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Blume GR, Royes LFF. Peripheral to brain and hippocampus crosstalk induced by exercise mediates cognitive and structural hippocampal adaptations. Life Sci 2024; 352:122799. [PMID: 38852798 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2024.122799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Endurance exercise leads to robust increases in memory and learning. Several exercise adaptations occur to mediate these improvements, including in both the hippocampus and in peripheral organs. Organ crosstalk has been becoming increasingly more present in exercise biology, and studies have shown that peripheral organs can communicate to the hippocampus and mediate hippocampal changes. Both learning and memory as well as other hippocampal functional-related changes such as neurogenesis, cell proliferation, dendrite morphology and synaptic plasticity are controlled by these exercise responsive peripheral proteins. These peripheral factors, also called exerkines, are produced by several organs including skeletal muscle, liver, adipose tissue, kidneys, adrenal glands and circulatory cells. Previous reviews have explored some of these exerkines including muscle-derived irisin and cathepsin B (CTSB), but a full picture of peripheral to hippocampus crosstalk with novel exerkines such as selenoprotein 1 (SEPP1) and platelet factor 4 (PF4), or old overlooked ones such as lactate and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) is still missing. We provide 29 different studies of 14 different exerkines that crosstalk with the hippocampus. Thus, the purpose of this review is to explore peripheral exerkines that have shown to exert hippocampal function following exercise, demonstrating their particular effects and molecular mechanisms in which they could be inducing adaptations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luiz Fernando Freire Royes
- Center in Natural and Exact Sciences, Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Toxicological Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil; Physical Education and Sports Center, Department of Sports Methods and Techniques, Exercise Biochemistry Laboratory (BIOEX), Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
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2
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Xu Z, Tang J, Yi W. Evidence mapping and quality assessment of systematic reviews on exercise intervention for Alzheimer's disease. Complement Ther Med 2024; 84:103065. [PMID: 38955283 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctim.2024.103065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A significant body of literature suggests that exercise can reverse cognitive impairment and ameliorate somatic function in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). Systematic reviews (SRs), a common approach of evidence-based medicine, concentrate on a specific issue of a research area. The objective of this work is to provide an overview of existing evidence on the effects of exercise intervention in AD patients and report related health outcomes by reviewing SRs. METHODS SRs on exercise intervention in AD patients were retrieved from the PubMed, the Cochrane Library, CBMdisc, Scopus, Web of Science, Embase (via Ovid), China National Knowledge Infrastructure, and WanFang databases from the time of inception to February 2023. The quality of the SRs was evaluated utilizing the A Measurement Tool to Assess Systematic Review 2 (AMSTAR 2) checklist. The results were reported according to the population-intervention-comparison-outcome (PICO) framework and the corresponding evidence mapping was illustrated in tables and bubble plots. RESULTS A total of 26 SRs met the eligibility criteria. In terms of methodological quality, 10 SRs were rated as "critically low", 13 SRs were rated as "low", and 3 SRs were rated as "moderate". Exercise was found to exert a beneficial effect on cognitive function, functional independence, physical function, and neuropsychiatric symptoms in patients with AD. CONCLUSION Exercise intervention benefits AD patients mainly by improving cognitive function, physical function, functional independence, and neuropsychiatric symptoms. However, due to the low-to-moderate methodology of most SRs included in this analysis, further investigations are required to support our current findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengdong Xu
- Department of Physical Education, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiaxing Tang
- School of Physical Education, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenjuan Yi
- Middle School Affiliated to Qingpu Teachers Training College of Shanghai, Shanghai, China; School of Athletic Performance, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China.
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Kusy B, Parzecka K, Kucharczyk P, Szczepanik K. Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids and brain functions - literature review. WIADOMOSCI LEKARSKIE (WARSAW, POLAND : 1960) 2024; 77:1277-1283. [PMID: 39106392 DOI: 10.36740/wlek202406125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/09/2024]
Abstract
Long-chain ω-3 PUFAs such as DHA and EPA are often present in high amounts in algae and fish. DHA in particular is crucial for the proper development and functioning of the brain because it is the main structural component of ω-3 PUFA in the brain. This makes it an indispensable element of the phospholipids of the nervous membrane. The purpose of this article is to present the benefits of Omega-3 acids in the functioning of the nervous system. The text discusses a literature review focusing on the impact of omega-3 fatty acids. Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are essential for overall health and have been extensively studied for their contributions to human well-being and disease management. Recent research indicates their effectiveness in preventing and treating various diseases. Omega-3 PUFAs have been identified as therapeutic agents, particularly in combating inflammatory conditions like cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. The aim of this article is to present the benefits of omega-3 fatty acids supplementation. Publications outlining properties of polyunsaturated fatty acids on the brain and articles presenting the effects of polyunsaturated fatty acids were reviewed using the Pubmed platform. The review included the keywords "Omega-3 fatty acids" "DHA" "EPA" "PUFA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Kinga Szczepanik
- HOSPITAL OF OUR LADY OF PERPETUAL HELP IN WOLOMIN, WOLOMIN, POLAND
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4
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Liu J, You Y, Liu R, Shen L, Wang D, Li X, Min L, Yin J, Zhang D, Ma X, Di Q. The joint effect and hemodynamic mechanism of PA and PM 2.5 exposure on cognitive function: A randomized controlled trial study. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 460:132415. [PMID: 37657321 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND While PM2.5 has been shown to impair cognitive function, physical activity (PA) is known to enhance it. Nonetheless, considering the increased inhalation of PM2.5 during exercise, the potential of PA to counteract the detrimental effects of PM2.5, along with the underlying hemodynamic mechanisms, remains uncertain. METHODS We conducted a double-blinded, randomized controlled trial among healthy young adults in Beijing, China. Ninety-three participants were randomly allocated to groups experiencing different intensities of PA interventions, and either subjected to purified or unpurified air conditions. Cognitive function was measured by the Color-Word Matching Stroop task, and the hemodynamic response was measured using functional near-infrared spectroscopy during participants performed the Stroop task both before and after the intervention. Linear mixed-effect models were used to estimate the impact of PA and PM2.5 on cognitive function and hemodynamic response. RESULTS The reaction time for congruent and incongruent Stroop tasks improved by - 80.714 (95% CI: -136.733, -24.695) and - 105.843 (95% CI: -188.6, -23.085) milliseconds after high-intensity interval training (HIIT) intervention. PM2.5 and HIIT had interaction effects on cognition, such that every 1 μg/m3 increase in PM2.5 attenuated the benefits of HIIT on reaction time by 2.231 (95% CI: 0.523, 3.938) and 3.305 (95% CI: 0.791, 5.819) milliseconds for congruent and incongruent Stroop tasks. Moreover, we divided participants into high and low PM2.5 exposure groups based on average PM2.5 concentration (32.980 μg/m3), and found that HIIT intervention in high PM2.5 concentration led to 69.897 (95% CI: 9.317, 130.476) and 99.269 (95% CI: 10.054, 188.485) milliseconds increased in the reaction time of congruent and incongruent Stroop, compared with the control group among low PM2.5. Furthermore, we found a significant interaction effects of PM2.5 and moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) on the middle frontal gyrus (MFG) and dorsolateral superior frontal gyrus (DLPFC). PM2.5 and HIIT had a significant interaction effect on the DLPFC. CONCLUSIONS HIIT improved cognitive function, but the cognitive benefits of HIIT were attenuated or even reversed under high PM2.5 exposure. The activation of the DLPFC and MFG could serve as hemodynamic mechanisms to explain the joint effect of PA and PM2.5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianxiu Liu
- Vanke School of Public Health, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Division of Sports Science and Physical Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yanwei You
- Division of Sports Science and Physical Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Ruidong Liu
- Sports Coaching College, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Lijun Shen
- School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Dizhi Wang
- Division of Sports Science and Physical Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xingtian Li
- Division of Sports Science and Physical Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Leizi Min
- Division of Sports Science and Physical Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jie Yin
- College of Architecture and Urban Planning, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Dan Zhang
- Department of Psychology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xindong Ma
- Division of Sports Science and Physical Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Qian Di
- Vanke School of Public Health, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Institute for Healthy China, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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Law LM, Griffiths DR, Lifshitz J. Peg Forest Rehabilitation - A novel spatial navigation based cognitive rehabilitation paradigm for experimental neurotrauma. Behav Brain Res 2023; 443:114355. [PMID: 36801425 PMCID: PMC10883691 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2023.114355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) results from mechanical forces applied to the head. Ensuing cascades of complex pathophysiology transition the injury event into a disease process. The enduring constellation of emotional, somatic, and cognitive impairments degrade quality of life for the millions of TBI survivors suffering from long-term neurological symptoms. Rehabilitation strategies have reported mixed results, as most have not focused on specific symptomatology or explored cellular processes. The current experiments evaluated a novel cognitive rehabilitation paradigm for brain-injured and uninjured rats. The arena is a plastic floor with a cartesian grid of holes for plastic dowels to create new environments with the rearrangement of threaded pegs. Rats received either two weeks of Peg Forest rehabilitation (PFR) or open field exposure starting at 7 days post-injury; or one week starting at either day 7 or 14 post-injury; or served as caged controls. Cognitive performance was assessed on a battery of novel object tasks at 28 days post-injury. The results revealed that two weeks of PFR was required to prevent the onset of cognitive impairments, while one week of PFR was insufficient regardless of when rehabilitation was initiated after injury. Further assessment of the task showed that novel daily arrangements of the environment were required to impart the cognitive performance benefits, as exposure to a static arrangement of pegs for PFR each day did not improve cognitive performance. The results indicate that PFR prevents the onset of cognitive disorders following acquired a mild to moderate brain injury, and potentially other neurological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Matthew Law
- Phoenix Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Phoenix, AZ, United States; University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix, AZ, United States; BARROW Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ, United States.
