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Mercer T, Shaw R, Fisher L. Sources and mechanisms of modality-specific distraction in visual short-term memory. VISUAL COGNITION 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/13506285.2022.2162174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tom Mercer
- School of Psychology, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton, UK
| | - Raegan Shaw
- School of Psychology, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton, UK
| | - Luke Fisher
- School of Psychology, Aston University, Birmingham, UK
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2
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Kalanthroff E, Wheaton MG. An Integrative Model for Understanding Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: Merging Cognitive Behavioral Theory with Insights from Clinical Neuroscience. J Clin Med 2022; 11:7379. [PMID: 36555995 PMCID: PMC9784452 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11247379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Several models have been proposed for the emergence and maintenance of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Although these models have provided important insights and inspired treatment development, no single model has yet sufficiently accounted for the complexed phenotype of the disorder. In the current paper, we propose a novel model that integrates elements from cognitive behavioral models of OCD with neurocognitive approaches to the disorder. This Reciprocal Interaction Model (RIM) for OCD is based on two assumptions: (a) similar observed symptoms can stem from different etiological processes; and (b) neuropsychological deficits (such as reduced response inhibition and overreliance on the habit formation system) and cognitive behavioral processes (such as temporary reduction in anxiety after engaging in compulsive behaviors) mutually affect each other such that abnormalities in one system influence the second system and vice-versa-creating a vicious cycle of pathological processes. Indeed, the bidirectional inhibitory connection between anxiety/obsessions and executive control is at the heart of the model. We begin by briefly reviewing the current models for OCD. We then move on to describe the RIM, the supporting evidence for the model, the model's predictions, and potential clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eyal Kalanthroff
- Department of Psychology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem and Israel, Jerusalem 91905, Israel
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3
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Nam SH, Park JI, Kim GW, Moon CM, Yang JC. Neural Correlates of Emotion-Cognition Interaction During Working Memory Maintenance in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: The Role of the Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex. PSYCHIAT CLIN PSYCH 2022; 32:344-350. [PMID: 38764878 PMCID: PMC11082625 DOI: 10.5152/pcp.2022.21280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 05/21/2024] Open
Abstract
The neural correlates for the effect of emotional distraction on working memory (WM) function in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) have not been clearly identified. This study utilized functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to investigate the effect of emotional distraction during WM maintenance in OCD patients and to determine if the frontoparietal region was involved during the task. Patients with OCD tried to maintain WM during the task-irrelevant anxiety-provoking distractions, which induced interruption and needed attention. Compared with healthy controls, the patients with OCD showed significantly increased activities in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) supplementary motor area during the delayed-response WM task with anxiety-provoking distractors. An increase in the activity of the DLPFC and SMA reflects compensatory efforts of neural circuits to perform cognitive tasks by controlling emotions and inhibiting the interference of anxiety provoking distractors during WM tasks. In addition, the brain areas showed significantly decreased activities during the delayed-response WM task with neutral distractors were superior parietal gyrus and fusiform gyrus. The parietal cortex, along with the DLPFC is the main structure for frontoparietal network and is involved in cognitive control. Therefore, parietal dysfunction in OCD patients prevents them from paying appropriate attention to visual processing for picture distractors during the WM task. Our findings might be helpful for further understanding of the neural correlates that are associated with the effects of emotional distraction on cognitive function in OCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seok-Hyun Nam
- Department of Psychiatry, Jeonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Jong-Il Park
- Department of Psychiatry, Jeonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Korea
- Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Jeonbuk National University-Biomedical Research Institute Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Gwang-Won Kim
- Advanced Institute of Aging Science, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Chung-Man Moon
- Quantitative Medical Imaging Section, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Jong-Chul Yang
- Department of Psychiatry, Jeonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Korea
- Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Jeonbuk National University-Biomedical Research Institute Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, Korea
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4
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Sawamura D, Tanabe Y, Sakuraba S, Cui J, Miura H, Saito R, Sugi M, Watanabe A, Tokikuni Y, Sugawara K, Miyazaki M, Miyamoto R, Sakai S. The impact of visual cross-modal conflict with semantic and nonsemantic distractors on working memory task: A functional near-infrared spectroscopy study. Medicine (Baltimore) 2022; 101:e30330. [PMID: 36086757 PMCID: PMC10980433 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000030330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cross-modal conflicts arise when information from multisensory modalities is incongruent. Most previous studies investigating audiovisual cross-modal conflicts have focused on visual targets with auditory distractors, and only a few studies have focused on auditory targets with visual distractors. Moreover, no study has investigated the differences in the impact of visual cross-modal conflict with semantic and nonsemantic competition and its neural basis. This cross-sectional study aimed to characterize the impact of 2 types of visual cross-modal conflicts with semantic and nonsemantic distractors through a working memory task and associated brain activities. The participants were 33 healthy, right-handed, young male adults. The paced auditory serial addition test was performed under 3 conditions: no-distractor and 2 types of visual distractor conditions (nonsemantic and semantic distractor conditions). Symbols and numbers were used as nonsemantic and semantic distractors, respectively. The oxygenated hemoglobin (Oxy-Hb) concentration in the frontoparietal regions, bilateral ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (VLPFC), dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, and inferior parietal cortex (IPC) were measured during the task under each condition. The results showed significantly lower paced auditory serial addition test performances in both distractor conditions than in the no-distractor condition, but no significant difference between the 2 distractor conditions. For brain activity, a significantly increased Oxy-Hb concentration in the right VLPFC was only observed in the nonsemantic distractor condition (corrected P = .015; Cohen d = .46). The changes in Oxy-Hb in the bilateral IPC were positively correlated with changes in task performance for both types of visual cross-modal distractor conditions. Visual cross-modal conflict significantly impairs auditory working memory task performance, regardless of the presence of semantic or nonsemantic distractors. The right VLPFC may be a crucial region to inhibit visual nonsemantic information in cross-modal conflict situations, and bilateral IPC may be closely linked with the inhibition of visual cross-modal distractor, regardless of the presence of semantic or nonsemantic distractors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Sawamura
- Department of Rehabilitation Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yoshinobu Tanabe
- Department of Rehabilitation, Shinsapporo Paulo Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Sakuraba
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Tobetsu, Japan
| | - Jiahong Cui
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Miura
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Ryuji Saito
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Masaaki Sugi
- Department of Rehabilitation, Tokeidai Memorial Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Akihiro Watanabe
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yukina Tokikuni
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Sugawara
- Department of Physical therapy, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Mitsunori Miyazaki
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Reiko Miyamoto
- Division of Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinya Sakai
- Department of Rehabilitation Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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5
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Purg N, Starc M, Slana Ozimič A, Kraljič A, Matkovič A, Repovš G. Neural Evidence for Different Types of Position Coding Strategies in Spatial Working Memory. Front Hum Neurosci 2022; 16:821545. [PMID: 35517989 PMCID: PMC9067305 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2022.821545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Sustained neural activity during the delay phase of spatial working memory tasks is compelling evidence for the neural correlate of active storage and maintenance of spatial information, however, it does not provide insight into specific mechanisms of spatial coding. This activity may reflect a range of processes, such as maintenance of a stimulus position or a prepared motor response plan. The aim of our study was to examine neural evidence for the use of different coding strategies, depending on the characteristics and demands of a spatial working memory task. Thirty-one (20 women, 23 ± 5 years) and 44 (23 women, 21 ± 2 years) participants performed a spatial working memory task while we measured their brain activity using fMRI in two separate experiments. Participants were asked to remember the position of a briefly presented target stimulus and, after a delay period, to use a joystick to indicate either the position of the remembered target or an indicated non-matching location. The task was designed so that the predictability of the response could be manipulated independently of task difficulty and memory retrieval process. We were particularly interested in contrasting conditions in which participants (i) could use prospective coding of the motor response or (ii) had to rely on retrospective sensory information. Prospective motor coding was associated with activity in somatomotor, premotor, and motor cortices and increased integration of brain activity with and within the somatomotor network. In contrast, retrospective sensory coding was associated with increased activity in parietal regions and increased functional connectivity with and within secondary visual and dorsal attentional networks. The observed differences in activation levels, dynamics of differences over trial duration, and integration of information within and between brain networks provide compelling evidence for the use of complementary spatial working memory strategies optimized to meet task demands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Purg
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Arts, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- *Correspondence: Nina Purg
| | - Martina Starc
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Arts, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Anka Slana Ozimič
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Arts, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Aleksij Kraljič
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Arts, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Andraž Matkovič
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Arts, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Grega Repovš
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Arts, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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6
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Cui J, Sawamura D, Sakuraba S, Saito R, Tanabe Y, Miura H, Sugi M, Yoshida K, Watanabe A, Tokikuni Y, Yoshida S, Sakai S. Effect of Audiovisual Cross-Modal Conflict during Working Memory Tasks: A Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Study. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12030349. [PMID: 35326305 PMCID: PMC8946709 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12030349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Cognitive conflict effects are well characterized within unimodality. However, little is known about cross-modal conflicts and their neural bases. This study characterizes the two types of visual and auditory cross-modal conflicts through working memory tasks and brain activities. The participants consisted of 31 healthy, right-handed, young male adults. The Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test (PASAT) and the Paced Visual Serial Addition Test (PVSAT) were performed under distractor and no distractor conditions. Distractor conditions comprised two conditions in which either the PASAT or PVSAT was the target task, and the other was used as a distractor stimulus. Additionally, oxygenated hemoglobin (Oxy-Hb) concentration changes in the frontoparietal regions were measured during tasks. The results showed significantly lower PASAT performance under distractor conditions than under no distractor conditions, but not in the PVSAT. Oxy-Hb changes in the bilateral ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (VLPFC) and inferior parietal cortex (IPC) significantly increased in the PASAT with distractor compared with no distractor conditions, but not in the PVSAT. Furthermore, there were significant positive correlations between Δtask performance accuracy and ΔOxy-Hb in the bilateral IPC only in the PASAT. Visual cross-modal conflict significantly impairs auditory task performance, and bilateral VLPFC and IPC are key regions in inhibiting visual cross-modal distractors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahong Cui
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan; (J.C.); (R.S.); (H.M.); (A.W.); (Y.T.)
