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Ji YJ, Kang MH, Kim GS, Kim HD, Jang GY. Platycodon grandiflorum exhibits anti-neuroinflammatory potential against beta-amyloid-induced toxicity in microglia cells. Front Nutr 2024; 11:1427121. [PMID: 39171113 PMCID: PMC11335668 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2024.1427121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Background/objectives Platycodon grandiflorum (PG) is used in traditional oriental medicine to treat several ailments. Methods The study investigated the anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects of PGW (P. grandiflorum) extract in Aβ25-35-induced inflammation in BV2 microglia cells. Result PGW demonstrated significant inhibition of nitric oxide (NO) production, with reductions of 30.4, 36.7, and 61.2% at concentrations of 50, 100, and 200 μg/mL, respectively. Moreover, PGW effectively suppressed the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-6 and exhibited significant inhibitory activity against TNF-α at 200 μg/mL. Furthermore, PGW treatment mitigated apoptosis in Aβ-induced BV2 cells by modulating the mitochondrial apoptosis pathway, regulating Bcl-2 family protein synthesis, and inhibiting caspase activation. Mechanistically, PGW attenuated the activation of the MAPK (JNK, ERK, p38) pathway induced by Aβ, showing a concentration-dependent decrease in phosphorylation levels of these proteins. Additionally, PGW inhibited the NF-κB pathway activation by reducing the phosphorylation levels of p65 and IκBα in a concentration-dependent manner. Conclusion PGW demonstrated anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects in Aβ-induced neuronal cells, suggesting its potential as a therapeutic agent for neuroinflammatory associated with neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Jeong Ji
- Department of Herbal Crop Research, National Institute of Horticultural Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, Eumseong, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Hye Kang
- Department of Herbal Crop Research, National Institute of Horticultural Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, Eumseong, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Geum-Soog Kim
- Department of Herbal Crop Research, National Institute of Horticultural Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, Eumseong, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung Don Kim
- Department of Herbal Crop Research, National Institute of Horticultural Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, Eumseong, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Gwi Yeong Jang
- Department of Herbal Crop Research, National Institute of Horticultural Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, Eumseong, Republic of Korea
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Nam Y, Ji YJ, Shin SJ, Park HH, Yeon SH, Kim SY, Son RH, Jang GY, Kim HD, Moon M. Platycodon grandiflorum root extract inhibits Aβ deposition by breaking the vicious circle linking oxidative stress and neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's disease. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 177:117090. [PMID: 38968796 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.117090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2024] [Revised: 06/27/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease accompanied by irreversible cognitive impairment. A deleterious feedback loop between oxidative stress and neuroinflammation in early AD exacerbates AD-related pathology. Platycodon grandiflorum root extract (PGE) has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects in several organs. However, the mechanisms underlying the effects of PGE in the brain remain unclear, particularly regarding its impact on oxidative/inflammatory damage and Aβ deposition. Thus, we aim to identify the mechanism through which PGE inhibits Aβ deposition and oxidative stress in the brain by conducting biochemical and histological analyses. First, to explore the antioxidant mechanism of PGE in the brain, we induced oxidative stress in mice injected with scopolamine and investigated the effect of PGE on cognitive decline and oxidative damage. We also assessed the effect of PGE on reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and the expressions of antioxidant enzymes and neurotrophic factor in H2O2- and Aβ-treated HT22 hippocampal cells. Next, we investigated whether PGE, which showed antioxidant effects, could reduce Aβ deposition by mitigating neuroinflammation, especially microglial phagocytosis. We directly verified the effect of PGE on microglial phagocytosis, microglial activation markers, and pro-inflammatory cytokines in Aβ-treated BV2 microglial cells. Moreover, we examined the effect of PGE on neuroinflammation, inducing microglial responses in Aβ-overexpressing 5XFAD transgenic mice. PGE exerts antioxidant effects in the brain, enhances microglial phagocytosis of Aβ, and inhibits neuroinflammation and Aβ deposition, ultimately preventing neuronal cell death in AD. Taken together, our findings indicate that the therapeutic potential of PGE in AD is mediated by its targeting of multiple pathological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunkwon Nam
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Konyang University, 158, Gwanjeodong-ro, Seo-gu, Daejeon 35365, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun-Jeong Ji
- Department of Herbal Crop Research, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science (NIHHS), Eumsung 27709, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo Jung Shin
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Konyang University, 158, Gwanjeodong-ro, Seo-gu, Daejeon 35365, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Ha Park
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Konyang University, 158, Gwanjeodong-ro, Seo-gu, Daejeon 35365, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Hum Yeon
- Healthcare Research Division, HuonsGlobal Bldg., A-dong Pangyo I-Square, 17, Changeop-ro, Sujeong-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 13449, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Yoon Kim
- Healthcare Research Division, HuonsGlobal Bldg., A-dong Pangyo I-Square, 17, Changeop-ro, Sujeong-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 13449, Republic of Korea
| | - Rak Ho Son
- Healthcare Research Division, HuonsGlobal Bldg., A-dong Pangyo I-Square, 17, Changeop-ro, Sujeong-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 13449, Republic of Korea
| | - Gwi Yeong Jang
- Department of Herbal Crop Research, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science (NIHHS), Eumsung 27709, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung Don Kim
- Department of Herbal Crop Research, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science (NIHHS), Eumsung 27709, Republic of Korea; Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea.
| | - Minho Moon
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Konyang University, 158, Gwanjeodong-ro, Seo-gu, Daejeon 35365, Republic of Korea; Research Institute for Dementia Science, Konyang University, 158, Gwanjeodong-ro, Seo-gu, Daejeon 35365, Republic of Korea.
