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Polini B, Zallocco L, Gado F, Ferrisi R, Ricardi C, Zuccarini M, Carnicelli V, Manera C, Ronci M, Lucacchini A, Zucchi R, Giusti L, Chiellini G. A Proteomic Approach Identified TFEB as a Key Player in the Protective Action of Novel CB2R Bitopic Ligand FD22a against the Deleterious Effects Induced by β-Amyloid in Glial Cells. Cells 2024; 13:875. [PMID: 38786097 PMCID: PMC11119469 DOI: 10.3390/cells13100875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 05/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) are progressive multifactorial disorders of the nervous system sharing common pathogenic features, including intracellular misfolded protein aggregation, mitochondrial deficit, and inflammation. Taking into consideration the multifaceted nature of NDDs, development of multitarget-directed ligands (MTDLs) has evolved as an attractive therapeutic strategy. Compounds that target the cannabinoid receptor type II (CB2R) are rapidly emerging as novel effective MTDLs against common NDDs, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). We recently developed the first CB2R bitopic/dualsteric ligand, namely FD22a, which revealed the ability to induce neuroprotection with fewer side effects. To explore the potential of FD22a as a multitarget drug for the treatment of NDDs, we investigated here its ability to prevent the toxic effect of β-amyloid (Aβ25-35 peptide) on human cellular models of neurodegeneration, such as microglia (HMC3) and glioblastoma (U87-MG) cell lines. Our results displayed that FD22a efficiently prevented Aβ25-35 cytotoxic and proinflammatory effects in both cell lines and counteracted β-amyloid-induced depression of autophagy in U87-MG cells. Notably, a quantitative proteomic analysis of U87-MG cells revealed that FD22a was able to potently stimulate the autophagy-lysosomal pathway (ALP) by activating its master transcriptional regulator TFEB, ultimately increasing the potential of this novel CB2R bitopic/dualsteric ligand as a multitarget drug for the treatment of NDDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice Polini
- Department of Pathology, University of Pisa, 56100 Pisa, Italy; (B.P.); (C.R.); (V.C.); (R.Z.)
| | - Lorenzo Zallocco
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy;
| | - Francesca Gado
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milano, Italy; (F.G.); (R.F.)
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy;
| | - Rebecca Ferrisi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milano, Italy; (F.G.); (R.F.)
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy;
| | - Caterina Ricardi
- Department of Pathology, University of Pisa, 56100 Pisa, Italy; (B.P.); (C.R.); (V.C.); (R.Z.)
| | - Mariachiara Zuccarini
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University G. D’Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (M.Z.); (M.R.)
| | - Vittoria Carnicelli
- Department of Pathology, University of Pisa, 56100 Pisa, Italy; (B.P.); (C.R.); (V.C.); (R.Z.)
| | | | - Maurizio Ronci
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University G. D’Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (M.Z.); (M.R.)
- Interuniversitary Consortium for Engineering and Medicine (COIIM), 86100 Campobasso, Italy
| | - Antonio Lucacchini
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy;
| | - Riccardo Zucchi
- Department of Pathology, University of Pisa, 56100 Pisa, Italy; (B.P.); (C.R.); (V.C.); (R.Z.)
| | - Laura Giusti
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy
| | - Grazia Chiellini
- Department of Pathology, University of Pisa, 56100 Pisa, Italy; (B.P.); (C.R.); (V.C.); (R.Z.)
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González-Caballero MC, de Alba González M, Torres-Ruiz M, Iglesias-Hernández P, Zapata V, Terrón MC, Sachse M, Morales M, Martin-Folgar R, Liste I, Cañas-Portilla AI. Internalization and toxicity of polystyrene nanoplastics on inmortalized human neural stem cells. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 355:141815. [PMID: 38556182 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
Global plastic production has increased exponentially in recent decades, and a significant part of it persists in the environment, where it degrades into microplastics and nanoplastics (MPs and NPs). These can enter in humans by ingestion, inhalation, and dermal routes, and there is scientific evidence that they are able to reach the systemic circulation and penetrate and accumulate in various tissues and organs. Neurodevelopmental toxicity of NPs is one of the most worrying effects, as they can cross the blood-brain barrier. In the following study, we analyzed, by transmission electron microscopy, the in vitro uptake of 30-nm polystyrene nanoplastics (PS-NPs) into human neural stem cells (NSCs), their accumulation and subcellular localization within the cell. Furthermore, we studied the effects of different concentrations of PS-NPs on cell death, proliferation, and cell differentiation using immunocytochemistry and quantitative real time PCR for specific markers. This study demonstrated that PS-NPs were able to enter the cell, probably by endocytosis, accumulate, and aggregated in human NSCs, without being detected in the nucleus, causing cell death by apoptosis and decreased cell proliferation. This study provides new insights into the interaction and effects of PS-NPs in human NSC and supports the scientific evidence for the involvement of nanoplastic in neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ma Carmen González-Caballero
- Área de Toxicología Ambiental, Centro Nacional de Sanidad Ambiental (CNSA), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Ctra. Majadahonda-Pozuelo Km. 2,2, 28220, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Mercedes de Alba González
- Área de Toxicología Ambiental, Centro Nacional de Sanidad Ambiental (CNSA), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Ctra. Majadahonda-Pozuelo Km. 2,2, 28220, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mónica Torres-Ruiz
- Área de Toxicología Ambiental, Centro Nacional de Sanidad Ambiental (CNSA), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Ctra. Majadahonda-Pozuelo Km. 2,2, 28220, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Patricia Iglesias-Hernández
- Área de Toxicología Ambiental, Centro Nacional de Sanidad Ambiental (CNSA), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Ctra. Majadahonda-Pozuelo Km. 2,2, 28220, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain; Unidad Funcional de Enfermedades Crónicas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Ctra. Majadahonda-Pozuelo Km. 2,2., 28220, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Verónica Zapata
- Unidad Funcional de Enfermedades Crónicas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Ctra. Majadahonda-Pozuelo Km. 2,2., 28220, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - María C Terrón
- Unidad de Microscopía Electrónica, Unidades Centrales Científico Técnicas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Ctra. Majadahonda-Pozuelo Km. 2,2., 28220, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Martin Sachse
- Unidad de Microscopía Electrónica, Unidades Centrales Científico Técnicas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Ctra. Majadahonda-Pozuelo Km. 2,2., 28220, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mónica Morales
- Grupo de Biología y Toxicología Ambiental, Departamento de Física Matemática y de Fluidos, Facultad de Ciencias, UNED. Urbanización Monte Rozas, Avda, Esparta s/n. Ctra. de Las Rozas al Escorial Km 5, 28232, Las Rozas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Raquel Martin-Folgar
- Grupo de Biología y Toxicología Ambiental, Departamento de Física Matemática y de Fluidos, Facultad de Ciencias, UNED. Urbanización Monte Rozas, Avda, Esparta s/n. Ctra. de Las Rozas al Escorial Km 5, 28232, Las Rozas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Liste