| | - Daisuke Sawamura
- Department of Rehabilitation Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan; (K.Y.); (S.S.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Satoshi Sakuraba
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Sapporo 061-0293, Japan; (S.S.); (S.Y.)
| | - Ryuji Saito
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan; (J.C.); (R.S.); (H.M.); (A.W.); (Y.T.)
| | - Yoshinobu Tanabe
- Department of Rehabilitation, Shinsapporo Paulo Hospital, Sapporo 004-0002, Japan;
| | - Hiroshi Miura
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan; (J.C.); (R.S.); (H.M.); (A.W.); (Y.T.)
| | - Masaaki Sugi
- Department of Rehabilitation, Tokeidai Memorial Hospital, Sapporo 060-0031, Japan;
| | - Kazuki Yoshida
- Department of Rehabilitation Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan; (K.Y.); (S.S.)
| | - Akihiro Watanabe
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan; (J.C.); (R.S.); (H.M.); (A.W.); (Y.T.)
| | - Yukina Tokikuni
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan; (J.C.); (R.S.); (H.M.); (A.W.); (Y.T.)
| | - Susumu Yoshida
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Sapporo 061-0293, Japan; (S.S.); (S.Y.)
| | - Shinya Sakai
- Department of Rehabilitation Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan; (K.Y.); (S.S.)
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7
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Wang S, Tripathy SP, Öğmen H. Capacity and Allocation across Sensory and Short-Term Memories. Vision (Basel) 2022; 6:vision6010015. [PMID: 35324600 PMCID: PMC8955927 DOI: 10.3390/vision6010015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Human memory consists of sensory memory (SM), short-term memory (STM), and long-term memory (LTM). SM enables a large capacity, but decays rapidly. STM has limited capacity, but lasts longer. The traditional view of these memory systems resembles a leaky hourglass, the large top and bottom portions representing the large capacities of SM and LTM, whereas the narrow portion in the middle represents the limited capacity of STM. The “leak” in the top part of the hourglass depicts the rapid decay of the contents of SM. However, recently, it was shown that major bottlenecks for motion processing exist prior to STM, and the “leaky hourglass” model was replaced by a “leaky flask” model with a narrower top part to capture bottlenecks prior to STM. The leaky flask model was based on data from one study, and the first goal of the current paper was to test if the leaky flask model would generalize by using a different set of data. The second goal of the paper was to explore various block diagram models for memory systems and determine the one best supported by the data. We expressed these block diagram models in terms of statistical mixture models and, by using the Bayesian information criterion (BIC), found that a model with four components, viz., SM, attention, STM, and guessing, provided the best fit to our data. In summary, we generalized previous findings about early qualitative and quantitative bottlenecks, as expressed in the leaky flask model and showed that a four-process model can provide a good explanation for how visual information is processed and stored in memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoying Wang
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Denver, Denver, CO 80210, USA;
| | - Srimant P. Tripathy
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford BD7 1DP, UK;
| | - Haluk Öğmen
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Denver, Denver, CO 80210, USA;
- Correspondence:
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8
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Hermann P, Weiss B, Knakker B, Madurka P, Manga A, Nárai Á, Vidnyánszky Z. Neural basis of distractor resistance during visual working memory maintenance. Neuroimage 2021; 245:118650. [PMID: 34687860 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.118650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Visual working memory representations must be protected from the intervening irrelevant visual input. While it is well known that interference resistance is most challenging when distractors match the prioritised mnemonic information, its neural mechanisms remain poorly understood. Here, we identify two top-down attentional control processes that have opposing effects on distractor resistance. We reveal an early selection negativity in the EEG responses to matching as compared to non-matching distractors, the magnitude of which is negatively associated with behavioural distractor resistance. Additionally, matching distractors lead to reduced post-stimulus alpha power as well as increased fMRI responses in the object-selective visual cortical areas and the inferior frontal gyrus. However, the congruency effect found on the post-stimulus periodic alpha power and the inferior frontal gyrus fMRI responses show a positive association with distractor resistance. These findings suggest that distractor interference is enhanced by proactive memory content-guided selection processes and diminished by reactive allocation of top-down attentional resources to protect memorandum representations within visual cortical areas retaining the most selective mnemonic code.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Hermann
- Brain Imaging Centre, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest H-1117, Hungary
| | - Béla Weiss
- Brain Imaging Centre, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest H-1117, Hungary
| | - Balázs Knakker
- Brain Imaging Centre, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest H-1117, Hungary
| | - Petra Madurka
- Brain Imaging Centre, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest H-1117, Hungary
| | - Annamária Manga
- Brain Imaging Centre, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest H-1117, Hungary
| | - Ádám Nárai
- Brain Imaging Centre, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest H-1117, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Vidnyánszky
- Brain Imaging Centre, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest H-1117, Hungary.
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ElShafei HA, Fornoni L, Masson R, Bertrand O, Bidet-Caulet A. What's in Your Gamma? Activation of the Ventral Fronto-Parietal Attentional Network in Response to Distracting Sounds. Cereb Cortex 2021; 30:696-707. [PMID: 31219542 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhz119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Auditory attention operates through top-down (TD) and bottom-up (BU) mechanisms that are supported by dorsal and ventral brain networks, respectively, with the main overlap in the lateral prefrontal cortex (lPFC). A good TD/BU balance is essential to be both task-efficient and aware of our environment, yet it is rarely investigated. Oscillatory activity is a novel method to probe the attentional dynamics with evidence that gamma activity (>30 Hz) could signal BU processing and thus would be a good candidate to support the activation of the ventral BU attention network. Magnetoencephalography data were collected from 21 young adults performing the competitive attention task, which enables simultaneous investigation of BU and TD attentional mechanisms. Distracting sounds elicited an increase in gamma activity in regions of the BU ventral network. TD attention modulated these gamma responses in regions of the inhibitory cognitive control system: the medial prefrontal and anterior cingulate cortices. Finally, distracting-sound-induced gamma activity was synchronous between the auditory cortices and several distant brain regions, notably the lPFC. We provide novel insight into the role of gamma activity 1) in supporting the activation of the ventral BU attention network and 2) in subtending the TD/BU attention balance in the PFC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hesham A ElShafei
- Brain Dynamics and Cognition Team, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center; CRNL, INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292, University of Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Lesly Fornoni
- Brain Dynamics and Cognition Team, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center; CRNL, INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292, University of Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Rémy Masson
- Brain Dynamics and Cognition Team, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center; CRNL, INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292, University of Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Olivier Bertrand
- Brain Dynamics and Cognition Team, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center; CRNL, INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292, University of Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Aurélie Bidet-Caulet
- Brain Dynamics and Cognition Team, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center; CRNL, INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292, University of Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
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10
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Gaze-pattern similarity at encoding may interfere with future memory. Sci Rep 2021; 11:7697. [PMID: 33833314 PMCID: PMC8032786 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-87258-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Human brains have a remarkable ability to separate streams of visual input into distinct memory-traces. It is unclear, however, how this ability relates to the way these inputs are explored via unique gaze-patterns. Moreover, it is yet unknown how motivation to forget or remember influences the link between gaze similarity and memory. In two experiments, we used a modified directed-forgetting paradigm and either showed blurred versions of the encoded scenes (Experiment 1) or pink noise images (Experiment 2) during attempted memory control. Both experiments demonstrated that higher levels of across-stimulus gaze similarity relate to worse future memory. Although this across-stimulus interference effect was unaffected by motivation, it depended on the perceptual overlap between stimuli and was more pronounced for different scene comparisons, than scene–pink noise comparisons. Intriguingly, these findings echo the pattern similarity effects from the neuroimaging literature and pinpoint a mechanism that could aid the regulation of unwanted memories.
