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Hu Y, Hu XD, He ZQ, Liu Y, Gui YK, Zhu SH, Da X, Liu YN, Liu LX, Shen QY, Xu GH. Anesthesia/surgery activate MMP9 leading to blood-brain barrier disruption, triggering neuroinflammation and POD-like behavior in aged mice. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 135:112290. [PMID: 38796964 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.112290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Anesthesia and surgery activate matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9), leading to blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption and postoperative delirium (POD)-like behavior, especially in the elderly. Aged mice received intraperitoneal injections of either the MMP9 inhibitor SB-3CT, melatonin, or solvent, and underwent laparotomy under 3 % sevoflurane anesthesia(anesthesia/surgery). Behavioral tests were performed 24 h pre- and post-operatively. Serum and cortical tissue levels of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were measured using ELISA. Levels of PDGFRβ, MMP9, tight junction, Mfsd2a, caveolin-1, synaptophysin, and postsynaptic densin (PSD)-95 proteins in the prefrontal cortex were assayed using Western blotting. BBB permeability was assessed by detecting IgG in the prefrontal cortex and serum S100β levels. Anesthesia/surgery-induced peripheral inflammation activated MMP9, which in turn injured pericytes and tight junctions and increased transcytosis, thereby disrupting the BBB. Impaired BBB allowed the migration of peripheral inflammation into the central nervous system (CNS), thereby inducing neuroinflammation, synaptic dysfunction, and POD-like behaviors. However, MMP9 inhibition reduced pericyte and tight junction injury and transcytosis, thereby preserving BBB function and preventing the migration of peripheral inflammation into the CNS, thus attenuating synaptic dysfunction and POD-like behavior. In addition, to further validate the above findings, we showed that melatonin exerted similar effects through inhibition of MMP9. The present study shows that after anesthesia/surgery, inflammatory cytokines upregulation is involved in regulating BBB permeability in aged mice through activation of MMP9, suggesting that MMP9 may be a potential target for the prevention of POD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Hu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, PR China
| | - Xu-Dong Hu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, PR China
| | - Zi-Qing He
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, PR China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, PR China
| | - Yong-Kang Gui
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, PR China
| | - Si-Hui Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, PR China
| | - Xin Da
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, PR China
| | - Yi-Nuo Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, PR China
| | - Li-Xia Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, PR China
| | - Qi-Ying Shen
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, PR China.
| | - Guang-Hong Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, PR China.
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Shi T, Yue S, Xie C, Li X, Yang D, Hu L, Zhong Y, Zhang Y, Liu W. MMP-2-mediated Scube2 degradation promotes blood-brain barrier disruption by blocking the interaction between astrocytes and endothelial cells via inhibiting Sonic hedgehog pathway during early cerebral ischemia. J Neurochem 2023. [PMID: 38148633 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.16021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
We have previously demonstrated a rapid secretion of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) in the ischemic brain. Since Scube2 can interact with Sonic hedgehog (Shh) to maintain blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity via regulating the interaction between brain capillary endothelial cells (ECs) and perivascular astrocytes, and it is also a substrate of MMP-2, we hypothesized that the secreted MMP-2 could degrade Scube2 and contribute to ischemic BBB disruption. Using an in vitro ischemic model of 90-min oxygen-glucose deprivation/3-h reoxygenation (OGD/R) and an in vivo mouse stroke model of 90-min middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) with 3-h reperfusion, we established an important role of MMP-2-mediated Scube2 degradation in early ischemic BBB disruption. Exposure of C8-D1A cells and bEnd.3 cells to OGD/R increased MMP secretion in both cells, and C8-D1A cells appeared to secrete more MMPs than bEnd.3 cells. Co-IP and double-immunostaining revealed that Scube2 co-localized well with MMP-2 in C8-D1A cells and could be pulled down by MMP-2 antibodies. In MCAO mice, Scube2 protein showed a drastic reduction in ischemic brain tissue, which was accompanied by suppressed expression