| | - Daniel R Griffiths
- Phoenix Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Phoenix, AZ, United States; University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix, AZ, United States; BARROW Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ, United States
| | - Jonathan Lifshitz
- Phoenix Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Phoenix, AZ, United States; University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix, AZ, United States; BARROW Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ, United States
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Casaletto K, Ramos-Miguel A, VandeBunte A, Memel M, Buchman A, Bennett D, Honer W. Late-life physical activity relates to brain tissue synaptic integrity markers in older adults. Alzheimers Dement 2022; 18:2023-2035. [PMID: 34994517 PMCID: PMC9259753 DOI: 10.1002/alz.12530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Physical activity (PA) is widely recommended for age-related brain health, yet its neurobiology is not well understood. Animal models indicate PA is synaptogenic. We examined the relationship between PA and synaptic integrity markers in older adults. METHODS Four hundred four decedents from the Rush Memory and Aging Project completed annual actigraphy monitoring (Mean visits = 3.5±2.4) and post mortem evaluation. Brain tissue was analyzed for presynaptic proteins (synaptophysin, synaptotagmin-1, vesicle-associated membrane proteins, syntaxin, complexin-I, and complexin-II), and neuropathology. Models examined relationships between late-life PA (averaged across visits), and timing-specific PA (time to autopsy) with synaptic proteins. RESULTS Greater late-life PA associated with higher presynaptic protein levels (0.14 < β < 0.20), except complexin-II (β = 0.08). Relationships were independent of pathology but timing specific; participants who completed actigraphy within 2 years of brain tissue measurements showed largest PA-to-synaptic protein associations (0.32 < β < 0.38). Relationships between PA and presynaptic proteins were comparable across brain regions sampled. DISCUSSION PA associates with synaptic integrity in a regionally global, but time-linked nature in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlin Casaletto
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Alfredo Ramos-Miguel
- Department of Pharmacology, CIBERSAM, University of the Basque Country (EHU/UPV) and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, Leioa, Spain
| | - Anna VandeBunte
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Molly Memel
- San Francisco VA Medical Center, San Francisco California, USA
| | - Aron Buchman
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - David Bennett
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - William Honer
- BC Mental Health and Substance Use, Services Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Lattanzi D, Savelli D, Pagliarini M, Cuppini R, Ambrogini P. Short-Term, Voluntary Exercise Affects Morpho-Functional Maturation of Adult-Generated Neurons in Rat Hippocampus. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23126866. [PMID: 35743307 PMCID: PMC9224999 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23126866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Physical exercise is a well-proven neurogenic stimulus, promoting neuronal progenitor proliferation and affecting newborn cell survival. Besides, it has beneficial effects on brain health and cognition. Previously, we found that three days of physical activity in a very precocious period of adult-generated granule cell life is able to antedate the appearance of the first GABAergic synaptic contacts and increase T-type Ca2+ channel expression. Considering the role of GABA and Ca2+ in fostering neuronal maturation, in this study, we used short-term, voluntary exercise on a running wheel to investigate if it is able to induce long-term morphological and synaptic changes in newborn neurons. Using adult male rats, we found that: (i) three days of voluntary physical exercise can definitively influence the morpho-functional maturation process of newborn granule neurons when applied very early during their development; (ii) a significant percentage of new neurons show more mature morphological characteristics far from the end of exercise protocol; (iii) the long-term morphological effects result in enhanced synaptic plasticity. Present findings demonstrate that the morpho-functional changes induced by exercise on very immature adult-generated neurons are permanent, affecting the neuron maturation and integration in hippocampal circuitry. Our data contribute to underpinning the beneficial potential of physical activity on brain health, also performed for short times.
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de Rooij SR. Are Brain and Cognitive Reserve Shaped by Early Life Circumstances? Front Neurosci 2022; 16:825811. [PMID: 35784851 PMCID: PMC9243389 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.825811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
When growing older, many people are faced with cognitive deterioration, which may even amount to a form of dementia at some point in time. Although neuropathological signs of dementia disorders can often be demonstrated in brains of patients, the degree to which clinical symptoms are present does mostly not accurately reflect the amount of neuropathology that is present. Sometimes existent pathology even goes without any obvious clinical presentation. An explanation for this phenomenon may be found in the concept of reserve capacity. Reserve capacity refers to the ability of the brain to effectively buffer changes that are associated with normal aging processes and to cope with pathological damage. A larger reserve capacity has been suggested to increase resilience against age-associated cognitive deterioration and dementia disorders. Traditionally, a division has been made between brain reserve, which is based on morphological characteristics of the brain, and cognitive reserve, which is based on functional characteristics of the brain. The present review discusses the premises that brain and cognitive reserve capacity are shaped by prenatal and early postnatal factors. Evidence is accumulating that circumstances during the first 1,000 days of life are of the utmost importance for the lifelong health of an individual. Cognitive deterioration and dementia disorders may also have their origin in early life and a potentially important pathway by which the early environment affects the risk for neurodegenerative diseases is by developmental programming of the reserve capacity of the brain. The basic idea behind developmental programming of brain and cognitive reserve is explained and an overview of studies that support this idea is presented. The review is concluded by a discussion of potential mechanisms, synthesis of the evidence and relevance and future directions in the field of developmental origins of reserve capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne R. de Rooij
- Epidemiology and Data Science, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Aging and Later Life, Health Behaviors and Chronic Diseases, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Amsterdam Reproduction and Development, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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Jennen L, Mazereel V, Lecei A, Samaey C, Vancampfort D, van Winkel R. Exercise to spot the differences: a framework for the effect of exercise on hippocampal pattern separation in humans. Rev Neurosci 2022; 33:555-582. [PMID: 35172422 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2021-0156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Exercise has a beneficial effect on mental health and cognitive functioning, but the exact underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown. In this review, we focus on the effect of exercise on hippocampal pattern separation, which is a key component of episodic memory. Research has associated exercise with improvements in pattern separation. We propose an integrated framework mechanistically explaining this relationship. The framework is divided into three pathways, describing the pro-neuroplastic, anti-inflammatory and hormonal effects of exercise. The pathways are heavily intertwined and may result in functional and structural changes in the hippocampus. These changes can ultimately affect pattern separation through direct and indirect connections. The proposed framework might guide future research on the effect of exercise on pattern separation in the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lise Jennen
- KU Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Center for Clinical Psychiatry, ON V Herestraat 49, bus 1029, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Victor Mazereel
- KU Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Center for Clinical Psychiatry, ON V Herestraat 49, bus 1029, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.,University Psychiatric Center KU Leuven, Leuvensesteenweg 517, 3070 Leuven-Kortenberg, Belgium
| | - Aleksandra Lecei
- KU Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Center for Clinical Psychiatry, ON V Herestraat 49, bus 1029, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Celine Samaey
- KU Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Center for Clinical Psychiatry, ON V Herestraat 49, bus 1029, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Davy Vancampfort
- University Psychiatric Center KU Leuven, Leuvensesteenweg 517, 3070 Leuven-Kortenberg, Belgium.,KU Leuven Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, ON IV Herestraat 49, bus 1510, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ruud van Winkel
- KU Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Center for Clinical Psychiatry, ON V Herestraat 49, bus 1029, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.,University Psychiatric Center KU Leuven, Leuvensesteenweg 517, 3070 Leuven-Kortenberg, Belgium
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10
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Polverino A, Sorrentino P, Pesoli M, Mandolesi L. Nutrition and cognition across the lifetime: an overview on epigenetic mechanisms. AIMS Neurosci 2021; 8:448-476. [PMID: 34877399 PMCID: PMC8611190 DOI: 10.3934/neuroscience.2021024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The functioning of our brain depends on both genes and their interactions with environmental factors. The close link between genetics and environmental factors produces structural and functional cerebral changes early on in life. Understanding the weight of environmental factors in modulating neuroplasticity phenomena and cognitive functioning is relevant for potential interventions. Among these, nutrition plays a key role. In fact, the link between gut and brain (the gut-brain axis) is very close and begins in utero, since the Central Nervous System (CNS) and the Enteric Nervous System (ENS) originate from the same germ layer during the embryogenesis. Here, we investigate the epigenetic mechanisms induced by some nutrients on the cognitive functioning, which affect the cellular and molecular processes governing our cognitive functions. Furthermore, epigenetic phenomena can be positively affected by specific healthy nutrients from diet, with the possibility of preventing or modulating cognitive impairments. Specifically, we described the effects of several nutrients on diet-dependent epigenetic processes, in particular DNA methylation and histones post-translational modifications, and their potential role as therapeutic target, to describe how some forms of cognitive decline could be prevented or modulated from the early stages of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianna Polverino
- Institute of Diagnosis and Treatment Hermitage Capodimonte, Naples, Italy.,Department of Motor and Wellness Sciences, University of Naples "Parthenope", Naples, Italy
| | - Pierpaolo Sorrentino
- Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France.,Institute of Applied Sciences and Intelligent Systems, National Research Council, Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Matteo Pesoli
- Department of Motor and Wellness Sciences, University of Naples "Parthenope", Naples, Italy
| | - Laura Mandolesi
- Department of Humanities Studies, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
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Farazi N, Mahmoudi J, Sadigh-Eteghad S, Farajdokht F, Rasta SH. Synergistic effects of combined therapy with transcranial photobiomodulation and enriched environment on depressive- and anxiety-like behaviors in a mice model of noise stress. Lasers Med Sci 2021; 37:1181-1191. [PMID: 34432186 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-021-03370-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The development of anxiety and depression due to chronic exposure to noise stress has remained as an unsolved health problem so far. Despite the studies suggesting the neuroenhancement effects of transcranial photobiomodulation (tPBM) and housing in an enriched environment (EE), the combined effects of these treatments have not been elucidated yet. Also, there is no available data on the relationship between the application of tPBM and hippocampal brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression in animal models of stress. The present study aims to investigate the application of the tPBM and EE (alone or in combination) on depressive- and anxiety-like behaviors in a mice model of noise stress. Mice were divided into five groups: control, noise, noise + EE, noise + tPBM, and noise + EE + tPBM. Except for the control group, other groups were subjected to 110 dB SPL white noise for 4 h/day for 14 consecutive days and received their respective treatments. Forced Swimming Test (FST) was used to evaluate depressive-like behaviors. Elevated Plus Maze (EPM) and Open Field Test (OFT) were used to evaluate anxiety-like behaviors. BDNF, tyrosine receptor kinase B (TrkB), and cAMP response element-binding (CREB) protein levels in the hippocampus were determined by the Western blot method, and also serum corticosterone levels were assessed using an ELISA kit. Exposure to noise stress significantly elevated serum corticosterone level; downregulated hippocampal BDNF, TrkB, and CREB protein expressions; and resulted in depressive- and anxiety-like behaviors. While, the application of tPBM (810 nm wavelength, 8 J/cm2 fluence, 10 Hz pulsed wave mode), housing in EE, and their combination lowered corticosterone levels, upregulated the BDNF/TrkB/CREB signaling pathway in the hippocampus, and improved behavioral outcomes in noise stress subjected mice. Our finding revealed the improving effects of tPBM and EE on depressive and anxiety-like behaviors induced by noise stress, possibly by augmenting the BDNF/TrkB/CREB signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narmin Farazi
- Department of Medical Physics, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, 51666-14766, Tabriz, Iran.,Neurosciences Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, 51666-14756, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Javad Mahmoudi
- Neurosciences Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, 51666-14756, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Saeed Sadigh-Eteghad
- Neurosciences Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, 51666-14756, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Fereshteh Farajdokht
- Neurosciences Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, 51666-14756, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Seyed Hossein Rasta
- Department of Medical Physics, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, 51666-14766, Tabriz, Iran. .,Department of Medical Bioengineering, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran. .,School of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK.
