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Alkadhi KA. Synaptic Plasticity and Cognitive Ability in Experimental Adult-Onset Hypothyroidism. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2024; 389:150-162. [PMID: 38508752 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.123.001887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Adult-onset hypothyroidism impairs normal brain function. Research on animal models of hypothyroidism has revealed critical information on how deficiency of thyroid hormones impacts the electrophysiological and molecular functions of the brain, which leads to the well known cognitive impairment in untreated hypothyroid patients. Currently, such information can only be obtained from experiments on animal models of hypothyroidism. This review summarizes important research findings that pertain to understanding the clinical cognitive consequences of hypothyroidism, which will provide a better guiding path for therapy of hypothyroidism. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Cognitive impairment occurs during adult-onset hypothyroidism in both humans and animal models. Findings from animal studies validate clinical findings showing impaired long-term potentiation, decreased CaMKII, and increased calcineurin. Such findings can only be gleaned from animal experiments to show how hypothyroidism produces clinical symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karim A Alkadhi
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, Texas
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Badini F, Bayrami A, Mirshekar MA, Shahraki S, Fanaei H. Levothyroxine attenuates behavioral impairment and improves oxidative stress and histological alteration 3-nitropropionic acid induced experimental Huntington's disease in rats. Behav Brain Res 2024; 461:114864. [PMID: 38220060 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2024.114864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2023] [Revised: 01/01/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by degeneration of the striatum; it results in oxidative stress and motor deficits. Thyroid hormones regulate oxidative metabolism. In the present study, we evaluated the effect of administration of levothyroxine (LT-4) on neurobehavioral, oxidative stress, and histological changes in a rat model of HD. Forty-eight Wistar male rats were divided into the following six groups (n = 8): Group 1 (control) received physiological saline intraperitoneally (ip). Groups 2 and 3 received L-T4,30 and L-T4100 (μg/kg, ip, respectively) daily for 7 days. Group 4 (HD) received 3-nitropropionic acid (3-NP) (25 mg/kg, ip) daily for 7 days. Groups 5 and 6 received L-T4,30 and L-T4100 (μg/kg, ip, respectively) 30 min after 3-NP (25 mg/kg, ip) injection for the same duration. On the 8th day, behavioral parameters were evaluated with the Rotarod, Narrow beam walk, and Limb withdrawal tests. Oxidative markers such as Malondialdehyde (MDA) and Glutathione (GSH) levels and Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, in striatum tissue were measured. Moreover, striatum tissues were analyzed by Hematoxylin-eosin staining for histological alterations. We found that 3-NP administration caused motor incoordination and induced oxidative stress increased but reduced free radical scavenging. Also, increased amounts of lipid peroxides caused striatal damage as shown by histopathological evaluation. Administration of L-T4 led to increased falling time in the Rotarod, but reduced the time taken in Narrow beam walking and Limb withdrawal test. Furthermore, L-T4 increased antioxidant activity, decreased lipid peroxidation and ameliorated 3-NP-induced degeneration in neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fereshteh Badini
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Abolfazl Bayrami
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ali Mirshekar
- Clinical Immunology Research Center, School of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran; Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran.
| | - Samira Shahraki
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran; Cellular and Molecular Research Center, School of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Hamed Fanaei
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran; Pregnancy Health Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
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Memarpour S, Beheshti F, Baghcheghi Y, Vafaei AA, Hosseini M, Rashidy-Pour A. Neuronal Nitric Oxide Inhibitor 7-Nitroindazole Improved Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor and Attenuated Brain Tissues Oxidative Damage and Learning and Memory Impairments of Hypothyroid Juvenile Rats. Neurochem Res 2020; 45:2775-2785. [PMID: 32930947 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-020-03128-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Hypothyroidism-associated learning and memory impairment is reported to be connected to oxidative stress and reduced levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). The effects of neuronal nitric oxide inhibitor 7-nitroindazole (7NI) on brain tissues oxidative damage, nitric oxide (NO), BDNF and memory impairments in hypothyroid juvenile rats were investigated. Male Wistar juvenile rats (20 days old) were divided into five groups, including Martinez et al. (J Neurochem 78 (5):1054-1063, 2001). Control in which vehicle was injected instead of 7NI, (Jackson in Thyroid 8 (10):951-956, 1998) Propylthiouracil (PTU) where 0.05% PTU was added in drinking water and vehicle was injected instead of 7NI, (Gong et al. in BMC Neurosci 11 (1):50, 2010; Alva-Sánchez et al. in Brain Res 1271:27-35, 2009; Anaeigoudari et al. in Pharmacol Rep 68 (2): 243-249, 2016) PTU-7NI 5, PTU-7NI 10 and PTU-7NI 20 in which 5, 10, or 20 mg/kg7NI was injected intraperitoneally (i.p.). Following 6 weeks, Morris water maze (MMW) and passive avoidance learning (PAL) tests were used to evaluate the memory. Finally, the hippocampus and the cortex of the rats were removed after anesthesia by urethane to be used for future analysis. The escape latency and traveled path in MWM test was increased in PTU group (P < 0.001). PTU also reduced the latency to enter the dark box of PAL and the time spent and the distance in the target quadrant in MWM test (P < 0.001 and P < 0.01). Treatment with 7NI attenuated all adverse effects of PTU (P < 0.05 to P < 0.001). PTU lowered BDNF and thiol content and superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities in the brain but increased malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitric oxide (NO) metabolites. In addition, 7NI improved thiol, SOD, CAT, thiol, and BDNF but attenuated MDA and NO metabolites. The results of the current study showed that 7NI improvement in the learning and memory of the hypothyroid juvenile rats, which was accompanied with improving of BDNF and attenuation of NO and brain tissues oxidative damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Memarpour
- Research Center of Physiology, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Farimah Beheshti
- Neuroscience Research Center, Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh, Iran.,Department of Physiology, School of Paramedical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh, Iran
| | - Yousef Baghcheghi
- Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Abbas Ali Vafaei
- Research Center of Physiology, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Hosseini
- Division of Neurocognitive Sciences, Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Ali Rashidy-Pour
- Research Center of Physiology, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran.