- Unidad Funcional de Enfermedades Crónicas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Ctra. Majadahonda-Pozuelo Km. 2,2., 28220, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana I Cañas-Portilla
- Área de Toxicología Ambiental, Centro Nacional de Sanidad Ambiental (CNSA), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Ctra. Majadahonda-Pozuelo Km. 2,2, 28220, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
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Huang S, Ren C, Luo Y, Ding Y, Ji X, Li S. New insights into the roles of oligodendrocytes regulation in ischemic stroke recovery. Neurobiol Dis 2023:106200. [PMID: 37321419 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2023.106200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Oligodendrocytes (OLs), the myelin-forming cells of the central nervous system, are integral to axonal integrity and function. Hypoxia-ischemia episodes can cause severe damage to these vulnerable cells through excitotoxicity, oxidative stress, inflammation, and mitochondrial dysfunction, leading to axonal dystrophy, neuronal dysfunction, and neurological impairments. OLs damage can result in demyelination and myelination disorders, severely impacting axonal function, structure, metabolism, and survival. Adult-onset stroke, periventricular leukomalacia, and post-stroke cognitive impairment primarily target OLs, making them a critical therapeutic target. Therapeutic strategies targeting OLs, myelin, and their receptors should be given more emphasis to attenuate ischemia injury and establish functional recovery after stroke. This review summarizes recent advances on the function of OLs in ischemic injury, as well as the present and emerging principles that serve as the foundation for protective strategies against OL deaths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangfeng Huang
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Department of Emergency, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Changhong Ren
- Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypoxic Conditioning Translational Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yumin Luo
- Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Institute of Cerebrovascular Diseases Research and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuchuan Ding
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Xunming Ji
- Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypoxic Conditioning Translational Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
| | - Sijie Li
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Department of Emergency, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
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Diab R, Pilotto F, Saxena S. Autophagy and neurodegeneration: Unraveling the role of C9ORF72 in the regulation of autophagy and its relationship to ALS-FTD pathology. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1086895. [PMID: 37006471 PMCID: PMC10060823 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1086895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The proper functioning of the cell clearance machinery is critical for neuronal health within the central nervous system (CNS). In normal physiological conditions, the cell clearance machinery is actively involved in the elimination of misfolded and toxic proteins throughout the lifetime of an organism. The highly conserved and regulated pathway of autophagy is one of the important processes involved in preventing and neutralizing pathogenic buildup of toxic proteins that could eventually lead to the development of neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) such as Alzheimer’s disease or Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). The most common genetic cause of ALS and frontotemporal dementia (FTD) is a hexanucleotide expansion consisting of GGGGCC (G4C2) repeats in the chromosome 9 open reading frame 72 gene (C9ORF72). These abnormally expanded repeats have been implicated in leading to three main modes of disease pathology: loss of function of the C9ORF72 protein, the generation of RNA foci, and the production of dipeptide repeat proteins (DPRs). In this review, we discuss the normal physiological role of C9ORF72 in the autophagy-lysosome pathway (ALP), and present recent research deciphering how dysfunction of the ALP synergizes with C9ORF72 haploinsufficiency, which together with the gain of toxic mechanisms involving hexanucleotide repeat expansions and DPRs, drive the disease process. This review delves further into the interactions of C9ORF72 with RAB proteins involved in endosomal/lysosomal trafficking, and their role in regulating various steps in autophagy and lysosomal pathways. Lastly, the review aims to provide a framework for further investigations of neuronal autophagy in C9ORF72-linked ALS-FTD as well as other neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rim Diab
- Department of Neurology, Center for Experimental Neurology, Inselspital University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
- Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Federica Pilotto
- Department of Neurology, Center for Experimental Neurology, Inselspital University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
- Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Smita Saxena
- Department of Neurology, Center for Experimental Neurology, Inselspital University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
- Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- *Correspondence: Smita Saxena,
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Emerging Role of Neuron-Glia in Neurological Disorders: At a Glance. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:3201644. [PMID: 36046684 PMCID: PMC9423989 DOI: 10.1155/2022/3201644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Based on the diverse physiological influence, the impact of glial cells has become much more evident on neurological illnesses, resulting in the origins of many diseases appearing to be more convoluted than previously happened. Since neurological disorders are often random and unknown, hence the construction of animal models is difficult to build, representing a small fraction of people with a gene mutation. As a result, an immediate necessity is grown to work within in vitro techniques for examining these illnesses. As the scientific community recognizes cell-autonomous contributions to a variety of central nervous system illnesses, therapeutic techniques involving stem cells for treating neurological diseases are gaining traction. The use of stem cells derived from a variety of sources is increasingly being used to replace both neuronal and glial tissue. The brain's energy demands necessitate the reliance of neurons on glial cells in order for it to function properly. Furthermore, glial cells have diverse functions in terms of regulating their own metabolic activities, as well as collaborating with neurons via secreted signaling or guidance molecules, forming a complex network of neuron-glial connections in health and sickness. Emerging data reveals that metabolic changes in glial cells can cause morphological and functional changes in conjunction with neuronal dysfunction under disease situations, highlighting the importance of neuron-glia interactions in the pathophysiology of neurological illnesses. In this context, it is required to improve our understanding of disease mechanisms and create potential novel therapeutics. According to research, synaptic malfunction is one of the features of various mental diseases, and glial cells are acting as key ingredients not only in synapse formation, growth, and plasticity but also in neuroinflammation and synaptic homeostasis which creates critical physiological capacity in the focused sensory system. The goal of this review article is to elaborate state-of-the-art information on a few glial cell types situated in the central nervous system (CNS) and highlight their role in the onset and progression of neurological disorders.