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11
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Salient distractors open the door of perception: alpha desynchronization marks sensory gating in a working memory task. Sci Rep 2020; 10:19179. [PMID: 33154495 PMCID: PMC7645677 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-76190-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Focusing attention on relevant information while ignoring distracting stimuli is essential to the efficacy of working memory. Alpha- and theta-band oscillations have been linked to the inhibition of anticipated and attentionally avoidable distractors. However, the neurophysiological background of the rejection of task-irrelevant stimuli appearing in the focus of attention is not fully understood. We aimed to examine whether theta and alpha-band oscillations serve as an indicator of successful distractor rejection. Twenty-four students were enrolled in the study. 64-channel EEG was recorded during a modified Sternberg working memory task where weak and strong (salient) distractors were presented during the retention period. Event-related spectral perturbation in the alpha frequency band was significantly modulated by the saliency of the distracting stimuli, while theta oscillation was modulated by the need for cognitive control. Moreover, stronger alpha desynchronization to strong relative to weak distracting stimuli significantly increased the probability of mistakenly identifying the presented distractor as a member of the memory sequence. Therefore, our results suggest that alpha activity reflects the vulnerability of attention to distracting salient stimuli.
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12
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Maniglia MR, Souza AS. Age Differences in the Efficiency of Filtering and Ignoring Distraction in Visual Working Memory. Brain Sci 2020; 10:E556. [PMID: 32824098 PMCID: PMC7464792 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10080556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Healthy aging is associated with decline in the ability to maintain visual information in working memory (WM). We examined whether this decline can be explained by decreases in the ability to filter distraction during encoding or to ignore distraction during memory maintenance. Distraction consisted of irrelevant objects (Exp. 1) or irrelevant features of an object (Exp. 2). In Experiment 1, participants completed a spatial WM task requiring remembering locations on a grid. During encoding or during maintenance, irrelevant distractor positions were presented. In Experiment 2, participants encoded either single-feature (colors or orientations) or multifeature objects (colored triangles) and later reproduced one of these features using a continuous scale. In multifeature blocks, a precue appeared before encoding or a retrocue appeared during memory maintenance indicating with 100% certainty to the to-be-tested feature, thereby enabling filtering and ignoring of the irrelevant (not-cued) feature, respectively. There were no age-related deficits in the efficiency of filtering and ignoring distractor objects (Exp. 1) and of filtering irrelevant features (Exp. 2). Both younger and older adults could not ignore irrelevant features when cued with a retrocue. Overall, our results provide no evidence for an aging deficit in using attention to manage visual WM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana R. Maniglia
- Department of Psychology, Ribeirão Preto School of Philosophy, Science and Literature (FFCLRP), University of São Paulo, Avenida Bandeirantes 3900, Ribeirão Preto/SP 14040-901, Brazil;
| | - Alessandra S. Souza
- Department of Psychology, Cognitive Psychology Unit, University of Zurich, Binzmühlestrasse 14/22, 8050 Zurich, Switzerland
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13
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Neural correlates of emotion-attention interactions: From perception, learning, and memory to social cognition, individual differences, and training interventions. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2020; 108:559-601. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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14
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Berglund-Barraza A, Tian F, Basak C, Evans JL. Word Frequency Is Associated With Cognitive Effort During Verbal Working Memory: A Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS) Study. Front Hum Neurosci 2019; 13:433. [PMID: 31920592 PMCID: PMC6923201 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2019.00433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Psycholinguistic models traditionally view verbal working memory capacity as independent from linguistic features; connectionist models suggest otherwise. Moreover, lexical processing studies show high frequency words differ in cognitive effort from low frequency words, although these effects during concurrent processing of words in working memory are unknown. This novel study examines potential differences in cognitive effort, as measured by differences in HbO2 and Hb, for high frequency versus low frequency words during a working memory paradigm. METHODS A total of 21 neurologically typical participants (age 18-23) completed an auditory, n-back, working memory task comparing performance with high- as compared to low- frequency words. Hemodynamic changes in the prefrontal cortex were recorded with a continuous-wave functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) device. Behavioral data (accuracy, reaction time) were recorded using E-prime. RESULTS Differences in word frequency were evident at both behavioral and neurological levels. Participants were more accurate, albeit slower in identifying the target two back in a sequence for low- as compared to high-frequency words. Patterns of hemodynamic changes were also significantly different between HF and LF conditions. CONCLUSION The results from this study indicate that the behavioral and neurological signatures inherent in holding high- versus low-frequency words in working memory differs significantly. Specifically, the findings from this study indicated that words differing in frequency place different demands on cognitive processing load in memory updating tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Berglund-Barraza
- School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Fenghua Tian
- Department of Bioengineering, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, United States
| | - Chandramalika Basak
- School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Julia L. Evans
- School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas, TX, United States
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15
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Friso-van den Bos I, van de Weijer-Bergsma E. Classroom versus individual working memory assessment: predicting academic achievement and the role of attention and response inhibition. Memory 2019; 28:70-82. [PMID: 31645187 DOI: 10.1080/09658211.2019.1682170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Working memory (WM) is an important predictor for academic learning and achievement. Typically, children's WM is assessed in controlled testing situations, which might not reflect functioning in typical classroom learning situations with natural distractions. In this study, we compared WM performance in controlled and classroom situations and their predictive value for academic achievement. Also, we examined whether performance differences between situations were moderated by attention or response inhibition. In a within-subjects design, primary school children completed visuospatial and verbal WM tasks in two settings (classroom versus controlled individual setting). First, WM functioning was lower in the classroom setting. Second, attention moderated individual differences in this discrepancy between settings, but response inhibition did not. Third, classroom obtained verbal WM scores were the strongest predictors of academic achievement. Our results indicate that classroom assessment of verbal WM provides a more ecologically valid measurement of WM abilities in a real-life learning situation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilona Friso-van den Bos
- Department of Pedagogical and Educational Sciences, Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Department of Educational Sciences, Faculty of Behavioural and Management Sciences, University of Twente
| | - Eva van de Weijer-Bergsma
- Department of Pedagogical and Educational Sciences, Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
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16
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Abstract
Cognitive control, which allows for the selection and monitoring of goal-relevant behavior, is dynamically upregulated on the basis of moment-to-moment cognitive demands. One route by which these demands are registered by cognitive control systems is via the detection of response conflict. Yet working memory (WM) demands may similarly signal dynamic adjustments in cognitive control. In a delayed-recognition WM task, Jha and Kiyonaga (Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, & Cognition, 36(4), 1036-1042, 2010) demonstrated dynamic adjustments in cognitive control via manipulations of mnemonic load and delay-spanning cognitive interference. In the present study, we aimed to extend prior work by investigating whether affective interference may similarly upregulate cognitive control. In Experiment 1, participants (N = 89) completed a delayed-recognition WM task in which mnemonic load (memory load of one vs. two items) and delay-spanning affective interference (neutral vs. negative distractors) were manipulated in a factorial design. Consistent with Jha and Kiyonaga, the present results revealed that mnemonic load led to dynamic adjustments in cognitive control, as reflected by greater performance on trials preceded by high than by low load. In addition, we observed that affective interference could trigger dynamic adjustments in cognitive control, as evinced by higher performance on trials preceded by negative than by neutral distractors. These findings were subsequently confirmed in Experiment 2, which was a pre-registered replication study (N = 100). Thus, these results suggest that in addition to dynamic adjustments as a function of mnemonic load, affective interference, similar to cognitive interference (Jha & Kiyonaga Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, & Cognition, 36(4), 1036-1042, 2010), may trigger dynamic adjustments in cognitive control during a WM task.