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Zhang JT, Xie LY, Shen Q, Liu W, Li MH, Hu RY, Hu JN, Wang Z, Chen C, Li W. Platycodin D stimulates AMPK activity to inhibit the neurodegeneration caused by reactive oxygen species-induced inflammation and apoptosis. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 308:116294. [PMID: 36804201 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.116294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Alzheimer's disease (AD) was considered to be a neurodegenerative disease that caused cognitive impairment. Reactive Oxidative stress (ROS) was considered to be one of a major cause of the onset and progression of AD. Platycodin D (PD), a representative saponin from Platycodon grandiflorum, has conspicuous antioxidant activity. However, whether PD could protect nerve cell against oxidative injury remains unknown. AIM OF STUDY This study investigated the regulatory effects of PD on neurodegeneration caused by ROS. To determine whether PD could play its own antioxidant role in neuronal protection. MATERIALS AND METHODS First, PD(2.5, 5 mg/kg) ameliorated the memory impairment induced by AlCl3 (100 mg/kg) combined with D-galactose (D-Gal) (200 mg/kg) in mice, using the radial arm maze (RAM) test, and neuronal apoptosis in the hippocampus was evaluated by hematoxylin and eosin staining (HE). Next, the effects of PD (0.5, 1, and 2 μM) on okadaic-acid (OA) (40 nM) -induced apoptosis and inflammation of HT22 cells were investigated. Mitochondrial ROS production was measured by fluorescence staining. The potential signaling pathways were identified through Gene Ontology enrichment analysis. The role of PD in regulating AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) was assessed using siRNA silencing of genes and an ROS inhibitor. RESULTS In vivo, PD improved memory in mice, and recovered the morphological changes of brain tissue and nissl bodies. In vitro experiment, PD increased cell viability (p < 0.01; p < 0.05;p < 0.001), decreased apoptosis (p < 0.01), reduced excessive ROS and MDA, rised SOD and CAT content(p < 0.01; p < 0.05). Morover, it can block the inflammatory response caused by ROS. Be important, PD strengthen antioxidant ability by elevating AMPK activation both in vivo and in vitro. Furthermore, molecular docking suggested a good likelihood of PD-AMPK binding. CONCLUSION AMPK activity is vital for the neuroprotective effect of PD, suggesting that PD may be a potential pharmaceutical agent to treat ROS-induced neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Tian Zhang
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Li-Ya Xie
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Qiong Shen
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China; National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Ginseng Breeding and Development, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Wei Liu
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Ming-Han Li
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Rui-Yi Hu
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Jun-Nan Hu
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Zi Wang
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China; National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Ginseng Breeding and Development, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Chen Chen
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, Queensland, Australia
| | - Wei Li
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China; National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Ginseng Breeding and Development, Changchun, 130118, China.
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Zhang JT, Xie LY, Shen Q, Liu W, Li MH, Hu RY, Hu JN, Wang Z, Chen C, Li W. Platycodin D stimulates AMPK activity to inhibit the neurodegeneration caused by reactive oxygen species-induced inflammation and apoptosis. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 308:116294. [DOI: https:/doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2023.116294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/14/2024]
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Lee SJ, Kim HW, Lee S, Kwon RH, Na H, Kim JH, Wee CD, Yoo SM, Lee SH. Characterization of Saponins from Various Parts of Platycodon grandiflorum Using UPLC-QToF/MS. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 27:molecules27010107. [PMID: 35011337 PMCID: PMC8746516 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27010107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Platycodon grandiflorum (PG) is known as a high-potential material in terms of its biological activity. The objective of this report is to provide chromatographic and mass fragment ion data of 38 simultaneously identified saponins, including novel compounds, by analyzing them through ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-QToF/MS). In so doing, we investigated their diverse conditions, including morphological parts (stems, roots, buds, and leaves), peeling (or not), and blanching of PG. The total contents of individual saponins indicated an order of roots (containing peel, 1674.60 mg/100 g, dry weight) > buds (1364.05) > roots (without peel, 1058.83) ≈ blanched roots (without peel, 945.17) ≈ stems (993.71) ≈ leaves (881.16). When considering three types of aglycone, the platycodigenin group (55.04 ~ 68.34%) accounted for the largest proportion of the total content, whereas the platycogenic acid A group accounted for 17.83 ~ 22.61%, and the polygalacic acid group represented 12.06 ~ 22.35%. As they are classified as major compounds, novel saponins might be utilized for their role in healthy food for human consumption. Additionally, during blanching, the core temperature of PG was satisfied with the optimal condition, thus activating the enzymes related to biotransformation. Furthermore, through the use of this comprehensive data, additional studies related to buds, as well as roots or the characterization of individual saponins, can be conducted in a rapid and achievable manner.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Sang Hoon Lee
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-63-238-3562; Fax: +82-63-238-3841
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Crude Saponin from Platycodon grandiflorum Attenuates Aβ-Induced Neurotoxicity via Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Apoptotic Signaling Pathways. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10121968. [PMID: 34943071 PMCID: PMC8750977 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10121968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Although Platycodon grandiflorum saponins exhibit many beneficial biological effects in various diseases and conditions, how they protect nerve cells against neurodegenerative diseases and Alzheimer’s disease (AD) pathology is unknown. We investigated whether P. grandiflorum crude saponin (PGS) protects neurons from neurodegeneration caused by amyloid beta (Aβ)-induced oxidative stress. Hippocampal neuron HT-22 cells were used in the in vitro experiment, and AD mice (5XFAD mice) were used as the in vivo model. Intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) was stained with DCF-DA and assessed using fluorescence microscopy. To elucidate the mechanism underlying neuroprotection, intracellular protein levels were assessed by western blotting. In 5XFAD mice, an animal model of AD, nerve damage recovery due to the induction of Aβ toxicity was evaluated by histological analysis. PGS attenuates Aβ-induced neurotoxicity by inhibiting Aβ-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and apoptosis in HT-22 cells. Furthermore, PGS upregulated Nrf2-mediated antioxidant signaling and downregulated NF-κB-mediated inflammatory signaling. Additionally, PGS inhibited apoptosis by regulating the expression of apoptosis-associated proteins. In addition, PGS ameliorated Aβ-mediated pathologies, leading to AD-associated cognitive decline. Conclusions: Taken together, these findings suggest that PGS inhibits Aβ accumulation in the subiculum and cerebral cortex and attenuates Aβ toxicity-induced nerve damage in vitro and in vivo. Therefore, PGS is a resource for developing AD therapeutics.
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Abstract
Terpenoids are the largest class of natural products, most of which are derived from plants. Amongst their numerous biological properties, their anti-tumor effects are of interest for they are extremely diverse which include anti-proliferative, apoptotic, anti-angiogenic, and anti-metastatic activities. Recently, several in vitro and in vivo studies have been dedicated to understanding the 'terpenoid induced autophagy' phenomenon in cancer cells. Light has already been shed on the intricacy of apoptosis and autophagy relationship. This latter crosstalk is driven by the delicate balance between activating or silencing of certain proteins whereby the outcome is expressed via interrelated signaling pathways. In this review, we focus on nine of the most studied terpenoids and on their cell death and autophagic activity. These terpenoids are grouped in three classes: sesquiterpenoid (artemisinin, parthenolide), diterpenoids (oridonin, triptolide), and triterpenoids (alisol, betulinic acid, oleanolic acid, platycodin D, and ursolic acid). We have selected these nine terpenoids among others as they belong to the different major classes of terpenoids and our extensive search of the literature indicated that they were the most studied in terms of autophagy in cancer. These terpenoids alone demonstrate the complexity by which these secondary metabolites induce autophagy via complex signaling pathways such as MAPK/ERK/JNK, PI3K/AKT/mTOR, AMPK, NF-kB, and reactive oxygen species. Moreover, induction of autophagy can be either destructive or protective in tumor cells. Nevertheless, should this phenomenon be well understood, we ought to be able to exploit it to create novel therapies and design more effective regimens in the management and treatment of cancer.
