1
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Wang X, Tang X, Wang A, Zhang M. Non-spatial inhibition of return attenuates audiovisual integration owing to modality disparities. Atten Percept Psychophys 2023:10.3758/s13414-023-02825-y. [PMID: 38127253 DOI: 10.3758/s13414-023-02825-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Although previous studies have investigated the relationship between inhibition of return (IOR) and multisensory integration, the influence of non-spatial has not been explored. The present study aimed to investigate the influence of non-spatial IOR on audiovisual integration by using a "prime-neutral cue-target" paradigm. In Experiment 1, which manipulated prime validity and target modality, the targets were positioned centrally, revealing significant non-spatial IOR effects in the visual, auditory, and audiovisual modalities. Analysis of relative multisensory response enhancement (rMRE) indicated substantial audiovisual integration enhancement in both valid and invalid target conditions. Furthermore, the enhancement was weaker for valid targets than for invalid targets. In Experiment 2, the targets were positioned above and below to rule out repetition blindness (RB); this experiment successfully replicated the results observed in Experiment 1. Notably, Experiments 1 and 2 consistently found that the correlation between modality differences and rMRE for valid targets indicated that differences in signal strength between visual and auditory modalities contributed to a reduction in audiovisual integration. However, the absence of correlation with the invalid target suggests that attention, as a key factor, may play a significant role in this process. The present study highlights how non-spatial IOR reduces audiovisual integration and sheds light on the complex interaction between attention and multisensory integration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxue Wang
- Department of Psychology, Research Center for Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyu Tang
- School of Psychology, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China
| | - Aijun Wang
- Department of Psychology, Research Center for Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ming Zhang
- Department of Psychology, Research Center for Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, People's Republic of China.
- Department of Psychology, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, China.
- Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan.
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2
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Doricchi F, Lasaponara S, Pazzaglia M, Silvetti M. Anticipatory and target related "match/mismatch" activities of the TPJ: Reply to comments on "Left and right temporal-parietal junctions (TPJs) as "match/mismatch" hedonic machines: A unifying account of TPJ function". Phys Life Rev 2023; 46:286-291. [PMID: 37625330 DOI: 10.1016/j.plrev.2023.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Doricchi
- Dipartimento di Psicologia 39, Università degli Studi di Roma 'La Sapienza', Roma, Italy; Fondazione Santa Lucia IRCCS, Roma, Italy.
| | - Stefano Lasaponara
- Dipartimento di Psicologia 39, Università degli Studi di Roma 'La Sapienza', Roma, Italy; Fondazione Santa Lucia IRCCS, Roma, Italy
| | - Mariella Pazzaglia
- Dipartimento di Psicologia 39, Università degli Studi di Roma 'La Sapienza', Roma, Italy; Fondazione Santa Lucia IRCCS, Roma, Italy
| | - Massimo Silvetti
- Computational and Translational Neuroscience Lab (CTNLab), Institute of Cognitive Sciences and Technologies, National Research Council (CNR), Rome, Italy
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3
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Bowen JD, Alforque CV, Silver MA. Effects of involuntary and voluntary attention on critical spacing of visual crowding. J Vis 2023; 23:2. [PMID: 36862108 PMCID: PMC9987171 DOI: 10.1167/jov.23.3.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Visual spatial attention can be allocated in two distinct ways: one that is voluntarily directed to behaviorally relevant locations in the world, and one that is involuntarily captured by salient external stimuli. Precueing spatial attention has been shown to improve perceptual performance on a number of visual tasks. However, the effects of spatial attention on visual crowding, defined as the reduction in the ability to identify target objects in clutter, are far less clear. In this study, we used an anticueing paradigm to separately measure the effects of involuntary and voluntary spatial attention on a crowding task. Each trial began with a brief peripheral cue that predicted that the crowded target would appear on the opposite side of the screen 80% of the time and on the same side of the screen 20% of the time. Subjects performed an orientation discrimination task on a target Gabor patch that was flanked by other similar Gabor patches with independent random orientations. For trials with a short stimulus onset asynchrony between cue and target, involuntary capture of attention led to faster response times and smaller critical spacing when the target appeared on the cue side. For trials with a long stimulus onset asynchrony, voluntary allocation of attention led to faster reaction times but no significant effect on critical spacing when the target appeared on the opposite side to the cue. We additionally found that the magnitudes of these cueing effects of involuntary and voluntary attention were not strongly correlated across subjects for either reaction time or critical spacing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel D Bowen
- Vision Science Graduate Group, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.,
| | - Carissa V Alforque
- Herbert Wertheim School of Optometry & Vision Science, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.,
| | - Michael A Silver
- Vision Science Graduate Group, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.,Herbert Wertheim School of Optometry & Vision Science, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.,Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.,
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4
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Peng X, Tang X, Jiang H, Wang A, Zhang M, Chang R. Inhibition of Return Decreases Early Audiovisual Integration: An Event-Related Potential Study. Front Hum Neurosci 2021; 15:712958. [PMID: 34690717 PMCID: PMC8526535 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2021.712958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous behavioral studies have found that inhibition of return decreases the audiovisual integration, while the underlying neural mechanisms are unknown. The current work utilized the high temporal resolution of event-related potentials (ERPs) to investigate how audiovisual integration would be modulated by inhibition of return. We employed the cue-target paradigm and manipulated the target type and cue validity. Participants were required to perform the task of detection of visual (V), auditory (A), or audiovisual (AV) targets shown in the identical (valid cue) or opposed (invalid cue) side to be the preceding exogenous cue. The neural activities between AV targets and the sum of the A and V targets were compared, and their differences were calculated to present the audiovisual integration effect in different cue validity conditions (valid, invalid). The ERPs results showed that a significant super-additive audiovisual integration effect was observed on the P70 (60∼90 ms, frontal-central) only under the invalid cue condition. The significant audiovisual integration effects were observed on the N1 or P2 components (N1, 120∼180 ms, frontal-central-parietal; P2, 200∼260 ms, frontal-central-parietal) in both valid cue as well as invalid cue condition. And there were no significant differences on the later components between invalid cue and valid cue. The result offers the first neural demonstration that inhibition of return modulates the early audiovisual integration process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Peng
- Institute of Aviation Human Factors and Ergonomics, College of Flight Technology, Civil Aviation Flight University of China, Guanghan, China
| | - Xiaoyu Tang
- School of Psychology, Liaoning Collaborative Innovation Center of Children and Adolescents Healthy Personality Assessment and Cultivation, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China
| | - Hao Jiang
- Institute of Aviation Human Factors and Ergonomics, College of Flight Technology, Civil Aviation Flight University of China, Guanghan, China
| | - Aijun Wang
- Department of Psychology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Ming Zhang
- Department of Psychology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Ruosong Chang
- School of Psychology, Liaoning Collaborative Innovation Center of Children and Adolescents Healthy Personality Assessment and Cultivation, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China
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5
