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Adıgüzel E, Ülger TG. A marine-derived antioxidant astaxanthin as a potential neuroprotective and neurotherapeutic agent: A review of its efficacy on neurodegenerative conditions. Eur J Pharmacol 2024; 977:176706. [PMID: 38843946 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2024.176706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2024] [Revised: 05/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
Astaxanthin is a potent lipid-soluble carotenoid produced by several different freshwater and marine microorganisms, including microalgae, bacteria, fungi, and yeast. The proven therapeutic effects of astaxanthin against different diseases have made this carotenoid popular in the nutraceutical market and among consumers. Recently, astaxanthin is also receiving attention for its effects in the co-adjuvant treatment or prevention of neurological pathologies. In this systematic review, studies evaluating the efficacy of astaxanthin against different neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, cerebrovascular diseases, and spinal cord injury are analyzed. Based on the current literature, astaxanthin shows potential biological activity in both in vitro and in vivo models. In addition, its preventive and therapeutic activities against the above-mentioned diseases have been emphasized in studies with different experimental designs. In contrast, none of the 59 studies reviewed reported any safety concerns or adverse health effects as a result of astaxanthin supplementation. The preventive or therapeutic role of astaxanthin may vary depending on the dosage and route of administration. Although there is a consensus in the literature regarding its effectiveness against the specified diseases, it is important to determine the safe intake levels of synthetic and natural forms and to determine the most effective forms for oral intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emre Adıgüzel
- Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey University, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, 70100, Karaman, Turkey.
| | - Taha Gökmen Ülger
- Bolu Abant İzzet Baysal University, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Bolu, Turkey
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2
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Mussagy CU, Farias FO, Tropea A, Santi L, Mondello L, Giuffrida D, Meléndez-Martínez AJ, Dufossé L. Ketocarotenoids adonirubin and adonixanthin: Properties, health benefits, current technologies, and emerging challenges. Food Chem 2024; 443:138610. [PMID: 38301562 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.138610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Given their multifaceted roles, carotenoids have garnered significant scientific interest, resulting in a comprehensive and intricate body of literature that occasionally presents conflicting findings concerning the proper characterization, quantification, and bioavailability of these compounds. Nevertheless, it is undeniable that the pursuit of novel carotenoids remains a crucial endeavor, as their diverse properties, functionalities and potential health benefits make them invaluable natural resources in agri-food and health promotion through the diet. In this framework, particular attention is given to ketocarotenoids, viz., astaxanthin (one of them) stands out for its possible multifunctional role as an antioxidant, anticancer, and antimicrobial agent. It has been widely explored in the market and utilized in different applications such as nutraceuticals, food additives, among others. Adonirubin and adonixanthin can be naturally found in plants and microorganisms. Due to the increasing significance of natural-based products and the remarkable opportunity to introduce these ketocarotenoids to the market, this review aims to provide an expert overview of the pros and cons associated with adonirubin and adonixanthin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassamo U Mussagy
- Escuela de Agronomía, Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas y de los Alimentos, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Quillota 2260000, Chile.
| | - Fabiane O Farias
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Polytechnique Center, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba/PR, Brazil
| | - Alessia Tropea
- Messina Institute of Technology c/o Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, Former Veterinary School, University of Messina, Viale G. Palatucci snc 98168 - Messina, Italy
| | - Luca Santi
- Department of Agriculture and Forest Sciences (DAFNE), University of Tuscia, Via S. Camillo de Lellis, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Luigi Mondello
- Messina Institute of Technology c/o Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, Former Veterinary School, University of Messina, Viale G. Palatucci snc 98168 - Messina, Italy; Chromaleont s.r.l., c/o Messina Institute of technology c/o Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, Former Veterinary School, University of Messina, Viale G. Palatucci snc, 98168 - Messina, Italy