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17
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Zaehringer J, Falquez R, Schubert AL, Nees F, Barnow S. Neural correlates of reappraisal considering working memory capacity and cognitive flexibility. Brain Imaging Behav 2019; 12:1529-1543. [PMID: 29318489 DOI: 10.1007/s11682-017-9788-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive reappraisal of emotion is strongly related to long-term mental health. Therefore, the exploration of underlying cognitive and neural mechanisms has become an essential focus of research. Considering that reappraisal and executive functions rely on a similar brain network, the question arises whether behavioral differences in executive functions modulate neural activity during reappraisal. Using functional neuroimaging, the present study aimed to analyze the role of working memory capacity (WMC) and cognitive flexibility in brain activity during down-regulation of negative emotions by reappraisal in N = 20 healthy participants. Results suggests that WMC and cognitive flexibility were negatively correlated with prefrontal activity during reappraisal condition. Here, results also revealed a negative correlation between cognitive flexibility and amygdala activation. These findings provide first hints that (1) individuals with lower WMC and lower cognitive flexibility might need more higher-order cognitive neural resources in order to down-regulate negative emotions and (2) cognitive flexibility relates to emotional reactivity during reappraisal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Zaehringer
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Institute of Psychology, Heidelberg University, Hauptstrasse 47-51, 69117, Heidelberg, Germany.,Department Neuroimaging, Central Institute of Mental Health Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Psychosomatic and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Rosalux Falquez
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Institute of Psychology, Heidelberg University, Hauptstrasse 47-51, 69117, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Anna-Lena Schubert
- Department of Personality Research, Institute of Psychology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Frauke Nees
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sven Barnow
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Institute of Psychology, Heidelberg University, Hauptstrasse 47-51, 69117, Heidelberg, Germany
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18
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Park JI, Kim GW, Jeong GW, Yang JC. Brain Activation Patterns Associated with the Effects of Fearful Distractors during Working Memory Maintenance in Patients with Schizophrenia. CLINICAL PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY AND NEUROSCIENCE 2019; 17:54-63. [PMID: 30690940 PMCID: PMC6361032 DOI: 10.9758/cpn.2019.17.1.54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Revised: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Objective The neural correlates underlying the effects of emotional distraction during working memory (WM) tasks in patients with schizophrenia have yet to be clearly identified. Thus, the present study employed functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to investigate the effects of emotional distraction involving fear during WM maintenance in patients with schizophrenia. Methods This study included 17 patients with schizophrenia who were diagnosed based on Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders fourth edition, text revision (DSM-IV-TR) criteria and 17 matched healthy controls. Event-related fMRI data were acquired while the participants performed a delayed-response WM task that included neutral and fearful distractors. Results Patients with schizophrenia may have tried to maintain WM function during the presentation of task-irrelevant fearful distractors that induced interruption and required attention. Compared to healthy controls, the schizophrenia patients exhibited significantly increased activity in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, medial prefrontal cortex, superior temporal gyrus, middle temporal gyrus, insula, hippocampus, caudate nucleus, and postcentral gyrus in a delayed-response WM task when presented with fearful relative to neutral distractors. In addition to its series of increased brain activations, prefrontal areas exhibited interconnections with more caudal brain regions, including temporal areas and the hippocampus and insula. Conclusion The present study identified specific brain areas associated with the interaction between emotional regulation and cognitive functioning during fearful distractors presented while patients with schizophrenia performed a WM maintenance task. These findings further the current understanding of the neural correlates underlying the effects of emotional distraction on cognitive functioning in patients with schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Il Park
- Department of Psychiatry, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Korea.,Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Chonbuk National University-Biomedical Research Institute of Chonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Gwang-Won Kim
- Research Institute for Medical Imaging, Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Gwang-Woo Jeong
- Department of Radiology, Chonnam National University Hospital, Chonnam Natioanl University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Jong-Chul Yang
- Department of Psychiatry, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Korea.,Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Chonbuk National University-Biomedical Research Institute of Chonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, Korea
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19
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Abstract
Abstract. Retroactive interference occurs when new information disrupts the retention of an existing representation, but its effects on visual short-term memory remain poorly understood. The present study examined three factors predicted to influence domain-specific retroactive interference, including the type of distractor, its temporal position, and the length of the retention interval. Participants compared target and test objects over a brief interval that either was unfilled or contained a similar or dissimilar distractor occurring 200 ms or 1.5 s after the target offset. Retention was influenced by the temporal position of the distractor and its relationship with the to-be-remembered target. Specifically, retroactive interference was only observed following the presentation of a dissimilar distractor that occurred 1.5 s after the target. These results suggest that novel distractors may be particularly interfering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Mercer
- Faculty of Education, Health and Wellbeing, University of Wolverhampton, United Kingdom
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20
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Seok JW, Sohn JH. Altered Prefrontal and Inferior Parietal Activity During a Stroop Task in Individuals With Problematic Hypersexual Behavior. Front Psychiatry 2018; 9:460. [PMID: 30319466 PMCID: PMC6167473 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests a relationship between problematic hypersexual behavior (PHB) and diminished executive control. Clinical studies have demonstrated that individuals with PHB exhibit high levels of impulsivity; however, relatively little is known regarding the neural mechanisms underlying impaired executive control in PHB. This study investigated the neural correlates of executive control in individuals with PHB and healthy controls using event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Twenty-three individuals with PHB and 22 healthy control participants underwent fMRI while performing a Stroop task. Response time and error rates were measured as surrogate indicators of executive control. Individuals with PHB exhibited impaired task performance and lower activation in the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and inferior parietal cortex relative to healthy controls during the Stroop task. In addition, blood oxygen level-dependent responses in these areas were negatively associated with PHB severity. The right DLPFC and inferior parietal cortex are associated with higher-order cognitive control and visual attention, respectively. Our findings suggest that individuals with PHB have diminished executive control and impaired functionality in the right DLPFC and inferior parietal cortex, providing a neural basis for PHB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Woo Seok
- Department of Counseling Psychology, Honam University, Gwangu, South Korea
| | - Jin-Hun Sohn
- Department of Psychology, Brain Research Institute, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea
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21
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Jha AP, Witkin JE, Morrison AB, Rostrup N, Stanley E. Short-Form Mindfulness Training Protects Against Working Memory Degradation over High-Demand Intervals. JOURNAL OF COGNITIVE ENHANCEMENT 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s41465-017-0035-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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22
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Krakowski MI, De Sanctis P, Foxe JJ, Hoptman MJ, Nolan K, Kamiel S, Czobor P. Disturbances in Response Inhibition and Emotional Processing as Potential Pathways to Violence in Schizophrenia: A High-Density Event-Related Potential Study. Schizophr Bull 2016; 42:963-74. [PMID: 26895845 PMCID: PMC4903062 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbw005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Increased susceptibility to emotional triggers and poor response inhibition are important in the etiology of violence in schizophrenia. Our goal was to evaluate abnormalities in neurophysiological mechanisms underlying response inhibition and emotional processing in violent patients with schizophrenia (VS) and 3 different comparison groups: nonviolent patients (NV), healthy controls (HC) and nonpsychotic violent subjects (NPV). METHODS We recorded high-density Event-Related Potentials (ERPs) and behavioral responses during an Emotional Go/NoGo Task in 35 VS, 24 NV, 28 HC and 31 NPV subjects. We also evaluated psychiatric symptoms and impulsivity. RESULTS The neural and behavioral deficits in violent patients were most pronounced when they were presented with negative emotional stimuli: They responded more quickly than NV when they made commission errors (ie, failure of inhibition), and evidenced N2 increases and P3 decreases. In contrast, NVs showed little change in reaction time or ERP amplitude with emotional stimuli. These N2 and P3 amplitude changes in VSs showed a strong association with greater impulsivity. Besides these group specific changes, VSs shared deficits with NV, mostly N2 reduction, and with violent nonpsychotic subjects, particularly P3 reduction. CONCLUSION Negative affective triggers have a strong impact on violent patients with schizophrenia which may have both behavioral and neural manifestations. The resulting activation could interfere with response inhibition. The affective disruption of response inhibition, identified in this study, may index an important pathway to violence in schizophrenia and suggest new modes of treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menahem I. Krakowski