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12
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Xu L, Zhu L, Zhu L, Chen D, Cai K, Liu Z, Chen A. Moderate Exercise Combined with Enriched Environment Enhances Learning and Memory through BDNF/TrkB Signaling Pathway in Rats. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18168283. [PMID: 34444034 PMCID: PMC8392212 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18168283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effects and potential mechanisms of exercise combined with an enriched environment on learning and memory in rats. Forty healthy male Wistar rats (7 weeks old) were randomly assigned into 4 groups (N = 10 in each group): control (C) group, treadmill exercise (TE) group, enriched environment (EE) group and the TE + EE group. The Morris water maze (MWM) test was used to evaluate the learning and memory ability in all rats after eight weeks of exposure in the different conditions. Moreover, we employed enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to determine the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and receptor tyrosine kinase B (TrkB) in the rats. The data showed that the escape latency and the number of platform crossings were significantly better in the TE + EE group compared to the TE, EE or C groups (p < 0.05). In addition, there was upregulation of BDNF and TrkB in rats in the TE + EE group compared to those in the TE, EE or C groups (p < 0.05). Taken together, the data robustly demonstrate that the combination of TE + EE enhances learning and memory ability and upregulates the expression of both BDNF and TrkB in rats. Thus, the BDNF/TrkB signaling pathway might be modulating the effect of exercise and enriched environment in improving learning and memory ability in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Aiguo Chen
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-139-5272-5968
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13
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Recruitment of parvalbumin and somatostatin interneuron inputs to adult born dentate granule neurons. Sci Rep 2020; 10:17522. [PMID: 33067500 PMCID: PMC7568561 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-74385-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
GABA is a key regulator of adult-born dentate granule cell (abDGC) maturation so mapping the functional connectivity between abDGCs and local interneurons is required to understand their development and integration into the hippocampal circuit. We recorded from birthdated abDGCs in mice and photoactivated parvalbumin (PV) and somatostatin (SST) interneurons to map the timing and strength of inputs to abDGCs during the first 4 weeks after differentiation. abDGCs received input from PV interneurons in the first week, but SST inputs were not detected until the second week. Analysis of desynchronized quantal events established that the number of GABAergic synapses onto abDGCs increased with maturation, whereas individual synaptic strength was constant. Voluntary wheel running in mice scaled the GABAergic input to abDGCs by increasing the number of synaptic contacts from both interneuron types. This demonstrates that GABAergic innervation to abDGCs develops during a prolonged post-mitotic period and running scales both SST and PV synaptic afferents.
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Abstract
In the adult mammalian hippocampus, new neurons arise from stem and progenitor cell division, in a process known as adult neurogenesis. Adult-generated neurons are sensitive to experience and may participate in hippocampal functions, including learning and memory, anxiety and stress regulation, and social behavior. Increasing evidence emphasizes the importance of new neuron connectivity within hippocampal circuitry for understanding the impact of adult neurogenesis on brain function. In this Review, we discuss how the functional consequences of new neurons arise from the collective interactions of presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons, glial cells, and the extracellular matrix, which together form the "tetrapartite synapse."
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise C Cope
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute and Department of Psychology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Elizabeth Gould
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute and Department of Psychology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA.
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15
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Di Palma M, Sartini S, Lattanzi D, Cuppini R, Pita-Rodriguez M, Diaz-Carmenate Y, Narvaez M, Fuxe K, Borroto-Escuela DO, Ambrogini P. Evidence for the existence of A2AR-TrkB heteroreceptor complexes in the dorsal hippocampus of the rat brain: Potential implications of A2AR and TrkB interplay upon ageing. Mech Ageing Dev 2020; 190:111289. [PMID: 32565059 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2020.111289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine A2A receptors (A2AR) are crucial in facilitating the BDNF action on synaptic transmission in the rat hippocampus primarily upon ageing. Furthermore, it has been suggested that A2AR-Tropomyosin related kinase B receptor (TrkB) crosstalk has a pivotal role in adenosine A2AR-mediated modulation of the BDNF action on hippocampal plasticity. Considering the impact of the above receptors interplay on what concerns BDNF-induced enhancement of synaptic transmission, gaining a better insight into the mechanisms behind this powerful crosstalk becomes of primary interest. Using in situ proximity ligation assay (PLA), the existence of a direct physical interaction between adenosine A2AR and TrkB is demonstrated. The A2AR-TrkB heteroreceptor complexes show a heterogeneous distribution within the rat dorsal hippocampus. High densities of the heteroreceptor complexes were observed in the pyramidal cell layers of CA1-CA3 regions and in the polymorphic layer of the dentate gyrus (DG). The stratum radiatum of the CA1-3 regions showed positive PLA signal in contrast to the oriens region. The molecular and granular layers of the DG also lacked significant densities of PLA positive heteroreceptor complexes, but subgranular zone showed some PLA positive cells. Their allosteric receptor-receptor interactions may significantly modulate BDNF signaling impacting on hippocampal plasticity which is impaired upon ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Di Palma
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Università Politecnica Delle Marche, Ancona, Italy.
| | - Stefano Sartini
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, Italy
| | - Davide Lattanzi
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, Italy
| | - Riccardo Cuppini
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, Italy
| | - Mariana Pita-Rodriguez
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Universidad de Málaga, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Málaga, Spain; Departamento de Diagnóstico Molecular, Centro de Neurociencias de Cuba, La Habana, Cuba
| | | | - Manuel Narvaez
- Universidad de Málaga, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Kjell Fuxe
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Dasiel O Borroto-Escuela
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, Italy; Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Patrizia Ambrogini
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, Italy
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16
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Lattanzi D, Di Palma M, Cuppini R, Ambrogini P. GABAergic Input Affects Intracellular Calcium Levels in Developing Granule Cells of Adult Rat Hippocampus. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21051715. [PMID: 32138257 PMCID: PMC7084234 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21051715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In the dentate gyrus (DG) of the mammalian hippocampus, granule neurons are generated from neural stem cells (NSCs) throughout the life span and are integrated into the hippocampal network. Adult DG neurogenesis is regulated by multiple intrinsic and extrinsic factors that control NSC proliferation, maintenance, and differentiation into mature neurons. γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA), released by local interneurons, regulates the development of neurons born in adulthood by activating extrasynaptic and synaptic GABAA receptors. In the present work, patch-clamp and calcium imaging techniques were used to record very immature granule cells of adult rat dentate gyrus for investigating the actual role of GABAA receptor activation in intracellular calcium level regulation at an early stage of maturation. Our findings highlight a novel molecular and electrophysiological mechanism, involving calcium-activated potassium channels (BK) and T-type voltage-dependent calcium channels, through which GABA fine-tunes intracellular calcium homeostasis in rat adult-born granule neurons early during their maturation. This mechanism might be instrumental in promoting newborn cell survival.