| | - Daniele Giuffrida
- Department of Biomedical, Dental, Morphological and Functional Imaging Sciences, University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria, 98125 Messina, Italy
| | | | - Laurent Dufossé
- Chemistry and Biotechnology of Natural Products, CHEMBIOPRO, ESIROI Agroalimentaire, Université de La Réunion, 15 Avenue René Cassin, CS 92003, CEDEX 9, F-97744 Saint-Denis, France
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Oka N, Doan VTH, Matsubara H, Imai T, Yoshioka Y, Katsuki J, Fujii S, Nakamura S, Shimazawa M, Hara H, Sakurai K. Protective effects of alpha-mangostin encapsulated in cyclodextrin-nanoparticle on cerebral ischemia. J Control Release 2023; 353:216-228. [PMID: 36410615 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.11.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) during and after the onset of an ischemic stroke induces neuronal cell death and severely damages brain function. Therefore, reducing ROS by administrating antioxidant compounds is a promising approach to improving ischemic symptoms. Alpha-mangostin (α-M) is an antioxidant compound extracted from the pericarp of the mangosteen fruit. Reportedly, α-M decreases neuronal toxicity in primary rat cerebral cortical neurons. In this study, we investigated the neuroprotective activity of α-M in both in vitro and in vivo assays. Pretreatment with α-M inhibited excessive cellular ROS production after oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R) in vitro using an SH-SY5Y (human neuroblastoma) cell line. In addition, α-M maintained mitochondrial membrane potential and suppressed mitochondrial-specific ROS production induced by OGD/R. Meanwhile, the low bioavailability of α-M due to its poor water solubility has been an insuperable obstruction impeding extensive investigations of the biological functions of α-M and its medical applications. To overcome this problem, we synthesized a cyclodextrin-based nanoparticle (CDNP) that is known to increase the loading efficiency and binding constant of α-M, compared with cyclodextrins themselves. This nano-formulated α-M (α-M/CDNP) was optimized for an in vivo ischemic stroke model. Our results indicated that α-M/CDNP (25 mg/kg/injection) reduced infarct volume and improved neurological behavior (p = 0.036 and p = 0.046, respectively). These in vivo results suggest that α-M appears to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) with the help of a nano-formulation with CDNP. Combining an in vitro BBB model and a physicochemical binding assay between α-M and albumin, it is speculated that α-M released from CDNP would interact with albumin during its prolonged circulation in the blood, and the resultant α-M/albumin complex may cross the BBB through the absorptive-mediated transcytosis pathway. These findings suggest the potential clinical application of α-M in ischemic stroke treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natsumi Oka
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigaku-nishi, Gifu 501-1196, Japan
| | - Van Thi Hong Doan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Kitakyushu, 1-1 Hibikino, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 808-0135, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Matsubara
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigaku-nishi, Gifu 501-1196, Japan; Department of Neurosurgery, Gifu University School of Medicine, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1194, Japan
| | - Takahiko Imai
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigaku-nishi, Gifu 501-1196, Japan
| | - Yukie Yoshioka
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigaku-nishi, Gifu 501-1196, Japan
| | - Jun Katsuki
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Kitakyushu, 1-1 Hibikino, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 808-0135, Japan
| | - Shota Fujii
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Kitakyushu, 1-1 Hibikino, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 808-0135, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Nakamura
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigaku-nishi, Gifu 501-1196, Japan
| | - Masamitsu Shimazawa
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigaku-nishi, Gifu 501-1196, Japan; Lab of Collaborative research for Innovative Drug Discovery, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigaku-nishi, Gifu 501-1196, Japan
| | - Hideaki Hara
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigaku-nishi, Gifu 501-1196, Japan; Lab of Collaborative research for Innovative Drug Discovery, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigaku-nishi, Gifu 501-1196, Japan.
| | - Kazuo Sakurai
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Kitakyushu, 1-1 Hibikino, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 808-0135, Japan.