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Li X, Zhang M, Wu L, Zhang Q, Wei P. Neural Mechanisms of Reward-by-Cueing Interactions: ERP Evidence. Front Hum Neurosci 2021; 15:608427. [PMID: 34045946 PMCID: PMC8145282 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2021.608427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibition of return (IOR) refers to the phenomenon that a person is slower to respond to targets at a previously cued location. The present study aimed to explore whether target-reward association is subject to IOR, using event-related potentials (ERPs) to explore the underlying neural mechanism. Each participant performed a localization task and a color discrimination task in an exogenous cueing paradigm, with the targets presented in colors (green/red) previously associated with high- or low-reward probability. The results of both tasks revealed that the N1, Nd, and P3 components exhibited differential amplitudes between cued and uncued trials (i.e., IOR) under low reward, with the N1 and Nd amplitudes being enhanced for uncued trials compared to cued trials, and the P3 amplitude being enhanced for cued trials vs. uncued trials. Under high reward, however, no difference was found between the amplitudes on cued and uncued trials for any of the components. These findings demonstrate that targets that were previously associated with high reward can be resistant to IOR and the current results enrich the evidence for interactions between reward-association and attentional orientation in the cueing paradigm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Learning and Cognition, School of Psychology, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Meichen Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Learning and Cognition, School of Psychology, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Lulu Wu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Learning and Cognition, School of Psychology, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Qin Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Learning and Cognition, School of Psychology, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Ping Wei
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Learning and Cognition, School of Psychology, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Imaging Technology, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
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6
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Tang X, Wang X, Peng X, Li Q, Zhang C, Wang A, Zhang M. Electrophysiological evidence of different neural processing between visual and audiovisual inhibition of return. Sci Rep 2021; 11:8056. [PMID: 33850180 PMCID: PMC8044137 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-86999-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibition of return (IOR) refers to the slower response to targets appearing on the same side as the cue (valid locations) than to targets appearing on the opposite side as the cue (invalid locations). Previous behaviour studies have found that the visual IOR is larger than the audiovisual IOR when focusing on both visual and auditory modalities. Utilising the high temporal resolution of the event-related potential (ERP) technique we explored the possible neural correlates with the behaviour IOR difference between visual and audiovisual targets. The behavioural results revealed that the visual IOR was larger than the audiovisual IOR. The ERP results showed that the visual IOR effect was generated from the P1 and N2 components, while the audiovisual IOR effect was derived only from the P3 component. Multisensory integration (MSI) of audiovisual targets occurred on the P1, N1 and P3 components, which may offset the reduced perceptual processing due to audiovisual IOR. The results of early and late differences in the neural processing of the visual IOR and audiovisual IOR imply that the two target types may have different inhibitory orientation mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Tang
- School of Psychology, Liaoning Collaborative Innovation Center of Children and Adolescents Healthy Personality Assessment and Cultivation, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, 116029, China.
| | - Xueli Wang
- School of Psychology, Liaoning Collaborative Innovation Center of Children and Adolescents Healthy Personality Assessment and Cultivation, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, 116029, China
| | - Xing Peng
- Institute of Aviation Human Factors and Ergonomics, Civil Aviation Flight University of China, Guanghan, 618307, China.
| | - Qi Li
- School of Computer Science and Technology, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun, 130022, China
| | - Chi Zhang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Aijun Wang
- Department of Psychology, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China.
| | - Ming Zhang
- Department of Psychology, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China.
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7
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Differential impact of endogenous and exogenous attention on activity in human visual cortex. Sci Rep 2020; 10:21274. [PMID: 33277552 PMCID: PMC7718281 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-78172-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
How do endogenous (voluntary) and exogenous (involuntary) attention modulate activity in visual cortex? Using ROI-based fMRI analysis, we measured fMRI activity for valid and invalid trials (target at cued/un-cued location, respectively), pre- or post-cueing endogenous or exogenous attention, while participants performed the same orientation discrimination task. We found stronger modulation in contralateral than ipsilateral visual regions, and higher activity in valid- than invalid-trials. For endogenous attention, modulation of stimulus-evoked activity due to a pre-cue increased along the visual hierarchy, but was constant due to a post-cue. For exogenous attention, modulation of stimulus-evoked activity due to a pre-cue was constant along the visual hierarchy, but was not modulated due to a post-cue. These findings reveal that endogenous and exogenous attention distinctly modulate activity in visuo-occipital areas during orienting and reorienting; endogenous attention facilitates both the encoding and the readout of visual information whereas exogenous attention only facilitates the encoding of information.
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8
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Grundy JG, Pavlenko E, Bialystok E. Bilingualism modifies disengagement of attention networks across the scalp: A multivariate ERP investigation of the IOR paradigm. JOURNAL OF NEUROLINGUISTICS 2020; 56:100933. [PMID: 36061571 PMCID: PMC9439621 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroling.2020.100933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
A recent approach to explaining the domain-general cognitive outcomes of bilingualism is to consider the role of disengagement of attention, rather than the engagement of focused attention or inhibition as typical in most accounts. The present study pursues this approach by examining the neurophysiological changes associated with disengagement of attention in young adults performing an inhibition of return (IOR) paradigm while EEG was recorded. Participants were drawn from a diverse community and varied widely in their bilingual experience. There were three main findings. First, dividing the sample into dichotomous groups based on language proficiency did not lead to reliable group differences on the task. Second, using instead continuous measures of bilingualism across the sample indicated that greater bilingual experience and proficiency were associated with the magnitude of the IOR effect, with more bilingual individuals showing larger and earlier IOR effects. Finally, a network of processes that are temporally and spatially distinct were found to work together to produce facilitation, disengagement of attention, and inhibition of return. These findings contribute to debates regarding the electrophysiological correlates of the IOR effect and provide additional evidence for how bilingualism affects domain-general cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elena Pavlenko
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health
- QUEST – Center for Transforming Biomedical Research, Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), 10178 Berlin, Germany
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9
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Green JJ, Spalek TM, McDonald JJ. From alternation to repetition: Spatial attention biases contribute to sequential effects in a choice reaction-time task. Cogn Neurosci 2019; 11:24-36. [PMID: 31512985 DOI: 10.1080/17588928.2019.1662387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Observers often take longer to respond to a visual target when it appears at a recently stimulated location than when it appears at a new location in the visual field. This behavioral impairment - known as inhibition of return (IOR) - is mirrored by a reduction of an event-related potential (ERP) component called the N2pc that has been associated with attentional selection. Together, these findings indicate that the mechanism underlying IOR operates to bias covert attention against re-visiting the most recently attended location. The goal of the present study was to determine how this inhibitory attention bias evolves across successive trials of a two-item search task. Initially, targets appearing at previously attended locations were associated with behavioral IOR and a concomitant reduction of the N2pc. After several successive trials, this initial inhibitory bias was superseded by expectancy-based biases associated with "predictable" inter-trial patterns of location repeats or location changes, in some cases leading to faster responses and a larger N2pc when the target location repeated (facilitation of return). These results provide evidence that biases in the covert deployment of attention are updated dynamically according to the recent selection history and contribute to well-known sequential effects in serial choice reaction-time tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica J Green
- Department of Psychology, McCausland Center for Brain Imaging, and Institute for Mind and Brain, University of South Carolina, Columbia, USA
| | - Thomas M Spalek
- Department of Psychology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - John J McDonald