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17
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Ferrazzoli D, Ortelli P, Cucca A, Bakdounes L, Canesi M, Volpe D. Motor-cognitive approach and aerobic training: a synergism for rehabilitative intervention in Parkinson's disease. Neurodegener Dis Manag 2020; 10:41-55. [PMID: 32039653 DOI: 10.2217/nmt-2019-0025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) results in a complex deterioration of motor behavior. Effective pharmacological or surgical treatments addressing the whole spectrum of both motor and cognitive symptoms are lacking. The cumulative functional impairment may have devastating socio-economic consequences on both patients and caregivers. Comprehensive models of care based on multidisciplinary approaches may succeed in better addressing the overall complexity of PD. Neurorehabilitation is a highly promising non-pharmacological intervention for managing PD. The scientific rationale beyond rehabilitation and its practical applicability remain to be established. In the present perspective, we aim to discuss the current evidence supporting integrated motor-cognitive and aerobic rehabilitation approaches for patients with PD while suggesting a practical framework to optimize this intervention in the next future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Ferrazzoli
- Fresco Parkinson Center, Department of Parkinson's disease, Movement Disorders & Brain Injury Rehabilitation, 'Moriggia-Pelascini' Hospital - Gravedona ed Uniti, Como, 22015, Italy
| | - Paola Ortelli
- Fresco Parkinson Center, Department of Parkinson's disease, Movement Disorders & Brain Injury Rehabilitation, 'Moriggia-Pelascini' Hospital - Gravedona ed Uniti, Como, 22015, Italy
| | - Alberto Cucca
- Fresco Parkinson Center, Villa Margherita, S. Stefano Riabilitazione, Vicenza, 36057, Italy.,The Marlene & Paolo Fresco Institute for Parkinson's & Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY 10017, USA
| | - Leila Bakdounes
- Fresco Parkinson Center, Villa Margherita, S. Stefano Riabilitazione, Vicenza, 36057, Italy
| | - Margherita Canesi
- Fresco Parkinson Center, Department of Parkinson's disease, Movement Disorders & Brain Injury Rehabilitation, 'Moriggia-Pelascini' Hospital - Gravedona ed Uniti, Como, 22015, Italy
| | - Daniele Volpe
- Fresco Parkinson Center, Villa Margherita, S. Stefano Riabilitazione, Vicenza, 36057, Italy
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18
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Zhang L, Tang W, Chao FL, Zhou CN, Jiang L, Zhang Y, Liang X, Tang J, Qi YQ, Yang H, He Q, Zhang SS, Zhu L, Peng Y, Tang Y. Four-month treadmill exercise prevents the decline in spatial learning and memory abilities and the loss of spinophilin-immunoreactive puncta in the hippocampus of APP/PS1 transgenic mice. Neurobiol Dis 2019; 136:104723. [PMID: 31887353 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2019.104723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have reported that exercise could improve the plasticity of hippocampal synapses. However, the effects of exercise on synapses in the hippocampus in Alzheimer's disease (AD) are not completely known. METHODS In this study, thirty 12-month-old male APP/PS1 double transgenic mice were randomly divided into a sedentary group (n = 15) and a running group (n = 15). Fifteen 12-month-old male wild-type littermates were assigned to the control group (n = 15). While running mice were assigned to treadmill running for four months, the control mice and sedentary mice did not run during the study period. After Morris water maze testing, five mice in each group were randomly selected for a stereological assessment of spinophilin-immunoreactive puncta in the CA1, CA2-3 and dentate gyrus (DG) of the hippocampus. RESULTS Morris water maze testing revealed that while the learning and memory abilities in sedentary APP/PS1 mice were significantly worse than those in wild-type control mice, the learning and memory abilities in running APP/PS1 mice were significantly better than those in sedentary APP/PS1 mice. The stereological results showed that the spinophilin-immunoreactive puncta numbers of the CA1, CA2-3 and DG in the hippocampus of sedentary APP/PS1 mice were significantly lower than those of wild-type control mice and that the numbers of these spines in the CA1, CA2-3 and DG in the hippocampus of running APP/PS1 mice were significantly higher than those of sedentary APP/PS1 mice. Moreover, a running-induced improvement in spatial learning and memory abilities was significantly correlated with running-induced increases in the spinophilin-immunoreactive puncta numbers in the CA1 and DG of the hippocampus. CONCLUSIONS Four-month treadmill exercise induced a significant improvement in spatial learning and memory abilities and a significant increase in the number of spinophilin-immunoreactive puncta of the CA1, CA2-3 and DG in the hippocampus of APP/PS1 mice. Running-induced improvements in spatial learning and memory abilities were significantly correlated with running-induced increases in the spinophilin-immunoreactive puncta numbers in the CA1 and DG of the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China; Laboratory of Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China
| | - Wei Tang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China; Laboratory of Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China
| | - Feng-Lei Chao
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China; Laboratory of Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China
| | - Chun-Ni Zhou
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China; Laboratory of Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China
| | - Lin Jiang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China; Laboratory of Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China; Laboratory of Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China
| | - Xin Liang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China; Laboratory of Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China
| | - Jing Tang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China; Laboratory of Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China
| | - Ying-Qiang Qi
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China; Laboratory of Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China
| | - Hao Yang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China; Laboratory of Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China
| | - Qi He
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China; Laboratory of Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China
| | - Shan-Shan Zhang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China; Laboratory of Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China
| | - Lin Zhu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China; Laboratory of Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China
| | - Yan Peng
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China; Laboratory of Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China
| | - Yong Tang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China; Laboratory of Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China.
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Palasz E, Niewiadomski W, Gasiorowska A, Wysocka A, Stepniewska A, Niewiadomska G. Exercise-Induced Neuroprotection and Recovery of Motor Function in Animal Models of Parkinson's Disease. Front Neurol 2019; 10:1143. [PMID: 31736859 PMCID: PMC6838750 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2019.01143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is manifested by progressive motor, autonomic, and cognitive disturbances. Dopamine (DA) synthesizing neurons in the substantia nigra (SN) degenerate, causing a decline in DA level in the striatum that leads to the characteristic movement disorders. A disease-modifying therapy to arrest PD progression remains unattainable with current pharmacotherapies, most of which cause severe side effects and lose their efficacy with time. For this reason, there is a need to seek new therapies supporting the pharmacological treatment of PD. Motor therapy is recommended for pharmacologically treated PD patients as it alleviates the symptoms. Molecular mechanisms behind the beneficial effects of motor therapy are unknown, nor is it known whether such therapy may be neuroprotective in PD patients. Due to obvious limitations, human studies are unlikely to answer these questions; therefore, the use of animal models of PD seems indispensable. Motor therapy in animal models of PD characterized by the loss of dopaminergic neurons has neuroprotective and neuroregenerative effects, and the completeness of neuronal protection may depend on (i) degree of neuronal loss, (ii) duration and intensity of exercise, and (iii) time elapsed between insult and commencing of training. As the physical activity is neuroprotective for dopaminergic neurons, the question arises what is the mechanism of this protective action. A current hypothesis assumes a central role of neurotrophic factors in the neuroprotection of dopaminergic neurons, even though it is still not clear whether increased DA level in the nigrostriatal axis results from neurogenesis of dopaminergic neurons in the SN, recovery of the phenotype of dopaminergic neurons, increased sprouting of the residual dopaminergic axons in the striatum, or generation of local striatal neurons from inhibitory interneurons. In the present review, we discuss studies describing the influence of physical exercise on the PD-like changes manifested in animal models of the disease and focus our interest on the current state of knowledge on the mechanism of neuroprotection induced by physical activity as a supportive therapy in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewelina Palasz
- Neurobiology Center, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Science, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Wiktor Niewiadomski
- Department of Applied Physiology, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Gasiorowska
- Neurobiology Center, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Science, Warsaw, Poland.,Department of Applied Physiology, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Adrianna Wysocka
- Neurobiology Center, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Science, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Stepniewska
- Department of Applied Physiology, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Grazyna Niewiadomska
- Neurobiology Center, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Science, Warsaw, Poland
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20
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Akhter ET, Griffith RW, English AW, Alvarez FJ. Removal of the Potassium Chloride Co-Transporter from the Somatodendritic Membrane of Axotomized Motoneurons Is Independent of BDNF/TrkB Signaling But Is Controlled by Neuromuscular Innervation. eNeuro 2019; 6:ENEURO.0172-19.2019. [PMID: 31541001 PMCID: PMC6795555 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0172-19.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The potassium-chloride cotransporter (KCC2) maintains the low intracellular chloride found in mature central neurons and controls the strength and direction of GABA/glycine synapses. We found that following axotomy as a consequence of peripheral nerve injuries (PNIs), KCC2 protein is lost throughout the somatodendritic membrane of axotomized spinal cord motoneurons after downregulation of kcc2 mRNA expression. This large loss likely depolarizes the reversal potential of GABA/glycine synapses, resulting in GABAergic-driven spontaneous activity in spinal motoneurons similar to previous reports in brainstem motoneurons. We hypothesized that the mechanism inducing KCC2 downregulation in spinal motoneurons following peripheral axotomy might be mediated by microglia or motoneuron release of BDNF and TrkB activation as has been reported on spinal cord dorsal horn neurons after nerve injury, motoneurons after spinal cord injury (SCI), and in many other central neurons throughout development or a variety of pathologies. To test this hypothesis, we used genetic approaches to interfere with microglia activation or delete bdnf from specifically microglia or motoneurons, as well as pharmacology (ANA-12) and pharmacogenetics (F616A mice) to block TrkB activation. We show that KCC2 dysregulation in axotomized motoneurons is independent of microglia, BDNF, and TrkB. KCC2 is instead dependent on neuromuscular innervation; KCC2 levels are restored only when motoneurons reinnervate muscle. Thus, downregulation of KCC2 occurs specifically while injured motoneurons are regenerating and might be controlled by target-derived signals. GABAergic and glycinergic synapses might therefore depolarize motoneurons disconnected from their targets and contribute to augment motoneuron activity known to promote motor axon regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Tracey Akhter
- Departments of Physiology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
- Cell Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
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21
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Zhang L, So KF. Exercise, spinogenesis and cognitive functions. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2019; 147:323-360. [PMID: 31607360 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2019.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Exercise training improves mental and cognitive functions by enhancing neurogenesis and neuroprotection. Recent studies suggest the facilitation of spinogenesis across different brain regions including hippocampus and cerebral cortex by physical activity. In this article we will summarize major findings for exercise effects on synaptogenesis and spinogenesis, in order to provide mechanisms for exercise intervention of both psychiatric diseases and neurodegenerative disorders. We will also revisit major findings for molecular mechanism governing exercise-related spinogenesis, and will discuss the screening for novel factors, or exerkines, whose levels are correlated with endurance training and affect neural plasticity. We believe that further studies focusing on the molecular mechanism of exercise-mediate spinogenesis should benefit the optimization of exercise therapy in clinics and the evaluation of treatment efficiency using specific biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou, PR China; Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, PR China; Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Kwok-Fai So
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou, PR China; Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, PR China; Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Guangzhou, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, PR China.