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Xu B, Bai L, Chen L, Tong R, Feng Y, Shi J. Terpenoid natural products exert neuroprotection via the PI3K/Akt pathway. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1036506. [PMCID: PMC9606746 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1036506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
PI3K/Akt, an essential signaling pathway widely present in cells, has been shown to be relevant to neurological disorders. As an important class of natural products, terpenoids exist in large numbers and have diverse backbones, so they have a great chance to be identified as neuroprotective agents. In this review, we described and summarized recent research for a range of terpenoid natural products associated with the PI3K/Akt pathway by classifying their basic chemical structures of the terpenes, identified by electronic searches on PubMed, Web of Science for research, and Google Scholar websites. Only articles published in English were included. Our discussion here concerned 16 natural terpenoids and their mechanisms of action, the associated diseases, and the methods of experimentation used. We also reviewed the discovery of their chemical structures and their derivatives, and some compounds have been concluded for their structure–activity relationships (SAR). As a result, terpenoids are excellent candidates for research as natural neuroprotective agents, and our content will provide a stepping stone for further research into these natural products. It may be possible for more terpenoids to serve as neuroprotective agents in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingyao Xu
- Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan Academy of Medical Science and Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Lan Bai
- Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan Academy of Medical Science and Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
- The State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Department of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Lu Chen
- Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan Academy of Medical Science and Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Rongsheng Tong
- Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan Academy of Medical Science and Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
- The State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Department of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Rongsheng Tong, ; Yibin Feng, ; Jianyou Shi,
| | - Yibin Feng
- School of Chinese Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- *Correspondence: Rongsheng Tong, ; Yibin Feng, ; Jianyou Shi,
| | - Jianyou Shi
- Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan Academy of Medical Science and Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
- The State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Department of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Rongsheng Tong, ; Yibin Feng, ; Jianyou Shi,
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Hirakida H, Nakamura S, Inagaki S, Tsuji S, Hayashi M, Shimazawa M, Hara H. Anti-diabetic effects of astaxanthin-rich extract derived from Paracoccus carotinifaciens on pancreatic β cells. J Funct Foods 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2022.105252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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6
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Zheng Y, Li R, Fan X. Targeting Oxidative Stress in Intracerebral Hemorrhage: Prospects of the Natural Products Approach. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:1811. [PMID: 36139885 PMCID: PMC9495708 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11091811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), the second most common subtype of stroke, remains a significant cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The pathological mechanism of ICH is very complex, and it has been demonstrated that oxidative stress (OS) plays an important role in the pathogenesis of ICH. Previous studies have shown that OS is a therapeutic target after ICH, and antioxidants have also achieved some benefits in the treatment of ICH. This review aimed to explore the promise of natural products therapy to target OS in ICH. We searched PubMed using the keywords "oxidative stress in intracerebral hemorrhage" and "natural products in intracerebral hemorrhage". Numerous animal and cell studies on ICH have demonstrated the potent antioxidant properties of natural products, including polyphenols and phenolic compounds, terpenoids, alkaloids, etc. In summary, natural products such as antioxidants offer the possibility of treatment of OS after ICH. However, researchers still have a long way to go to apply these natural products for the treatment of ICH more widely in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Xiang Fan
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
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7
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Yao R, Fu W, Du M, Chen ZX, Lei AP, Wang JX. Carotenoids Biosynthesis, Accumulation, and Applications of a Model Microalga Euglenagracilis. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:496. [PMID: 36005499 PMCID: PMC9409970 DOI: 10.3390/md20080496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The carotenoids, including lycopene, lutein, astaxanthin, and zeaxanthin belong to the isoprenoids, whose basic structure is made up of eight isoprene units, resulting in a C40 backbone, though some of them are only trace components in Euglena. They are essential to all photosynthetic organisms due to their superior photoprotective and antioxidant properties. Their dietary functions decrease the risk of breast, cervical, vaginal, and colorectal cancers and cardiovascular and eye diseases. Antioxidant functions of carotenoids are based on mechanisms such as quenching free radicals, mitigating damage from reactive oxidant species, and hindering lipid peroxidation. With the development of carotenoid studies, their distribution, functions, and composition have been identified in microalgae and higher plants. Although bleached or achlorophyllous mutants of Euglena were among the earliest carotenoid-related microalgae under investigation, current knowledge on the composition and biosynthesis of these compounds in Euglena is still elusive. This review aims to overview what is known about carotenoid metabolism in Euglena, focusing on the carotenoid distribution and structure, biosynthesis pathway, and accumulation in Euglena strains and mutants under environmental stresses and different culture conditions. Moreover, we also summarize the potential applications in therapy preventing carcinogenesis, cosmetic industries, food industries, and animal feed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - An-Ping Lei
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresource and Eco-Environmental Science, Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory for Marine Algal Biotechnology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Epigenetics, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; (R.Y.); (W.F.); (M.D.); (Z.-X.C.)
| | - Jiang-Xin Wang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresource and Eco-Environmental Science, Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory for Marine Algal Biotechnology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Epigenetics, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; (R.Y.); (W.F.); (M.D.); (Z.-X.C.)
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8
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Lubinsky M. Hypothesis: By-products of vascular disruption carried in the CSF affect prenatal brain development. Birth Defects Res 2022; 114:847-854. [PMID: 35775635 DOI: 10.1002/bdr2.2064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Prenatal CNS disruptions can be associated with physically separate findings. Examples include cognitive issues in septo-optic dysplasia and sporadic and WNT1-related unilateral cerebellar hypoplasia, and physical findings such as thinning of the corpus callosum, ventriculomegaly, hippocampal abnormalities, olfactory tract and bulb hypoplasia, and distant cortical dysplasias with schizencephaly. Similar effects to toxicities with intraventricular hemorrhage in prematurity could occur earlier in development. CSF transportation of disruption by-products would provide access to vulnerable areas through inflammatory effects on blood-brain barrier permeability. Outcomes are influenced by location and volume of byproducts in the CSF, timing, transport, and inflammatory responses. A particular association of vermis disruption with cognitive issues may be related to CSF flow distortions that avoid toxin dilutions in the third ventricle. Symmetrical contralateral cortical dysplasia with schizencephaly may reflect immunovascular field-related vulnerabilities seen in situations such as vitiligo.