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Hosny EN, El-Gizawy MM, Sawie HG, Abdel-Wahhab KG, Khadrawy YA. Neuroprotective Effect of Ashwagandha Extract against the Neurochemical Changes Induced in Rat Model of Hypothyroidism. J Diet Suppl 2020; 18:72-91. [PMID: 31958022 DOI: 10.1080/19390211.2020.1713959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The current aim is to evaluate the effect of ashwagandha root extract (AE) on the neurochemical changes induced in the cortex and hippocampus as a consequence of thyroid dysfunction induced by propylthiouracil (PTU). Male Wistar rats were divided into; control, AE treated rats, rat model of hypothyroidism and rat model of hypothyroidism treated with either AE or L-thyroxine (T4) for 1 month. Rat model of hypothyroidism showed a significant decrease in serum levels of tri-iodothyronine (T3) and T4 and a significant increase in cortical and hippocampal lipid peroxidation (MDA), nitric oxide (NO), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT). However, reduced glutathione (GSH) decreased significantly. This was associated with a significant increase in hippocampal tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and cortical dopamine levels. Both L-thyroxine and AE restored T3 and T4 levels. In the hippocampus L-Thyroxine prevented the increase in MDA and restored GSH but failed to restore the increased NO and TNF-α. In the cortex L-thyroxine didn't change the increased MDA and NO and the decreased GSH induced by PTU. L-thyroxine increased cortical and hippocampal SOD and CAT. AE prevented the increased hippocampal MDA, NO and TNF-α and the decreased GSH level induced by PTU. In the cortex AE failed to restore MDA and NO but prevented the decrease in GSH. The increase in cortical dopamine level induced by PTU was ameliorated by L-thyroxine and improved by AE. The present data indicate that AE could prevent thyroid dysfunction and reduce its complications on the nervous system including oxidative stress and neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eman N Hosny
- Medical Physiology Department, Medical Division, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mayada M El-Gizawy
- Medical Physiology Department, Medical Division, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Hussein G Sawie
- Medical Physiology Department, Medical Division, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Khaled G Abdel-Wahhab
- Medical Physiology Department, Medical Division, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Yasser A Khadrawy
- Medical Physiology Department, Medical Division, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
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Martínez-Salazar C, Villanueva I, Pacheco-Rosado J, Alva-Sánchez C. Moderate exercise prevents the cell atrophy caused by hypothyroidism in rats. Acta Neurobiol Exp (Wars) 2020. [DOI: 10.21307/ane-2020-005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Baghcheghi Y, Hosseini M, Beheshti F, Salmani H, Anaeigoudari A. Thymoquinone reverses learning and memory impairments and brain tissue oxidative damage in hypothyroid juvenile rats. ARQUIVOS DE NEURO-PSIQUIATRIA 2018; 76:32-40. [PMID: 29364392 DOI: 10.1590/0004-282x20170182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the effect of thymoquinone (TQ) on propylthiouracil (PTU)-induced memory impairment was investigated in juvenile rats. The rats were grouped into control, Hypo, Hypo-TQ5 and Hypo-TQ10. Propylthiouracil increased latency time in the Morris water maze test and decreased delay in entering the dark compartment in the passive avoidance test. Both 5 mg/kg and 10 mg/kg doses of TQ decreased latency time in the Morris water maze test and increased delay in entering the dark compartment in a passive avoidance test. The PTU also increased malondialdehyde and nitric oxide metabolites in the brain while reduced the thiol content and superoxide dismutase and catalase activities and serum T4 level. Both doses of TQ decreased malondialdehyde and nitric oxide metabolites in the brain while enhanced the thiol content and superoxide dismutase and catalase activities and serum T4 level. The results of the present study showed that TQ protected against PTU-induced memory impairments in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yousef Baghcheghi
- Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physiology, Student Research Committee, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Hosseini
- Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Division of Neurocognitive Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Farimah Beheshti
- Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences, Department of Basic Science and Neuroscience Research Center, Torbat Heydariyeh, Iran
| | - Hossein Salmani
- Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physiology, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Akbar Anaeigoudari
- Jiroft University of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Department of Physiology, Jiroft, Iran
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Beheshti F, Karimi S, Vafaee F, Shafei MN, Sadeghnia HR, Hadjzadeh MAR, Hosseini M. The effects of vitamin C on hypothyroidism-associated learning and memory impairment in juvenile rats. Metab Brain Dis 2017; 32:703-715. [PMID: 28127705 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-017-9954-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
In this study the effects of Vitamin C (Vit C) on hypothyroidism-associated learning and memory impairment in juvenile rats was investigated. The pregnant rats were kept in separate cages. After delivery, they were randomly divided into six groups and treated: (1) Control; (2) Propylthiouracil (PTU) which 0.005% PTU in their drinking; (3-5) Propylthiouracil- Vit C groups; besides PTU, dams in these groups received 10, 100 and 500 mg/kg Vit C respectively, (6) one group as a positive control; the intact rats received an effective dose, 100 mg/kg Vit. C. After delivery, the pups were continued to receive the experimental treatments in their drinking water up to 56th day of their life. Ten male offspring of each group were randomly selected and tested in the Morris water maze (MWM) and passive avoidance (PA) which were started at 63th day (one week after stopping of the treatments). Brains were then removed for biochemical measurements. PTU increased time latency and traveled distance during 5 days in MWM while, reduced the spent time in target quadrant in MWM and step-trough latency (STL) in PA. PTU decreased thiol content, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities in the brain while, increased molondialdehyde (MDA). In MWM test, 10, 100 and 500 mg/kg Vit C reduced time latency and traveled distance without affecting the traveling speed during 5 days. All doses of Vit C increased the spent time in target quadrant in probe trail of MWM and also increased STL in PA test. Vit C increased thiol, SOD and CAT in the brain tissues while, reduced MDA. Results of present study confirmed the beneficial effects of Vit C on learning and memory. It also demonstrated that Vit C has protective effects on hypothyroidism-associated learning and memory impairment in juvenile rats which might be elucidated by the antioxidative effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farimah Beheshti