- Department of Psychiatry, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY;,Department of Psychiatry, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY;,These authors contributed equally and share first authorship.,*To whom correspondence should be addressed; Department of Psychiatry, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, 140 Old Orangeburg Rd, Orangeburg, NY 10962, US; tel: 845-398-6542, fax: 845-398-6545, e-mail:
| | - Pierfilippo De Sanctis
- Departments of Pediatrics and Neurosciences, Albert Einstein School of Medicine, Yeshiva University, Bronx, NY;,These authors contributed equally and share first authorship
| | - John J. Foxe
- Departments of Pediatrics and Neurosciences, Albert Einstein School of Medicine, Yeshiva University, Bronx, NY
| | - Matthew J. Hoptman
- Department of Psychiatry, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY;,Department of Psychiatry, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Karen Nolan
- Department of Psychiatry, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY;,Department of Psychiatry, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Stephanie Kamiel
- Department of Psychiatry, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY
| | - Pal Czobor
- Departments of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
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23
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Wang C, Rajagovindan R, Han SM, Ding M. Top-Down Control of Visual Alpha Oscillations: Sources of Control Signals and Their Mechanisms of Action. Front Hum Neurosci 2016; 10:15. [PMID: 26834601 PMCID: PMC4718979 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2016.00015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Alpha oscillations (8-12 Hz) are thought to inversely correlate with cortical excitability. Goal-oriented modulation of alpha has been studied extensively. In visual spatial attention, alpha over the region of visual cortex corresponding to the attended location decreases, signifying increased excitability to facilitate the processing of impending stimuli. In contrast, in retention of verbal working memory, alpha over visual cortex increases, signifying decreased excitability to gate out stimulus input to protect the information held online from sensory interference. According to the prevailing model, this goal-oriented biasing of sensory cortex is effected by top-down control signals from frontal and parietal cortices. The present study tests and substantiates this hypothesis by (a) identifying the signals that mediate the top-down biasing influence, (b) examining whether the cortical areas issuing these signals are task-specific or task-independent, and (c) establishing the possible mechanism of the biasing action. High-density human EEG data were recorded in two experimental paradigms: a trial-by-trial cued visual spatial attention task and a modified Sternberg working memory task. Applying Granger causality to both sensor-level and source-level data we report the following findings. In covert visual spatial attention, the regions exerting top-down control over visual activity are lateralized to the right hemisphere, with the dipoles located at the right frontal eye field (FEF) and the right inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) being the main sources of top-down influences. During retention of verbal working memory, the regions exerting top-down control over visual activity are lateralized to the left hemisphere, with the dipoles located at the left middle frontal gyrus (MFG) being the main source of top-down influences. In both experiments, top-down influences are mediated by alpha oscillations, and the biasing effect is likely achieved via an inhibition-disinhibition mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Wang
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Rajasimhan Rajagovindan
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Sahng-Min Han
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Mingzhou Ding
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida Gainesville, FL, USA
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24
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Park JI, Kim GW, Jeong GW, Chung GH, Yang JC. Brain Activation Patterns Associated with the Effects of Emotional Distracters during Working Memory Maintenance in Patients with Generalized Anxiety Disorder. Psychiatry Investig 2016; 13:152-6. [PMID: 26766958 PMCID: PMC4701679 DOI: 10.4306/pi.2016.13.1.152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2015] [Revised: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Few studies have assessed the neural mechanisms of the effects of emotion on cognition in generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) patients. In this functional MRI (fMRI), we investigated the effects of emotional interference on working memory (WM) maintenance in GAD patients. Fifteen patients with GAD participated in this study. Event-related fMRI data were obtained while the participants performed a WM task (face recognition) with neutral and anxiety-provoking distracters. The GAD patients showed impaired performance in WM task during emotional distracters and showed greater activation on brain regions such as DLPFC, VLPFC, amygdala, hippocampus which are responsible for the active maintenance of goal relevant information in WM and emotional processing. Although our results are not conclusive, our finding cautiously suggests the cognitive-affective interaction in GAD patients which shown interfering effect of emotional distracters on WM maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Il Park
- Department of Psychiatry, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Chonbuk National University-Biomedical Research Institute of Chonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Gwang-Won Kim
- Research Institute for Medical Imaging, Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Gwang-Woo Jeong
- Department of Radiology, Chonnam National University Hospital, Chonnam Natioanl University Medical School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyung Ho Chung
- Department of Radiology, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Chul Yang
- Department of Psychiatry, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Chonbuk National University-Biomedical Research Institute of Chonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
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25
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Hakun JG, Ravizza SM. Ventral fronto-parietal contributions to the disruption of visual working memory storage. Neuroimage 2016; 124:783-793. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.09.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Revised: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/26/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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Low cognitive load strengthens distractor interference while high load attenuates when cognitive load and distractor possess similar visual characteristics. Atten Percept Psychophys 2015; 77:1659-73. [PMID: 25813738 DOI: 10.3758/s13414-015-0866-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Studies on visual cognitive load have reported inconsistent effects of distractor interference when distractors have visual characteristic that are similar to the cognitive load. Some studies have shown that the cognitive load enhances distractor interference, while others reported an attenuating effect. We attribute these inconsistencies to the amount of cognitive load that a person is required to maintain. Lower amounts of cognitive load increase distractor interference by orienting attention toward visually similar distractors. Higher amounts of cognitive load attenuate distractor interference by depleting attentional resources needed to process distractors. In the present study, cognitive load consisted of faces (Experiments 1-3) or scenes (Experiment 2). Participants performed a selective attention task in which they ignored face distractors while judging a color of a target dot presented nearby, under differing amounts of load. Across these experiments distractor interference was greater in the low-load condition and smaller in the high-load condition when the content of the cognitive load had similar visual characteristic to the distractors. We also found that when a series of judgments needed to be made, the effect was apparent for the first trial but not for the second. We further tested an involvement of working memory capacity (WMC) in the load effect (Experiment 3). Interestingly, both high and low WMC groups received an equivalent effect of the cognitive load in the first distractor, suggesting these effects are fairly automatic.
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27
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Age-related changes in working memory and the ability to ignore distraction. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:6515-8. [PMID: 25941369 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1504162112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A weakened ability to effectively resist distraction is a potential basis for reduced working memory capacity (WMC) associated with healthy aging. Exploiting data from 29,631 users of a smartphone game, we show that, as age increases, working memory (WM) performance is compromised more by distractors presented during WM maintenance than distractors presented during encoding. However, with increasing age, the ability to exclude distraction at encoding is a better predictor of WMC in the absence of distraction. A significantly greater contribution of distractor filtering at encoding represents a potential compensation for reduced WMC in older age.