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Coelastrella terrestris for Adonixanthin Production: Physiological Characterization and Evaluation of Secondary Carotenoid Productivity. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:md20030175. [PMID: 35323473 PMCID: PMC8954916 DOI: 10.3390/md20030175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A novel strain of Coelastrella terrestris (Chlorophyta) was collected from red mucilage in a glacier foreland in Iceland. Its morphology showed characteristic single, ellipsoidal cells with apical wart-like wall thickenings. Physiological characterization revealed the presence of the rare keto-carotenoid adonixanthin, as well as high levels of unsaturated fatty acids of up to 85%. Initial screening experiments with different carbon sources for accelerated mixotrophic biomass growth were done. Consequently, a scale up to 1.25 L stirred photobioreactor cultivations yielded a maximum of 1.96 mg·L−1 adonixanthin in free and esterified forms. It could be shown that supplementing acetate to the medium increased the volumetric productivity after entering the nitrogen limitation phase compared to autotrophic control cultures. This study describes a promising way of biotechnological adonixanthin production using Coelastrella terrestris.
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López GD, Álvarez-Rivera G, Carazzone C, Ibáñez E, Leidy C, Cifuentes A. Bacterial Carotenoids: Extraction, Characterization, and Applications. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2021; 53:1239-1262. [PMID: 34915787 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2021.2016366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
Natural carotenoids are secondary metabolites that exhibit antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer properties. These types of compounds are highly demanded by pharmaceutical, cosmetic, nutraceutical, and food industries, leading to the search for new natural sources of carotenoids. In recent years, the production of carotenoids from bacteria has become of great interest for industrial applications. In addition to carotenoids with C40-skeletons, some bacteria have the ability to synthesize characteristic carotenoids with C30-skeletons. In this regard, a great variety of methodologies for the extraction and identification of bacterial carotenoids has been reported and this is the first review that condenses most of this information. To understand the diversity of carotenoids from bacteria, we present their biosynthetic origin in order to focus on the methodologies employed in their extraction and characterization. Special emphasis has been made on high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) for the analysis and identification of bacterial carotenoids. We end up this review showing their potential commercial use. This review is proposed as a guide for the identification of these metabolites, which are frequently reported in new bacteria strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerson-Dirceu López
- Chemistry Department, Laboratory of Advanced Analytical Techniques in Natural Products (LATNAP), Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
- Physics Department, Laboratory of Biophysics, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
- Laboratory of Foodomics, Institute of Food Science Research (CIAL), CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Chiara Carazzone
- Chemistry Department, Laboratory of Advanced Analytical Techniques in Natural Products (LATNAP), Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Elena Ibáñez
- Laboratory of Foodomics, Institute of Food Science Research (CIAL), CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Chad Leidy
- Physics Department, Laboratory of Biophysics, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Alejandro Cifuentes
- Laboratory of Foodomics, Institute of Food Science Research (CIAL), CSIC, Madrid, Spain
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Xia D, Qiu W, Wang X, Liu J. Recent Advancements and Future Perspectives of Microalgae-Derived Pharmaceuticals. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:703. [PMID: 34940702 PMCID: PMC8703604 DOI: 10.3390/md19120703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Microalgal cells serve as solar-powered factories that produce pharmaceuticals, recombinant proteins (vaccines and drugs), and valuable natural byproducts that possess medicinal properties. The main advantages of microalgae as cell factories can be summarized as follows: they are fueled by photosynthesis, are carbon dioxide-neutral, have rapid growth rates, are robust, have low-cost cultivation, are easily scalable, pose no risk of human pathogenic contamination, and their valuable natural byproducts can be further processed. Despite their potential, there are many technical hurdles that need to be overcome before the commercial production of microalgal pharmaceuticals, and extensive studies regarding their impact on human health must still be conducted and the results evaluated. Clearly, much work remains to be done before microalgae can be used in the large-scale commercial production of pharmaceuticals. This review focuses on recent advancements in microalgal biotechnology and its future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghua Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, The Engineering Research Center for Biomass Conversion, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China;
| | - Wen Qiu
- Eco-Environmental Protection Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China;
| | - Xianxian Wang