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22
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Neuroplasticity and Neuroprotective Effect of Treadmill Training in the Chronic Mouse Model of Parkinson's Disease. Neural Plast 2019; 2019:8215017. [PMID: 31073303 PMCID: PMC6470436 DOI: 10.1155/2019/8215017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Physical training confers protection to dopaminergic neurons in rodent models of parkinsonism produced by neurotoxins. The sparing effect of physical training on dopaminergic neurons can be tested with training applied during chronic MPTP treatment, while the neurorestorative effect when training is applied after completing such treatment. In this study, the effect of the onset of training respective to chronic MPTP treatment was specifically addressed. Three groups of mice were injected with 10 doses of MPTP (12.5 mg/kg/injection) over 5 weeks. The first group remained sedentary; the second one underwent early onset training, which started 1 week before commencing MPTP treatment, continued throughout 5 weeks of treatment and 4 weeks thereafter; the third group underwent late-onset training of the same length and intensity as the former group, except that it started immediately after the end of MPTP treatment. Two groups served as controls: a saline-injected group that remained sedentary and saline-injected group, which underwent the same training as the early and late-onset training groups. Both early and late-onset physical training saved almost all nigral and VTA dopaminergic neurons, prevented inflammatory response, and increased the BDNF and GDNF levels to a similar extent. From these results one may conclude that early and late-onset training schedules were equipotent in their neuroprotective effect and that the mechanism of neuroprotection was similar. The sparing effect of early onset training may be satisfactorily explained by assuming that the increased level of BDNF and GDNF prevented the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons. To explain a similar number of dopaminergic neurons detected at the end of the early and late-onset training, one should additionally assume that the former training schedule induced neurogenesis. Results of this study support the view that physical activity may be neuroprotective even at a more advanced stage of PD and justify starting physical activity at any point of the disease.
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Apelin-13 ameliorates chronic water-immersion restraint stress-induced memory performance deficit through upregulation of BDNF in rats. Neurosci Lett 2019; 696:151-155. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2018.11.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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24
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Yao X, Liu C, Feng D, Yin J, Chen G. Transcranial Near-infrared Laser Therapy in Improving Cognitive Recovery of Function Following Traumatic Brain Injury. Curr Neuropharmacol 2018; 16:1320-1326. [PMID: 29564977 PMCID: PMC6251043 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x16666180321100439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2017] [Revised: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) has turned into a major health and socioeconomic problem affecting young people and military personnel. Numerous TBI patients experienced the sequela of brain injury called cognitive impairment, which re-duced functions in attention, working memory, motivation, and execution. In recent years, transcranial near-infrared laser therapy (tNiRLT) as a possible therapy has been gradually applied in treating cognitive impairment post-TBI. In the present review, the biological mechanisms of transcranial tNiRLT for TBI are synthesized mainly based on the photonic impact of chronic mild TBI. Various exciting molecular events possibly occur during the procedure, such as stimulation of ATP pro-duction, regional cerebral blood flow, acupoint, neurogenesis and synaptogenesis, as well as a reduction in anti-inflammatory effect. Some animal experiments and clinical studies of tNiRLT for TBI are outlined. Several labs have displayed that tNiRLT is effective not only in improving neurological functions but also in increasing memory and learning capacity in ro-dent animals’ model of TBI. In a 2 patients case report and a 11-case series, cognitive functions were ameliorated. Efficacy on cognitive and emotional effects was also observed in a double-blind, controlled clinical study. Several Randomized, paral-lel, double blind, sham-controlled trials are underway, aiming to evaluate the efficacy of tLED on cognitive functions and neuropsychiatric status in participants post-TBI. Therefore, tNiRLT is a promising method applied to cognitive impairment following TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiyang Yao
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Chenglin Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Dongxia Feng
- Scott & White Clinic-Temple, 2401 S.31st Street, Temple, TX76508, United States
| | - Jun Yin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Taixing Chinese Medicine Hospital, Taixing 225400, China
| | - Gang Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou 215006, China
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Dinoff A, Herrmann N, Swardfager W, Gallagher D, Lanctôt KL. The effect of exercise on resting concentrations of peripheral brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in major depressive disorder: A meta-analysis. J Psychiatr Res 2018; 105:123-131. [PMID: 30219561 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2018.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Revised: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Exercise interventions have been shown to successfully improve depression in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD), but like other forms of antidepressant treatment, exercise is not effective in all patients and its mechanisms of action have not been fully elucidated. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), a key mediator of neurogenesis and neuronal survival, has been shown to be decreased in individuals with MDD. One potential mechanism by which exercise alleviates depression is through an increase in BDNF. In order to evaluate this hypothesis, we conducted a meta-analysis of studies that assessed the effects of a chronic (multi-week) exercise intervention on BDNF concentrations in MDD patients. MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO, SPORTDiscus, Rehabilitation & Sports Medicine Source, and CINAHL databases were searched for original, peer-reviewed reports of peripheral blood BDNF concentrations before and after a chronic exercise intervention in MDD patients. Standardized mean differences (SMDs) were generated from random effects models. Potential sources of heterogeneity were explored in meta-regression analyses. In six studies that met inclusion criteria, resting blood concentrations of BDNF were not significantly higher after a chronic exercise intervention (SMD = 0.43, 95% CI: -0.06-0.92, p = 0.09) in MDD patients. This meta-analysis did not find evidence that a chronic aerobic exercise intervention increases resting concentrations of BDNF in the blood of MDD patients; however, there is a lack of studies in this area making it difficult to reach a definitive conclusion. Future studies on this topic with larger sample sizes and longer durations are needed to draw more robust conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Dinoff
- Neuropsychopharmacology Research Group, Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, 2075 Bayview Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, M4N 3M5, Canada
| | - Nathan Herrmann
- Neuropsychopharmacology Research Group, Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, 2075 Bayview Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, M4N 3M5, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 250 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5T 1R8, Canada.
| | - Walter Swardfager
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Damien Gallagher
- Neuropsychopharmacology Research Group, Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, 2075 Bayview Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, M4N 3M5, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 250 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5T 1R8, Canada
| | - Krista L Lanctôt
- Neuropsychopharmacology Research Group, Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, 2075 Bayview Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, M4N 3M5, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 250 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5T 1R8, Canada; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1A8, Canada
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26
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Dai TT, Wang B, Xiao ZY, You Y, Tian SW. Apelin-13 Upregulates BDNF Against Chronic Stress-induced Depression-like Phenotypes by Ameliorating HPA Axis and Hippocampal Glucocorticoid Receptor Dysfunctions. Neuroscience 2018; 390:151-159. [PMID: 30170158 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2018.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Revised: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Localization of apelin and its receptor APJ in limbic structures such as the hippocampus suggests potential involvement of apelin/APJ signaling in stress-related emotional responses. We have recently reported that apelin-13 exerts antidepressant-like actions in acute stressed rats, and that the hippocampus is a critical brain region mediating its actions. However, the neural mechanism underling antidepressant-like actions of apelin-13 is still largely unknown. The aim of the present study is to determine whether apelin-13 ameliorates chronic water-immersion restraint stress (CWIRS)-induced depression-like phenotypes and its neural mechanism in rats. Here, we report that CWIRS exposure leaded to upregulation of apelin/APJ signaling in the hippocampus. Apelin-13 ameliorated CWIRS-induced depression-like phenotypes including hedonic-like deficit and behavioral despairs. Moreover, apelin-13 ameliorated hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis hyperactivity, and hippocampal BDNF expression deficit and glucocorticoid receptor (GR) nucleus translocation hypoactivity in chronic stressed rats. Finally, apelin-13-mediated effects were blocked by the selective TrkB receptor antagonist ANA-12. These results suggest that apelin-13 upregulates BDNF against chronic stress-induced depression-like phenotypes by ameliorating HPA axis and hippocampal GR dysfunctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Ting Dai
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, PR China
| | - Bo Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, PR China
| | - Zhi-Yong Xiao
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, PR China
| | - Yong You
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, PR China
| | - Shao-Wen Tian
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, PR China.