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6
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Yurduseven K, Babal YK, Celik E, Kerman BE, Kurnaz IA. Multiple Sclerosis Biomarker Candidates Revealed by Cell-Type-Specific Interactome Analysis. OMICS : A JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY 2022; 26:305-317. [PMID: 35483054 DOI: 10.1089/omi.2022.0023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a demyelinating disorder that affects multiple regions of the central nervous system such as the brain, spinal cord, and optic nerves. Susceptibility to MS, as well as disease progression rates, displays marked patient-to-patient variability. To date, biomarkers that forecast differences in clinical phenotypes and outcomes have been limited. In this context, cell-type-specific interactome analyses offer important prospects and hope for novel diagnostics and therapeutics. We report here an original study using bioinformatic analysis of MS data sets that revealed interaction profiles as well as specific hub proteins in white matter (WM) and gray matter (GM) that appear critical for disease mechanisms. First, cell-type-specific interactome analyses suggested that while interactions within the WM were focused on oligodendrocytes, interactions within the GM were mostly neuron centric. Second, hub proteins such as APP, EGLN3, PTEN, and LRRK2 were identified to be differentially regulated in MS data sets. Lastly, a comparison of the brain and peripheral blood samples identified biomarker candidates such as NRGN, CRTC1, CDC42, and IFITM3 to be differentially expressed in different types of MS. These findings offer a unique cell-type-specific cell-to-cell interaction network in MS and identify potential biomarkers by comparative analysis of the brain and the blood transcriptomics. From a study design and methodology perspective, we suggest that the cell-type-specific interactome analysis is an important systems science frontier that might offer new insights on other neurodegenerative and brain disorders as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kübra Yurduseven
- Institute of Biotechnology, Gebze Technical University, Kocaeli, Turkey
- Regenerative and Restorative Medical Research Center (REMER), Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technologies (SABITA), Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Yigit Koray Babal
- Institute of Biotechnology, Gebze Technical University, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Esref Celik
- Regenerative and Restorative Medical Research Center (REMER), Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technologies (SABITA), Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Bilal Ersen Kerman
- Regenerative and Restorative Medical Research Center (REMER), Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technologies (SABITA), Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Işıl Aksan Kurnaz
- Institute of Biotechnology, Gebze Technical University, Kocaeli, Turkey
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Whiteley JT, Fernandes S, Sharma A, Mendes APD, Racha V, Benassi SK, Marchetto MC. Reaching into the toolbox: Stem cell models to study neuropsychiatric disorders. Stem Cell Reports 2022; 17:187-210. [PMID: 35063127 PMCID: PMC8828548 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2021.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in genetics, molecular biology, and stem cell biology have accelerated our understanding of neuropsychiatric disorders, like autism spectrum disorder (ASD), major depressive disorder (MDD), bipolar disorder (BD), and schizophrenia (SZ). This progress highlights the incredible complexity of both the human brain and mental illnesses from the biochemical to the cellular level. Contributing to the complexity of neuropsychiatric disorders are their polygenic nature, cellular and brain region interconnectivity, and dysregulation of human-specific neurodevelopmental processes. Here, we discuss available tools, including CRISPR-Cas9, and the applications of these tools to develop cell-based two-dimensional (2D) models and 3D brain organoid models that better represent and unravel the intricacies of neuropsychiatric disorder pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack T Whiteley
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Doctoral Program in Neurobiology and Behavior, Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, Jerome L. Greene Science Center, 3227 Broadway, L7-028, MC 9872, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Sarah Fernandes
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Department of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Amandeep Sharma
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Ana Paula D Mendes
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Vipula Racha
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Simone K Benassi
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Maria C Marchetto
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Department of Anthropology, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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Modeling and Targeting Neuroglial Interactions with Human Pluripotent Stem Cell Models. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031684. [PMID: 35163606 PMCID: PMC8836094 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Generation of relevant and robust models for neurological disorders is of main importance for both target identification and drug discovery. The non-cell autonomous effects of glial cells on neurons have been described in a broad range of neurodegenerative and neurodevelopmental disorders, pointing to neuroglial interactions as novel alternative targets for therapeutics development. Interestingly, the recent breakthrough discovery of human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) has opened a new road for studying neurological and neurodevelopmental disorders “in a dish”. Here, we provide an overview of the generation and modeling of both neuronal and glial cells from human iPSCs and a brief synthesis of recent work investigating neuroglial interactions using hiPSCs in a pathophysiological context.