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany;
| | - Junying Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, The Engineering Research Center for Biomass Conversion, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China;
- Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Technology Centre (PMTC), Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, V94T9PX Limerick, Ireland
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12
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Chen Y, Yu T, Deuster P. Astaxanthin Protects Against Heat-induced Mitochondrial Alterations in Mouse Hypothalamus. Neuroscience 2021; 476:12-20. [PMID: 34543676 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2021.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The hypothalamus plays an essential role in regulating whole-body energy and temperature homeostasis when adapting to environmental changes. We previously reported that heat exposure causes mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis in mouse skeletal muscle, and pretreatment with astaxanthin (AST), an antioxidant, prevents this effect. How the hypothalamus responds to heat stress remains largely unexplored. In this study, we investigated the effects of heat exposure on hypothalamic mitochondria in mice with and without AST pretreatment. During heat exposure, both vehicle and AST-treated mice had a hyperthermic response though no significant differences in peak core body temperature were noted between the two groups. Heat exposure induced mitochondrial fission in the hypothalamus, as manifested by increased mitochondrial fragmentation and expression of both total and phosphorylated dynamin-related protein 1. In addition, transmission electron microscopy revealed damaged and degraded mitochondria in the hypothalamus of heat-exposed mice. Heat induced apoptosis and mitophagy were further confirmed by increased formation of reactive oxygen species, activation of caspase 3/7 and expression of LC3 proteins. Moreover, heat exposure increased the expression of PINK1 and Parkin in mouse hypothalamus. In contrast, pretreatment with AST reduced these effects. These results demonstrate that heat stress-induced hypothalamic apoptosis is associated with altered mitochondrial dynamics favoring fission and mitophagy. AST protects the hypothalamus against heat-induced injury by preserving redox homeostasis and mitochondrial integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Chen
- Department of Military and Emergency Medicine, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA.
| | - Tianzheng Yu
- Department of Military and Emergency Medicine, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA; The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD 20817, USA
| | - Patricia Deuster
- Department of Military and Emergency Medicine, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
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The Application of Supercritical Fluids Technology to Recover Healthy Valuable Compounds from Marine and Agricultural Food Processing By-Products: A Review. Processes (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/pr9020357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Food by-products contain a remarkable source of bioactive molecules with many benefits for humans; therefore, their exploitation can be an excellent opportunity for the food sector. Moreover, the revalorization of these by-products to produce value-added compounds is considered pivotal for sustainable growth based on a circular economy. Traditional extraction technologies have several drawbacks mainly related to the consumption of hazardous organic solvents, and the high temperatures maintained for long extraction periods which cause the degradation of thermolabile compounds as well as a low extraction efficiency of desired compounds. In this context, supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) has been explored as a suitable green technology for the recovery of a broad range of bioactive compounds from different types of agri-food wastes. This review describes the working principle and development of SFE technology to valorize by-products from different origin (marine, fruit, vegetable, nuts, and other plants). In addition, the potential effects of the extracted active substances on human health were also approached.
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Doppler P, Kornpointner C, Halbwirth H, Remias D, Spadiut O. Tetraedron minimum, First Reported Member of Hydrodictyaceae to Accumulate Secondary Carotenoids. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:107. [PMID: 33573287 PMCID: PMC7911234 DOI: 10.3390/life11020107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
We isolated a novel strain of the microalga Tetraedron minimum in Iceland from a terrestrial habitat. During long-term cultivation, a dish culture turned orange, indicating the presence of secondary pigments. Thus, we characterized T. minimum for growth and possible carotenoid production in different inorganic media. In a lab-scale photobioreactor, we confirmed that nitrogen starvation in combination with salt stress triggered a secondary carotenoid accumulation. The development of the pigment composition and the antioxidant capacity of the extracts was analyzed throughout the cultivations. The final secondary carotenoid composition was, on average, 61.1% astaxanthin and 38.9% adonixanthin. Moreover, the cells accumulated approx. 83.1% unsaturated fatty acids. This work presents the first report of the formation of secondary carotenoids within the family Hydrodictyaceae (Sphaeropleales, Chlorophyta).