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Liu W, Wu W, Lin G, Cheng J, Zeng Y, Shi Y. Physical exercise promotes proliferation and differentiation of endogenous neural stem cells via ERK in rats with cerebral infarction. Mol Med Rep 2018; 18:1455-1464. [PMID: 29901080 PMCID: PMC6072171 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.9147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Physical exercise is beneficial for the functional recovery of neurons after stroke. It has been suggested that exercise regulates proliferation and differentiation of endogenous neural stem cells (NSCs); however, the underlying molecular mechanisms are still largely unknown. In the present study, the aim was to investigate whether physical exercise activates the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling pathway to promote proliferation and differentiation of NSCs in rats with cerebral infarction, thereby improving neurological function. Following middle cerebral artery occlusion, rats underwent physical exercise and neurological behavior was analyzed at various time points. Immunofluorescence staining was performed to detect proliferation and differentiation of NSCs, and western blotting was used to analyze cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (CDK4), Cyclin D1, retinoblastoma protein (p-Rb), P-16, phosphorylated (p)-ERK1/2 and c-Fos expression. The results indicated that physical exercise promoted proliferation and differentiation of NSCs, and led to improved neural function. In addition, the expression levels of CDK4, Cyclin D1, p-Rb, p-ERK1/2 and c-Fos were upregulated, whereas the expression of P-16 was downregulated following exercise. U0126, an inhibitor of ERK signaling, reversed the beneficial effects of exercise. Therefore, it may be hypothesized that physical exercise enhances proliferation and differentiation of endogenous NSCs in the hippocampus of rats with cerebral infarction via the ERK signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510280, P.R. China
| | - Wen Wu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510280, P.R. China
| | - Guangyong Lin
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510280, P.R. China
| | - Jian Cheng
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510280, P.R. China
| | - Yanyan Zeng
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510280, P.R. China
| | - Yu Shi
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510280, P.R. China
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28
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Santos JGRPD, Zaninotto ALC, Zângaro RA, Carneiro AMC, Neville IS, de Andrade AF, Teixeira MJ, Paiva WS. Effects of transcranial LED therapy on the cognitive rehabilitation for diffuse axonal injury due to severe acute traumatic brain injury: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials 2018; 19:249. [PMID: 29690927 PMCID: PMC5916588 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-018-2632-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2017] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Photobiomodulation describes the use of red or near-infrared light to stimulate or regenerate tissue. It was discovered that near-infrared wavelengths (800-900 nm) and red (600 nm) light-emitting diodes (LED) are able to penetrate through the scalp and skull and have the potential to improve the subnormal cellular activity of compromised brain tissue. Different experimental and clinical studies were performed to test LED therapy for traumatic brain injury (TBI) with promising results. One of the proposals of this present study is to develop different approaches to maximize the positive effects of this therapy and improve the quality of life of TBI patients. METHODS/DESIGN This is a double-blinded, randomized, controlled trial of patients with diffuse axonal injury (DAI) due to a severe TBI in an acute stage (less than 8 h). Thirty two patients will be randomized to active coil helmet and inactive coil (sham) groups in a 1:1 ratio. The protocol includes 18 sessions of transcranial LED stimulation (627 nm, 70 mW/cm2, 10 J/cm2) at four points of the frontal and parietal regions for 30 s each, totaling 120 s, three times per week for 6 weeks, lasting 30 min. Patients will be evaluated with the Glasgow Outcome Scale Extended (GOSE) before stimulation and 1, 3, and 6 months after the first stimulation. The study hypotheses are as follows: (1) transcranial LED therapy (TCLT) will improve the cognitive function of DAI patients and (2) TCLT will promote beneficial hemodynamic changes in cerebral circulation. DISCUSSION This study evaluates early and delayed effects of TCLT on the cognitive rehabilitation for DAI following severe acute TBI. There is a paucity of studies regarding the use of this therapy for cognitive improvement in TBI. There are some experimental studies and case series presenting interesting results for TBI cognitive improvement but no clinical trials. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03281759 . Registered on 13 September 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Gustavo Rocha Peixoto dos Santos
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, 255 Dr. Enéas de Carvalho Aguiar Av., São Paulo, SP 05403-010 Brazil
| | | | - Renato Amaro Zângaro
- Center for Innovation, Technology and Education (CITÉ) SJ dos Campos, São Paulo, 12245-650 Brazil
| | | | - Iuri Santana Neville
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, 255 Dr. Enéas de Carvalho Aguiar Av., São Paulo, SP 05403-010 Brazil
| | - Almir Ferreira de Andrade
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, 255 Dr. Enéas de Carvalho Aguiar Av., São Paulo, SP 05403-010 Brazil
| | - Manoel Jacobsen Teixeira
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, 255 Dr. Enéas de Carvalho Aguiar Av., São Paulo, SP 05403-010 Brazil
| | - Wellingson Silva Paiva
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, 255 Dr. Enéas de Carvalho Aguiar Av., São Paulo, SP 05403-010 Brazil
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29
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Woost L, Bazin PL, Taubert M, Trampel R, Tardif CL, Garthe A, Kempermann G, Renner U, Stalla G, Ott DVM, Rjosk V, Obrig H, Villringer A, Roggenhofer E, Klein TA. Physical Exercise and Spatial Training: A Longitudinal Study of Effects on Cognition, Growth Factors, and Hippocampal Plasticity. Sci Rep 2018. [PMID: 29523857 PMCID: PMC5844866 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-19993-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Physical exercise has been suggested to improve cognitive performance through various neurobiological mechanisms, mediated by growth factors such as BDNF, IGF-I, and VEGF. Moreover, animal research has demonstrated that combined physical and cognitive stimulation leads to increased adult neurogenesis as compared to either experimental condition alone. In the present study, we therefore investigated whether a sequential combination of physical and spatial training in young, healthy adults elicits an additive effect on training and transfer gains. To this end, we compared the effects of (i) eight 20-minute sessions of cycling, (ii) sixteen 30-minute sessions of spatial training, (iii) a combination of both, and included (iv) a passive control cohort. We assessed longitudinal changes in cognitive performance, growth factor levels, and T1 relaxation of hippocampal subfields (acquired with 7 T MRI). While substantial physical and spatial training gains were elicited in all trained groups, longitudinal transfer changes did not differ between these groups. Notably, we found no evidence for an additive effect of sequential physical and spatial training. These results challenge the extrapolation from the findings reported in animals to young, healthy adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luise Woost
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Pierre-Louis Bazin
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany.,Social Brain Laboratory, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Spinoza Centre for Neuroimaging, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Neurophysics, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Marco Taubert
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany.,Department of Sport Science, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany.,Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Robert Trampel
- Department of Neurophysics, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christine L Tardif
- McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery, and Biomedical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Alexander Garthe
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Dresden, Germany.,Center for Regenerative Therapies, Technical University, Dresden, Germany
| | - Gerd Kempermann
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Dresden, Germany.,Center for Regenerative Therapies, Technical University, Dresden, Germany
| | - Ulrich Renner
- Department of Clinical Research, Max Planck Institute for Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Günter Stalla
- Department of Clinical Research, Max Planck Institute for Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Derek V M Ott
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany.,Epilepsy Center Berlin-Brandenburg, Berlin, Germany
| | - Viola Rjosk
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Hellmuth Obrig
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany.,Clinic for Cognitive Neurology, University Hospital of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Arno Villringer
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany.,Clinic for Cognitive Neurology, University Hospital of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Center for Stroke Research Berlin, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Roggenhofer
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany.,Neurology Division, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Tilmann A Klein
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany. .,Clinic for Cognitive Neurology, University Hospital of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany. .,Institute of Psychology, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany.
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30
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Aranda ML, González Fleitas MF, Dieguez HH, Milne GA, Devouassoux JD, Keller Sarmiento MI, Chianelli M, Sande PH, Dorfman D, Rosenstein RE. Therapeutic benefit of environmental enrichment on optic neuritis. Neuropharmacology 2017; 145:87-98. [PMID: 29233635 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Revised: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Optic neuritis (ON) is an inflammatory, demyelinating, neurodegenerative, and presently untreatable condition of the optic nerve which might induce blindness. We analyzed the effect of environmental enrichment (EE) on visual pathway damage provoked by experimental ON induced by a microinjection of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) into the optic nerve. For this purpose, LPS was microinjected into the optic nerve from male Wistar rats. After injection, one group of animals was submitted to EE, and another group remained in standard environment (SE) for 21 days. EE prevented the decrease in pupil light reflex (PLR), visual evoked potentials, retinal anterograde transport, phosphorylated neurofilament immunoreactivity, myelination (luxol fast blue staining), and axon (toluidine blue staining) and retinal ganglion cell (Brn3a-immunoreactivity) number. EE also prevented microglial/macrophage reactivity (Iba-1- and ED1-immunoreactivity), and astrocytosis (glial fibrillary acidic protein-immunostaining) induced by experimental ON. LPS-injected optic nerves displayed oxidative damage and increased inducible nitric oxide synthase, cyclooxygenase-2, and interleukin-1β and TNFα mRNA levels which were prevented by EE. EE increased optic nerve brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels. When EE started at 4 (but not 7) days post-injection of LPS, a preservation of the PLR was observed at 21 days post-LPS, which was blocked by the daily administration of ANA-12 from day 4 to day 7 post-LPS. Moreover, EE from day 4 to day 7 post-LPS significantly preserved the PLR at 21 days post-injection. Taken together, our data suggest that EE preserved visual functions and reduced neuroinflammation of the optic nerve. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled "Neurobiology of Environmental Enrichment".