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28
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Andrews PW, Bharwani A, Lee KR, Fox M, Thomson JA. Is serotonin an upper or a downer? The evolution of the serotonergic system and its role in depression and the antidepressant response. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2015; 51:164-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2013] [Revised: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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29
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van Moorselaar D, Gunseli E, Theeuwes J, N. L. Olivers C. The time course of protecting a visual memory representation from perceptual interference. Front Hum Neurosci 2015; 8:1053. [PMID: 25628555 PMCID: PMC4292553 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2014.01053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cueing a remembered item during the delay of a visual memory task leads to enhanced recall of the cued item compared to when an item is not cued. This cueing benefit has been proposed to reflect attention within visual memory being shifted from a distributed mode to a focused mode, thus protecting the cued item against perceptual interference. Here we investigated the dynamics of building up this mnemonic protection against visual interference by systematically varying the stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA) between cue onset and a subsequent visual mask in an orientation memory task. Experiment 1 showed that a cue counteracted the deteriorating effect of pattern masks. Experiment 2 demonstrated that building up this protection is a continuous process that is completed in approximately half a second after cue onset. The similarities between shifting attention in perceptual and remembered space are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eren Gunseli
- Department of Cognitive Psychology, VU UniversityAmsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jan Theeuwes
- Department of Cognitive Psychology, VU UniversityAmsterdam, Netherlands
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30
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Dolcos F, Denkova E. Current Emotion Research in Cognitive Neuroscience: Linking Enhancing and Impairing Effects of Emotion on Cognition. EMOTION REVIEW 2014. [DOI: 10.1177/1754073914536449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Emotions can have both enhancing and impairing effects on various cognitive processes, from lower (e.g., perceptual) to higher level (e.g., mnemonic and executive) processes. The present article discusses emerging brain imaging evidence linking these opposing effects of emotion, which points to overlapping and dissociable neural systems involving both bottom-up and top-down mechanisms. The link between the enhancing and impairing effects is also discussed in a clinical context, with a focus on posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), where these opposing effects tend to co-occur, are exacerbated, and are detrimental. Overall, the present review highlights the need to consider together enhancing and impairing effects of emotion on cognition in studies investigating emotion–cognition interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florin Dolcos
- Psychology Department, University of Illinois, USA
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois, USA
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science & Technology, University of Illinois, USA
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31
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Sawamura D, Ikoma K, Yoshida K, Inagaki Y, Ogawa K, Sakai S. Active inhibition of task-irrelevant sounds and its neural basis in patients with attention deficits after traumatic brain injury. Brain Inj 2014; 28:1455-60. [DOI: 10.3109/02699052.2014.919531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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32
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Bolton DAE, Staines WR. Attention-based modulation of tactile stimuli: a comparison between prefrontal lesion patients and healthy age-matched controls. Neuropsychologia 2014; 57:101-11. [PMID: 24650526 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2014.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2013] [Revised: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the role of the prefrontal cortex in attention-based modulation of cortical somatosensory processing. METHODS Six prefrontal stroke patients were compared with eleven neurologically intact older adults during a vibrotactile discrimination task. All subjects attended to stimuli on one digit while ignoring distracter stimuli on a separate digit of the same hand. Subjects were required to report infrequent targets on the attended digit only. Throughout testing electroencephalography was used to measure event-related potentials for both task-relevant and irrelevant stimuli. RESULTS Prefrontal patients demonstrated significant changes in cortical somatosensory processing based on attention compared to age-matched controls. This was evident both in early unimodal somatosensory processing (i.e. P100) and in later cortical processing stages (i.e. long-latency positivity). Moreover, there was a tendency towards a tonic loss of inhibition over early somatosensory cortical processing (i.e. P50). CONCLUSIONS The attention-based modulation noted for neurologically intact older adults was absent in prefrontal lesion patients. SIGNIFICANCE The present study highlights the important role of prefrontal regions in sustaining inhibition over early sensory cortical processing stages and in modifying somatosensory transmission based on task-relevance. Notably these deficits extend beyond those previously shown to occur as a function of age.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A E Bolton
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada; Heart and Stroke Foundation Centre for Stroke Recovery, ON, Canada.
| | - W Richard Staines
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada; Heart and Stroke Foundation Centre for Stroke Recovery, ON, Canada
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Wager TD, Spicer J, Insler R, Smith EE. The neural bases of distracter-resistant working memory. COGNITIVE, AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2014; 14:90-105. [PMID: 24366656 PMCID: PMC3972280 DOI: 10.3758/s13415-013-0226-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A major difference between humans and other animals is our capacity to maintain information in working memory (WM) while performing secondary tasks, which enables sustained, complex cognition. A common assumption is that the lateral prefrontal cortex (PFC) is critical for WM performance in the presence of distracters, but direct evidence is scarce. We assessed the relationship between fMRI activity and WM performance within subjects, with performance matched across distracter and no-distracter conditions. Activity in the ventrolateral PFC during WM encoding and maintenance positively predicted performance in both conditions, whereas activity in the presupplementary motor area (pre-SMA) predicted performance only under distraction. Other parts of the dorsolateral and ventrolateral PFCs predicted performance only in the no-distracter condition. These findings challenge a lateral-PFC-centered view of distracter resistance, and suggest that the lateral PFC supports a type of WM representation that is efficient for dealing with task-irrelevant input but is, nonetheless, easily disrupted by dual-task demands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tor D Wager
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado, 345 UCB, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA,
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34
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McNab F, Dolan RJ. Dissociating distractor-filtering at encoding and during maintenance. J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform 2014; 40:960-7. [PMID: 24512609 PMCID: PMC4035130 DOI: 10.1037/a0036013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The effectiveness of distractor-filtering is a potentially important determinant of working memory capacity (WMC). However, a distinction between the contributions of distractor-filtering at WM encoding as opposed to filtering during maintenance has not been made and the assumption is that these rely on the same mechanism. Within 2 experiments, 1 conducted in the laboratory with 21 participants, and the other played as a game on smartphones (n = 3,247) we measure WMC without distractors, and present distractors during encoding or during the delay period of a WM task to determine performance associated with distraction at encoding and during maintenance. Despite differences in experimental setting and paradigm design between the 2 studies, we show a unique contribution to WMC from both encoding and delay distractor performance in both experiments, while controlling for performance in the absence of distraction. Thus, within 2 separate experiments, 1 involving an extremely large cohort of 3,247 participants, we show a dissociation between encoding and delay distractor-filtering, indicating that separate mechanisms may contribute to WMC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona McNab
- School of Psychology, University of Birmingham
| | - Raymond J Dolan
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, University College London
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35
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Öğmen H, Ekiz O, Huynh D, Bedell HE, Tripathy SP. Bottlenecks of motion processing during a visual glance: the leaky flask model. PLoS One 2013; 8:e83671. [PMID: 24391806 PMCID: PMC3877086 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0083671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2013] [Accepted: 11/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Where do the bottlenecks for information and attention lie when our visual system processes incoming stimuli? The human visual system encodes the incoming stimulus and transfers its contents into three major memory systems with increasing time scales, viz., sensory (or iconic) memory, visual short-term memory (VSTM), and long-term memory (LTM). It is commonly believed that the major bottleneck of information processing resides in VSTM. In contrast to this view, we show major bottlenecks for motion processing prior to VSTM. In the first experiment, we examined bottlenecks at the stimulus encoding stage through a partial-report technique by delivering the cue immediately at the end of the stimulus presentation. In the second experiment, we varied the cue delay to investigate sensory memory and VSTM. Performance decayed exponentially as a function of cue delay and we used the time-constant of the exponential-decay to demarcate sensory memory from VSTM. We then decomposed performance in terms of quality and quantity measures to analyze bottlenecks along these dimensions. In terms of the quality of information, two thirds to three quarters of the motion-processing bottleneck occurs in stimulus encoding rather than memory stages. In terms of the quantity of information, the motion-processing bottleneck is distributed, with the stimulus-encoding stage accounting for one third of the bottleneck. The bottleneck for the stimulus-encoding stage is dominated by the selection compared to the filtering function of attention. We also found that the filtering function of attention is operating mainly at the sensory memory stage in a specific manner, i.e., influencing only quantity and sparing quality. These results provide a novel and more complete understanding of information processing and storage bottlenecks for motion processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haluk Öğmen
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Center for Neuro-Engineering and Cognitive Science, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Onur Ekiz
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Duong Huynh
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Harold E. Bedell
- Center for Neuro-Engineering and Cognitive Science, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- College of Optometry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Srimant P. Tripathy
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Bradford, Bradford, United Kingdom
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36
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian C. Ruff
- Laboratory for Social and Neural Systems Research (SNS Lab); Department of Economics, University of Zurich; Zurich Switzerland
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37
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Sex differences in the response to emotional distraction: an event-related fMRI investigation. COGNITIVE AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2013; 13:116-34. [PMID: 23293019 DOI: 10.3758/s13415-012-0134-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Evidence has suggested that women have greater emotional reactivity than men. However, it is unclear whether these differences in basic emotional responses are also associated with differences in emotional distractibility, and what the neural mechanisms that implement differences in emotional distractibility between women and men are. Functional MRI recording was used in conjunction with a working memory (WM) task, with emotional distraction (angry faces) presented during the interval between the memoranda and the probes. First, we found an increased impact of emotional distraction among women in trials associated with high-confidence responses, in the context of overall similar WM performance in women and men. Second, women showed increased sensitivity to emotional distraction in brain areas associated with "hot" emotional processing, whereas men showed increased sensitivity in areas associated with "cold" executive processing, in the context of overall similar patterns of response to emotional distraction in women and men. Third, a sex-related dorsal-ventral hemispheric dissociation emerged in the lateral PFC related to coping with emotional distraction, with women showing a positive correlation with WM performance in left ventral PFC, and men showing similar effects in the right dorsal PFC. In addition to extending to men results that have previously been reported in women, by showing that both sexes engage mechanisms that are similar overall in response to emotional distraction, the present study identifies sex differences in both the response to and coping with emotional distraction. These results have implications for understanding sex differences in the susceptibility to affective disorders, in which basic emotional responses, emotional distractibility, and coping abilities are altered.
