology
- Peroxisomal Disorders/physiopathology
- Sandhoff Disease/metabolism
- Sandhoff Disease/pathology
- Sandhoff Disease/physiopathology
- Synucleins/analysis
- Synucleins/metabolism
- alpha-Synuclein/metabolism
- beta-Synuclein/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoko Suzuki
- Department of Psychiatry, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, 236-0004, Japan.
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