- Neurocognitive Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Sareh Karimi
- Neurocognitive Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Farzaneh Vafaee
- Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammad Naser Shafei
- Neurocognitive Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hamid Reza Sadeghnia
- Pharmacological Research Center of Medicinal Plants, School of Medicine, Mashhad, University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mosa Al Reza Hadjzadeh
- Neurocognitive Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Hosseini
- Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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Sánchez-Huerta K, García-Martínez Y, Vergara P, Segovia J, Pacheco-Rosado J. Thyroid hormones are essential to preserve non-proliferative cells of adult neurogenesis of the dentate gyrus. Mol Cell Neurosci 2016; 76:1-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2016.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Revised: 07/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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Singh S, Rana P, Kumar P, Shankar LR, Khushu S. Hippocampal Neurometabolite Changes in Hypothyroidism: An In Vivo (1) H Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Study Before and After Thyroxine Treatment. J Neuroendocrinol 2016; 28. [PMID: 27203419 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Revised: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The hippocampus is a thyroid hormone receptor-rich region of the brain. A change in thyroid hormone levels may be responsible for an alteration in hippocampal-associated function, such as learning, memory and attention. Neuroimaging studies have shown functional and structural changes in the hippocampus as a result of hypothyroidism. However, the underlying process responsible for this dysfunction remains unclear. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the metabolic changes in the brain of adult hypothyroid patients during pre- and post-thyroxine treatment using in vivo proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy ((1) H MRS). (1) H MRS was performed in both healthy control subjects (n = 15) and hypothyroid patients (n = 15) (before and after thyroxine treatment). The relative ratios of the neurometabolites were calculated using the linear combination model (LCModel). Our results revealed a significant decrease of glutamate (Glu) (P = 0.045) and myo-inositol (mI) (P = 0.002) levels in the hippocampus of hypothyroid patients compared to controls. No significant changes in metabolite ratios were observed in the hypothyroid patients after thyroxine treatment. The findings of the present study reveal decreased Glu/tCr and mI/tCr ratios in the hippocampus of hypothyroid patients and these metabolite alterations persisted even after the patients became clinically euthyroid subsequent to thyroxine treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Singh
- NMR Research Centre, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences (INMAS), Delhi, India
| | - P Rana
- NMR Research Centre, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences (INMAS), Delhi, India
| | - P Kumar
- NMR Research Centre, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences (INMAS), Delhi, India
| | - L R Shankar
- Thyroid Research Centre, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences (INMAS), Delhi, India
| | - S Khushu
- NMR Research Centre, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences (INMAS), Delhi, India.
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Shin YW, Choi YM, Kim HS, Kim DJ, Jo HJ, O'Donnell BF, Jang EK, Kim TY, Shong YK, Hong JP, Kim WB. Diminished Quality of Life and Increased Brain Functional Connectivity in Patients with Hypothyroidism After Total Thyroidectomy. Thyroid 2016; 26:641-9. [PMID: 26976233 PMCID: PMC4939446 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2015.0452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute hypothyroidism induced by thyroid hormone withdrawal (THW) in patients with thyroid cancer after total thyroidectomy can affect mood and quality of life (QoL). While loss or dysregulation of thyroid hormone (TH) has these well-known behavioral consequences, the effects of TH alterations on brain function are not well understood. Resting state functional connectivity (FC) measured by functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) allows non-invasive evaluation of human brain function. This study therefore examined whether THW affects resting state FC and whether changes in FC correlate with the mood or QoL of the patients with THW status. METHODS Twenty-one patients who had undergone total thyroidectomy for thyroid cancer were recruited. Resting state fMRI scanning of the brain, thyroid function tests, and administration of the 12-Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-12) and the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) were performed before and after two weeks of THW. Regional homogeneity (ReHo), one of the measures of resting state FC, was calculated, and each voxel was compared between before and after THW in 19 patients. The ReHo values were extracted from the regions of interest showing within-group differences in ReHo values after THW, and correlations of ReHo values with thyrotropin (TSH) levels, total score of the PHQ-9, and composite scores of the SF-12 were statistically evaluated. RESULTS Higher ReHo was observed after THW in the brain cortical regions across primary motor and sensory, visual, and association cortices. Among the regions, the ReHo values in the bilateral pre- and postcentral gyri, bilateral middle occipito-temporal cortices, the left precuneus, and the left lingual gyrus showed positive correlations with serum TSH levels after THW. Higher ReHo values in the bilateral pre- and postcentral gyri, the left middle temporo-occipital cortices, and the left ligual gyrus correlated with the lower mental component summary score from the SF-12, while higher ReHo values in the bilateral pre- and postcentral gyri correlated with higher total scores in the PHQ-9. CONCLUSIONS Local brain FC is increased in the acute hypothyroid state. Higher FC correlates with a poorer mental QoL and increased depression in the hypothyroid state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Wook Shin
- Department of Psychiatry, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yun Mi Choi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ho Sung Kim
- Department of Radiology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Dae-Jin Kim
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana
| | - Hang Joon Jo
- Scientific and Statistical Computing Core, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Brian F. O'Donnell
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana
| | - Eun Kyung Jang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Tae Yong Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Young Kee Shong
- Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jin Pyo Hong
- Department of Psychiatry, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Won Bae Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
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Malt EA, Juhasz K, Malt UF, Naumann T. A Role for the Transcription Factor Nk2 Homeobox 1 in Schizophrenia: Convergent Evidence from Animal and Human Studies. Front Behav Neurosci 2016; 10:59. [PMID: 27064909 PMCID: PMC4811959 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2016.00059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a highly heritable disorder with diverse mental and somatic symptoms. The molecular mechanisms leading from genes to disease pathology in schizophrenia remain largely unknown. Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have shown that common single-nucleotide polymorphisms associated with specific diseases are enriched in the recognition sequences of transcription factors that regulate physiological processes relevant to the disease. We have used a “bottom-up” approach and tracked a developmental trajectory from embryology to physiological processes and behavior and recognized that the transcription factor NK2 homeobox 1 (NKX2-1) possesses properties of particular interest for schizophrenia. NKX2-1 is selectively expressed from prenatal development to adulthood in the brain, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, lungs, skin, and enteric ganglia, and has key functions at the interface of the brain, the endocrine-, and the immune system. In the developing brain, NKX2-1-expressing progenitor cells differentiate into distinct subclasses of forebrain GABAergic and cholinergic neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes. The transcription factor is highly expressed in mature limbic circuits related to context-dependent goal-directed patterns of behavior, social interaction and reproduction, fear responses, responses to light, and other homeostatic processes. It is essential for development and mature function of the thyroid gland and the respiratory system, and is involved in calcium metabolism and immune responses. NKX2-1 interacts with a number of genes identified as susceptibility genes for schizophrenia. We suggest that NKX2-1 may lie at the core of several dose dependent pathways that are dysregulated in schizophrenia. We correlate the symptoms seen in schizophrenia with the temporal and spatial activities of NKX2-1 in order to highlight promising future research areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva A Malt
- Department of Adult Habilitation, Akershus University HospitalLørenskog, Norway; Institute of Clinical Medicine, Ahus Campus University of OsloOslo, Norway
| | - Katalin Juhasz
- Department of Adult Habilitation, Akershus University Hospital Lørenskog, Norway
| | - Ulrik F Malt
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of OsloOslo, Norway; Department of Research and Education, Institution of Oslo University HospitalOslo, Norway
| | - Thomas Naumann
- Centre of Anatomy, Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Charite Universitätsmedizin Berlin Berlin, Germany
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Beheshti F, Hosseini M, Shafei MN, Soukhtanloo M, Ghasemi S, Vafaee F, Zarepoor L. The effects of Nigella sativa extract on hypothyroidism-associated learning and memory impairment during neonatal and juvenile growth in rats. Nutr Neurosci 2016; 20:49-59. [PMID: 25087773 DOI: 10.1179/1476830514y.0000000144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES It has been shown that hypothyroidism-induced oxidative damage in brain tissue is involved in its adverse effects on learning and memory. Nigella sativa (N. sativa) has been suggested to have antioxidant and neuroprotective effects. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of hydroalcoholic extract of N. sativa on hypothyroidism-associated learning and memory impairment during neonatal and juvenile growth in rats. METHODS Thirty pregnant rats were kept in separate cages. After delivery, the mothers and their offspring were randomly divided into six groups including: (1) control, (2) PTU (propylthiouracil), (3) PTU-NS 100, (4) PTU-NS 200, (5) PTU-NS 400, and (6) PTU-Vit C (vitamin C). All dams except the control group received 0.005% PTU in their drinking water during lactation. Besides PTU, dams in groups 3, 4, 5, and 6 received 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg N. sativa extract, or 100 mg/kg Vit C, respectively. After lactation period, pups continued to receive same experimental treatment for the first 8 weeks of their life. Then, 10 male offspring of each group were randomly selected and assessed for the learning and memory abilities by using Morris water maze (MWM) and passive avoidance (PA) tests. Blood samples were collected for thyroxine assessment, animals were euthanized, and the brain tissues were removed and analyzed for total thiol groups and malondialdehyde (MDA) concentrations. RESULTS PTU exposure significantly increased the time latency in MWM test, while reduced the time spent in target quadrant, and decreased the latency for entering the dark compartment in PA test. These effects were associated with significant reduction in serum thyroxine levels and brain levels of thiol groups, and significant elevation in hippocampal MDA. Administration of 400 mg/kg N. sativa extract and 100 mg/kg Vit C reduced the time latency, while increased the time spent in target quadrant compared to the PTU group in MWM test. Treatment by 100-400 mg/kg of N. sativa extract and also Vit C significantly increased the time latency for entering the dark compartment in PA test. The serum thyroxine concentrations of the animals treated by all doses of the N. sativa extract as well as by Vit C were higher than that of the PTU group. Two hundred and four hundred milligrams/kilogram of NS extract and 100 mg/kg Vit C decreased the MDA concentration in hippocampal tissues, while increased thiol contents compared to the PTU group. DISCUSSION The results of this study demonstrate that the hydroalcoholic extract of N. sativa have protective effects on hypothyroidism-associated learning and memory impairment during neonatal and juvenile growth in rats. The effects were comparable to Vit C and might be due to the protective effects of N. sativa extract against brain tissues' oxidative damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farimah Beheshti
- a Neurocognitive Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences , Mashhad , Iran
| | - Mahmoud Hosseini
- a Neurocognitive Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences , Mashhad , Iran.,b Pharmacological Research Center of Medicinal Plants, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences , Mashhad , Iran
| | - Mohammad Naser Shafei
- c Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences , Mashhad , Iran
| | - Mohammad Soukhtanloo
- d Department of Biochemistry , School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences , Mashhad , Iran
| | - Simagol Ghasemi
- b Pharmacological Research Center of Medicinal Plants, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences , Mashhad , Iran