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Manni L, Conti G, Chiaretti A, Soligo M. Intranasal Delivery of Nerve Growth Factor in Neurodegenerative Diseases and Neurotrauma. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:754502. [PMID: 34867367 PMCID: PMC8635100 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.754502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the 1980s, the development of a pharmacology based on nerve growth factor (NGF) has been postulated for the therapy of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). This hypothesis was based on the rescuing effect of the neurotrophin on the cholinergic phenotype of the basal forebrain neurons, primarily compromised during the development of AD. Subsequently, the use of NGF was put forward to treat a broader spectrum of neurological conditions affecting the central nervous system, such as Parkinson’s disease, degenerative retinopathies, severe brain traumas and neurodevelopmental dysfunctions. While supported by solid rational assumptions, the progress of a pharmacology founded on these hypotheses has been hampered by the difficulty of conveying NGF towards the brain parenchyma without resorting to invasive and risky delivery methods. At the end of the last century, it was shown that NGF administered intranasally to the olfactory epithelium was able to spread into the brain parenchyma. Notably, after such delivery, pharmacologically relevant concentration of exogenous NGF was found in brain areas located at considerable distances from the injection site along the rostral-caudal axis. These observations paved the way for preclinical characterization and clinical trials on the efficacy of intranasal NGF for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases and of the consequences of brain trauma. In this review, a summary of the preclinical and clinical studies published to date will be attempted, as well as a discussion about the mechanisms underlying the efficacy and the possible development of the pharmacology based on intranasal conveyance of NGF to the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Manni
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Rome, Italy
| | - Giorgio Conti
- Department of Emergency, Intensive Pediatric Therapy and Pediatric Trauma Center, Anesthesiological and Reanimation Sciences, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Chiaretti
- Department of Woman and Child Health, Institute of Pediatrics, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Marzia Soligo
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Rome, Italy
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Cihankaya H, Theiss C, Matschke V. Significance of intercellular communication for neurodegenerative diseases. Neural Regen Res 2021; 17:1015-1017. [PMID: 34558526 PMCID: PMC8552856 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.324840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hilal Cihankaya
- Ruhr University Bochum, Medical Faculty, Institute of Anatomy, Department of Cytology; International Graduate School of Neuroscience (IGSN), Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Carsten Theiss
- Ruhr University Bochum, Medical Faculty, Institute of Anatomy, Department of Cytology; International Graduate School of Neuroscience (IGSN), Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Veronika Matschke
- Ruhr University Bochum, Medical Faculty, Institute of Anatomy, Department of Cytology, Bochum, Germany
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Critical Roles of Lysophospholipid Receptors in Activation of Neuroglia and Their Neuroinflammatory Responses. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22157864. [PMID: 34360625 PMCID: PMC8346064 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22157864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of microglia and/or astrocytes often releases proinflammatory molecules as critical pathogenic mediators that can promote neuroinflammation and secondary brain damages in diverse diseases of the central nervous system (CNS). Therefore, controlling the activation of glial cells and their neuroinflammatory responses has been considered as a potential therapeutic strategy for treating neuroinflammatory diseases. Recently, receptor-mediated lysophospholipid signaling, sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) receptor- and lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) receptor-mediated signaling in particular, has drawn scientific interest because of its critical roles in pathogenies of diverse neurological diseases such as neuropathic pain, systemic sclerosis, spinal cord injury, multiple sclerosis, cerebral ischemia, traumatic brain injury, hypoxia, hydrocephalus, and neuropsychiatric disorders. Activation of microglia and/or astrocytes is a common pathogenic event shared by most of these CNS disorders, indicating that lysophospholipid receptors could influence glial activation. In fact, many studies have reported that several S1P and LPA receptors can influence glial activation during the pathogenesis of cerebral ischemia and multiple sclerosis. This review aims to provide a comprehensive framework about the roles of S1P and LPA receptors in the activation of microglia and/or astrocytes and their neuroinflammatory responses in CNS diseases.
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12
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Mednikova YS, Voronkov DN, Khudoerkov RM, Pasikova NV, Zakharova NM. The Active and Passive Components of Neuronal Excitation and its Glial Support. Biophysics (Nagoya-shi) 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006350921040126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Overexpression of miR-124 in Motor Neurons Plays a Key Role in ALS Pathological Processes. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22116128. [PMID: 34200161 PMCID: PMC8201298 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22116128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
miRNA(miR)-124 is an important regulator of neurogenesis, but its upregulation in SOD1G93A motor neurons (mSOD1 MNs) was shown to associate with neurodegeneration and microglia activation. We used pre-miR-124 in wild-type (WT) MNs and anti-miR-124 in mSOD1 MNs to characterize the miR-124 pathological role. miR-124 overexpression in WT MNs produced a miRNA profile like that of mSOD1 MNs (high miR-125b; low miR-146a and miR-21), and similarly led to early apoptosis. Alterations in mSOD1 MNs were abrogated with anti-miR-124 and changes in their miRNAs mostly recapitulated by their secretome. Normalization of miR-124 levels in mSOD1 MNs prevented the dysregulation of neurite network, mitochondria dynamics, axonal transport, and synaptic signaling. Same alterations were observed in WT MNs after pre-miR-124 transfection. Secretome from mSOD1 MNs triggered spinal microglia activation, which was unno-ticed with that from anti-miR-124-modulated cells. Secretome from such modulated MNs, when added to SC organotypic cultures from mSOD1 mice in the early symptomatic stage, also coun-teracted the pathology associated to GFAP decrease, PSD-95 and CX3CL1-CX3CR1 signaling im-pairment, neuro-immune homeostatic imbalance, and enhanced miR-124 expression levels. Data suggest that miR-124 is implicated in MN degeneration and paracrine-mediated pathogenicity. We propose miR-124 as a new therapeutic target and a promising ALS biomarker in patient sub-populations.