- Department of Psychology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
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10
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Lim A, Eng V, Osborne C, Janssen SMJ, Satel J. Inhibitory and Facilitatory Cueing Effects: Competition between Exogenous and Endogenous Mechanisms. Vision (Basel) 2019; 3:vision3030040. [PMID: 31735841 PMCID: PMC6802798 DOI: 10.3390/vision3030040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibition of return is characterized by delayed responses to previously attended locations when the cue-target onset asynchrony (CTOA) is long enough. However, when cues are predictive of a target’s location, faster reaction times to cued as compared to uncued targets are normally observed. In this series of experiments investigating saccadic reaction times, we manipulated the cue predictability to 25% (counterpredictive), 50% (nonpredictive), and 75% (predictive) to investigate the interaction between predictive endogenous facilitatory (FCEs) and inhibitory cueing effects (ICEs). Overall, larger ICEs were seen in the counterpredictive condition than in the nonpredictive condition, and no ICE was found in the predictive condition. Based on the hypothesized additivity of FCEs and ICEs, we reasoned that the null ICEs observed in the predictive condition are the result of two opposing mechanisms balancing each other out, and the large ICEs observed with counterpredictive cueing can be attributed to the combination of endogenous facilitation at uncued locations with inhibition at cued locations. Our findings suggest that the endogenous activity contributed by cue predictability can reduce the overall inhibition observed when the mechanisms occur at the same location, or enhance behavioral inhibition when the mechanisms occur at opposite locations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfred Lim
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Semenyih 43500, Malaysia
| | - Vivian Eng
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Semenyih 43500, Malaysia
| | - Caitlyn Osborne
- Division of Psychology, School of Medicine, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania 7248, Australia
| | - Steve M. J. Janssen
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Semenyih 43500, Malaysia
| | - Jason Satel
- Division of Psychology, School of Medicine, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania 7248, Australia
- Correspondence:
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11
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Hayashi D, Sawa T, Lavrenteva S, Murakami I. Inhibition of return modulates the flash-lag effect. J Vis 2019; 19:6. [PMID: 31059569 DOI: 10.1167/19.5.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Transient events are known to draw exogenous attention, and visual processing at the attended location is transiently facilitated, but after several hundred milliseconds, attentional processing at the cued location becomes poorer than processing elsewhere, resulting in a slower reaction to a target stimulus that subsequently appears at the cued location. Despite a number of previous studies on this effect, termed inhibition of return (IOR), it is still unclear whether a perceptual process related to the subjective onset time of the target stimulus is disrupted when IOR occurs. In the present study, we used a distinct visual phenomenon termed the flash-lag effect (FLE) as a tool to quantify IOR. The FLE is an illusion in which a flashed stimulus appears to lag behind a moving stimulus, despite being physically aligned. We used an identical stimulus configuration and asked observers to conduct two independent tasks in separate sessions. The first was a simple reaction task to measure the onset reaction time (RT) to an abruptly appearing target. The second was an orientation judgment task to measure the degree of the FLE. Both the RT and the FLE were found to be altered in accordance with IOR, and a significant correlation was demonstrated between the changes in the RT and those in the FLE. These results demonstrate that the perceptual process related to the stimulus onset can be compromised by IOR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Hayashi
- Department of Psychology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Faculty of Human Informatics, Aichi Shukutoku University, Aichi, Japan
| | - Takahiro Sawa
- Department of Psychology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Ikuya Murakami
- Department of Psychology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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12
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Are eyes special? Electrophysiological and behavioural evidence for a dissociation between eye-gaze and arrows attentional mechanisms. Neuropsychologia 2019; 129:146-152. [PMID: 30935837 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2019.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
It has been proposed that attention triggered by eye-gaze may represent a unique attentional process, different from that triggered by non-social stimuli such as arrows. To investigate this issue, in the present study we compared the temporal dynamics of the conflict processing triggered by eye-gaze and arrow stimuli. We investigated the electrophysiological activity during a task in which participants were required to identify the direction of laterally presented eye-gaze or arrow targets. Opposite behavioural effects were observed: while arrows produced the typical effect, with faster responses when they were congruent with their position, eye-gaze targets produced a reversed effect with faster responses when they were incongruent. Event-related potentials showed common and dissociable congruency modulation: whereas eye-gaze and arrows showed similar effects on earlier ERP components (P1 and N1), they led to opposite effects in later components such as N2 and P3. This represents the first electrophysiological demonstration of both early shared and later dissociable congruency effects for eye-gaze and arrow stimuli.
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13
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Li AS, Miao CG, Han Y, He X, Zhang Y. Electrophysiological Correlates of the Effect of Task Difficulty on Inhibition of Return. Front Psychol 2018; 9:2403. [PMID: 30564172 PMCID: PMC6288287 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibition of return (IOR) refers to slower responses to targets that occur at a previously attended location than to those at control locations. Previous studies on the impact of task difficulty on IOR have shown conflicting results. However, these studies failed to match low-level characteristics of stimuli (e.g., size, color, and luminance) across difficulty levels, and so might have confounded the effect of task difficulty with that of stimulus characteristics. Hence, whether and how task difficulty modulates IOR remain largely unknown. This study utilized the event-related potentials (ERPs) technique in combination with a cue-target paradigm to tackle this question. Task difficulty was manipulated by changing the position of a gap in a rectangle stimulus, while stimulus size, color, and luminance were precisely matched. IOR was observed in reaction times across all difficulty levels but was found in accuracy at the medium level only. The modulation effect of task difficulty on IOR was also evident in the N1 and P2 ERP components, which showed significantly weaker IOR effects at the medium difficulty level than at the easy and hard levels. It is suggested that the modulation of IOR by task difficulty involves both perceptual and post-perceptual processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai-Su Li
- Department of Psychology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Cheng-Guo Miao
- Department of Psychology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yu Han
- Department of Psychology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xun He
- Department of Psychology, Bournemouth University, Poole, United Kingdom
| | - Yang Zhang
- Department of Psychology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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14
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Li AS, Zhang GL, Miao CG, Wang S, Zhang M, Zhang Y. The Time Course of Inhibition of Return: Evidence from Steady-State Visual Evoked Potentials. Front Psychol 2017; 8:1562. [PMID: 28955277 PMCID: PMC5601063 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibition of return (IOR) refers to slower responses to targets at a previously cued location than that at an uncued location. The time course of IOR has long been a topic of interest in the field. Investigations into the time course of IOR are typically performed by examining the magnitude of IOR under various cue-target onset asynchrony (CTOA) conditions. Therefore, the results are vulnerable to influence of factors that could affect the target processes (e.g., the frequency of the target type). In the present study, steady-state visual evoked potentials (SSVEPs) were implemented to directly take a continuous measurement of the degree to which cued location is processed, eliminating the influence mentioned above. The results indicate that, relative to the baseline interval (−400 to 0 ms), the presence of peripheral cues generated a typical two-stage effect on the SSVEP amplitude evoked by a 20 Hz flicker. Specifically, after the onset of the peripheral cues, the SSVEP amplitude first showed a significant increase, which subsequently turned into a significant inhibition effect after 200 ms. These results provide a continuous time course diagram of the cueing effect and suggest an effective way for future investigations of controlling the masking effects of target stimuli processing on IOR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai-Su Li