| | - Farzaneh Vafaee
- b Pharmacological Research Center of Medicinal Plants, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences , Mashhad , Iran
| | - Leila Zarepoor
- e Human Health and Nutritional Sciences Department , College of Biological Sciences, University of Guelph , Canada
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Moncayo R, Ortner K. Multifactorial determinants of cognition - Thyroid function is not the only one. BBA CLINICAL 2015; 3:289-98. [PMID: 26672993 PMCID: PMC4661586 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbacli.2015.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2014] [Revised: 04/11/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Background Since the 1960s hypothyroidism together with iodine deficiency have been considered to be a principal determinant of cognition development. Following iodine supplementation programs and improved treatment options for hypothyroidism this relation might not be valid in 2015. On the other hand neurosciences have added different inputs also related to cognition. Scope of review We will examine the characteristics of the original and current publications on thyroid function and cognition and also add some general determinants of intelligence and cognition. One central issue for us is the relation of stress to cognition knowing that both physical and psychological stress, are frequent elements in subjects with thyroid dysfunction. We have considered a special type of stress called pre-natal stress which can influence cognitive functions. Fear and anxiety can be intermingled requiring mechanisms of fear extinction. Major conclusions Recent studies have failed to show an influence of thyroid medication during pregnancy on intellectual development. Neuroscience offers a better explanation of cognition than hypothyroidism and iodine deficiency. Additional factors relevant to cognition are nutrition, infection, prenatal stress, and early life stress. In turn stress is related to low magnesium levels. Magnesium supplementation can correct both latent hypothyroidism and acquired mild cognitive deficits. General significance Cognition is a complex process that depends on many determinants and not only on thyroid function. Magnesium deficiency appears to be a basic mechanism for changes in thyroid function as well as of cognition. Untreated hypothyroidism, i.e. hypothyroxinemia, can influence IQ. Thyroxine administration to euthyroid pregnant women has no effect on cognition. The hippocampus and NMDA receptors play a central role in cognitive processes. Antenatal and early life stressors can influence cognition later in life. Stressors can lead to decreased levels of magnesium and demands supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy Moncayo
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Karina Ortner
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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Wheeler SM, McLelland VC, Sheard E, McAndrews MP, Rovet JF. Hippocampal Functioning and Verbal Associative Memory in Adolescents with Congenital Hypothyroidism. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2015; 6:163. [PMID: 26539162 PMCID: PMC4610202 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2015.00163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroid hormone (TH) is essential for normal development of the hippocampus, which is critical for memory and particularly for learning and recalling associations between visual and verbal stimuli. Adolescents with congenital hypothyroidism (CH), who lack TH in late gestation and early life, demonstrate weak verbal recall abilities, reduced hippocampal volumes, and abnormal hippocampal functioning for visually associated material. However, it is not known if their hippocampus functions abnormally when remembering verbal associations. Our objective was to assess hippocampal functioning in CH using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Fourteen adolescents with CH and 14 typically developing controls (TDC) were studied. Participants studied pairs of words and then, during fMRI acquisition, made two types of recognition decisions: in one they judged whether the pairs were the same as when seen originally and in the other, whether individual words were seen before regardless of pairing. Hippocampal activation was greater for pairs than items in both groups, but this difference was only significant in TDC. When we directly compared the groups, the right anterior hippocampus was the primary region in which the TDC and CH groups differed for this pair memory effect. Results signify that adolescents with CH show abnormal hippocampal functioning during verbal memory processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M. Wheeler
- Neurosciences and Mental Health Research Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Victoria C. McLelland
- Neurosciences and Mental Health Research Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Erin Sheard
- Neurosciences and Mental Health Research Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Mary Pat McAndrews
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Krembil Neuroscience Centre, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Joanne F. Rovet
- Neurosciences and Mental Health Research Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- *Correspondence: Joanne F. Rovet,
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Moncayo R, Moncayo H. The WOMED model of benign thyroid disease: Acquired magnesium deficiency due to physical and psychological stressors relates to dysfunction of oxidative phosphorylation. BBA CLINICAL 2014; 3:44-64. [PMID: 26675817 PMCID: PMC4661500 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbacli.2014.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Revised: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to discern whether a relation between biochemical parameters, sonography and musculoskeletal data exists in cases of hyperthyroidism and whether they are modifiable through supplementation with selenomethionine and magnesium citrate as well as by acupuncture and manual medicine methods. RESULTS A direct correlation between whole blood selenium and serum magnesium was found in subjects without thyroid disease and in menopausal women while it was reversed in cases of thyroid diseases as well as in patients with depression, infection, and in infertile women. Vascularization indices were elevated in cases of newly diagnosed benign thyroid diseases. Musculoskeletal changes i.e. lateral tension and idiopathic moving toes, as well as situations of physical and psychological stress and minor trauma and infection led to an increase of vascularization. Magnesium levels correlated negatively with these two conditions. The supplementation brought a reduction of the vascularization indices and reduced the incidence of idiopathic moving toes. Treatment of lateral tension required manual medicine methods and acupuncture (gastrocnemius). A small subgroup of patients showed a further reduction of hyper-vascularization after receiving coenzyme Q10. CONCLUSIONS We interpret the elevated thyroid vascularization and low magnesium levels as signs of an inflammatory process related to the musculoskeletal changes. Improvement of thyroid function and morphology can be achieved after correcting the influence of stressors together with the supplementation regime. We hypothesize that the central biochemical event in thyroid disease is that of an acquired, altered mitochondrial function due to deficiency of magnesium, selenium, and coenzyme Q10.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy Moncayo