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Stępnik K. Biomimetic Chromatographic Studies Combined with the Computational Approach to Investigate the Ability of Triterpenoid Saponins of Plant Origin to Cross the Blood-Brain Barrier. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:3573. [PMID: 33808219 PMCID: PMC8037809 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Biomimetic (non-cell based in vitro) and computational (in silico) studies are commonly used as screening tests in laboratory practice in the first stages of an experiment on biologically active compounds (potential drugs) and constitute an important step in the research on the drug design process. The main aim of this study was to evaluate the ability of triterpenoid saponins of plant origin to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) using both computational methods, including QSAR methodology, and biomimetic chromatographic methods, i.e., High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) with Immobilized Artificial Membrane (IAM) and cholesterol (CHOL) stationary phases, as well as Bio-partitioning Micellar Chromatography (BMC). The tested compounds were as follows: arjunic acid (Terminalia arjuna), akebia saponin D (Akebia quinata), bacoside A (Bacopa monnieri) and platycodin D (Platycodon grandiflorum). The pharmacokinetic BBB parameters calculated in silico show that three of the four substances, i.e., arjunic acid, akebia saponin D, and bacoside A exhibit similar values of brain/plasma equilibration rate expressed as logPSFubrain (the average logPSFubrain: -5.03), whereas the logPSFubrain value for platycodin D is -9.0. Platycodin D also shows the highest value of the unbound fraction in the brain obtained using the examined compounds (0.98). In these studies, it was found out for the first time that the logarithm of the analyte-micelle association constant (logKMA) calculated based on Foley's equation can describe the passage of substances through the BBB. The most similar logBB values were obtained for hydrophilic platycodin D, applying both biomimetic and computational methods. All of the obtained logBB values and physicochemical parameters of the molecule indicate that platycodin D does not cross the BBB (the average logBB: -1.681), even though the in silico estimated value of the fraction unbound in plasma is relatively high (0.52). As far as it is known, this is the first paper that shows the applicability of biomimetic chromatographic methods in predicting the penetration of triterpenoid saponins through the BBB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Stępnik
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University in Lublin, 20-031 Lublin, Poland
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Platycodon grandiflorum Root Protects against Aβ-Induced Cognitive Dysfunction and Pathology in Female Models of Alzheimer's Disease. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10020207. [PMID: 33535469 PMCID: PMC7912782 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10020207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a devastating neurodegenerative disease characterized by irreversible cognitive dysfunction. Amyloid beta (Aβ) peptide is an important pathological factor that triggers the progression of AD through accumulation and aggregation, which leads to AD-related pathologies that consequently affect cognitive functions. Interestingly, several studies have reported that Platycodon grandiflorum root extract (PGE), besides exhibiting other bioactive effects, displays neuroprotective, anti-neuroinflammatory, and cognitive-enhancing effects. However, to date, it is not clear whether PGE can affect AD-related cognitive dysfunction and pathogenesis. Therefore, to investigate whether PGE influences cognitive impairment in an animal model of AD, we conducted a Y-maze test using a 5XFAD mouse model. Oral administration of PGE for 3 weeks at a daily dose of 100 mg/kg significantly ameliorated cognitive impairment in 5XFAD mice. Moreover, to elucidate the neurohistological mechanisms underlying the PGE-mediated alleviative effect on cognitive dysfunction, we performed histological analysis of hippocampal formation in these mice. Histopathological analysis showed that PGE significantly alleviated AD-related pathologies such as Aβ accumulation, neurodegeneration, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation. In addition, we observed a neuroprotective and antioxidant effect of PGE in mouse hippocampal neurons. Our findings suggest that administration of PGE might act as one of the therapeutic agents for AD by decreasing Aβ related pathology and ameliorating Aβ induced cognitive impairment.
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Platycodin D Inhibits β-Amyloid-Induced Inflammation and Oxidative Stress in BV-2 Cells Via Suppressing TLR4/NF-κB Signaling Pathway and Activating Nrf2/HO-1 Signaling Pathway. Neurochem Res 2021; 46:638-647. [PMID: 33394221 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-020-03198-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a common neurodegenerative disease associated with deposition of β-amyloid peptide (Aβ). Platycodin D (PLD), a triterpenesaponin, may possess neuro-protective effect. In the current study, we aimed to explore the effects of PLD on Aβ-induced inflammation and oxidative stress in microglial BV-2 cells. Our study showed that PLD treatment improved cell viability in Aβ-induced BV-2 cells. PLD attenuated Aβ-induced inflammation with deceased production of TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 in Aβ-induced BV-2 cells. PLD also mitigated the oxidative stress in Aβ-induced BV-2 cells, as evidenced by deceased production of ROS and MDA, and increased SOD activity. Furthermore, the increased expression levels of TLR4 and p-p65 and decreased IκBα expression in the Aβ-stimulated BV-2 cells were attenuated by PLD treatment. Overexpression of TLR4 reversed the anti-inflammatory effect of PLD in Aβ-stimulated BV-2 cells. In addition, PLD treatment enhanced the Aβ-stimulated increase in the expression levels of Nrf2, HO-1, and NQO1 in BV-2 cells. Knockdown of Nrf2 abrogated the anti-oxidative effect of PLD in Aβ-stimulated BV-2 cells. In conclusion, these findings indicated that PLD protected BV-2 cells from Aβ-induced oxidative stress and inflammation via regulating the TLR4/NF-κB and Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathways. Thus, PLD may be a potential candidate for the treatment of AD.