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos L Aranda
- Laboratory of Retinal Neurochemistry and Experimental Ophthalmology, Department of Human Biochemistry, School of Medicine/CEFyBO, University of Buenos Aires/CONICET, Paraguay 2155, 5th Floor, 1121, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María F González Fleitas
- Laboratory of Retinal Neurochemistry and Experimental Ophthalmology, Department of Human Biochemistry, School of Medicine/CEFyBO, University of Buenos Aires/CONICET, Paraguay 2155, 5th Floor, 1121, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Hernán H Dieguez
- Laboratory of Retinal Neurochemistry and Experimental Ophthalmology, Department of Human Biochemistry, School of Medicine/CEFyBO, University of Buenos Aires/CONICET, Paraguay 2155, 5th Floor, 1121, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Georgia A Milne
- Laboratory of Retinal Neurochemistry and Experimental Ophthalmology, Department of Human Biochemistry, School of Medicine/CEFyBO, University of Buenos Aires/CONICET, Paraguay 2155, 5th Floor, 1121, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Julián D Devouassoux
- Laboratory of Retinal Neurochemistry and Experimental Ophthalmology, Department of Human Biochemistry, School of Medicine/CEFyBO, University of Buenos Aires/CONICET, Paraguay 2155, 5th Floor, 1121, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María I Keller Sarmiento
- Laboratory of Retinal Neurochemistry and Experimental Ophthalmology, Department of Human Biochemistry, School of Medicine/CEFyBO, University of Buenos Aires/CONICET, Paraguay 2155, 5th Floor, 1121, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mónica Chianelli
- Laboratory of Retinal Neurochemistry and Experimental Ophthalmology, Department of Human Biochemistry, School of Medicine/CEFyBO, University of Buenos Aires/CONICET, Paraguay 2155, 5th Floor, 1121, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Pablo H Sande
- Laboratory of Retinal Neurochemistry and Experimental Ophthalmology, Department of Human Biochemistry, School of Medicine/CEFyBO, University of Buenos Aires/CONICET, Paraguay 2155, 5th Floor, 1121, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Damián Dorfman
- Laboratory of Retinal Neurochemistry and Experimental Ophthalmology, Department of Human Biochemistry, School of Medicine/CEFyBO, University of Buenos Aires/CONICET, Paraguay 2155, 5th Floor, 1121, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ruth E Rosenstein
- Laboratory of Retinal Neurochemistry and Experimental Ophthalmology, Department of Human Biochemistry, School of Medicine/CEFyBO, University of Buenos Aires/CONICET, Paraguay 2155, 5th Floor, 1121, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Gratuze M, Julien J, Morin F, Marette A, Planel E. Differential effects of voluntary treadmill exercise and caloric restriction on tau pathogenesis in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease-like tau pathology fed with Western diet. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2017; 79:452-461. [PMID: 28779908 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2017.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tau is a microtubule-associated protein that becomes pathological when it undergoes hyperphosphorylation and aggregation as seen in Alzheimer's disease (AD). AD is mostly sporadic, with environmental, biological and/or genetic risks factors, interacting together to promote the disease. In the past decade, reports have suggested that obesity in midlife could be one of these risk factors. On the other hand, caloric restriction and physical exercise have been reported to reduce the incidence and outcome of obesity as well as AD. METHODS We evaluated the impact of voluntary physical exercise and caloric restriction on tau pathology during 2months in hTau mice under high caloric diet in order to evaluate if these strategies could prevent AD-like pathology in obese conditions. RESULTS We found no effects of obesity induced by Western diet on both Tau phosphorylation and aggregation compared to controls. However, exercise reduced tau phosphorylation while caloric restriction exacerbated its aggregation in the brains of obese hTau mice. We then examined the mechanisms underlying changes in tau phosphorylation and aggregation by exploring major tau kinases and phosphatases and key proteins involved in autophagy. However, there were no significant effects of voluntary exercise and caloric restriction on these proteins in hTau mice that could explain our results. CONCLUSION In this study, we report differential effects of voluntary treadmill exercise and caloric restriction on tau pathogenesis in our obese mice, namely beneficial effect of exercise on tau phosphorylation and deleterious effect of caloric restriction on tau aggregation. Our results suggest that lifestyle strategies used to reduce metabolic disorders and AD must be selected and studied carefully to avoid exacerbation of pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maud Gratuze
- Université Laval, Faculté de médecine, Département de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Québec, Canada; Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Axe Neurosciences, Québec, Canada.
| | - Jacinthe Julien
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Axe Neurosciences, Québec, Canada.
| | - Françoise Morin
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Axe Neurosciences, Québec, Canada.
| | - André Marette
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Québec, Canada.
| | - Emmanuel Planel
- Université Laval, Faculté de médecine, Département de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Québec, Canada; Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Axe Neurosciences, Québec, Canada.
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Subthalamic Nucleus Deep Brain Stimulation Employs trkB Signaling for Neuroprotection and Functional Restoration. J Neurosci 2017; 37:6786-6796. [PMID: 28607168 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2060-16.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Revised: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the subthalamic nucleus (STN) is the most common neurosurgical treatment for Parkinson's disease motor symptoms. In preclinical models, STN DBS provides neuroprotection for substantia nigra (SN) dopamine neurons and increases BDNF in the nigrostriatal system and primary motor cortex. However, whether BDNF signaling in the SN participates in the neuroprotective effects of DBS remains unknown. We demonstrate that STN DBS in male rats activates signaling downstream of tropomyosin receptor kinase type B (trkB), namely, phosphorylation of Akt and ribosomal protein S6, in SN neurons. Long-term trkB blockade abolished STN DBS-mediated neuroprotection of SN neurons following progressive 6-hydroxydopamine lesion and was associated with decreased phosphorylated ribosomal protein S6 immunoreactivity. Acute trkB blockade in rats with stable nigrostriatal denervation attenuated the forelimb akinesia improvement normally induced by STN DBS. These results suggest that STN DBS increases BDNF-trkB signaling to contribute to the neuroprotective and symptomatic efficacy of STN DBS.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation (STN DBS) is increasingly used in mid- to late-stage Parkinson's disease (PD) but with an incomplete knowledge of its molecular mechanisms. STN DBS is neuroprotective against neurotoxicants in animal models and increases BDNF. This study is the first to show that BDNF signaling through the cognate tropomyosin receptor kinase type B (trkB) receptor occurs in substantia nigra pars compacta neurons and is required for neuroprotection. In addition, blockade of trkB unexpectedly reduced the functional benefit of STN DBS on a short timescale that is inconsistent with canonical trkB signaling pathways, suggesting a noncanonical role for trkB in STN DBS-mediated behavioral effects. Together, these data implicate trkB signaling in the symptomatic efficacy and disease-modifying potential of STN DBS.
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Vanderbeken I, Kerckhofs E. A systematic review of the effect of physical exercise on cognition in stroke and traumatic brain injury patients. NeuroRehabilitation 2017; 40:33-48. [PMID: 27814304 DOI: 10.3233/nre-161388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether physical exercise enhances cognition following TBI or stroke. DATA SOURCES Studies were identified through searches of PubMed, ScienceDirect and the reference lists of papers that were included for full-text evaluation. Medical subject headings from three concepts, i.e. brain injury, physical exercise and cognition, were used to incorporate related search terms. STUDY SELECTION Included were all trials published in English that assessed cognition before and after an exercise intervention in human adults with TBI or stroke. Nine randomized and two non-randomized controlled trials, as well as three single group pre-post studies were included. DATA EXTRACTION Relevant data concerning the methods and results of the included studies were extracted. Methodological quality of the RCT's was evaluated using the PEDro scale. Non-randomized trials were assessed using the Downs and Black checklist. DATA SYNTHESIS The included trials were generally of medium methodological quality, though often plagued with issues of internal and external validity. The studies exhibited great heterogeneity, rendering a meta-analysis infeasible. CONCLUSIONS Though well-designed studies are still needed, the preponderance of evidence suggests a positive effect of physical exercise on global cognitive functioning, especially in the chronic stages of a brain injury. Time after injury as well as the duration of the exercise program are mediating factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Vanderbeken
- Rehabilitation Center Acquired Brain Injuries Turnhout, Turnhout, Belgium
| | - Eric Kerckhofs
- Center for Neurosciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussels, Brussels, Belgium.,Psychology and Educational Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussels, Brussels, Belgium
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34
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Cho JH, Jung JY, Lee BJ, Lee K, Park JW, Bu Y. Epimedii Herba: A Promising Herbal Medicine for Neuroplasticity. Phytother Res 2017; 31:838-848. [PMID: 28382688 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Revised: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Epimedii Herba (EH) is an herbal medicine originating from several plants of the genus Epimedium. It is a major therapeutic option for kidney yang deficiency syndrome, which is closely related to androgen hormones and also has been used to treat hemiplegia following a stroke in traditional medicine of Korea and PR China. To date, many clinical and basic researches of EH have shown the activities on functional recovery from brain diseases. Recently, neuroplasticity, which is the spontaneous reaction of the brain in response to diseases, has been shown to accelerate functional recovery. In addition, androgen hormones including testosterone are known to be the representative of neuroplasticity factors in the brain recovery processes. In this review, we described the neuro-pharmacological activities of EH, focusing on neuroplasticity. Thirty-three kinds of papers from MEDLINE/PubMed, EMBASE, and CNKI were identified and analyzed. We categorized the results into five types based on neuroplasticity mechanisms and presented the definition of each category and briefly described the results of these papers. Altogether, we can suggest that neuroplasticity is a novel viewpoint for guiding future brain research of EH and provide the evidence for the development of new clinical applications using EH in the treatment of brain diseases. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Heung Cho
- College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae-Young Jung
- College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Beom-Joon Lee
- College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyungjin Lee
- College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae-Woo Park
- College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Youngmin Bu
- College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
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Arbat-Plana A, Cobianchi S, Herrando-Grabulosa M, Navarro X, Udina E. Endogenous modulation of TrkB signaling by treadmill exercise after peripheral nerve injury. Neuroscience 2017; 340:188-200. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.10.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Revised: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 10/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Cutuli D. Functional and Structural Benefits Induced by Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids During Aging. Curr Neuropharmacol 2017; 15:534-542. [PMID: 27306037 PMCID: PMC5543674 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x14666160614091311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Revised: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) are structural components of the brain and are indispensable for neuronal membrane synthesis. Along with decline in cognition, decreased synaptic density and neuronal loss, normal aging is accompanied by a reduction in n-3 PUFA concentration in the brain in both humans and rodents. Recently, many clinical and experimental studies have demonstrated the importance of n-3 PUFA in counteracting neurodegeneration and agerelated dysfunctions. METHODS This review will focus on the neuroprotective effects of n-3 PUFA on cognitive impairment, neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration during normal aging. Multiple pathways of n-3 PUFA preventive action will be examined. RESULTS Namely, n-3 PUFA have been shown to increase the levels of several signaling factors involved in synaptic plasticity, thus leading to the increase of dendritic spines and synapses as well as the enhancement of hippocampal neurogenesis even at old age. In elderly subjects n-3 PUFA exert anti-inflammatory effects associated with improved cognitive functions. Interestingly, growing evidence highlights n-3 PUFA efficacy in preventing the loss of both gray and white matter volume and integrity. CONCLUSION This review shows that n-3 PUFA are essential for a successful aging and appear as ideal cognitive enhancers to be implemented in nutritional interventions for the promotion of healthy aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debora Cutuli
- Fondazione Santa Lucia of Rome, Via del Fosso di Fiorano 64, 00143 Rome, Italy
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37
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Zhang XQ, Mu JW, Wang HB, Jolkkonen J, Liu TT, Xiao T, Zhao M, Zhang CD, Zhao CS. Increased protein expression levels of pCREB, BDNF and SDF-1/CXCR4 in the hippocampus may be associated with enhanced neurogenesis induced by environmental enrichment. Mol Med Rep 2016; 14:2231-7. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.5470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2015] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Obesity Reduces Cognitive and Motor Functions across the Lifespan. Neural Plast 2016; 2016:2473081. [PMID: 26881095 PMCID: PMC4737453 DOI: 10.1155/2016/2473081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to a sedentary lifestyle, more and more people are becoming obese nowadays. In addition to health-related problems, obesity can also impair cognition and motor performance. Previous results have shown that obesity mainly affects cognition and motor behaviors through altering brain functions and musculoskeletal system, respectively. Many factors, such as insulin/leptin dysregulation and inflammation, mediate the effect of obesity and cognition and motor behaviors. Substantial evidence has suggested exercise to be an effective way to improve obesity and related cognitive and motor dysfunctions. This paper aims to discuss the association of obesity with cognition and motor behaviors and its underlying mechanisms. Following this, mechanisms of exercise to improve obesity-related dysfunctions are described. Finally, implications and future research direction are raised.