- WOMED, Karl-Kapferer-Strasse 5, AT-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Helga Moncayo
- WOMED, Karl-Kapferer-Strasse 5, AT-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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Medici M, Direk N, Visser WE, Korevaar TIM, Hofman A, Visser TJ, Tiemeier H, Peeters RP. Thyroid function within the normal range and the risk of depression: a population-based cohort study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2014; 99:1213-9. [PMID: 24564323 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2013-3589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Overt hypo- and hyperthyroidism are associated with an increased risk of depression. Little is known about the effects of variation in thyroid function within the normal range on the risk of depression. OBJECTIVE The objective of the study was to examine the association between normal-range thyroid function and the risk of depression. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This was a cohort study in 1503 Dutch men and women, aged 70.6 (7.3) (mean [SD]) years. At baseline, serum TSH, thyroperoxidase antibody levels, and depressive symptoms [Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D)] were assessed. A CES-D of 16 or greater is indicative of a depressive disorder. During follow-up (mean 8.0 y), participants were continuously monitored for the occurrence of incident depressive syndromes (n = 156). RESULTS Cross-sectionally, persons in the lowest TSH tertile (0.3-1.0 mU/L) had more depressive symptoms [CES-D score (mean): 7.95 vs 6.63, P = .014] as well as an increased risk of a CES-D of 16 or greater [10.7% vs 5.0%, odds ratio (95% confidence interval) 2.22 (1.18-4.17)], compared with persons in the highest normal range TSH tertile (1.6-4.0 mU/L). In the prospective analyses, persons in the lowest TSH tertile who were depression free at baseline had a higher risk of incident depressive syndromes [12.3% vs 7.6%, odds ratio (95% confidence interval) 1.85 (1.10-3.11)]. Thyroid autoimmunity (thyroperoxidase antibody positivity) was not associated with CES-D scores or incident depressive syndromes. CONCLUSIONS Elderly persons with low-normal TSH levels have more concurrent depressive symptoms as well as a substantially increased risk of developing a depressive syndrome in the subsequent years. This study identifies low-normal TSH as an important risk factor for depression in the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Medici
- Departments of Internal Medicine (M.M., W.E.V., T.I.M.K., T.J.V., R.P.P.) and Epidemiology (N.D., A.H., H.T.), Erasmus Medical Center, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Dias GRM, de Almeida TM, Sudati JH, Dobrachinski F, Pavin S, Soares FAA, Nogueira CW, Barbosa NBV. Diphenyl diselenide supplemented diet reduces depressive-like behavior in hypothyroid female rats. Physiol Behav 2014; 124:116-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2013.10.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2013] [Revised: 08/22/2013] [Accepted: 10/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Roseni Mundstock Dias G, Medeiros Golombieski R, de Lima Portella R, Pires do Amaral G, Antunes Soares F, Teixeira da Rocha JB, Wayne Nogueira C, Vargas Barbosa N. Diphenyl diselenide modulates gene expression of antioxidant enzymes in the cerebral cortex, hippocampus and striatum of female hypothyroid rats. Neuroendocrinology 2014; 100:45-59. [PMID: 25012258 DOI: 10.1159/000365515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 06/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cellular antioxidant signaling can be altered either by thyroid disturbances or by selenium status. AIMS To investigate whether or not dietary diphenyl diselenide can modify the expression of genes of antioxidant enzymes and endpoint markers of oxidative stress under hypothyroid conditions. METHODS Female rats were rendered hypothyroid by continuous exposure to methimazole (MTZ; 20 mg/100 ml in the drinking water) for 3 months. Concomitantly, MTZ-treated rats were either fed or not with a diet containing diphenyl diselenide (5 ppm). mRNA levels of antioxidant enzymes and antioxidant/oxidant status were determined in the cerebral cortex, hippocampus and striatum. RESULTS Hypothyroidism caused a marked upregulation in mRNA expression of catalase, superoxide dismutase (SOD-1, SOD-3), glutathione peroxidase (GPx-1, GPx-4) and thioredoxin reductase (TrxR-1) in brain structures. SOD-2 was increased in the cortex and striatum, while TrxR-2 increased in the cerebral cortex. The increase in mRNA expression of antioxidant enzymes was positively correlated with the Nrf-2 transcription in the cortex and hippocampus. Hypothyroidism caused oxidative stress, namely an increase in lipid peroxidation and reactive oxygen species levels in the hippocampus and striatum, and a decrease in nonprotein thiols in the cerebral cortex. Diphenyl diselenide was effective in reducing brain oxidative stress and normalizing most of the changes observed in gene expression of antioxidant enzymes. CONCLUSION The present work corroborates and extends that hypothyroidism disrupts antioxidant enzyme gene expression and causes oxidative stress in the brain. Furthermore, diphenyl diselenide may be considered a promising molecule to counteract these effects in a hypothyroidism state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glaecir Roseni Mundstock Dias
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica Toxicológica, Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
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Villanueva I, Alva-Sánchez C, Pacheco-Rosado J. The role of thyroid hormones as inductors of oxidative stress and neurodegeneration. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2013; 2013:218145. [PMID: 24386502 PMCID: PMC3872098 DOI: 10.1155/2013/218145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2013] [Accepted: 11/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are oxidizing agents amply implicated in tissue damage. ROS production is inevitably linked to ATP synthesis in most cells, and the rate of production is related to the rate of cell respiration. Multiple antioxidant mechanisms limit ROS dispersion and interaction with cell components, but, when the balance between ROS production and scavenging is lost, oxidative damage develops. Many traits of aging are related to oxidative damage by ROS, including neurodegenerative diseases. Thyroid hormones (THs) are a major factor controlling metabolic and respiratory rates in virtually all cell types in mammals. The general metabolic effect of THs is a relative acceleration of the basal metabolism that includes an increase of the rate of both catabolic and anabolic reactions. THs are related to oxidative stress not only by their stimulation of metabolism but also by their effects on antioxidant mechanisms. Thyroid dysfunction increases with age, so changes in THs levels in the elderly could be a factor affecting the development of neurodegenerative diseases. However, the relationship is not always clear. In this review, we analyze the participation of thyroid hormones on ROS production and oxidative stress, and the way the changes in thyroid status in aging are involved in neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- I. Villanueva