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Abstract
A new polyacetylene, namely isolobetyol (1), was isolated from the root of Platycodon grandiflorum (Jacq.) A. DC., together with lobetyol (2), lobetyolin (3), and trans-2-hexenyl β-D-glucoside (4). The structures of the isolated natural products were identified by high-resolution mass spectrometric (HR-MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopic analyses. The obtained spectroscopic data was in good agreement with the data previously reported in the literature. The anti-proliferative effects of the isolated compounds were examined using the PC-3 prostate cancer cell line. Compounds 1-3 considerably reduced the proliferation of the PC-3 cells with IC50 values of 6.76, 12.72, and 5.73 μM, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Korean Medicine (KM) Application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea
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Bioactive platycodins from Platycodonis Radix: Phytochemistry, pharmacological activities, toxicology and pharmacokinetics. Food Chem 2020; 327:127029. [PMID: 32450486 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.127029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Platycodonis Radix, the root of Platycodon grandiflorum (Jacq.) A. DC., is a well-known edible herbal medicine. It is a common vegetable used for the preparation of side dish, kimchi, dessert, and tea. Besides, it has been used to treat respiratory disease including cough, excessive phlegm, and sore throat for a long history. In the past decades, the bioactive components and the pharmacological activities of Platycodonis Radix have been widely investigated. Thereinto, platycodins, the oleanane-type triterpenoid saponins were demonstrated to be the main bioactive components in Platycodonis Radix, and more than 70 platycodins have been identified up to date. This paper mainly reviewed the phytochemistry, pharmacological activities (apophlegmatic, anti-tussive, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, anti-obesity, anti-diabetic, immunomodulatory, cardiovascular protective, and hepatoprotective activities, etc.), toxicology and pharmacokinetics of platycodins isolated from Platycodonis Radix, aiming to promote further investigation on therapeutic potential of these platycodins.
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Platycodigenin as Potential Drug Candidate for Alzheimer's Disease via Modulating Microglial Polarization and Neurite Regeneration. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24183207. [PMID: 31487775 PMCID: PMC6767002 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24183207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammatory microenvironment, regulating neurite regrowth and neuronal survival, plays a critical role in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). During neuroinflammation, microglia are activated, inducing the release of inflammatory or anti-inflammatory factors depending on their polarization into classical M1 microglia or alternative M2 phenotype. Therefore, optimizing brain microenvironment by small molecule-targeted microglia polarization and promoting neurite regeneration might be a potential therapeutic strategy for AD. In this study, we found platycodigenin, a naturally occurring triterpenoid, promoted M2 polarization and inhibited M1 polarization in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated BV2 and primary microglia. Platycodigenin downregulated pro-inflammatory molecules such as interleukin (IL)-1β, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, IL-6 and nitric oxide (NO), while upregulated anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. Further investigation confirmed that platycodigenin inhibited cyclooxygenase-2 (Cox2) positive M1 but increased Ym1/2 positive M2 microglial polarization in primary microglia. In addition, platycodigenin significantly decreased LPS-induced the hyperphosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) p38 and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) p65 subunits. Furthermore, the inactivation of peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) induced by LPS was completely ameliorated by platycodigenin. Platycodigenin also promoted neurite regeneration and neuronal survival after Aβ treatment in primary cortical neurons. Taken together, our study for the first time clarified that platycodigenin effectively ameliorated LPS-induced inflammation and Aβ-induced neurite atrophy and neuronal death.
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Wang G, Guo H, Wang X. Platycodin D protects cortical neurons against oxygen-glucose deprivation/reperfusion in neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. J Cell Biochem 2019; 120:14028-14034. [PMID: 30945345 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.28677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2018] [Revised: 02/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy is one of the leading causes of death in infants. Increasing evidence indicates that oxidative stress and apoptosis are major contributors to hypoxic-ischemic injury and can be used as particularly promising therapeutic targets. Platycodin D (PLD) is a triterpenoid saponin that exhibits antioxidant properties. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of PLD on hypoxic-ischemic injury in primary cortical neurons. We found that oxygen-glucose deprivation/reperfusion (OGD/R) induced inhibition of cell viability and cytotoxicity, which were attenuated by PLD treatment. PLD treatment inhibited oxidative stress induced by OGD/R, which was evidenced by the reduced level of reactive oxygen species and increased activities of catalase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase. Histone-DNA enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay revealed that apoptosis was significantly decreased after PLD treatment in OGD/R-treated cortical neurons. The increased bax expression and decreased bcl-2 expression induced by OGD/R were reversed by PLD treatment. Furthermore, PLD treatment caused the activation of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway in OGD/R-stimulated cortical neurons. Suppression of this pathway blocked the protective effects of PLD on OGD/R-induced cell injury. These findings suggested that PLD executes its protective effects on OGD/R-induced cell injury via regulating the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway in cortical neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guifang Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Xinxiang Central Hospital, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Hongxiang Guo
- Department of Neonatal Pediatrics, The First Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Xiaofang Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Xinxiang Central Hospital, Xinxiang, Henan, China
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Wang Y, Che J, Zhao H, Tang J, Shi G. Platycodin D inhibits oxidative stress and apoptosis in H9c2 cardiomyocytes following hypoxia/reoxygenation injury. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 503:3219-3224. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.08.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Effects of Platycodin D on Reflux Esophagitis due to Modulation of Antioxidant Defense Systems. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2018; 2018:7918034. [PMID: 29770154 PMCID: PMC5892306 DOI: 10.1155/2018/7918034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Revised: 02/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Aims The effects of platycodin D (PD) pretreatment were examined in reflux esophagitis (RE) induced rats. Methods Sham, control, and omeprazole (OMP) group were pretreated with distilled water or OMP as a reference, respectively, and PD pretreated groups were given 3 different PD doses once a day for 7 days. One hour after last pretreatment, RE was induced by ligation of the forestomach and pylorus. At 8 h after operation, all animals were sacrificed. Results PD showed significant dose-dependent reduction of gastric secretion, myeloperoxidase activity, and RE lesion areas of esophagus and stomach mucosa. There was a reduction of lipid peroxidation in 2 doses of PD groups and elevation of antioxidant enzyme activity in all PD groups. Gastric hexose and sialic acid were significantly increased in PD groups, while collagen was reduced. Plasma histamine levels were significantly reduced in all PD groups, but not in the OMP group. Total invasive lesion sizes of esophagus and gastric fundus were significantly decreased in all PD groups. Thicknesses in esophagus of all PD groups were significantly decreased and thicknesses of funds were significantly increased except lowest PD dose. Conclusions Therapeutic effects of PD on the esophageal and gastric lesions were shown in RE induced rats dose-dependently. The PD pretreatment had significant antioxidant effects with regulation of histamine levels. This study provides useful information regarding the effectiveness of the drug for RE and further novel drug discovery using natural herbal products.