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Roy K, Maji D, Deb I. Oxygen glucose deprivation impairs circadian clock genes expressions in Neuro 2A neuroblastoma cells unlike C6 glioma. BIOL RHYTHM RES 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/09291016.2021.1911551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kaninika Roy
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India
| | - Daytee Maji
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India
| | - Ishani Deb
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India
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15
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Beckers J, Tharkeshwar AK, Van Damme P. C9orf72 ALS-FTD: recent evidence for dysregulation of the autophagy-lysosome pathway at multiple levels. Autophagy 2021; 17:3306-3322. [PMID: 33632058 PMCID: PMC8632097 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2021.1872189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD) are two clinically distinct classes of neurodegenerative disorders. Yet, they share a range of genetic, cellular, and molecular features. Hexanucleotide repeat expansions (HREs) in the C9orf72 gene and the accumulation of toxic protein aggregates in the nervous systems of the affected individuals are among such common features. Though the mechanisms by which HREs cause toxicity is not clear, the toxic gain of function due to transcribed HRE RNA or dipeptide repeat proteins (DPRs) produced by repeat-associated non-AUG translation together with a reduction in C9orf72 expression are proposed as the contributing factors for disease pathogenesis in ALS and FTD. In addition, several recent studies point toward alterations in protein homeostasis as one of the root causes of the disease pathogenesis. In this review, we discuss the effects of the C9orf72 HRE in the autophagy-lysosome pathway based on various recent findings. We suggest that dysfunction of the autophagy-lysosome pathway synergizes with toxicity from C9orf72 repeat RNA and DPRs to drive disease pathogenesis. Abbreviation: ALP: autophagy-lysosome pathway; ALS: amyotrophic lateral sclerosis; AMPK: AMP-activated protein kinase; ATG: autophagy-related; ASO: antisense oligonucleotide; C9orf72: C9orf72-SMCR8 complex subunit; DENN: differentially expressed in normal and neoplastic cells; DPR: dipeptide repeat protein; EIF2A/eIF2α: eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2A; ER: endoplasmic reticulum; FTD: frontotemporal dementia; GAP: GTPase-activating protein; GEF: guanine nucleotide exchange factor; HRE: hexanucleotide repeat expansion; iPSC: induced pluripotent stem cell; ISR: integrated stress response; M6PR: mannose-6-phosphate receptor, cation dependent; MAP1LC3/LC3: microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3; MN: motor neuron; MTORC1: mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase complex 1; ND: neurodegenerative disorder; RAN: repeat-associated non-ATG; RB1CC1/FIP200: RB1 inducible coiled-coil 1; SLC66A1/PQLC2: solute carrier family 66 member 1; SMCR8: SMCR8-C9orf72 complex subunit; SQSTM1/p62: sequestosome 1; STX17: syntaxin 17; TARDBP/TDP-43: TAR DNA binding protein; TBK1: TANK binding kinase 1; TFEB: transcription factor EB; ULK1: unc-51 like autophagy activating kinase 1; UPS: ubiquitin-proteasome system; WDR41: WD repeat domain 41.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimmy Beckers
- Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Neurology, and Leuven Brain Institute (LBI), KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,VIB, Center for Brain & Disease Research, Laboratory of Neurobiology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Arun Kumar Tharkeshwar
- Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Neurology, and Leuven Brain Institute (LBI), KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,VIB, Center for Brain & Disease Research, Laboratory of Neurobiology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Philip Van Damme
- Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Neurology, and Leuven Brain Institute (LBI), KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,VIB, Center for Brain & Disease Research, Laboratory of Neurobiology, Leuven, Belgium.,University Hospitals Leuven, Department of Neurology, Leuven, Belgium
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16
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Darbinian N, Darbinyan A, Merabova N, Bajwa A, Tatevosian G, Martirosyan D, Zhao H, Selzer ME, Goetzl L. Ethanol-mediated alterations in oligodendrocyte differentiation in the developing brain. Neurobiol Dis 2020; 148:105181. [PMID: 33189883 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2020.105181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Alterations of white matter integrity and subsequent white matter structural deficits are consistent findings in Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS), but knowledge regarding the molecular mechanisms underlying these abnormalities is incomplete. Experimental rodent models of FAS have shown dysregulation of cytokine expression leading to apoptosis of oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) and altered oligodendrocyte (OL) differentiation, but whether this is representative of human FAS pathogenesis has not been determined. METHODS Fetal brain tissue (12.2-21.4 weeks gestation) from subjects undergoing elective termination of pregnancy was collected according to an IRB-approved protocol. Ethanol (EtOH) exposure status was classified based on a detailed face-to-face questionnaire adapted from the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Prenatal Alcohol and Sudden Infant Death Syndrome and Stillbirth (PASS) study. Twenty EtOH-exposed fetuses were compared with 20 gestational age matched controls. Cytokine and OPC marker mRNA expression was quantified by Real-Time Polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Patterns of protein expression of OPC markers and active Capase-3 were studied by Fluorescence Activated Cell Sorting (FACS). RESULTS EtOH exposure was associated with reduced markers of cell viability, OPC differentiation, and OL maturation, while early OL differentiation markers were unchanged or increased. Expression of mRNAs for proteins specific to more mature forms of OL lineage (platelet-derived growth factor α (PDGFRα) and myelin basic protein (MBP) was lower in the EtOH group than in controls. Expression of the multifunctional growth and differentiation-promoting growth factor IGF-1, which is essential for normal development, also was reduced. Reductions were not observed for markers of early stages of OL differentiation, including Nuclear transcription factor NK-2 homeobox locus 2 (Nkx2.2). Expression of mRNAs for the proinflammatory cytokine, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα), and several proinflammatory chemokines was higher in the EtOH group compared to controls, including: Growth regulated protein alpha/chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 1 (GRO-α/CXCL1), Interleukin 8/chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 8 (IL8/CXCL8), Chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 6/Granulocyte chemotactic protein 2 (CXCL16/GCP2), epithelial-derived neutrophil-activating protein 78/chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 5 (ENA-78/CXCL5), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1). EtOH exposure also was associated with an increase in the proportion of cells expressing markers of early stage OPCs, such as A2B5 and NG2. Finally, apoptosis (measured by caspase-3 activation) was increased substantially in the EtOH group compared to controls. CONCLUSION Prenatal EtOH exposure is associated with excessive OL apoptosis and/or delayed OL maturation in human fetal brain. This is accompanied by markedly dysregulated expression of several chemokines and cytokines, in a pattern predictive of increased OL cytotoxicity and reduced OL differentiation. These findings are consistent with findings in animal models of FAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nune Darbinian
- Center for Neural Repair and Rehabilitation (Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center), Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, United States of America.
| | - Armine Darbinyan
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, United States of America.
| | - Nana Merabova
- Center for Neural Repair and Rehabilitation (Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center), Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, United States of America.
| | - Ahsun Bajwa
- Center for Neural Repair and Rehabilitation (Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center), Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, United States of America.
| | - Gabriel Tatevosian
- Center for Neural Repair and Rehabilitation (Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center), Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, United States of America.
| | - Diana Martirosyan
- Center for Neural Repair and Rehabilitation (Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center), Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, United States of America.
| | - Huaqing Zhao
- Department of Clinical Sciences (Biostatistics and Epidemiology), Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, United States of America.
| | - Michael E Selzer
- Center for Neural Repair and Rehabilitation (Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center), Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, United States of America.
| | - Laura Goetzl
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Texas, Houston, TX 77030, United States of America.