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Doppler
- Research Division Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, TU Wien, Gumpendorfer Strasse 1a, 1060 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Christoph Kornpointner
- Research Division Phytochemistry and Plant Biochemistry, Institute of Chemical, Environmental, and Bioscience Engineering, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria; (C.K.); (H.H.)
| | - Heidi Halbwirth
- Research Division Phytochemistry and Plant Biochemistry, Institute of Chemical, Environmental, and Bioscience Engineering, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria; (C.K.); (H.H.)
| | - Daniel Remias
- School of Engineering, University of Applied Sciences Upper Austria, Stelzhamerstr. 23, 4600 Wels, Austria
| | - Oliver Spadiut
- Research Division Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, TU Wien, Gumpendorfer Strasse 1a, 1060 Vienna, Austria;
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Commercial Production of Astaxanthin with Paracoccus carotinifaciens. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1261:11-20. [PMID: 33783727 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-7360-6_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Paracoccus carotinifaciens is an aerobic Gram-negative bacterium that exhibits motility by a peritrichous flagellum. It produces a carotenoid mixture containing astaxanthin as the main component. Selective breeding of P. carotinifaciens has been performed using classical techniques for mutation induction, such as chemical treatment and ultraviolet irradiation, and not using genetic engineering technology. The commercial production of astaxanthin with P. carotinifaciens has been established by optimizing fermentation medium and conditions in the process. Dehydrated P. carotinifaciens is used as a coloring agent for farmed fish and egg yolks. Compared with the administration of chemically synthesized astaxanthin, dehydrated P. carotinifaciens imparts more natural coloration, which is favored by consumers. In addition, astaxanthin-rich carotenoid extracts (ARE) derived from P. carotinifaciens are developed for human nutrition. Animal and clinical studies with ARE for evaluating its efficacy have been conducted and suggested that ARE would be useful for preventing anxiety, stomach ulcer, and retinal damage, as well as improving cognitive function. The efficacy is anticipated to result from not only astaxanthin but also other carotenoids in ARE, such as adonirubin and adonixanthin, in some studies. Hence, astaxanthin commercially produced with P. carotinifaciens has been applied widely in animals and humans.
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Tsuji S, Nakamura S, Maoka T, Yamada T, Imai T, Ohba T, Yako T, Hayashi M, Endo K, Saio M, Hara H, Shimazawa M. Antitumour Effects of Astaxanthin and Adonixanthin on Glioblastoma. Mar Drugs 2020; 18:E474. [PMID: 32962073 PMCID: PMC7551886 DOI: 10.3390/md18090474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Several antitumour drugs have been isolated from natural products and many clinical trials are underway to evaluate their potential. There have been numerous reports about the antitumour effects of astaxanthin against several tumours but no studies into its effects against glioblastoma. Astaxanthin is a red pigment found in crustaceans and fish and is also synthesized in Haematococcus pluvialis; adonixanthin is an intermediate product of astaxanthin. It is known that both astaxanthin and adonixanthin possess radical scavenging activity and can confer a protective effect on several damages. In this study, we clarified the antitumour effects of astaxanthin and adonixanthin using glioblastoma models. Specifically, astaxanthin and adonixanthin showed an ability to suppress cell proliferation and migration in three types of glioblastoma cells. Furthermore, these compounds were confirmed to transfer to the brain in a murine model. In the murine orthotopic glioblastoma model, glioblastoma progression was suppressed by the oral administration of astaxanthin and adonixanthin at 10 and 30 mg/kg, respectively, for 10 days. These results suggest that both astaxanthin and adonixanthin have potential as treatments for glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shohei Tsuji
- Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Molecular Pharmacology, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu 501-1196, Japan; (S.T.); (T.Y.); (T.I.); (T.O.); (T.Y.); (H.H.); (M.S.)
| | - Shinsuke Nakamura
- Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Molecular Pharmacology, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu 501-1196, Japan; (S.T.); (T.Y.); (T.I.); (T.O.); (T.Y.); (H.H.); (M.S.)
| | - Takashi Maoka
- Research Institute for Production Developent Division of Food Function and Chemistry, Kyoto 606-0805, Japan;
| | - Tetsuya Yamada
- Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Molecular Pharmacology, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu 501-1196, Japan; (S.T.); (T.Y.); (T.I.); (T.O.); (T.Y.); (H.H.); (M.S.)