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Kim JI, Jeon SG, Kim KA, Kim JJ, Song EJ, Jeon Y, Kim E, Lee KB, Kwak JH, Moon M. Platycodon grandiflorus Root Extract Improves Learning and Memory by Enhancing Synaptogenesis in Mice Hippocampus. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9070794. [PMID: 28737698 PMCID: PMC5537907 DOI: 10.3390/nu9070794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Revised: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Platycodon grandiflorus (Jacq.) A.DC. (PG) has long been used as an ingredient of foods and is known to have beneficial effects on cognitive functions as well. The present study examined the effect of each PG extract (PGE) from root, aerial part, and seeds on cognitive functions in mice. Changes in spatial learning and memory using a Y-maze test, and markers of adult hippocampal neurogenesis and synaptogenesis were examined. Moreover, changes in neuritogenesis and activation of the ERK1/2 pathway were investigated. Results indicated that mice administered PGE (root) showed increased spontaneous alternation in the Y-maze test and synaptogenesis in the hippocampus. In addition, PGE (root) and platycodin D, the major bioactive compound from the PG root, significantly stimulated neuritic outgrowth by phosphorylation of the ERK1/2 signaling pathway in vitro. These results indicate that the PGE (root), containing platycodin D, enhances cognitive function through synaptogenesis via activation of the ERK1/2 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Il Kim
- Department of Nursing, College of Nursing, Jeju National University, Jeju-si 63243, Korea.
| | - Seong Gak Jeon
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon 35365, Korea.
| | - Kyoung Ah Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon 35365, Korea.
| | - Jwa-Jin Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science, Jungwon University, Goesan-gun, Chungbuk 28024, Korea.
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea.
- LES Corporation Inc., 4 Munhwawon-ro 46beon-gil Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34167, Korea.
| | - Eun Ji Song
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon 35365, Korea.
| | - Yukyoung Jeon
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do 16419, Korea.
| | - Eunbin Kim
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do 16419, Korea.
| | - Kyung Bok Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon 35365, Korea.
| | - Jong Hwan Kwak
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do 16419, Korea.
| | - Minho Moon
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon 35365, Korea.
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Zeng CC, Zhang C, Yao JH, Lai SH, Han BJ, Li W, Tang B, Wan D, Liu YJ. Platycodin D induced apoptosis and autophagy in PC-12 cells through mitochondrial dysfunction pathway. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2016; 168:199-205. [PMID: 27294548 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2016.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Revised: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In this article, the in vitro cytotoxicity of platycodin D was evaluated in human PC-12, SGC-7901, BEL-7402, HeLa and A549 cancer cell lines. PC-12 cells were sensitive to platycodin D treatment, with an IC50 value of 13.5±1.2μM. Morphological and comet assays showed that platycodin D effectively induced apoptosis in PC-12 cells. Platycodin D increased the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and induced a decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential. Platycodin D induced cell cycle arrest at the G0/G1 phase in the PC-12 cell line. Platycodin D can induce autophagy. In addition, platycodin D can down-regulate the expression of Bcl-2 and Bcl-x, and up-regulate the levels of Bid protein in the PC-12 cells. The results demonstrated that platycodin D induced PC-12 cell apoptosis through a ROS-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan-Chuan Zeng
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Jun-Hua Yao
- Instrumentation Analysis and Research Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China
| | - Shang-Hai Lai
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Bing-Jie Han
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Wei Li
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Bing Tang
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Dan Wan
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Yun-Jun Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China.
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Ma XQ, Li SM, Chan CL, Su T, Li WD, Cao H, Fong WF, Yu ZL. Influence of sulfur fumigation on glycoside profile in Platycodonis Radix (Jiegeng). Chin Med 2016; 11:32. [PMID: 27385975 PMCID: PMC4934009 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-016-0101-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Over recent decades, sulfur fumigation is becoming abused in processing some freshly harvested herbs used as both medicine and food, although it has been questioned whether sulfur fumigation will change the efficacy and safety of the herbs. One of the herbs commonly processed by sulfur fumigation is Platycodonis Radix (Jiegeng in Chinese). Glycosides are the main bioactive components of Jiegeng. Up to the present, no study has been carried out to evaluate the impact of sulfur fumigation on glycoside profile of Jiegeng. METHODS A rapid and versatile ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with ultra-high resolution quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC UHD Q-TOF MS/MS) method was developed for comprehensive analysis of the glycoside profiles of sulfur-fumigated and air-dried Jiegeng samples. RESULTS Twenty-three glycosides were detected in air-dried and sulfur-fumigated Jiegeng samples. After sulfur fumigation, the peak heights of eight glycosides, namely platycogenin A, platycodin D, platycodin D2, platycodin D3, polygalacin D, polygalacin D2, deapio-platycodin D and 3″-O-acetylplatycodin D2, remarkably decreased; while peak heights of five glycosides, namely syringin, lobetyolin, platycoside E, deapio-platycodin D2 and deapio-platycoside E, slightly increased; in addition, peaks of ten glycosides, platycodin A, platycodin C, platycodin V, platycoside C, 16-oxoplatycodin D, 2″-O-acetylpolygalacin D, 2″-O-acetylpolygalacin D2, 3″-O-acetylpolygalacin D, 3″-O-acetylpolygalacin D2, and platycogenic acid B, disappeared. CONCLUSION Sulfur fumigation caused significant changes of glycoside components of Jiegeng. Further investigations are warranted to explore how these chemical changes occurred and whether these changes would affect the efficacy and safety of Jiegeng.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Qing Ma
- />School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong China
| | - Su-Mei Li
- />School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong China
| | - Chi Leung Chan
- />School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong China
| | - Tao Su
- />School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong China
| | - Wei-Dong Li
- />School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong China
| | - Hui Cao
- />National Engineering Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhuhai, Guangdong China
| | - Wang-Fun Fong
- />School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong China
| | - Zhi-Ling Yu
- />School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong China
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Kim HL, Park J, Park H, Jung Y, Youn DH, Kang J, Jeong MY, Um JY. Platycodon grandiflorum A. De Candolle Ethanolic Extract Inhibits Adipogenic Regulators in 3T3-L1 Cells and Induces Mitochondrial Biogenesis in Primary Brown Preadipocytes. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:7721-7730. [PMID: 26244589 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b01908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This study was designed to evaluate the effects of Platycodon grandiflorum A. DC. ethanolic extract (PG) on obesity in brown/white preadipocytes. The effect of PG on the differentiation and mitochondrial biogenesis of brown adipocytes is still not examined. An in vivo study showed that PG induced weight loss in mice with high-fat-diet-induced obesity. PG successfully suppressed the differentiation of 3T3-L1 cells by down-regulating cellular induction of the peroxisome proliferators activated receptor γ (PPARγ), CCAAT enhancer binding protein α (C/EBPα), lipin-1, and adiponectin but increasing expression of silent mating type information regulation 2 homologue 1 (SIRT1) and the phosphorylation of AMP-activated protein kinase α (AMPKα). The effect of PG on the adipogenic factors was compared with that of its bioactive compound platycodin D. In addition, PG increased expressions of mitochondria-related genes, including uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1), peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-coactivator 1 α (PGC1α), PR domain containing 16 (PRDM16), SIRT3, nuclear respiratory factor (NRF), and cytochrome C (CytC) in primary brown adipocytes. These results indicate that PG stimulates the differentiation of brown adipocytes through modulation of mitochondria-related genes and could offer clinical benefits as a supplement to treat obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Lin Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Korean Medicine, Institute of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University , Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinbong Park