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Xuan W, Agrawal T, Huang L, Gupta GK, Hamblin MR. Low-level laser therapy for traumatic brain injury in mice increases brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and synaptogenesis. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2015; 8:502-11. [PMID: 25196192 PMCID: PMC5379854 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201400069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Revised: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Transcranial low-level laser (light) therapy (LLLT) is a new non-invasive approach to treating a range of brain disorders including traumatic brain injury (TBI). We (and others) have shown that applying near-infrared light to the head of animals that have suffered TBI produces improvement in neurological functioning, lessens the size of the brain lesion, reduces neuroinflammation, and stimulates the formation of new neurons. In the present study we used a controlled cortical impact TBI in mice and treated the mice either once (4 h post-TBI, 1-laser), or three daily applications (3-laser) with 810 nm CW laser 36 J/cm(2) at 50 mW/cm(2). Similar to previous studies, the neurological severity score improved in laser-treated mice compared to untreated TBI mice at day 14 and continued to further improve at days 21 and 28 with 3-laser being better than 1-laser. Mice were sacrificed at days 7 and 28 and brains removed for immunofluorescence analysis. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) was significantly upregulated by laser treatment in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus (DG) and the subventricular zone (SVZ) but not in the perilesional cortex (lesion) at day 7 but not at day 28. Synapsin-1 (a marker for synaptogenesis, the formation of new connections between existing neurons) was significantly upregulated in lesion and SVZ but not DG, at 28 days but not 7 days. The data suggest that the benefit of LLLT to the brain is partly mediated by stimulation of BDNF production, which may in turn encourage synaptogenesis. Moreover the pleiotropic benefits of BDNF in the brain suggest LLLT may have wider applications to neurodegenerative and psychiatric disorders. Neurological Severity Score (NSS) for TBI mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijun Xuan
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 40 Blossom Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Otolaryngology, Traditional Chinese Medical University of Guangxi, Nanning, China
| | - Tanupriya Agrawal
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Otolaryngology, Traditional Chinese Medical University of Guangxi, Nanning, China
| | - Liyi Huang
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Otolaryngology, Traditional Chinese Medical University of Guangxi, Nanning, China
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated College & Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Gaurav K Gupta
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Otolaryngology, Traditional Chinese Medical University of Guangxi, Nanning, China
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Michael R Hamblin
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
- Department of Otolaryngology, Traditional Chinese Medical University of Guangxi, Nanning, China.
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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40
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Molecular regulation of synaptogenesis during associative learning and memory. Brain Res 2014; 1621:239-51. [PMID: 25485772 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2014.11.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Revised: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Synaptogenesis plays a central role in associative learning and memory. The biochemical pathways that underlie synaptogenesis are complex and incompletely understood. Nevertheless, research has so far identified three conceptually distinct routes to synaptogenesis: cell-cell contact mediated by adhesion proteins, cell-cell biochemical signaling from astrocytes and other cells, and neuronal signaling through classical ion channels and cell surface receptors. The cell adhesion pathways provide the physical substrate to the new synaptic connection, while cell-cell signaling may provide a global or regional signal, and the activity-dependent pathways provide the neuronal specificity that is required for the new synapses to produce functional neuronal networks capable of storing associative memories. These three aspects of synaptogenesis require activation of a variety of interacting biochemical pathways that converge on the actin cytoskeleton and strengthen the synapse in an information-dependent manner. This article is part of a Special Issue titled SI: Brain and Memory.
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41
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Beneficial influence of physical exercise following status epilepticus in the immature brain of rats. Neuroscience 2014; 274:69-81. [PMID: 24857853 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Revised: 05/10/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Studies in adult animals have demonstrated a beneficial effect of physical exercise on epileptic insults. Although the effects of physical exercise on the mature nervous system are well documented, its influence on the developing nervous system subjected to injuries in childhood has been little explored. The purpose of our study was to investigate whether a physical exercise program applied during brain development could influence the hippocampal plasticity of rats submitted to status epilepticus (SE) induced by pilocarpine model at two different ages of the postnatal period. Male Wistar rats aged 18 (P18) and 28 (P28) days were randomly divided into four groups: Control (CTRL), Exercise (EX), SE (SE) and SE Exercise (SE/EX) (n=17 per group). After the aerobic exercise program, histological and behavioral (water maze) analyses were performed. Our results showed that only animals subjected to pilocarpine-induced SE at P28 presented spontaneous seizures during the observational period. A significant reduction in seizure frequency was observed in the SE/EX group compared to the SE group. In adulthood, animals submitted to early-life SE displayed impairment in long-term memory in the water maze task, while the exercise program reversed this deficit. Reduced mossy fiber sprouting in the dentate gyrus was noted in animals that presented spontaneous seizures (SE/EX vs SE). Exercise increased cell proliferation (Ki-67 staining) and anti-apoptotic response (bcl-2 staining) and reduced pro-apoptotic response (Bax staining) in animals of both ages of SE induction (P18/28). Exercise also modified the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels in EX and SE/EX animals. Our findings indicate that in animals subjected to SE in the postnatal period a physical exercise program brings about beneficial effects on seizure frequency and hippocampal plasticity in later stages of life.
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Murphy T, Dias GP, Thuret S. Effects of diet on brain plasticity in animal and human studies: mind the gap. Neural Plast 2014; 2014:563160. [PMID: 24900924 PMCID: PMC4037119 DOI: 10.1155/2014/563160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Dietary interventions have emerged as effective environmental inducers of brain plasticity. Among these dietary interventions, we here highlight the impact of caloric restriction (CR: a consistent reduction of total daily food intake), intermittent fasting (IF, every-other-day feeding), and diet supplementation with polyphenols and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) on markers of brain plasticity in animal studies. Moreover, we also discuss epidemiological and intervention studies reporting the effects of CR, IF and dietary polyphenols and PUFAs on learning, memory, and mood. In particular, we evaluate the gap in mechanistic understanding between recent findings from animal studies and those human studies reporting that these dietary factors can benefit cognition, mood, and anxiety, aging, and Alzheimer's disease-with focus on the enhancement of structural and functional plasticity markers in the hippocampus, such as increased expression of neurotrophic factors, synaptic function and adult neurogenesis. Lastly, we discuss some of the obstacles to harnessing the promising effects of diet on brain plasticity in animal studies into effective recommendations and interventions to promote healthy brain function in humans. Together, these data reinforce the important translational concept that diet, a modifiable lifestyle factor, holds the ability to modulate brain health and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tytus Murphy
- Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, The James Black Centre, 125 Coldharbour Lane, London SE5 9NU, UK
| | - Gisele Pereira Dias
- Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, The James Black Centre, 125 Coldharbour Lane, London SE5 9NU, UK
| | - Sandrine Thuret
- Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, The James Black Centre, 125 Coldharbour Lane, London SE5 9NU, UK
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