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Iordan AD, Dolcos S, Dolcos F. Neural signatures of the response to emotional distraction: a review of evidence from brain imaging investigations. Front Hum Neurosci 2013; 7:200. [PMID: 23761741 PMCID: PMC3672684 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2013.00200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2013] [Accepted: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Prompt responses to emotional, potentially threatening, stimuli are supported by neural mechanisms that allow for privileged access of emotional information to processing resources. The existence of these mechanisms can also make emotional stimuli potent distracters, particularly when task-irrelevant. The ability to deploy cognitive control in order to cope with emotional distraction is essential for adaptive behavior, while reduced control may lead to enhanced emotional distractibility, which is often a hallmark of affective disorders. Evidence suggests that increased susceptibility to emotional distraction is linked to changes in the processing of emotional information that affect both the basic response to and coping with emotional distraction, but the neural correlates of these phenomena are not clear. The present review discusses emerging evidence from brain imaging studies addressing these issues, and highlights the following three aspects. First, the response to emotional distraction is associated with opposing patterns of activity in a ventral "hot" affective system (HotEmo, showing increased activity) and a dorsal "cold" executive system (ColdEx, showing decreased activity). Second, coping with emotional distraction involves top-down control in order to counteract the bottom-up influence of emotional distraction, and involves interactions between the amygdala and the prefrontal cortex. Third, both the response to and coping with emotional distraction are influenced by individual differences affecting emotional sensitivity and distractibility, which are linked to alterations of both HotEmo and ColdEx neural systems. Collectively, the available evidence identifies specific neural signatures of the response to emotional challenge, which are fundamental to understanding the mechanisms of emotion-cognition interactions in healthy functioning, and the changes linked to individual variation in emotional distractibility and susceptibility to affective disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. D. Iordan
- Neuroscience Program, University of IllinoisUrbana-Champaign, IL, USA
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of IllinoisUrbana-Champaign, IL, USA
| | - S. Dolcos
- Psychology Department, University of IllinoisUrbana-Champaign, IL, USA
| | - F. Dolcos
- Neuroscience Program, University of IllinoisUrbana-Champaign, IL, USA
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of IllinoisUrbana-Champaign, IL, USA
- Psychology Department, University of IllinoisUrbana-Champaign, IL, USA
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39
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Trait anxiety and the neural efficiency of manipulation in working memory. COGNITIVE AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2012; 12:571-88. [PMID: 22644759 PMCID: PMC3400031 DOI: 10.3758/s13415-012-0100-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigates the effects of trait anxiety on the neural
efficiency of working memory component functions (manipulation vs. maintenance) in
the absence of threat-related stimuli. For the manipulation of affectively neutral
verbal information held in working memory, high- and low-anxious individuals
(N = 46) did not differ in their behavioral
performance, yet trait anxiety was positively related to the neural effort expended
on task processing, as measured by BOLD signal changes in fMRI. Higher levels of
anxiety were associated with stronger activation in two regions implicated in the
goal-directed control of attention—that is, right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
(DLPFC) and left inferior frontal sulcus—and with stronger deactivation in a region
assigned to the brain’s default-mode network—that is, rostral–ventral anterior
cingulate cortex. Furthermore, anxiety was associated with a stronger functional
coupling of right DLPFC with ventrolateral prefrontal cortex. We interpret our
findings as reflecting reduced processing efficiency in high-anxious individuals and
point out the need to consider measures of functional integration in addition to
measures of regional activation strength when investigating individual differences
in neural efficiency. With respect to the functions of working memory, we conclude
that anxiety specifically impairs the processing efficiency of (control-demanding)
manipulation processes (as opposed to mere maintenance). Notably, this study
contributes to an accumulating body of evidence showing that anxiety also affects
cognitive processing in the absence of threat-related stimuli.
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40
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Vercammen A, Morris R, Green MJ, Lenroot R, Kulkarni J, Carr VJ, Weickert CS, Weickert TW. Reduced neural activity of the prefrontal cognitive control circuitry during response inhibition to negative words in people with schizophrenia. J Psychiatry Neurosci 2012; 37:379-88. [PMID: 22617625 PMCID: PMC3493093 DOI: 10.1503/jpn.110088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schizophrenia is characterized by deficits in executive control and impairments in emotion processing. This study assessed the nature and extent of potential alterations in the neural substrates supporting the interaction between cognitive control mechanisms and emotion attribution processes in people with schizophrenia. METHODS Functional magnetic resonance imaging was performed during a verbal emotional go/no-go task. People with schizophrenia and healthy controls responded to word stimuli of a prespecified emotional valence (positive, negative or neutral) while inhibiting responses to stimuli of a different valence. RESULTS We enrolled 20 people with schizophrenia and 23 controls in the study. Healthy controls activated an extensive dorsal prefrontal-parietal network while inhibiting responses to negative words compared to neutral words, but showed deactivation of the midcingulate cortex while inhibiting responses to positive words compared to neutral words. People with schizophrenia failed to activate this network during response inhibition to negative words, whereas during response inhibition to positive words they did not deactivate the cingulate, but showed increased responsivity in the frontal cortex. LIMITATIONS Sample heterogeneity is characteristic of studies of schizophrenia and may have contributed to more variable neural responses in the patient sample despite the care taken to control for potentially confounding variables. CONCLUSION Our results showed that schizophrenia is associated with aberrant modulation of neural responses during the interaction between cognitive control and emotion processing. Failure of the frontal circuitry to regulate goal-directed behaviour based on emotion attributions may contribute to deficits in psychosocial functioning in daily life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ans Vercammen
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, Australia.
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41
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Bolton DA, Staines WR. Age-related loss in attention-based modulation of tactile stimuli at early stages of somatosensory processing. Neuropsychologia 2012; 50:1502-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2012.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2011] [Revised: 02/25/2012] [Accepted: 03/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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42
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Drummond SPA, Anderson DE, Straus LD, Vogel EK, Perez VB. The effects of two types of sleep deprivation on visual working memory capacity and filtering efficiency. PLoS One 2012; 7:e35653. [PMID: 22530064 PMCID: PMC3329471 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0035653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2011] [Accepted: 03/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Sleep deprivation has adverse consequences for a variety of cognitive functions. The exact effects of sleep deprivation, though, are dependent upon the cognitive process examined. Within working memory, for example, some component processes are more vulnerable to sleep deprivation than others. Additionally, the differential impacts on cognition of different types of sleep deprivation have not been well studied. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of one night of total sleep deprivation and 4 nights of partial sleep deprivation (4 hours in bed/night) on two components of visual working memory: capacity and filtering efficiency. Forty-four healthy young adults were randomly assigned to one of the two sleep deprivation conditions. All participants were studied: 1) in a well-rested condition (following 6 nights of 9 hours in bed/night); and 2) following sleep deprivation, in a counter-balanced order. Visual working memory testing consisted of two related tasks. The first measured visual working memory capacity and the second measured the ability to ignore distractor stimuli in a visual scene (filtering efficiency). Results showed neither type of sleep deprivation reduced visual working memory capacity. Partial sleep deprivation also generally did not change filtering efficiency. Total sleep deprivation, on the other hand, did impair performance in the filtering task. These results suggest components of visual working memory are differentially vulnerable to the effects of sleep deprivation, and different types of sleep deprivation impact visual working memory to different degrees. Such findings have implications for operational settings where individuals may need to perform with inadequate sleep and whose jobs involve receiving an array of visual information and discriminating the relevant from the irrelevant prior to making decisions or taking actions (e.g., baggage screeners, air traffic controllers, military personnel, health care providers).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean P A Drummond
- Psychology Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California, United States of America.