- Department of Psychology, Soochow UniversitySuzhou, China
| | | | - Cheng-Guo Miao
- Department of Psychology, Soochow UniversitySuzhou, China
| | - Shuang Wang
- Department of Psychology, Soochow UniversitySuzhou, China
| | - Ming Zhang
- Department of Psychology, Soochow UniversitySuzhou, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Department of Psychology, Soochow UniversitySuzhou, China
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15
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Cao R, Wu L, Wang S. The Different Inhibition of Return (IOR) Effects of Emergency Managerial Experts and Novices: An Event-Related Potentials Study. Front Behav Neurosci 2017; 11:90. [PMID: 28588459 PMCID: PMC5439077 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2017.00090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibition of return (IOR) is an important effect of attention. However, the IOR of emergency managerial experts is unknown. By employing emergency and natural scene pictures in expert-novice paradigm, the present study explored the neural activity underlying the IOR effects for emergency managerial experts and novices. In behavioral results, there were no differences of IOR effects between novices and emergency managerial experts, while the event-related potentials (ERPs) results were different between novices and experts. In Experiment 1 (novice group), ERPs results showed no any IOR was robust at both stimulus-onset asynchrony (SOA) of 200 ms and 400 ms. In Experiment 2 (expert group), ERPs results showed an enhanced N2 at SOA of 200 ms and attenuated P3 at cued location in the right parietal lobe and adjacent brain regions than uncued location at SOA of 200 ms. The findings of the two experiments showed that, relative to the novices, IOR for the emergency managerial experts was robust, and dominated in the right parietal lobe and adjacent brain regions, suggesting more flexible attentional processing and higher visual search efficiency of the emergency managerial experts. The findings indicate that the P3, possible N2, over the right parietal lobe and adjacent brain regions are the biological indicators for IOR elicited by post-cued emergency pictures for emergency managerial experts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Cao
- School of Public Management, Northwest UniversityXi’an, China
| | - Lü Wu
- School of Public Management, Northwest UniversityXi’an, China
| | - Shuzhen Wang
- School of Public Management, Northwest UniversityXi’an, China
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Zhang D, Hong B, Gao S, Röder B. Exploring the temporal dynamics of sustained and transient spatial attention using steady-state visual evoked potentials. Exp Brain Res 2017; 235:1575-1591. [PMID: 28258437 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-017-4907-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
While the behavioral dynamics as well as the functional network of sustained and transient attention have extensively been studied, their underlying neural mechanisms have most often been investigated in separate experiments. In the present study, participants were instructed to perform an audio-visual spatial attention task. They were asked to attend to either the left or the right hemifield and to respond to deviant transient either auditory or visual stimuli. Steady-state visual evoked potentials (SSVEPs) elicited by two task irrelevant pattern reversing checkerboards flickering at 10 and 15 Hz in the left and the right hemifields, respectively, were used to continuously monitor the locus of spatial attention. The amplitude and phase of the SSVEPs were extracted for single trials and were separately analyzed. Sustained attention to one hemifield (spatial attention) as well as to the auditory modality (intermodal attention) increased the inter-trial phase locking of the SSVEP responses, whereas briefly presented visual and auditory stimuli decreased the single-trial SSVEP amplitude between 200 and 500 ms post-stimulus. This transient change of the single-trial amplitude was restricted to the SSVEPs elicited by the reversing checkerboard in the spatially attended hemifield and thus might reflect a transient re-orienting of attention towards the brief stimuli. Thus, the present results demonstrate independent, but interacting neural mechanisms of sustained and transient attentional orienting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Zhang
- Biological Psychology and Neuropsychology, University of Hamburg, Von-Melle-Park 11, 20146, Hamburg, Germany. .,Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China. .,Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
| | - Bo Hong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Shangkai Gao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Brigitte Röder
- Biological Psychology and Neuropsychology, University of Hamburg, Von-Melle-Park 11, 20146, Hamburg, Germany
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Pan F, Wu X, Zhang L. Is Inhibition of Return Modulated by Involuntary Orienting of Spatial Attention: An ERP Study. Front Psychol 2017; 8:113. [PMID: 28197120 PMCID: PMC5281548 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibition of return (IOR) is a mechanism that indicates individuals’ faster responses or higher accuracy to targets appearing in the novel location relative to the cued location. According to the “reorienting hypothesis,” disengagement from the cued location is necessary for the generation of IOR. However, more and more studies have questioned this theory because of dissociation between voluntary or involuntary spatial orienting and the IOR effect. To further explore the “reorienting hypothesis” of IOR, the present experiment employed an atypical cue-target paradigm which combined a spatially non-predictive peripheral cue that was presumed to trigger IOR with a spatially non-predictive central cue that was used to reflexively trigger a shift of attention. The results showed that a significant IOR effect did not interact with automatic spatial orienting as measured in mean RTs and accuracy as well as the Nd component. These findings suggested that the IOR effect triggered by peripheral cue was independent of automatic orienting generated by a central cue. Therefore, the present study provided evidence from location task and neural aspects, which again challenged the “reorienting hypothesis” of IOR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fada Pan
- The Department of Applied Psychology, School of Education Science, Nantong University Nantong, China
| | - Xiaogang Wu
- The Department of Applied Psychology, School of Education Science, Nantong University Nantong, China
| | - Li Zhang
- The Department of Applied Psychology, School of Education Science, Nantong University Nantong, China
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18
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Erel H, Levy DA. Orienting of visual attention in aging. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2016; 69:357-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2015] [Revised: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Prism Adaptation Alters Electrophysiological Markers of Attentional Processes in the Healthy Brain. J Neurosci 2016; 36:1019-30. [PMID: 26791229 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1153-15.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Neglect patients typically show a rightward attentional orienting bias and a strong disengagement deficit, such that they are especially slow in responding to left-sided targets after right-sided cues (Posner et al., 1984). Prism adaptation (PA) can reduce diverse debilitating neglect symptoms and it has been hypothesized that PA's effects are so generalized that they might be mediated by attentional mechanisms (Pisella et al., 2006; Redding and Wallace, 2006). In neglect patients, performance on spatial attention tasks improves after rightward-deviating PA (Jacquin-Courtois et al., 2013). In contrast, in healthy subjects, although there is evidence that leftward-deviating PA induces neglect-like performance on some visuospatial tasks, behavioral studies of spatial attention tasks have mostly yielded negative results (Morris et al., 2004; Bultitude et al., 2013). We hypothesized that these negative behavioral findings might reflect the limitations of behavioral measures in healthy subjects. Here we exploited the sensitivity of event-related potentials to test the hypothesis that electrophysiological markers of attentional processes in the healthy human brain are affected by PA. Leftward-deviating PA generated asymmetries in attentional orienting (reflected in the cue-locked N1) and in attentional disengagement for invalidly cued left targets (reflected in the target-locked P1). This is the first electrophysiological demonstration that leftward-deviating PA in healthy subjects mimics attentional patterns typically seen in neglect patients. Significance statement: Prism adaptation (PA) is a promising tool for ameliorating many deficits in neglect patients and inducing neglect-like behavior in healthy subjects. The mechanisms underlying PA's effects are poorly understood but one hypothesis suggests that it acts by modulating attention. To date, however, there has been no successful demonstration of attentional modulation in healthy subjects. We provide the first electrophysiological evidence that PA acts on attention in healthy subjects by mimicking the attentional pattern typically reported in neglect patients: both a rightward attentional orienting bias (reflected in the cue-locked N1) and a deficit in attentional disengagement from the right hemispace (reflected in the target-locked P1). This study makes an important contribution to refining current models of the mechanisms underlying PA's cognitive effects.