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Korean Medicine, Institute of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University , Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyewon Park
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Korean Medicine, Institute of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University , Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Yunu Jung
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Korean Medicine, Institute of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University , Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Hyun Youn
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Korean Medicine, Institute of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University , Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - JongWook Kang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Korean Medicine, Institute of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University , Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Young Jeong
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Korean Medicine, Institute of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University , Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Young Um
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Korean Medicine, Institute of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University , Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
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Sun A, Xu X, Lin J, Cui X, Xu R. Neuroprotection by saponins. Phytother Res 2014; 29:187-200. [PMID: 25408503 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2014] [Revised: 08/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Saponins, an important group of bioactive plant natural products, are glycosides of triterpenoid or steroidal aglycones. Their diverse biological activities are ascribed to their different structures. Saponins have long been recognized as key ingredients in traditional Chinese medicine. Accumulated evidence suggests that saponins have significant neuroprotective effects on attenuation of central nervous system disorders, such as stroke, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and Huntington's disease. However, our understanding of the mechanisms underlying the observed effects remains incomplete. Based on recently reported data from basic and clinical studies, this review highlights the proposed mechanisms of their neuroprotective function including antioxidant, modulation of neurotransmitters, anti-apoptosis, anti-inflammation, attenuating Ca(2+) influx, modulating neurotrophic factors, inhibiting tau phosphorylation, and regeneration of neural networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aijing Sun
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Huaqiao University and Engineering Research Center of Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, Quanzhou, China
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Enhancement of chlorogenic acid production in hairy roots of Platycodon grandiflorum by over-expression of an Arabidopsis thaliana transcription factor AtPAP1. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:14743-52. [PMID: 25153629 PMCID: PMC4159879 DOI: 10.3390/ijms150814743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Revised: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
To improve the production of chlorogenic acid (CGA) in hairy roots of Platycodon grandiflorum, we induced over-expression of Arabidopsis thaliana transcription factor production of anthocyanin pigment (AtPAP1) using an Agrobacterium rhizogenes-mediated transformation system. Twelve hairy root lines showing over-expression of AtPAP1 were generated. In order to investigate the regulation of AtPAP1 on the activities of CGA biosynthetic genes, the expression levels of seven P. grandiflorum CGA biosynthetic genes were analyzed in the hairy root line that had the greatest accumulation of AtPAP1 transcript, OxPAP1-1. The introduction of AtPAP1 increased the mRNA levels of all examined CGA biosynthetic genes and resulted in a 900% up-regulation of CGA accumulation in OxPAP1-1 hairy roots relative to controls. This suggests that P. grandiflorum hairy roots that over-express the AtPAP1 gene are a potential alternative source of roots for the production of CGA.
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Tang ZH, Li T, Gao HW, Sun W, Chen XP, Wang YT, Lu JJ. Platycodin D from Platycodonis Radix enhances the anti-proliferative effects of doxorubicin on breast cancer MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells. Chin Med 2014; 9:16. [PMID: 24982689 PMCID: PMC4075934 DOI: 10.1186/1749-8546-9-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It has been demonstrated that platycodin D (PD) exhibits anti-cancer activities. This study aims to investigate the anti-proliferative effects of the combination of PD and doxorubicin (DOX) on human breast cancer cells (MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells). METHODS The anti-proliferative effects of different dosages of PD, DOX, and PD + DOX on MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells were determined by the MTT assay. The 10 μM PD, 5 μM DOX, and 10 μM PD + 5 μM DOX induced-protein expression of apoptosis-related molecules on MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells were detected by western blot. The 10 μM PD, 5 μM DOX and 10 μM PD + 5 μM DOX-induced mitochondrial membrane potential changes on MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells were stained with JC-1 before visual determination. The intracellular accumulations of DOX, induced by 10 μM PD, 5 μM DOX and 10 μM PD + 5 μM DOX, were detected by flow cytometry. RESULTS PD enhanced anti-cancer activities of DOX were observed in both MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cell lines. Compared with mono treatment, the combined treatment increased the protein expression of cleaved poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase and decreased the mitochondrial membrane potential. The combined treatment with PD did not obviously increase the accumulation of DOX in MCF-7 cells (1.66 ± 0.13 in DOX-treated group, and 1.69 ± 0.06 in PD + DOX-treated group, P = 0.76), but it significantly increased the accumulation of DOX in MDA-MB-231 cells (1.76 ± 0.17 in DOX-treated group, 2.09 ± 0.02 in PD + DOX-treated group, P = 0.027). CONCLUSION The combined treatment of DOX and PD exhibited stronger anti-proliferative effects on MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells than DOX and PD treatment did.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Hai Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Ting Li
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Hong-Wei Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Wen Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Xiu-Ping Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Yi-Tao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Jin-Jian Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
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Triterpenoid Saponins Isolated from Platycodon grandiflorum Inhibit Hepatitis C Virus Replication. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2013; 2013:560417. [PMID: 24489585 PMCID: PMC3893781 DOI: 10.1155/2013/560417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a major cause of liver disease, including cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Due to significant adverse effects and emergence of resistant strains of currently developed anti-HCV agents, plant extracts have been considered to be potential sources of new bioactive compounds against HCV. The aim of this study was to evaluate the functional effects of triterpenoid saponins contained in the root extract of Platycodon grandiflorum (PG) on viral enzyme activities and replication in both HCV replicon cells and cell culture grown HCV- (HCVcc-) infected cells. Inhibitory activities of triterpenoid saponins from PG were verified by NS5B RNA-dependent RNA polymerase assay and were further confirmed in the context of HCV replication. Six triterpenoid saponins (platycodin D, platycodin D2, platycodin D3, deapioplatycodin D, deapioplatycodin D2, and platyconic acid A), PG saponin mixture (PGSM), were identified as active components exerting anti-HCV activity. Importantly, PGSM exerted synergistic anti-HCV activity in combination with either interferon-α or NS5A inhibitors. We demonstrated that combinatorial treatment of PGSM and IFN-α efficiently suppressed colony formation with significant reduction in drug resistant variant of HCV. These data suggest that triterpenoid saponin may represent a novel anti-HCV therapeutic agent.