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43
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Fornari RV, Wichmann R, Atucha E, Desprez T, Eggens-Meijer E, Roozendaal B. Involvement of the insular cortex in regulating glucocorticoid effects on memory consolidation of inhibitory avoidance training. Front Behav Neurosci 2012; 6:10. [PMID: 22435055 PMCID: PMC3304473 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2012.00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2012] [Accepted: 02/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoids are known to enhance the consolidation of memory of emotionally arousing experiences by acting upon a network of interconnected brain regions. Although animal studies typically do not consider the insular cortex (IC) to be part of this network, the present findings indicate that the IC is importantly involved in regulating glucocorticoid effects on memory consolidation of emotionally arousing inhibitory avoidance training. The specific glucocorticoid receptor (GR) agonist RU 28362 (3 or 10 ng in 0.5 μl) infused bilaterally into the IC of male Sprague-Dawley rats immediately after one-trial inhibitory avoidance training dose-dependently enhanced 48 h retention performance. Moreover, training on the inhibitory avoidance task increased neuronal activity of the IC, as assessed by an increased number of cells expressing immunoreactivity for phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (pERK1/2). However, systemic administration of a memory-enhancing dose of corticosterone (1 mg/kg) after inhibitory avoidance training rapidly reduced the number of pERK1/2-positive cells in the IC, suggesting that glucocorticoid administration reduces overall neuronal activity of the IC. To investigate which components of the inhibitory avoidance training experience were influenced by the intra-IC glucocorticoid administration, in the last experiment rats were trained on a modified inhibitory avoidance task in which context exposure and footshock training occur on two sequential days. RU 28362 administration into the IC enhanced later retention when infused immediately after either the context or footshock training. Thus, these findings indicate that the IC mediates glucocorticoid effects on the consolidation of memory of different components of inhibitory avoidance training and suggest that the IC might be an important element of the rodent brain network involved in emotional regulation of learning and memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel V. Fornari
- Department of Neuroscience, Section Anatomy, University Medical Center Groningen, University of GroningenGroningen, Netherlands
- Núcleo de Cognição e Sistemas Complexos, Centro de Matemática, Computação e Cognição, Universidade Federal do ABC, Santo AndréSP, Brasil
| | - Romy Wichmann
- Department of Neuroscience, Section Anatomy, University Medical Center Groningen, University of GroningenGroningen, Netherlands
| | - Erika Atucha
- Department of Neuroscience, Section Anatomy, University Medical Center Groningen, University of GroningenGroningen, Netherlands
| | - Tifany Desprez
- Department of Neuroscience, Section Anatomy, University Medical Center Groningen, University of GroningenGroningen, Netherlands
| | - Ellie Eggens-Meijer
- Department of Neuroscience, Section Anatomy, University Medical Center Groningen, University of GroningenGroningen, Netherlands
| | - Benno Roozendaal
- Department of Neuroscience, Section Anatomy, University Medical Center Groningen, University of GroningenGroningen, Netherlands
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44
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Enhancement of selective attention by tDCS: Interaction with interference in a Sternberg task. Neurosci Lett 2012; 512:33-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2012.01.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2011] [Revised: 01/04/2012] [Accepted: 01/24/2012] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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45
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Wong G, Dolcos S, Denkova E, Morey R, Wang L, McCarthy G, Dolcos F. Brain imaging investigation of the impairing effect of emotion on cognition. J Vis Exp 2012:2434. [PMID: 22330776 DOI: 10.3791/2434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Emotions can impact cognition by exerting both enhancing (e.g., better memory for emotional events) and impairing (e.g., increased emotional distractibility) effects (reviewed in (1)). Complementing our recent protocol (2) describing a method that allows investigation of the neural correlates of the memory-enhancing effect of emotion (see also (1, 3-5)), here we present a protocol that allows investigation of the neural correlates of the detrimental impact of emotion on cognition. The main feature of this method is that it allows identification of reciprocal modulations between activity in a ventral neural system, involved in 'hot' emotion processing (HotEmo system), and a dorsal system, involved in higher-level 'cold' cognitive/executive processing (ColdEx system), which are linked to cognitive performance and to individual variations in behavior (reviewed in (1)). Since its initial introduction (6), this design has proven particularly versatile and influential in the elucidation of various aspects concerning the neural correlates of the detrimental impact of emotional distraction on cognition, with a focus on working memory (WM), and of coping with such distraction (7,11), in both healthy (8-11) and clinical participants (12-14).
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria Wong
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Canada
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46
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Drummond SPA, Anderson DE, Straus LD, Vogel EK, Perez VB. The effects of two types of sleep deprivation on visual working memory capacity and filtering efficiency. PLoS One 2012; 7:e35653. [PMID: 22530064 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.003565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2011] [Accepted: 03/22/2012] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Sleep deprivation has adverse consequences for a variety of cognitive functions. The exact effects of sleep deprivation, though, are dependent upon the cognitive process examined. Within working memory, for example, some component processes are more vulnerable to sleep deprivation than others. Additionally, the differential impacts on cognition of different types of sleep deprivation have not been well studied. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of one night of total sleep deprivation and 4 nights of partial sleep deprivation (4 hours in bed/night) on two components of visual working memory: capacity and filtering efficiency. Forty-four healthy young adults were randomly assigned to one of the two sleep deprivation conditions. All participants were studied: 1) in a well-rested condition (following 6 nights of 9 hours in bed/night); and 2) following sleep deprivation, in a counter-balanced order. Visual working memory testing consisted of two related tasks. The first measured visual working memory capacity and the second measured the ability to ignore distractor stimuli in a visual scene (filtering efficiency). Results showed neither type of sleep deprivation reduced visual working memory capacity. Partial sleep deprivation also generally did not change filtering efficiency. Total sleep deprivation, on the other hand, did impair performance in the filtering task. These results suggest components of visual working memory are differentially vulnerable to the effects of sleep deprivation, and different types of sleep deprivation impact visual working memory to different degrees. Such findings have implications for operational settings where individuals may need to perform with inadequate sleep and whose jobs involve receiving an array of visual information and discriminating the relevant from the irrelevant prior to making decisions or taking actions (e.g., baggage screeners, air traffic controllers, military personnel, health care providers).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean P A Drummond
- Psychology Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California, United States of America.
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47
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Minamoto T, Osaka M, Engle RW, Osaka N. Incidental encoding of goal irrelevant information is associated with insufficient engagement of the dorsal frontal cortex and the inferior parietal cortex. Brain Res 2012; 1429:82-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2011.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2011] [Revised: 10/14/2011] [Accepted: 10/19/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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48
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Spronk M, Jonkman LM. Electrophysiological evidence for different effects of working memory load on interference control in adolescents than adults. Int J Psychophysiol 2012; 83:24-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2011.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2011] [Revised: 09/22/2011] [Accepted: 09/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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49
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Gazzaley A, Nobre AC. Top-down modulation: bridging selective attention and working memory. Trends Cogn Sci 2011; 16:129-35. [PMID: 22209601 DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2011.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 792] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2011] [Revised: 11/28/2011] [Accepted: 11/29/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Selective attention, the ability to focus our cognitive resources on information relevant to our goals, influences working memory (WM) performance. Indeed, attention and working memory are increasingly viewed as overlapping constructs. Here, we review recent evidence from human neurophysiological studies demonstrating that top-down modulation serves as a common neural mechanism underlying these two cognitive operations. The core features include activity modulation in stimulus-selective sensory cortices with concurrent engagement of prefrontal and parietal control regions that function as sources of top-down signals. Notably, top-down modulation is engaged during both stimulus-present and stimulus-absent stages of WM tasks; that is, expectation of an ensuing stimulus to be remembered, selection and encoding of stimuli, maintenance of relevant information in mind and memory retrieval.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Gazzaley
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
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50
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Negative and nonemotional interference with visual working memory in schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 2011; 70:1159-68. [PMID: 21861986 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2011.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2011] [Revised: 07/10/2011] [Accepted: 07/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schizophrenia (SCZ) results in abnormalities affecting both working memory (WM) and emotional processing. Prior work suggests that individuals with SCZ exhibit increased effects of distraction on WM-a deficit that might be exacerbated via emotional interference. However, no study characterized effects of negative and nonemotional interference on visual WM in SCZ with functional magnetic resonance imaging. We tested the hypothesis that SCZ is associated with a general inability to filter distraction versus a specific deficit in the ability to filter aversive emotional distraction. METHODS Twenty-eight patients with DSM-IV-diagnosed SCZ and 24 matched control subjects underwent blood-oxygen-level-dependent imaging with functional magnetic resonance imaging at 3-T. Subjects performed a modified delayed-response visual WM task faced with affectively negative, neutral, or task-related interference. RESULTS Control subjects showed maximal interference after aversive distraction, whereas patients were more distracted irrespective of interference type. Importantly, aversive distraction resulted in similar across-group activation in regions previously showing robust effects of negative interference. Conversely, after any distraction, patients showed reduced blood-oxygen-level-dependent activity in prefrontal regions previously implicated in filtering interference. Particularly when distracted, SCZ subjects exhibited aberrant responses to nonemotional distraction across posterior cortical regions. CONCLUSIONS Results suggest that patients fail to deploy activity associated with distracter filtering exhibited by control subjects. Although SCZ subjects show similar responses to aversive interference across certain regions, there is also evidence of enhanced responses to nonemotional inputs. These results are consistent with a general deficit in the ability of patients to filter distraction, which might be in line with aberrant salience processing as a pathophysiological mechanism in SCZ.
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