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No single electrophysiological marker for facilitation and inhibition of return: A review. Behav Brain Res 2016; 300:1-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2015.11.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Revised: 11/15/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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21
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Effect of different directions of attentional shift on inhibition of return in three-dimensional space. Atten Percept Psychophys 2016; 78:838-47. [DOI: 10.3758/s13414-015-1055-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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22
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Hoffmann D, Goffaux V, Schuller AM, Schiltz C. Inhibition of return and attentional facilitation: Numbers can be counted in, letters tell a different story. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2016; 163:74-80. [PMID: 26613388 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2015.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Revised: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Prior research has provided strong evidence for spatial-numerical associations. Single digits can for instance act as attentional cues, orienting visuo-spatial attention to the left or right hemifield depending on the digit's magnitude, thus facilitating target detection in the cued hemifield (left/right hemifield after small/large digits, respectively). Studies using other types of behaviourally or biologically relevant central cues known to elicit automated symbolic attention orienting effects such as arrows or gaze have shown that the initial facilitation of cued target detection can turn into inhibition at longer stimulus onset asynchronies (SOAs). However, no studies so far investigated whether inhibition of return (IOR) is also observed using digits as uninformative central cues. To address this issue we designed an attentional cueing paradigm using SOAs ranging from 500 ms to 1650 ms. As expected, the results showed a facilitation effect at the relatively short 650 ms SOA, replicating previous findings. At the long 1650 ms SOA, however, participants were faster to detect targets in the uncued hemifield compared to the cued hemifield, showing an IOR effect. A control experiment with letters showed no such congruency effects at any SOA. These findings provide the first evidence that digits not only produce facilitation effects at shorter intervals, but also induce inhibitory effects at longer intervals, confirming that Arabic digits engage automated symbolic orienting of attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Hoffmann
- Research and Transfer Centre LUCET, FLSHASE, University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg.
| | - Valérie Goffaux
- Research Institute IPSY, Université Catholique de Louvain, Belgium
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Tang X, Wu J, Shen Y. The interactions of multisensory integration with endogenous and exogenous attention. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2015; 61:208-24. [PMID: 26546734 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Revised: 11/01/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Stimuli from multiple sensory organs can be integrated into a coherent representation through multiple phases of multisensory processing; this phenomenon is called multisensory integration. Multisensory integration can interact with attention. Here, we propose a framework in which attention modulates multisensory processing in both endogenous (goal-driven) and exogenous (stimulus-driven) ways. Moreover, multisensory integration exerts not only bottom-up but also top-down control over attention. Specifically, we propose the following: (1) endogenous attentional selectivity acts on multiple levels of multisensory processing to determine the extent to which simultaneous stimuli from different modalities can be integrated; (2) integrated multisensory events exert top-down control on attentional capture via multisensory search templates that are stored in the brain; (3) integrated multisensory events can capture attention efficiently, even in quite complex circumstances, due to their increased salience compared to unimodal events and can thus improve search accuracy; and (4) within a multisensory object, endogenous attention can spread from one modality to another in an exogenous manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Tang
- College of Psychology, Liaoning Normal University, 850 Huanghe Road, Shahekou District, Dalian, Liaoning, 116029, China; Biomedical Engineering Laboratory, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan
| | - Jinglong Wu
- Key Laboratory of Biomimetic Robots and System, Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Control and Decision of Complex Systems, Beijing Institute of Technology, 5 Nandajie, Zhongguancun, Haidian, Beijing 100081, China; Biomedical Engineering Laboratory, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan.
| | - Yong Shen
- Neurodegenerative Disease Research Center, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Functions and Disease, Hefei, China; Center for Advanced Therapeutic Strategies for Brain Disorders, Roskamp Institute, Sarasota, FL 34243, USA
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24
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Shang Q, Huang Y, Ma Q. Hazard levels of warning signal words modulate the inhibition of return effect: evidence from the event-related potential P300. Exp Brain Res 2015; 233:2645-53. [PMID: 26055988 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-015-4335-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Warning signal words are often used to convey valuable information about potential dangers in everyday life. In this study, we explored whether and how the hazard level of warning signal words modulated participants' attention to subsequent targets. Event-related potentials with high temporal resolution were employed in a cue-target paradigm. In this task, warning signal words with different hazard levels were used as cues. Participants were required to judge whether targets were presented on the screen horizontally or vertically. We found an inhibition of return (IOR) effect, i.e., participants had longer reaction times to validly cued targets than to invalidly cued targets. Accordingly, the IOR effect was reflected by a smaller P300 amplitude for invalidly cued targets compared to validly cued targets. Furthermore, the IOR effect was eliminated when the cues were high-hazard words. The dampening effect on the P300 was eliminated when the cues were high-hazard warning signal words. The lack of an IOR was attributed to participants' attentional bias to high-hazard stimuli, which are difficult for participants to disengage their attention from. The current study suggests that warning signal words are a particular type of stimulus that can override the IOR effect. Warning signal words with a high hazard level are more effective in successfully alerting people to risk in a hazardous environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Shang
- School of Management, Hanzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
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25
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Abstract
Following a salient cue that attracts attention to a specific spatial location, perceptual processing of information at that location is facilitated if the interval between the cue and target is brief, or, is inhibited if the interval between the cue and target is long. The mechanisms mediating these attentional dynamics continue to be the subject on ongoing debate. On one classic account, facilitation and inhibition of return (IOR) are two ends of a continuum, generated by the same underlying mechanism. Other accounts have postulated that these two attentional processes emerge from independent systems. To address these alternatives, we report data from three experiments in which a cue and its ensuing target are presented to the same or different eyes at varying cue-target intervals. Whereas the onset of facilitation was apparent earlier when the cue and target shared the eye-of-origin, the onset of IOR was not affected by the eye to which the cue and target were presented. This finding implicates at least some, if not full, independence in the system(s) that give rise to attentional facilitation and IOR, and, moreover, suggests that facilitation may be more reliant on subcortical levels of the visual pathways than IOR.