- Departamento de Fisiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, IPN. Prol. Carpio y Plan de Ayala, s/n, 11340 México City, DF, Mexico
| | - C. Alva-Sánchez
- Departamento de Fisiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, IPN. Prol. Carpio y Plan de Ayala, s/n, 11340 México City, DF, Mexico
| | - J. Pacheco-Rosado
- Departamento de Fisiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, IPN. Prol. Carpio y Plan de Ayala, s/n, 11340 México City, DF, Mexico
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Cortés C, Eugenin E, Aliaga E, Carreño LJ, Bueno SM, Gonzalez PA, Gayol S, Naranjo D, Noches V, Marassi MP, Rosenthal D, Jadue C, Ibarra P, Keitel C, Wohllk N, Court F, Kalergis AM, Riedel CA. Hypothyroidism in the adult rat causes incremental changes in brain-derived neurotrophic factor, neuronal and astrocyte apoptosis, gliosis, and deterioration of postsynaptic density. Thyroid 2012; 22:951-63. [PMID: 22870949 PMCID: PMC3429274 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2010.0400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adult hypothyroidism is a highly prevalent condition that impairs processes, such as learning and memory. Even though tetra-iodothyronine (T(4)) treatment can overcome the hypothyroidism in the majority of cases, it cannot fully recover the patient's learning capacity and memory. In this work, we analyzed the cellular and molecular changes in the adult brain occurring with the development of experimental hypothyroidism. METHODS Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with 6-propyl-2-thiouracil (PTU) for 20 days to induce hypothyroidism. Neuronal and astrocyte apoptosis were analyzed in the hippocampus of control and hypothyroid adult rats by confocal microscopy. The content of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) was analyzed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and in situ hybridization. The glutamatergic synapse and the postsynaptic density (PSD) were analyzed by electron microscopy. The content of PSD proteins like tyrosine receptor kinase B (TrkB), p75, and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAr) were analyzed by immunoblot. RESULTS We observed that the hippocampus of hypothyroid adult rats displayed increased apoptosis levels in neurons and astrocyte and reactive gliosis compared with controls. Moreover, we found that the amount of BDNF mRNA was higher in the hippocampus of hypothyroid rats and the content of TrkB, the receptor for BDNF, was reduced at the PSD of the CA3 region of hypothyroid rats, compared with controls. We also observed that the glutamatergic synapses from the stratum radiatum of CA3 from hypothyroid rats, contained thinner PSDs than control rats. This observation was in agreement with a reduced content of NMDAr subunits at the PSD in hypothyroid animals. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that adult hypothyroidism affects the hippocampus by a mechanism that alters the composition of PSD, reduces neuronal and astrocyte survival, and alters the content of the signaling neurotrophic factors, such as BDNF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Cortés
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences and Faculty of Medicine, Andrés Bello University, Santiago, Chile
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Sánchez-Huerta KB, Montes S, Pérez-Severiano F, Alva-Sánchez C, Ríos C, Pacheco-Rosado J. Hypothyroidism reduces glutamate-synaptic release by ouabain depolarization in rat CA3-hippocampal region. J Neurosci Res 2011; 90:905-12. [PMID: 22184033 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.22806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2011] [Revised: 08/05/2011] [Accepted: 08/31/2011] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Thyroid hormones modulate the physiology of the hippocampus in humans, where glutamate plays an important role as neurotransmitter. The aim of this work was to study the effect of hypothyroidism on hippocampal glutamate extracellular levels, release, uptake, and synthesis. The effects of PDC (a glutamate transporter inhibitor) and ouabain (a Na(+) /K(+) -ATPase inhibitor) infusion on microdialysate glutamate and aspartate levels of CA3 hippocampal region were evaluated. Animals were assigned to one of the following groups: hypothyroid group (Hyp), receiving methimazole (anantithyroid drug); replacement group (Hyp + T(4) ), receiving antithyroid treatment plus thyroxine; and euthyroid control group (Eut). Dialysate fractions were collected every 15 min to determine basal glutamate levels for 1 hr. Then, PDC (10 mM) or ouabain (100 μM) was infused for 30 min. Results showed lower glutamate and aspartate basal levels in Hyp than in Eut groups. PDC infusion increased amino acids levels in all groups, whereas ouabain infusion increased glutamate and aspartate levels only in the Eut group. The infusion of tetrodotoxin (TTX; a voltage-gated sodium channel inhibitor) prevented the glutamate increase in euthyroid rats. The Hyp + T(4) group showed glutamate levels similar to those found in the Eut group. Additionally, glutaminase activity in hippocampus was lower in the Hyp group than in the Eut or Hyp + T(4) group. Results suggest that high-affinity glutamate transporters are not altered by hypothyroidism; however, decreased hypotyroidism reduced vesicular glutamate release in the CA3-hippocampal region as a consequence of diminished glutamate synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- K B Sánchez-Huerta
- Departamento de Fisiología Mauricio Russek, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, IPN, México D.F., México
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Abstract
Abstract Thyroid hormones play a critical role in brain development but also in the adult human brain by modulating metabolic activity. Hypothyroid states are associated with both functional and structural brain alterations also seen in patients with major depression. Recent animal experimental and preclinical data indicate subtle changes in myelination, microvascular density, local neurogenesis, and functional networks. The translational validity of such studies is obviously limited. Clinical evidence for neurobiological correlates of different stages and severities of hypothyroidism and effects of pharmacological intervention is lacking but may be achieved using advanced imaging techniques, e.g. functional and quantitative MRI techniques applied to patients with hypothyroidism before and after hormone replacement therapy.