- Department of Neurosurgery, Gifu University School of Medicine, Gifu 501-1194, Japan
| | - Takahiko Imai
- Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Molecular Pharmacology, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu 501-1196, Japan; (S.T.); (T.Y.); (T.I.); (T.O.); (T.Y.); (H.H.); (M.S.)
| | - Takuya Ohba
- Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Molecular Pharmacology, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu 501-1196, Japan; (S.T.); (T.Y.); (T.I.); (T.O.); (T.Y.); (H.H.); (M.S.)
| | - Tomohiro Yako
- Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Molecular Pharmacology, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu 501-1196, Japan; (S.T.); (T.Y.); (T.I.); (T.O.); (T.Y.); (H.H.); (M.S.)
| | - Masahiro Hayashi
- Department of HPM Research & Development, Biotechnology R&D Group, High Performance Materials Company, ENEOS Corporation, Yokohama 231-0815, Japan;
| | - Ken Endo
- Department of HPM Business Promotion Group V, Business promotion Group, High Performance Materials Company, ENEOS Corporation, Tokyo 108-8005, Japan;
| | - Masanao Saio
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, Gunma University, Gunma 371-8514, Japan;
| | - Hideaki Hara
- Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Molecular Pharmacology, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu 501-1196, Japan; (S.T.); (T.Y.); (T.I.); (T.O.); (T.Y.); (H.H.); (M.S.)
| | - Masamitsu Shimazawa
- Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Molecular Pharmacology, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu 501-1196, Japan; (S.T.); (T.Y.); (T.I.); (T.O.); (T.Y.); (H.H.); (M.S.)
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Fu J, Sun H, Wei H, Dong M, Zhang Y, Xu W, Fang Y, Zhao J. Astaxanthin alleviates spinal cord ischemia-reperfusion injury via activation of PI3K/Akt/GSK-3β pathway in rats. J Orthop Surg Res 2020; 15:275. [PMID: 32703256 PMCID: PMC7376638 DOI: 10.1186/s13018-020-01790-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ischemia-reperfusion injury of the spinal cord (SCII) often leads to unalterable neurological deficits, which may be associated with apoptosis induced by oxidative stress and inflammation. Astaxanthin (AST) is a strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent with multitarget neuroprotective effects. This study aimed to investigate the potential therapeutic effects of AST for SCII and the molecular mechanism. METHODS Rat models of SCII with abdominal aortic occlusion for 40 min were carried out to investigate the effects of AST on the recovery of SCII. Tarlov's scores were used to assess the neuronal function; HE and TUNEL staining were used to observe the pathological morphology of lesions. Neuron oxidative stress and inflammation were measured using commercial detection kits. Flow cytometry was conducted to assess the mitochondrial swelling degree. Besides, Western blot assay was used to detect the expression of PI3K/Akt/GSK-3β pathway-related proteins, as well as NOX2 and NLRP3 proteins. RESULTS The results demonstrated that AST pretreatment promoted the hind limb motor function recovery and alleviated the pathological damage induced by SCII. Moreover, AST significantly enhanced the antioxidative stress response and attenuated mitochondrial swelling. However, AST pretreatment hardly inhibited the levels of proinflammatory cytokines after SCII. Most importantly, AST activated p-Akt and p-GSK-3β expression levels. Meanwhile, cotreatment with LY294002 (a PI3K inhibitor) was found to abolish the above protective effects observed with the AST pretreatment. CONCLUSION Overall, these results suggest that AST pretreatment not only mitigates pathological tissue damage but also effectively improves neural functional recovery following SCII, primarily by alleviating oxidative stress but not inhibiting inflammation. A possible underlying molecular mechanism of AST may be mainly attributed to the activation of PI3K/Akt/GSK-3β pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Fu
- Department of Emergency Surgery, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, No.215 Heping West Road, Shijiazhuang, 050000, Hebei, China
| | - Haibin Sun
- Department of Emergency Surgery, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, No.215 Heping West Road, Shijiazhuang, 050000, Hebei, China
| | - Haofei Wei
- Department of Emergency Surgery, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, No.215 Heping West Road, Shijiazhuang, 050000, Hebei, China
| | - Mingjie Dong
- Department of Emergency Surgery, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, No.215 Heping West Road, Shijiazhuang, 050000, Hebei, China
| | - Yongzhe Zhang
- Department of Emergency Surgery, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, No.215 Heping West Road, Shijiazhuang, 050000, Hebei, China
| | - Wei Xu
- Department of Emergency Surgery, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, No.215 Heping West Road, Shijiazhuang, 050000, Hebei, China
| | - Yanwei Fang
- Department of Emergency Surgery, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, No.215 Heping West Road, Shijiazhuang, 050000, Hebei, China
| | - Jianhui Zhao
- Department of Emergency Surgery, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, No.215 Heping West Road, Shijiazhuang, 050000, Hebei, China.