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Mesenchymal stem cells combined with albendazole as a novel therapeutic approach for experimental neurotoxocariasis. Parasitology 2020; 147:799-809. [PMID: 32178741 DOI: 10.1017/s003118202000044x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Neurotoxocariasis (NT) is a serious condition that has been linked to reduced cognitive function, behavioural alterations and neurodegenerative diseases. Unfortunately, the available drugs to treat toxocariasis are limited with unsatisfactory results, because of the initiation of treatment at late chronic stages after the occurrence of tissue damage and scars. Therefore, searching for a new therapy for this important disease is an urgent necessity. In this context, cytotherapy is a novel therapeutic approach for the treatment of many diseases and tissue damages through the introduction of new cells into the damaged sites. They exert therapeutic effects by their capability of renewal, differentiation into specialized cells, and being powerful immunomodulators. The most popular cell type utilized in cytotherapy is the mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) type. In the current study, the efficacy of MSCs alone or combined with albendazole was evaluated against chronic brain insults induced by Toxocara canis infection in an experimental mouse model. Interestingly, MSCs combined with albendazole demonstrated a healing effect on brain inflammation, gliosis, apoptosis and significantly reduced brain damage biomarkers (S100B and GFAP) and T. canis DNA. Thus, MSCs would be protective against the development of subsequent neurodegenerative diseases with chronic NT.
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18
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Afridi R, Kim JH, Rahman MH, Suk K. Metabolic Regulation of Glial Phenotypes: Implications in Neuron-Glia Interactions and Neurological Disorders. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:20. [PMID: 32116564 PMCID: PMC7026370 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.00020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Glial cells are multifunctional, non-neuronal components of the central nervous system with diverse phenotypes that have gained much attention for their close involvement in neuroinflammation and neurodegenerative diseases. Glial phenotypes are primarily characterized by their structural and functional changes in response to various stimuli, which can be either neuroprotective or neurotoxic. The reliance of neurons on glial cells is essential to fulfill the energy demands of the brain for its proper functioning. Moreover, the glial cells perform distinct functions to regulate their own metabolic activities, as well as work in close conjunction with neurons through various secreted signaling or guidance molecules, thereby constituting a complex network of neuron-glial interactions in health and disease. The emerging evidence suggests that, in disease conditions, the metabolic alterations in the glial cells can induce structural and functional changes together with neuronal dysfunction indicating the importance of neuron-glia interactions in the pathophysiology of neurological disorders. This review covers the recent developments that implicate the regulation of glial phenotypic changes and its consequences on neuron-glia interactions in neurological disorders. Finally, we discuss the possibilities and challenges of targeting glial metabolism as a strategy to treat neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruqayya Afridi
- BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Department of Pharmacology, Brain Science and Engineering Institute, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Jong-Heon Kim
- BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Department of Pharmacology, Brain Science and Engineering Institute, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Md Habibur Rahman
- BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Department of Pharmacology, Brain Science and Engineering Institute, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Kyoungho Suk
- BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Department of Pharmacology, Brain Science and Engineering Institute, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
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19
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Hahn I, Voelzmann A, Liew YT, Costa-Gomes B, Prokop A. The model of local axon homeostasis - explaining the role and regulation of microtubule bundles in axon maintenance and pathology. Neural Dev 2019; 14:11. [PMID: 31706327 PMCID: PMC6842214 DOI: 10.1186/s13064-019-0134-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Axons are the slender, cable-like, up to meter-long projections of neurons that electrically wire our brains and bodies. In spite of their challenging morphology, they usually need to be maintained for an organism's lifetime. This makes them key lesion sites in pathological processes of ageing, injury and neurodegeneration. The morphology and physiology of axons crucially depends on the parallel bundles of microtubules (MTs), running all along to serve as their structural backbones and highways for life-sustaining cargo transport and organelle dynamics. Understanding how these bundles are formed and then maintained will provide important explanations for axon biology and pathology. Currently, much is known about MTs and the proteins that bind and regulate them, but very little about how these factors functionally integrate to regulate axon biology. As an attempt to bridge between molecular mechanisms and their cellular relevance, we explain here the model of local axon homeostasis, based on our own experiments in Drosophila and published data primarily from vertebrates/mammals as well as C. elegans. The model proposes that (1) the physical forces imposed by motor protein-driven transport and dynamics in the confined axonal space, are a life-sustaining necessity, but pose a strong bias for MT bundles to become disorganised. (2) To counterbalance this risk, MT-binding and -regulating proteins of different classes work together to maintain and protect MT bundles as necessary transport highways. Loss of balance between these two fundamental processes can explain the development of axonopathies, in particular those linking to MT-regulating proteins, motors and transport defects. With this perspective in mind, we hope that more researchers incorporate MTs into their work, thus enhancing our chances of deciphering the complex regulatory networks that underpin axon biology and pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Hahn
- Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, School of Biology, Manchester, UK
| | - André Voelzmann
- Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, School of Biology, Manchester, UK
| | - Yu-Ting Liew
- Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, School of Biology, Manchester, UK
| | - Beatriz Costa-Gomes
- Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, School of Biology, Manchester, UK
| | - Andreas Prokop
- Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, School of Biology, Manchester, UK.