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Soriano O, Delgado G, Anguiano B, Petrosyan P, Molina-Servín ED, Gonsebatt ME, Aceves C. Antineoplastic effect of iodine and iodide in dimethylbenz[a]anthracene-induced mammary tumors: association between lactoperoxidase and estrogen-adduct production. Endocr Relat Cancer 2011; 18:529-39. [PMID: 21690268 DOI: 10.1530/erc-11-0065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Several groups, including ours, have reported that iodine exhibited antiproliferative and apoptotic effects in various cancer cells only if this element is supplemented as molecular iodine, or as iodide, to cells that are able to oxidize it with the enzyme thyroperoxidase. In this study, we analyzed the effect of various concentrations of iodine and/or iodide in the dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) mammary cancer model in rats. The results show that 0.1% iodine or iodide increases the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor type γ (PPARγ), triggering caspase-mediated apoptosis pathways in damaged mammary tissue (DMBA-treated mammary gland) as well as in frank mammary tumors, but not in normal mammary gland. DMBA treatment induces the expression of lactoperoxidase, which participates in the antineoplastic effect of iodide and could be involved in the pro-neoplastic effect of estrogens, increasing the formation of DNA adducts. In conclusion, our results show that a supplement of 0.1% molecular iodine/potassium iodide (0.05/0.05%) exert antineoplastic effects, preventing estrogen-induced DNA adducts and inducing apoptosis through PPARγ/caspases in pre-cancer and cancerous cells. Since this iodine concentration does not modify the cytology (histology, apoptosis rate) or physiology (triiodothyronine and thyrotropin) of the thyroid gland, we propose that it be considered as an adjuvant treatment for premenopausal mammary cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ofelia Soriano
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Campus Juriquilla, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Querétaro, Mexico
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Dong J, Liu W, Wang Y, Xi Q, Chen J. Hypothyroidism following developmental iodine deficiency reduces hippocampal neurogranin, CaMK II and calmodulin and elevates calcineurin in lactational rats. Int J Dev Neurosci 2010; 28:589-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2010.07.230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2010] [Revised: 05/26/2010] [Accepted: 07/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Dong
- Department of Occupational and Environmental HealthSchool of Public HealthChina Medical UniversityShenyangPR China
| | - Wanyang Liu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental HealthSchool of Public HealthChina Medical UniversityShenyangPR China
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental HealthSchool of Public HealthChina Medical UniversityShenyangPR China
| | - Qi Xi
- Department of Occupational and Environmental HealthSchool of Public HealthChina Medical UniversityShenyangPR China
- Department of PhysiologyThe University of Tennessee Health Science CenterRoom 305, Nash Building 894 Union AvenueMemphisTN38163United States
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Occupational and Environmental HealthSchool of Public HealthChina Medical UniversityShenyangPR China
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PTU-induced hypothyroidism modulates antioxidant defence status in the developing cerebellum. Int J Dev Neurosci 2010; 28:251-62. [PMID: 20123122 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2010.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2009] [Revised: 01/11/2010] [Accepted: 01/25/2010] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of 6-n-propylthiouracil (PTU)-induced hypothyroidism on oxidative stress parameters, expression of antioxidant defence enzymes, cell proliferation and apoptosis in the developing cerebellum. PTU challenged neonates showed significant decrease in serum T(3) and T(4) levels and marked increase in TSH levels. Significantly elevated levels of cerebellar H(2)O(2) and lipid peroxidation were observed in 7 days old hypothyroid rats, along with increased activities of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase and decline in catalase activity. In 30 days old hypothyroid rats, a significant decline in cerebellar lipid peroxidation, superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activity and expression was observed along with an up-regulation in catalase activity and expression. Expression of antioxidant enzymes was studied by Western blot and semi-quantitative rt-PCR. A distinct increase in cell proliferation as indicated by proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) immunoreactivity was observed in the internal granular layer of cerebellum of 7 days old hypothyroid rats and significant drop in PCNA positive cells in the cerebellar molecular layer and internal granular layer of 30 days old PTU treated rats as compared to controls. In situ end labeling by TUNEL assay showed increased apoptosis in cerebellum of hypothyroid rats in comparison to controls. These results suggest that the antioxidant defence system of the developing cerebellum is sensitive to thyroid hormone deficiency and consequent alterations in oxidative stress status may play a role in regulation of cell proliferation of the cerebellum during neonatal brain development.
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Kajiyama Y, Iijima Y, Chiba S, Furuta M, Ninomiya M, Izumi A, Shibata S, Kunugi H. Prednisolone causes anxiety- and depression-like behaviors and altered expression of apoptotic genes in mice hippocampus. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2010; 34:159-65. [PMID: 19883713 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2009.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2009] [Revised: 10/13/2009] [Accepted: 10/24/2009] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids are known to cause psychiatric disorders including depression. Prednisolone (PSL) is one of the most widely used synthetic glucocorticoids to treat various medical diseases; however, little is known about PSL-induced behavioral changes and its molecular basis in the brain. Growing evidence has implicated that hippocampal remodeling or damage play a role in the pathogenic effect of glucocorticoids. In this study, mice were administered PSL (50 or 100mg/kg) or vehicle for 6 or 7 days and subjected to a series of behavioral tests, i.e., open field, elevated plus maze, prepulse inhibition, forced swim, and tail suspension tests. Hippocampal tissues were subject to microarray analysis using the GeneChip Mouse Genome 430 2.0 Array (Affymetrix) containing 45,101 probes of transcripts. Increased anxiety- and depression-like behaviors assessed with open field, elevated plus maze, and tail suspension tests were observed. Microarray analysis detected 108 transcripts with a fold change of >2.0 or <0.5 in which many cell-death-related genes were found. The microarray data was validated by quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction analysis. Our results demonstrated that PSL causes anxiety- and depression-like behaviors, and suggest that altered gene expressions related to hippocampal remodeling or damage are involved in the effect of PSL on such behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Kajiyama
- Department of Mental Disorder Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
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Dong J, Liu W, Wang Y, Hou Y, Xi Q, Chen J. Developmental iodine deficiency resulting in hypothyroidism reduces hippocampal ERK1/2 and CREB in lactational and adolescent rats. BMC Neurosci 2009; 10:149. [PMID: 20021662 PMCID: PMC2804698 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2202-10-149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2009] [Accepted: 12/18/2009] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Developmental iodine deficiency (ID) leads to inadequate thyroid hormone that impairs learning and memory with an unclear mechanism. Here, we show that hippocampal extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK1/2) and cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) are implicated in the impaired learning and memory in lactational and adolescent rat hippocampus following developmental ID and hypothyroidism. Methods Three developmental rat models were created by administrating dam rats with either iodine-deficient diet or propylthiouracil (PTU, 5 ppm or 15 ppm)-added drinking water from gestational day (GD) 6 till postnatal day (PN) 28. Then, the total and phorsporylated ERK1/2 and total and phorsporylated CREB in the hippocampus were detected with western blot on PN14, PN21, PN28 and PN42. Results The iodine-deficient and hypothyroid pups showed lower serum FT3 and FT4 levels, smaller body size, and delayed eyes opening. The mean number of surviving cells in the hippocampus of the iodine-deficient and 15 ppm PTU-treated rats was significantly reduced compared to controls (P < 0.05). Iodine-deficient and 15 ppm PTU-treatment groups demonstrated significantly lower level of total and phosphorylated ERK1/2 and CREB than the controls on PN14, PN21 and PN28 (P < 0.05, respectively). The reduction of ERK1/2 and CREB was not reversible with the restoration of serum thyroid hormone concentrations on PN42. Conclusions Developmental ID and hypothyroidism down-regulate hippocampal ERK1/2 and CREB in lactational and adolescent rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Dong
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, PR China.
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