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Levetiracetam, an Antiepileptic Drug has Neuroprotective Effects on Intracranial Hemorrhage Injury. Neuroscience 2020; 431:25-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Hayashi M, Kawamura M, Kawashima Y, Uemura T, Maoka T. Effect of astaxanthin-rich extract derived from Paracoccus carotinifaciens on the status of stress and sleep in adults. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2020; 66:92-102. [PMID: 32231404 DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.19-113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of a dietary supplement containing astaxanthin-rich extract derived from Paracoccus carotinifaciens (astaxanthin supplement) on the status of stress and sleep in individuals aged 20-64 years. Twenty-five subjects orally administered 12 mg astaxanthin/day of astaxanthin supplement for 8 weeks (astaxanthin group) and 29 subjects given a placebo (placebo group) were evaluated with Profile of Mood States 2nd Edition for stress and Oguri-Shirakawa-Azumi Sleep Inventory for Middle-aged and Aged version for sleep. We did not observe any significant intergroup differences in the stress and sleep. A subgroup analysis was performed after dividing the subjects into two groups: those who scored >65 and those who scored ≤65 in the "Depression-Dejection" dimension of Profile of Mood States 2nd Edition. The sleep of subjects who scored >65 ("Depression-Dejection") showed significant improvement in the astaxanthin group compared with the placebo group, whereas no significant improvement was observed in stress and the other subjects. Our results indicate that people who tend to be strongly depressed may experience improved sleep after ingesting astaxanthin supplement. On the basis of the parameters tested, administration of astaxanthin supplement was not associated with any problems related to safety. Clinical registration: This study has been registered at the University Hospital Medical Information Network (https://upload.umin.ac.jp/cgi-open-bin/ctr/ctr_view.cgi?recptno=R000038619) on August 24, 2018 as "A study to evaluate the effect of intake of astaxanthin on the status of stress and sleep in adults," Identification No. UMIN000033863.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Hayashi
- Biotechnology R&D Group HPM Research & Development Department, High Performance Materials Company, JXTG Nippon Oil & Energy Corporation, 8, Chidori-cho, Naka-ku, Yokohama-shi, Kanagawa 231-0815, Japan
| | - Moe Kawamura
- Biotechnology R&D Group HPM Research & Development Department, High Performance Materials Company, JXTG Nippon Oil & Energy Corporation, 8, Chidori-cho, Naka-ku, Yokohama-shi, Kanagawa 231-0815, Japan
| | - Yuki Kawashima
- Biotechnology R&D Group HPM Research & Development Department, High Performance Materials Company, JXTG Nippon Oil & Energy Corporation, 8, Chidori-cho, Naka-ku, Yokohama-shi, Kanagawa 231-0815, Japan
| | - Takeshi Uemura
- Biotechnology R&D Group HPM Research & Development Department, High Performance Materials Company, JXTG Nippon Oil & Energy Corporation, 8, Chidori-cho, Naka-ku, Yokohama-shi, Kanagawa 231-0815, Japan
| | - Takashi Maoka
- Research Institute for Production Development, 15 Shimogamohoncho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-0805, Japan
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A novel free radical scavenger, NSP-116, ameliorated the brain injury in both ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke models. J Pharmacol Sci 2019; 141:119-126. [PMID: 31679961 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphs.2019.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Reperfusion injury is a serious problem in ischemic stroke therapy, which leads to neuronal damage and intracranial hemorrhage (ICH). A novel free radical scavenger, NSP-116, has anti-oxidative effect and may ameliorate reperfusion injury. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of NSP-116 on both ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke models. First, we assessed whether NSP-116 has protective effects in vitro. Pre-treatment of NSP-116 decreased neuronal cell damage induced by H2O2 or LPS. Moreover, NSP-116 also suppressed mitochondria damage and apoptosis in H2O2-induced neuronal injury model. Based on these results, we used a middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO)-induced ischemic stroke model or a collagenase-induced ICH model. Using the MCAO model, we evaluated the cerebral blood flow (CBF), neurological deficit, and infarct volume. Hematoma volume was assessed at 3 days after ICH. In the MCAO model, oral administration of NSP-116 at 30 mg/kg attenuated the reduction of CBF, neurological deficits, and infarct formation. Interestingly, NSP-116 also ameliorated hematoma expansion and neurological deficits in the ICH model. Additionally, pre-treatment of NSP-116 suppressed the brain microvascular endothelial cell death induced by collagenase treatment. Collectively, our findings indicated that oral administration of NSP-116 attenuates both ischemic and hemorrhagic brain injuries after stroke.
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