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20
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Liang S, Yin N, Faiola F. Human Pluripotent Stem Cells as Tools for Predicting Developmental Neural Toxicity of Chemicals: Strategies, Applications, and Challenges. Stem Cells Dev 2019; 28:755-768. [PMID: 30990109 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2019.0007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The human central nervous system (CNS) is very sensitive to perturbations, since it performs sophisticated biological processes and requires cooperation from multiple neural cell types. Subtle interference from exogenous chemicals, such as environmental pollutants, industrial chemicals, drug components, food additives, and cosmetic constituents, may initiate severe developmental neural toxicity (DNT). Human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC)-based neural differentiation assays provide effective and promising tools to help evaluate potential DNT caused by those toxicants. In fact, the specification of neural lineages in vitro recapitulates critical CNS developmental processes, such as patterning, differentiation, neurite outgrowth, synaptogenesis, and myelination. Hence, the established protocols to generate a repertoire of neural derivatives from hPSCs greatly benefit the in vitro evaluation of DNT. In this review, we first dissect the various differentiation protocols inducing neural cells from hPSCs, with an emphasis on the signaling pathways and endpoint markers defining each differentiation stage. We then highlight the studies with hPSC-based protocols predicting developmental neural toxicants, and discuss remaining challenges. We hope this review can provide insights for the further progress of DNT studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengxian Liang
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,2 College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Nuoya Yin
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,2 College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Francesco Faiola
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,2 College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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21
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Jia F, Zhu X, Lv P, Hu L, Liu Q, Jin S, Xu F. Rapid and Sparse Labeling of Neurons Based on the Mutant Virus-Like Particle of Semliki Forest Virus. Neurosci Bull 2019; 35:378-388. [PMID: 30888608 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-019-00362-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Sparse labeling of neurons contributes to uncovering their morphology, and rapid expression of a fluorescent protein reduces the experiment range. To achieve the goal of rapid and sparse labeling of neurons in vivo, we established a rapid method for depicting the fine structure of neurons at 24 h post-infection based on a mutant virus-like particle of Semliki Forest virus. Approximately 0.014 fluorescent focus-forming units of the mutant virus-like particle transferred enhanced green fluorescent protein into neurons in vivo, and its affinity for neurons in vivo was stronger than for neurons in vitro and BHK21 (baby hamster kidney) cells. Collectively, the mutant virus-like particle provides a robust and convenient way to reveal the fine structure of neurons and is expected to be a helper virus for combining with other tools to determine their connectivity. Our work adds a new tool to the approaches for rapid and sparse labeling of neurons in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China.
- Brain Research Center, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China.
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Xutao Zhu
- Brain Research Center, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Pei Lv
- Brain Research Center, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Liang Hu
- Brain Research Center, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Qing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
- Brain Research Center, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Sen Jin
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Fuqiang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China.
- Brain Research Center, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China.
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
- Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China.
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22
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Rowland HA, Hooper NM, Kellett KAB. Modelling Sporadic Alzheimer's Disease Using Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells. Neurochem Res 2018; 43:2179-2198. [PMID: 30387070 PMCID: PMC6267251 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-018-2663-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Developing cellular models of sporadic Alzheimer's disease (sAD) is challenging due to the unknown initiator of disease onset and the slow disease progression that takes many years to develop in vivo. The use of human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) has revolutionised the opportunities to model AD pathology, investigate disease mechanisms and screen potential drugs. The majority of this work has, however, used cells derived from patients with familial AD (fAD) where specific genetic mutations drive disease onset. While these provide excellent models to investigate the downstream pathways involved in neuronal toxicity and ultimately neuronal death that leads to AD, they provide little insight into the causes and mechanisms driving the development of sAD. In this review we compare the data obtained from fAD and sAD iPSC-derived cell lines, identify the inconsistencies that exist in sAD models and highlight the potential role of Aβ clearance mechanisms, a relatively under-investigated area in iPSC-derived models, in the study of AD. We discuss the development of more physiologically relevant models using co-culture and three-dimensional culture of iPSC-derived neurons with glial cells. Finally, we evaluate whether we can develop better, more consistent models for sAD research using genetic stratification of iPSCs and identification of genetic and environmental risk factors that could be used to initiate disease onset for modelling sAD. These considerations provide exciting opportunities to develop more relevant iPSC models of sAD which can help drive our understanding of disease mechanisms and identify new therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen A Rowland
- Division of Neuroscience & Experimental Psychology, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Nigel M Hooper
- Division of Neuroscience & Experimental Psychology, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Katherine A B Kellett
- Division of Neuroscience & Experimental Psychology, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
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23
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Chou CM, Fan CK. Significant apoptosis rather autophagy predominates in astrocytes caused by Toxocara canis larval excretory-secretory antigens. JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY, IMMUNOLOGY, AND INFECTION = WEI MIAN YU GAN RAN ZA ZHI 2018; 53:250-258. [PMID: 30033092 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmii.2018.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Revised: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE Toxocariasis is a worldwide parasitic zoonosis and mainly caused by Toxocara canis. Humans can be infected by accidental ingestion of T. canis embryonated ova through contacting with contaminated food, water, or encapsulated larvae in paratenic hosts' viscera or meat. Since humans are the paratenic host of T. canis, the wandering and neuroinvasive larvae can cause mechanical tissue damage and the excretory-secretory antigens (TcES Ag) might induce neuroinflammatory responses in the brain. Human cerebral toxocariasis (CT) has been reported to cause several neurological symptoms and may develop into neurodegenerative diseases. However, the roles of astrocytes involved in the pathogenesis of CT remained largely unclear. METHODS This study intended to investigate the cytotoxic effects of TcES Ag on astrocytes as assessed by apoptosis and autophagy expression. RESULTS Our results showed TcES Ag treatment reduced cell viability and caused morphological changes. Expressions of autophagy associated proteins including Beclin 1, phosphor-mTOR and LC3-Ⅱ were not significantly changed; however, p62 as well as the cell survival protein, mTOR, was concomitantly decreased in TcES Ag treatment. Significantly accelerated cleaved caspase-3 and cytochrome c expression as well as enhanced caspase-9 and caspase-8 activation were found in astrocytes with TcES Ag treatment. Caspase-3 activity and apoptotic cells numbers were also increased as detected by fluorescence microscopy. CONCLUSION We concluded that TcES Ag may trigger astrocytes apoptosis predominantly through intrinsic and extrinsic pathways rather autophagy, revealing a novel role of astrocytes in the pathogenesis of CT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Mei Chou