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Platycodin D, a triterpenoid saponin from Platycodon grandiflorum, induces G2/M arrest and apoptosis in human hepatoma HepG2 cells by modulating the PI3K/Akt pathway. Tumour Biol 2013; 35:1267-74. [DOI: 10.1007/s13277-013-1169-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2013] [Accepted: 08/29/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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Ye Y, Han X, Guo B, Sun Z, Liu S. Combination treatment with platycodin D and osthole inhibits cell proliferation and invasion in mammary carcinoma cell lines. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2013; 36:115-124. [PMID: 23603464 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2013.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2012] [Revised: 03/20/2013] [Accepted: 03/22/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
In this study, two invasive mammary carcinoma cells (MDA-MB-231 and 4T1) were utilized to evaluate the inhibitory activities of platycodin D, osthole, and the two in combination. The anti-proliferative effect was tested using the MTT and BrdU assay, and the combination of 15μM osthole and 75μM platycodin D was used for subsequent analyses. The anti-invasive effect was evaluated by the transwell assay. The results showed that the combination treatment reduced both cell proliferation and invasion. Western blot and real-time PCR revealed that the platycodin D-osthole combination significantly decreased TβRII, Smad2, Smad3 and Smad4 gene or protein expressions, as well as effectively blocked TGF-β-induced phosphorylation of Smad2 and Smad3. Thus, this study demonstrates that the anti-cancer effects of the platycodin D-osthole combination in breast cancer cells involve proliferation inhibition and invasion blockade, both of which may be mediated by perturbations in the TGF-β/Smads pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyi Ye
- Pharmacology Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Longhua Hospital, 725 Wanpingnan Road, Shanghai 200032, China
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He M, Li Y, Yan J, Cao D, Liang Y. Analysis of Essential Oils and Fatty Acids from Platycodi Radix using Chemometric Methods and Retention Indices. J Chromatogr Sci 2012; 51:318-30. [DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bms143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Wu J, Yang G, Zhu W, Wen W, Zhang F, Yuan J, An L. Anti-atherosclerotic Activity of Platycodin D Derived from Roots of Platycodon grandiflorum in Human Endothelial Cells. Biol Pharm Bull 2012; 35:1216-21. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b-y110129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jingtao Wu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Jinan
| | - Guiwen Yang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University
| | - Wenxing Zhu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University
| | - Wujun Wen
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University
| | - Fumiao Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University
| | - Jinduo Yuan
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University
| | - Liguo An
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University
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Sun H, Chen L, Wang J, Wang K, Zhou J. Structure–function relationship of the saponins from the roots of Platycodon grandiflorum for hemolytic and adjuvant activity. Int Immunopharmacol 2011; 11:2047-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2011.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2011] [Revised: 08/08/2011] [Accepted: 08/25/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Ryu CS, Kim CH, Lee SY, Lee KS, Choung KJ, Song GY, Kim BH, Ryu SY, Lee HS, Kim SK. Evaluation of the total oxidant scavenging capacity of saponins isolated from Platycodon grandiflorum. Food Chem 2011; 132:333-7. [PMID: 26434298 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.10.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2011] [Revised: 08/08/2011] [Accepted: 10/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The antioxidant activity of saponins isolated from Platycodon grandiflorum (PG; Balloon flower) was determined using the total oxidant-scavenging capacity (TOSC) assay. Platycodigenin, polygalacic acid, platycodin D, platycoside E and deapioplatycoside E were isolated and their structures were characterised based on their physical and spectral properties and by comparison of these results with similar data in the literature. Platycodin D showed the greatest TOSC value against peroxyl radicals, followed (in decreasing order) by polygalacic acid, platycodigenin, deapioplatycosides E and platycoside E. Although the TOSC value of the saponins against peroxyl radicals was less than that of glutathione (GSH) and Trolox used as positive controls. However, TOSC value of platycodigenin, deapioplatycoside E, platycodin D or platycoside E against peroxynitrite was 2.35-, 1.27-, 1.02- or 0.75-fold of GSH, respectively, while polygalacic acid exhibited no scavenging capacity of peroxynitrites. These results suggest importance of the presence of hydroxyl group at carbon 24 in platycodigenin in peroxynitrite scavenging. As the number of attached sugar residues in the saponin glycosides is increased, the scavenging capacity of peroxyl radical, but not peroxynitrite was significantly decreased. These results showed that PG saponins have potent antioxidant activities, which is different according to the structure of aglycones and the number of attached sugar residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Seon Ryu
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Republic of Korea
| | - Chung Hyeon Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Yoon Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Republic of Korea
| | - Kye Sook Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu Jin Choung
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyu Yong Song
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Republic of Korea
| | - Bong-Hee Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Republic of Korea
| | - Shi Yong Ryu
- Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 305-343, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Sun Lee
- Molecular Cancer Research Center, Ochang Branch Institute, KRIBB, Cheongwon 363-883, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sang Kyum Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Republic of Korea.
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Platyconic acid, a saponin from Platycodi radix, improves glucose homeostasis by enhancing insulin sensitivity in vitro and in vivo. Eur J Nutr 2011; 51:529-40. [PMID: 21847688 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-011-0236-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2011] [Accepted: 07/29/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous research demonstrated that the crude saponins of Platycodi radix improve glucose metabolism by enhancing insulin sensitivity in type 2 diabetic animals; however, which individual saponins are the most potent insulin sensitizers is unknown. OBJECTIVES This study investigated which saponin(s) have anti-diabetic action in vitro and in vivo. METHODS The insulin-stimulated glucose uptake and PPAR-γ agonistic actions of six saponins from Platycodi radix were investigated in 3T3-L1 adipocytes, and glucose-stimulated insulin secretion was determined in Min6 cells. Four individual saponins (20 mg/kg body weight) were orally administered to low-dose streptozotocin-injected diabetic mice fed a high-fat diet for 8 weeks to evaluate glucose tolerance by oral glucose tolerance testing (OGTT), insulin sensitivity by insulin tolerance testing, and insulin signaling in the liver and adipose tissues. RESULTS Platyconic acid (PA) most effectively increased insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in 3T3-L1 adipocytes, possibly in part by working as a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR)-γ activator; however, none of the saponins improved glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in insulinoma cells. PA-treated diabetic mice exhibited the lowest peak serum glucose levels and highest serum insulin levels during the first part of OGTT. PA also improved insulin sensitivity: PA increased glycogen accumulation and decreased triacylglycerol storage in liver, which was associated with enhanced hepatic insulin signaling, while PA potentiated the expression of adiponectin and PPAR-γ in adipose tissue, and improved insulin signaling and increased GLUT4 translocation into the membranes. CONCLUSIONS PA improves glucose homeostasis in type 2 diabetic mice, partly by enhancing hepatic and adipocyte insulin sensitivity, possibly by activating PPAR-γ.