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Satel J, Hilchey MD, Wang Z, Reiss CS, Klein RM. In search of a reliable electrophysiological marker of oculomotor inhibition of return. Psychophysiology 2014; 51:1037-45. [PMID: 24976355 PMCID: PMC4286015 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.12245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2013] [Accepted: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Inhibition of return (IOR) operationalizes a behavioral phenomenon characterized by slower responding to cued, relative to uncued, targets. Two independent forms of IOR have been theorized: input-based IOR occurs when the oculomotor system is quiescent, while output-based IOR occurs when the oculomotor system is engaged. EEG studies forbidding eye movements have demonstrated that reductions of target-elicited P1 components are correlated with IOR magnitude, but when eye movements occur, P1 effects bear no relationship to behavior. We expand on this work by adapting the cueing paradigm and recording event-related potentials: IOR is caused by oculomotor responses to central arrows or peripheral onsets and measured by key presses to peripheral targets. Behavioral IOR is observed in both conditions, but P1 reductions are absent in the central arrow condition. By contrast, arrow and peripheral cues enhance Nd, especially over contralateral electrode sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Satel
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Science, University of Nottingham Malaysia CampusSemenyih, Malaysia
| | - Matthew D Hilchey
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, Faculty of Science, Dalhousie UniversityHalifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Zhiguo Wang
- Center for Cognition and Brain Disorders, Hangzhou Normal UniversityHangzhou, China
| | - Caroline S Reiss
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, Faculty of Science, Dalhousie UniversityHalifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Raymond M Klein
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, Faculty of Science, Dalhousie UniversityHalifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
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27
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Amenedo E, Gutiérrez-Domínguez FJ, Mateos-Ruger SM, Pazo-Álvarez P. Stimulus-Locked and Response-Locked ERP Correlates of Spatial Inhibition of Return (IOR) in Old Age. J PSYCHOPHYSIOL 2014. [DOI: 10.1027/0269-8803/a000119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Behavioral research has shown that Inhibition of Return (IOR) is preserved in old age although at longer time intervals between cue and target, which has been interpreted as reflecting a later disengagement from the cue. A recent event-related potential (ERP) study attributed this age-related pattern to an enhanced processing of the cue. Previous ERP research in young samples indicates that target and response processing are also affected by IOR, which makes interesting to study the ERP correlates of IOR from cue presentation to response execution. In this regard, in the present study stimulus-locked (cue-locked and target-locked) and response-locked ERPs were explored in healthy young and older participants. The behavioral results indicated preserved IOR in the older participants. The cue-locked ERPs could suggest that the older participants processed the cue as a warning signal to prepare for the upcoming target stimulus. Under IOR, target-locked ERPs of both age groups showed lower N1 amplitudes suggesting a suppression/inhibition of cued targets. During the P3 rising period, in young subjects a negative shift (Nd effect) to cued targets was observed in the lower visual field (LVF), and a positive shift (Pd effect) in the upper visual field. However, in the older group the Nd effect was absent suggesting a reduction of attentional resolution in the LVF. The older group showed enhanced motor activation to prepare correct responses, although IOR effects on response-locked lateralized readiness potential LRP indicated reduced response preparation to cued targets in both age groups. In general, results suggest that the older adults inhibit or reduce the visual processing of targets appearing at cued locations, and the preparation to respond to them, but with the added cost of allocating more attentional resources onto the cue and of maintaining a more effortful processing during the sequence of stimuli within the trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Amenedo
- Faculty of Psychology, Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, University of Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | | | - Sara M. Mateos-Ruger
- Faculty of Psychology, Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, University of Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Paula Pazo-Álvarez
- Faculty of Psychology, Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, University of Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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28
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The spatial distribution of inhibition of return revisited: No difference found between manual and saccadic responses. Neurosci Lett 2014; 578:128-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2014.06.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2014] [Revised: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 06/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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29
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Han SW, Marois R. The effects of stimulus-driven competition and task set on involuntary attention. J Vis 2014; 14:14.7.14. [PMID: 24970921 DOI: 10.1167/14.7.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well established that involuntary attention—the exogenous capture of attention by salient but task-irrelevant stimuli—can strongly modulate target detection and discrimination performance. There is an ongoing debate, however, about how involuntary attention affects target performance. Some studies suggest that it results from enhanced perception of the target, whereas others indicate instead that it affects decisional stages of information processing. From a review of these studies, we hypothesized that the presence of distractors and task sets are key factors in determining the effect of involuntary attention on target perception. Consistent with this hypothesis, here we found that noninformative cues summoning involuntary attention affected perceptual identification of a target when distractors were present. This cuing effect could not be attributed to reduced target location uncertainty or decision bias. The only condition under which involuntary attention improved target perception in the absence of distractors occurred when observers did not adopt a task set to focus attention on the target location. We conclude that the perceptual effects of involuntary attention depend on distractor interference and the adoption of a task set to resolve such stimulus competition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suk Won Han
- Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt Vision Research Center, Center for Integrative and Cognitive Neurosciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USADepartment of Psychology, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - René Marois
- Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt Vision Research Center, Center for Integrative and Cognitive Neurosciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USADepartment of Psychology, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
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30
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Electrophysiological correlates of attention networks in childhood and early adulthood. Neuropsychologia 2014; 57:78-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2014.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Revised: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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31
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Jones A, Forster B. Neural correlates of endogenous attention, exogenous attention and inhibition of return in touch. Eur J Neurosci 2014; 40:2389-98. [DOI: 10.1111/ejn.12583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2013] [Revised: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Jones
- Middlesex University London; Psychology Department; The Burroughs; London NW4 4BT UK
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32
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Martín-Arévalo E, Chica AB, Lupiáñez J. Electrophysiological modulations of exogenous attention by intervening events. Brain Cogn 2014; 85:239-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2013.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2013] [Revised: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 12/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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33
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The Spatial Orienting paradigm: How to design and interpret spatial attention experiments. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2014; 40:35-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Revised: 12/03/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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34
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Gutiérrez-Domínguez FJ, Pazo-Álvarez P, Doallo S, Fuentes LJ, Lorenzo-López L, Amenedo E. Vertical asymmetries and inhibition of return: Effects of spatial and non-spatial cueing on behavior and visual ERPs. Int J Psychophysiol 2014; 91:121-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2013.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2013] [Revised: 12/05/2013] [Accepted: 12/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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35
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Bourgeois A, Chica AB, Valero-Cabré A, Bartolomeo P. Cortical control of Inhibition of Return: exploring the causal contributions of the left parietal cortex. Cortex 2013; 49:2927-34. [PMID: 24050220 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2013.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2013] [Revised: 08/07/2013] [Accepted: 08/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Inhibition of Return (IOR) refers to longer response times (RTs) when processing information from an already inspected spatial location. This effect encourages orienting towards novel locations and may be hence adaptive to efficiently explore our environment. In a previous study (Bourgeois, Chica, Valero-Cabre, & Bartolomeo, 2013), we demonstrated that repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) over right hemisphere parietal sites, such as the intra-parietal sulcus (IPS), or the temporo-parietal junction (TPJ), lastingly interfered with manual but not saccadic IOR, for ipsilateral right-sided targets. For contralateral left-sided targets, rTMS over the right IPS, but not over the right TPJ, impaired both manual and saccadic IOR. In the present study, we investigated hemispheric differences in the cortical control of IOR by stimulating left parietal sites with the same design. Contrary to the stimulation of the right hemisphere, rTMS over the left IPS or TPJ did not produce significant modulations of either manual or saccadic IOR. This evidence extends to IOR the validity of current models of hemispheric asymmetries in the control of visuospatial attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexia Bourgeois
- Inserm U975; UPMC-Paris 6, UMR_S 975; CNRS UMR 7225, Brain and Spine Institute, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Centre de NeuroImagerie de Recherche (CENIR), Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Université Paris VI, Paris, France.