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wuxing St., Taipei 11031, Taiwan; Department of Molecular Parasitology and Tropical Diseases, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wuxing St., Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Kwung Fan
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wuxing St., Taipei 11031, Taiwan; Department of Molecular Parasitology and Tropical Diseases, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wuxing St., Taipei 11031, Taiwan; Research Center of International Tropical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wuxing St., Taipei 11031, Taiwan; Tropical Medicine Division, International PhD Program in Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wuxing St., Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
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24
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Serio A, Patani R. Concise Review: The Cellular Conspiracy of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Stem Cells 2017; 36:293-303. [DOI: 10.1002/stem.2758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Revised: 11/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Serio
- Tissue Engineering and Biophotonics Division; Dental Institute, Kings College London; London United Kingdom
| | - Rickie Patani
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience; Institute of Neurology, University College London; London United Kingdom
- The Francis Crick Institute; London United Kingdom
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25
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Gonzalez DM, Gregory J, Brennand KJ. The Importance of Non-neuronal Cell Types in hiPSC-Based Disease Modeling and Drug Screening. Front Cell Dev Biol 2017; 5:117. [PMID: 29312938 PMCID: PMC5742170 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2017.00117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Current applications of human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC) technologies in patient-specific models of neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric disorders tend to focus on neuronal phenotypes. Here, we review recent efforts toward advancing hiPSCs toward non-neuronal cell types of the central nervous system (CNS) and highlight their potential use for the development of more complex in vitro models of neurodevelopment and disease. We present evidence from previous works in both rodents and humans of the importance of these cell types (oligodendrocytes, microglia, astrocytes) in neurological disease and highlight new hiPSC-based models that have sought to explore these relationships in vitro. Lastly, we summarize efforts toward conducting high-throughput screening experiments with hiPSCs and propose methods by which new screening platforms could be designed to better capture complex relationships between neural cell populations in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Gonzalez
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States.,Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States.,Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Jill Gregory
- Instructional Technology Group, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Kristen J Brennand
- Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States.,Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States.,Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States.,Department of Genetics and Genomics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
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26
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Pehar M, Harlan BA, Killoy KM, Vargas MR. Role and Therapeutic Potential of Astrocytes in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Curr Pharm Des 2017; 23:5010-5021. [PMID: 28641533 PMCID: PMC5740017 DOI: 10.2174/1381612823666170622095802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Revised: 06/04/2017] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is characterized by the progressive degeneration of motor neurons in the spinal cord, brain stem, and motor cortex. The molecular mechanism underlying the progressive degeneration of motor neuron remains uncertain but involves a non-cell autonomous process. In acute injury or degenerative diseases astrocytes adopt a reactive phenotype known as astrogliosis. Astrogliosis is a complex remodeling of astrocyte biology and most likely represents a continuum of potential phenotypes that affect neuronal function and survival in an injury-specific manner. In ALS patients, reactive astrocytes surround both upper and lower degenerating motor neurons and play a key role in the pathology. It has become clear that astrocytes play a major role in ALS pathology. Through loss of normal function or acquired new characteristics, astrocytes are able to influence motor neuron fate and the progression of the disease. The use of different cell culture models indicates that ALS-astrocytes are able to induce motor neuron death by secreting a soluble factor(s). Here, we discuss several pathogenic mechanisms that have been proposed to explain astrocyte-mediated motor neuron death in ALS. In addition, examples of strategies that revert astrocyte-mediated motor neuron toxicity are reviewed to illustrate the therapeutic potential of astrocytes in ALS. Due to the central role played by astrocytes in ALS pathology, therapies aimed at modulating astrocyte biology may contribute to the development of integral therapeutic approaches to halt ALS progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Pehar
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Benjamin A. Harlan
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Kelby M. Killoy
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Marcelo R. Vargas
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
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Pointer CB, Klegeris A. Cardiolipin in Central Nervous System Physiology and Pathology. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2016; 37:1161-1172. [PMID: 28039536 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-016-0458-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Cardiolipin, an anionic phospholipid found primarily in the inner mitochondrial membrane, has many well-defined roles within the peripheral tissues, including the maintenance of mitochondrial membrane fluidity and the regulation of mitochondrial functions. Within the central nervous system (CNS), cardiolipin is found within both neuronal and non-neuronal glial cells, where it regulates metabolic processes, supports mitochondrial functions, and promotes brain cell viability. Furthermore, cardiolipin has been shown to act as an elimination signal and participate in programmed cell death by apoptosis of both neurons and glia. Since cardiolipin is associated with regulating brain homeostasis, the modification of its structure, or even a decrease in the overall levels of cardiolipin, can result in mitochondrial dysfunction, which is a characteristic feature of many diseases. In this review, we outline the various functions of cardiolipin within the cells of the CNS, including neurons, astrocytes, microglia, and oligodendrocytes. In addition, we discuss the role cardiolipin may play in the pathogenesis of the neurodegenerative disorders Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease, as well as traumatic brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin B Pointer
- Department of Biology, University of British Columbia, Okanagan Campus, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Andis Klegeris
- Department of Biology, University of British Columbia, Okanagan Campus, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada.
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