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Ouyang K, Chen L, Sun H, Du J, Shi M. Screening and appraisal for immunological adjuvant-active fractions fromPlatycodon grandiflorumtotal saponins. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2011; 34:126-34. [DOI: 10.3109/08923973.2011.586704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Yoo KY, Lee CH, Li H, Park JH, Choi JH, Hwang IK, Kang IJ, Won MH. Ethyl acetate extracts of raw and steamed Codonopsis lanceolata protects against ischemic damage potentially by maintaining SOD1 and BDNF levels. Int J Neurosci 2011; 121:503-9. [PMID: 21671837 DOI: 10.3109/00207454.2011.580867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
We observed the neuroprotective effects of ECLs treatment on ischemic damage in the gerbil hippocampal CA1 region four days after an ischemic insult. Among the 10 ECLs, EERCL and EESCL showed significant neuroprotection: the percentage of neurons remaining after treatment with EERCL and EESCL was 72.7% and 68.4% of that seen in the sham-ischemia group, respectively. The administration of EERCL and EESCL significantly decreased the reactive gliosis of microglia compared with that seen in the vehicle-treated ischemia group. In addition, SOD1 and BDNF immunoreactivity in the EERCL- and EESCL-ischemia groups were markedly increased compared with that in the vehicle-treated ischemia group. These results suggest that the administration of EERCL and EESCL can reduce ischemic neuronal loss potentially by maintaining SOD1 and BDNF immunoreactivity in the ischemic hippocampal CA1 region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki-Yeon Yoo
- Department of Oral Anatomy, College of Dentistry, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung, South Korea
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Yoo DS, Choi YH, Cha MR, Lee BH, Kim SJ, Yon GH, Hong KS, Jang YS, Lee HS, Kim YS, Ryu SY, Kang JS. HPLC-ELSD analysis of 18 platycosides from balloon flower roots (Platycodi Radix) sourced from various regions in Korea and geographical clustering of the cultivation areas. Food Chem 2011; 129:645-651. [PMID: 30634281 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.04.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2010] [Revised: 03/19/2011] [Accepted: 04/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
An effective HPLC method to analyse platycosides from the balloon flower root was developed using ELSD. The optimum resolution of the platycosides was achieved on an ODS column with gradient elution of eluent A, 30mM ammonium acetate buffer (pH 4.81): methanol: acetonitrile=75:5:20 (v/v/v), and B, 69:5:26 (v/v/v). Amongst 18 platycosides, platycoside E showed the highest content, followed by polygalacin D2 and 3″-O-acetylplatyconic acid A. The sum of these three compounds was recommended for quality control of balloon flower root for medicinal purposes. The samples could be clustered into groups based on platycoside content. Group I, characterised by a high concentration of platycosides, was located near the west coast of Korea, whereas group II, characterised by a low concentration of platycosides, was located inland or in mountainous area. The method could be used to control the quality of balloon flower root.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dea Seok Yoo
- Department of Biomaterials Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 305-600, Republic of Korea; College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon Hee Choi
- Department of Biomaterials Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 305-600, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi Ran Cha
- Department of Biomaterials Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 305-600, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Hoe Lee
- Department of Biomaterials Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 305-600, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Ju Kim
- College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyu Hwan Yon
- Department of Biomaterials Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 305-600, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Sik Hong
- Department of Biomaterials Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 305-600, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu Seon Jang
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Sun Lee
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 305-333, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Sup Kim
- Department of Biomaterials Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 305-600, Republic of Korea
| | - Shi Yong Ryu
- Department of Biomaterials Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 305-600, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jong Seong Kang
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Republic of Korea.
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Neuroprotection of Alpinia katsumadai Seed Extract against Neuronal Damage in the Ischemic Gerbil Hippocampus is Linked to Altered Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor. Lab Anim Res 2011; 27:67-71. [PMID: 21826164 PMCID: PMC3145989 DOI: 10.5625/lar.2011.27.1.67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2011] [Revised: 02/28/2011] [Accepted: 02/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The extract of Alpinia katsumadai, a member of the family Zingiberaceae, shows anti-inflammatory effects and antioxidant activity. We observed the neuroprotective effects of the extract from Alpinia katsumadai seed (EAKS) against ischemic damage in gerbils administered oral EAKS (25, and 50 mg/kg) once a day for 7 days before transient cerebral ischemia. In the 50 mg/kg EAKS-treated ischemia group, about 67% of neurons in the hippocampal CA1 region (CA1) survived after ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) based on cresyl violet staining. We observed that EAKS treatment significantly maintained brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) immunoreactivity in the ischemic CA1 region after I/R. In addition, protein levels of BDNF in the 50 mg/kg EAKS-treated ischemia group were much higher than those in the vehicle-treated ischemia group after I/R. These findings indicate that repeated supplementation of EAKS protects neurons from ischemic damage, such that BDNF is distinctively maintained in ischemic areas.
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Choi YH, Yoo DS, Cha MR, Choi CW, Kim YS, Choi SU, Lee KR, Ryu SY. Antiproliferative effects of saponins from the roots of Platycodon grandiflorum on cultured human tumor cells. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2010; 73:1863-1867. [PMID: 20939516 DOI: 10.1021/np100496p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Three new triterpenoid saponins, platyconic acid B lactone (1), deapio-platyconic acid B lactone (2), and deapio-platycodin D(2) (3), together with 17 known triterpenoid saponins, were isolated from a root extract of Platycodon grandiflorum. The structures of 1-3 were determined on the basis of spectroscopic data interpretation and chemical transformation. Saponins with a platycodigenin or polygalacic acid unit as a sapogenin demonstrated significant inhibitory effects on the proliferation of a small panel of cultured human tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeon Hee Choi
- Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Taejeon 305-343, Korea
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