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36
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Pérez-Dueñas C, Acosta A, Lupiáñez J. Reduced habituation to angry faces: increased attentional capture as to override inhibition of return. PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2013; 78:196-208. [DOI: 10.1007/s00426-013-0493-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2013] [Accepted: 05/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Martín-Arévalo E, Kingstone A, Lupiáñez J. Is “Inhibition of Return” due to the inhibition of the return of attention? Q J Exp Psychol (Hove) 2013; 66:347-59. [DOI: 10.1080/17470218.2012.711844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Inhibition of Return (IOR) is usually explained in terms of orienting–reorienting of attention, emphasizing an underlying mechanism that inhibits the return of attention to previously selected locations. Recent data challenge this explanation to the extent that the IOR effect is observed at the location where attention is oriented to, where no reorienting of attention is needed. To date, these studies have involved endogenous attentional selection of attention and thus indicate a dissociation between the voluntary attention of spatial attention and the IOR effect. The present work demonstrates a dissociation between the involuntary orienting of spatial attention and the IOR effect. We combined nonpredictive peripheral cues with nonpredictive central orienting cues (either arrows or gaze). The IOR effect was observed to operate independent of involuntary spatial orienting. These data speak against the “ reorienting hypothesis” of IOR. We suggest an alternative explanation whereby the IOR effect reflects a cost in detecting a new event (the target) at the location where another event (a cue) was coded before.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alan Kingstone
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Canada
| | - Juan Lupiáñez
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Granada, Spain
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The effects of ignored versus foveated cues upon inhibition of return: An event-related potential study. Atten Percept Psychophys 2012; 75:29-40. [DOI: 10.3758/s13414-012-0381-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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39
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Chica AB, Bartolomeo P, Lupiáñez J. Two cognitive and neural systems for endogenous and exogenous spatial attention. Behav Brain Res 2012; 237:107-23. [PMID: 23000534 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2012.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2012] [Revised: 09/12/2012] [Accepted: 09/16/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Orienting of spatial attention is a family of phylogenetically old mechanisms developed to select information for further processing. Information can be selected via top-down or endogenous mechanisms, depending on the goals of the observers or on the task at hand. Moreover, salient and potentially dangerous events also attract spatial attention via bottom-up or exogenous mechanisms, allowing a rapid and efficient reaction to unexpected but important events. Fronto-parietal brain networks have been demonstrated to play an important role in supporting spatial attentional orienting, although there is no consensus on whether there is a single attentional system supporting both endogenous and exogenous attention, or two anatomical and functionally different attentional systems. In the present paper we review behavioral evidence emphasizing the differential characteristics of both systems, as well as their possible interactions for the control of the final orienting response. Behavioral studies reporting qualitative differences between the effects of both systems as well as double dissociations of the effects of endogenous and exogenous attention on information processing, suggest that they constitute two independent attentional systems, rather than a single one. Recent models of attentional orienting in humans have put forward the hypothesis of a dorsal fronto-parietal network for orienting spatial attention, and a more ventral fronto-parietal network for detecting unexpected but behaviorally relevant events. Non-invasive neurostimulation techniques, as well as neuropsychological data, suggest that endogenous and exogenous attention are implemented in overlapping, although partially segregated, brain circuits. Although more research is needed in order to refine our anatomical and functional knowledge of the brain circuits underlying spatial attention, we conclude that endogenous and exogenous spatial orienting constitute two independent attentional systems, with different behavioral effects, and partially distinct neural substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana B Chica
- INSERM-UPMC UMRS 975, Brain and Spine Institute, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France.
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Yang D, Yao S, Ding C, Qi S, Lei Y. Electrophysiological evidence for inhibition of return effect in exogenous orienting. Exp Brain Res 2012; 221:279-85. [DOI: 10.1007/s00221-012-3170-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2011] [Accepted: 06/26/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Chica AB, Botta F, Lupiáñez J, Bartolomeo P. Spatial attention and conscious perception: Interactions and dissociations between and within endogenous and exogenous processes. Neuropsychologia 2012; 50:621-9. [PMID: 22266110 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2011.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2011] [Revised: 12/22/2011] [Accepted: 12/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ana B Chica
- INSERM-UPMC UMRS 975, Brain and Spine Institute, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France.
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Bourgeois A, Chica AB, Migliaccio R, Thiebaut de Schotten M, Bartolomeo P. Cortical control of inhibition of return: evidence from patients with inferior parietal damage and visual neglect. Neuropsychologia 2012; 50:800-9. [PMID: 22285795 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2012.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2011] [Revised: 01/06/2012] [Accepted: 01/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Inhibition of return (IOR) refers to slower reaction times to targets presented at previously stimulated or inspected locations. This phenomenon biases orienting towards novel locations and is functional to an effective exploration of the environment. Patients with right brain damage and left visual neglect explore their environment asymmetrically, with strong difficulties to orient attention to left-sided objects. We show for the first time a dissociation between manual and saccadic IOR in neglect. Our patients demonstrated facilitation, instead of inhibition, for repeated right-sided targets with manual responses, but normal IOR to right-sided targets with saccadic responses. All neglect patients had damage to the supramarginal gyrus in the right parietal lobe, or to its connections with the ipsilateral prefrontal cortex. We concluded that IOR with manual responses relies on fronto-parietal attentional networks in the right hemisphere, whose functioning is typically impaired in neglect patients. Saccadic IOR may instead depend on circuits less likely to be damaged in neglect, such as the retinotectal visual pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexia Bourgeois
- INSERM UMRS 975, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut du Cerveau et de Moelle Epinière et Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France.
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Jones A, Forster B. Reflexive attention in touch: an investigation of event related potentials and behavioural responses. Biol Psychol 2011; 89:313-22. [PMID: 22142773 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2011.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2011] [Revised: 11/04/2011] [Accepted: 11/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Exogenous attention has been extensively studied in vision but little is known about its behavioural and neural correlates in touch. To investigate this, non-informative tactile cues were followed after 800 ms by tactile targets and participants either detected targets or discriminated their location. Responses were slowed for targets at cued compared to uncued locations (i.e. inhibition of return (IOR)) only in the detection task. Concurrently recorded ERPs showed enhanced negativity for targets at uncued compared to cued locations at the N80 component and this modulation overlapped with the P100 component but only for the detection task indicating IOR may, if anything, be linked to attentional modulations at the P100. Further, cue-target interval analysis showed an enhanced anterior negativity contralateral to the cue side in both tasks, analogous to the anterior directed attention negativity (ADAN) previously only reported during endogenous orienting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Jones
- City University London, Psychology, Northampton Square, London EC1V 0HB, UK.
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Bottari D, Caclin A, Giard MH, Pavani F. Changes in early cortical visual processing predict enhanced reactivity in deaf individuals. PLoS One 2011; 6:e25607. [PMID: 21980501 PMCID: PMC3183070 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0025607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2011] [Accepted: 09/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Individuals with profound deafness rely critically on vision to interact with their environment. Improvement of visual performance as a consequence of auditory deprivation is assumed to result from cross-modal changes occurring in late stages of visual processing. Here we measured reaction times and event-related potentials (ERPs) in profoundly deaf adults and hearing controls during a speeded visual detection task, to assess to what extent the enhanced reactivity of deaf individuals could reflect plastic changes in the early cortical processing of the stimulus. We found that deaf subjects were faster than hearing controls at detecting the visual targets, regardless of their location in the visual field (peripheral or peri-foveal). This behavioural facilitation was associated with ERP changes starting from the first detectable response in the striate cortex (C1 component) at about 80 ms after stimulus onset, and in the P1 complex (100–150 ms). In addition, we found that P1 peak amplitudes predicted the response times in deaf subjects, whereas in hearing individuals visual reactivity and ERP amplitudes correlated only at later stages of processing. These findings show that long-term auditory deprivation can profoundly alter visual processing from the earliest cortical stages. Furthermore, our results provide the first evidence of a co-variation between modified brain activity (cortical plasticity) and behavioural enhancement in this sensory-deprived population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Bottari
- Department of Cognitive Sciences and Education, University of Trento, Trento, Italy.
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López-Ramón MF, Chica AB, Bartolomeo P, Lupiáñez J. Attentional orienting and awareness: Evidence from a discrimination task. Conscious Cogn 2011; 20:745-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2010.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2010] [Revised: 10/08/2010] [Accepted: 10/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Baijal S, Srinivasan N. Emotional and hemispheric asymmetries in shifts of attention: an ERP study. Cogn Emot 2011; 25:280-94. [PMID: 21432671 DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2010.492719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Inhibition of return (IOR) refers to the larger response time to cued targets appearing at long cue-to-target intervals. Given emotion-attention interactions and associated visual field (VF) asymmetries, we examined the effects of emotions and hemispheric processing on object- and location-based IOR. We expected reduced IOR and right hemispheric bias accompanied by differences in event-related potentials (ERPs) including lack of suppression of cued N1 and enhancement of Nd components for sad targets. Reaction times and ERPs were recorded in an exogenous cuing detection task using happy and sad schematic faces. Results revealed reduced IOR for left compared to right VF with sad faces but no such asymmetry for happy faces. Cued N1 amplitudes were suppressed for happy targets but not for sad targets presented to the left VF. Nd amplitudes were enhanced for right-hemispheric sad faces especially with object-based IOR. The results indicate right-hemispheric advantage in the capture of attention by negative emotion especially with object-based selection.
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Chica AB, Bartolomeo P, Valero-Cabré A. Dorsal and ventral parietal contributions to spatial orienting in the human brain. J Neurosci 2011; 31:8143-9. [PMID: 21632936 PMCID: PMC6622880 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.5463-10.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2010] [Accepted: 11/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Influential functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)-based models have involved a dorsal frontoparietal network in the orienting of both endogenous and exogenous attention, and a ventral system in attentional reorienting to task-relevant events. Nonetheless, given the low temporal resolution and susceptibility to epiphenomenal activations of fMRI, such depictions remain highly debated. We hereby benefited from the high temporal resolution and causal power of event-related transcranial magnetic stimulation to explore the implications of key dorsal and ventral parietal regions in those two types of attention. We provide for the first time causal evidence of right intraparietal sulcus involvement in both types of attentional orienting, while we link the temporoparietal junction with the orienting of exogenous but not endogenous spatial attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana B. Chica
- INSERM-U975, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut du Cerveau et de la Moëlle Epinière (CRICM) and Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC), Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Paolo Bartolomeo
- INSERM-U975, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut du Cerveau et de la Moëlle Epinière (CRICM) and Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC), Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, F-75013 Paris, France
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Fédération de Neurologie, 75013 Paris, France
- Department of Psychology, Catholic University, 20123 Milan, Italy
| | - Antoni Valero-Cabré
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR 7225, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut de Cerveau et da la Moëlle Epinière (CRICM), Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC), 75651 Paris, France
- Laboratory for Cerebral Dynamics, Plasticity, and Rehabilitation, Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, and
- Cognitive Neuroscience and Information Technology Research Program, School of Psychology, Open University of Catalonia (UOC), 08018 Barcelona, Spain
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Carrasco M. Visual attention: the past 25 years. Vision Res 2011; 51:1484-525. [PMID: 21549742 DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2011.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1199] [Impact Index Per Article: 92.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2011] [Revised: 04/14/2011] [Accepted: 04/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This review focuses on covert attention and how it alters early vision. I explain why attention is considered a selective process, the constructs of covert attention, spatial endogenous and exogenous attention, and feature-based attention. I explain how in the last 25 years research on attention has characterized the effects of covert attention on spatial filters and how attention influences the selection of stimuli of interest. This review includes the effects of spatial attention on discriminability and appearance in tasks mediated by contrast sensitivity and spatial resolution; the effects of feature-based attention on basic visual processes, and a comparison of the effects of spatial and feature-based attention. The emphasis of this review is on psychophysical studies, but relevant electrophysiological and neuroimaging studies and models regarding how and where neuronal responses are modulated are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisa Carrasco
- Psychology and Neural Science, New York University, NY, NY, United States.
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Tian Y, Chica AB, Xu P, Yao D. Differential consequences of orienting attention in parallel and serial search: an ERP study. Brain Res 2011; 1391:81-92. [PMID: 21458425 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2011.03.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2011] [Revised: 03/24/2011] [Accepted: 03/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Previous research has linked attentional effects (such as inhibition of return; IOR) to serial visual search. We investigated different modes of visual search (serial vs. parallel) and demonstrated that the attentional set induced by the type of search greatly influences these attentional effects. IOR was linked to serial search while facilitation followed parallel search. Event related potentials and LORETA source localization data demonstrated that facilitation was associated with a single component, localized in the cuneus and precuneus, while IOR was related to three different components, involving the superior parietal lobe (at around 200 ms), the anterior cingulate cortex and bilateral medial frontal gyrus (~240 ms), and the bilateral superior temporal gyrus, supramarginal gyrus and inferior parietal gyrus (~280 ms). Our results are consistent with the notion that attentional set determines spatial orienting and with previous studies proposing that IOR is not observed in all previously attended locations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Tian
- College of Bio-information, ChongQing University of Posts and Telecommunications, ChongQing 400065, China
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Kusnir F, Chica AB, Mitsumasu MA, Bartolomeo P. Phasic auditory alerting improves visual conscious perception. Conscious Cogn 2011; 20:1201-10. [PMID: 21349743 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2011.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2010] [Revised: 01/24/2011] [Accepted: 01/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Attention is often conceived as a gateway to consciousness (Posner, 1994). Although endogenous spatial attention may be independent of conscious perception (CP) (Koch Tsuchiya, 2007), exogenous spatial orienting seems instead to be an important modulator of CP (Chica, Lasaponara, Lupiáñez, Doricchi, & Bartolomeo, 2010; Chica, Lasaponara, et al., 2011). Here, we investigate the role of auditory alerting in CP in normal observers. We used a behavioral task in which phasic alerting tones were presented either at unpredictable or at predictable time intervals prior to the occurrence of a near-threshold visual target. We find, for the first time in neurologically intact observers, that phasic alertness increases CP, both objectively and subjectively. This result is consistent with evidence showing that phasic alerting can ameliorate the spatial bias exhibited by visual neglect patients (Robertson, Mattingley, Rorden, & Driver, 1998). The alerting network may increase the activity of fronto-parietal networks involved in top-down amplification required to bring a stimulus into consciousness (Dehaene, Changeux, Naccache, Sackur, & Sergent, 2006).
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Affiliation(s)
- Flor Kusnir
- INSERM-U 975, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut du Cerveau et de la Moëlle Epinière (CRICM) et Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC), Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France.
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