of Shh and its downstream molecules. Of note, specific knockdown of astrocytic Scube2 with AAV-shScube2 augmented MCAO-induced Shh suppression and exacerbated BBB leakage and inflammatory reactions in the ischemic brain. Last, incubation of bEnd.3 cells with conditioned medium derived from OGD-treated C8-D1A cells led to a significant inhibition of the Shh pathway in bEnd.3 cells and degradation of VE-cadherin and ZO-1. Inhibition of MMP-2 with SB-3CT or over-expression of Scube2 with plasmids in C8-D1A cells alleviated the above effect of C8-D1A cells-derived conditioned medium. Taken together, our data indicate that ischemia-induced secretion of MMP-2 may contribute to early BBB disruption in ischemic stroke via interrupting the shared Scube2-Shh pathway between brain capillary ECs and perivascular astrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tengrui Shi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shiqin Yue
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Cong Xie
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Graduate School of Guangzhou Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiaofeng Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Dexin Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Linghui Hu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Graduate School of Guangzhou Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yunxue Zhong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
- Graduate Collaborative Training Base of Department of Neurosurgery, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wenlan Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
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Dickerson F, Vaidya D, Liu Y, Yolken R. Levels of Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 Are Elevated in Persons With Schizophrenia or Bipolar Disorder: The Role of Modifiable Factors. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY GLOBAL OPEN SCIENCE 2023; 3:766-772. [PMID: 37881562 PMCID: PMC10593883 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsgos.2023.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a diverse set of enzymes associated with inflammation. MMP-9 is of particular interest because it has been associated with autoimmune and cardiopulmonary disorders, tobacco smoking, and obesity, prevalent in psychiatric populations. Methods Sensitive enzyme immunoassays measured MMP-9 in blood samples from 1121 individuals (mean age = 35.6 [SD = 13.0] years; 47.7% male; 440 with schizophrenia, 399 with bipolar disorder, and 282 without a psychiatric disorder). We estimated the odds of diagnosis associated with MMP-9, demographic variables, tobacco smoking, and obesity, and also the partial explained variance using regression methods. We also determined the association between psychiatric medications and MMP-9 levels. Results Individuals with elevated MMP-9 levels had higher odds of schizophrenia or bipolar disorder compared with the nonpsychiatric group adjusted for demographic variables. Partial correlation analyses indicated the demographic-adjusted variance associated with MMP-9, smoking, obesity, and their interaction explained 59.6% for schizophrenia and 39.9% for bipolar disorder. Levels of MMP-9 were substantially lower in individuals receiving valproate, particularly relatively high doses. Conclusions Individuals with higher levels of MMP-9 have significantly higher odds of schizophrenia or bipolar disorder. Individuals receiving valproate had substantially lower levels of MMP-9, possibly related to its ability to inhibit histone deacetylation. A substantial portion of the variance in clinical disorders associated with MMP-9 can be attributed to smoking or obesity. Interventions to reduce smoking and obesity might reduce the morbidity and mortality associated with elevated MMP-9 levels and improve the health outcomes of individuals with these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faith Dickerson
- Stanley Research Program, Sheppard Pratt, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Dhananjay Vaidya
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Yisi Liu
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Robert Yolken
- Stanley Division of Developmental Neurovirology, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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Lin YC, Sahoo BK, Gau SS, Yang RB. The biology of SCUBE. J Biomed Sci 2023; 30:33. [PMID: 37237303 PMCID: PMC10214685 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-023-00925-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The SCUBE [Signal peptide-Complement C1r/C1s, Uegf, Bmp1 (CUB)-Epithelial growth factor domain-containing protein] family consists of three proteins in vertebrates, SCUBE1, 2 and 3, which are highly conserved in zebrafish, mice and humans. Each SCUBE gene encodes a polypeptide of approximately 1000 amino acids that is organized into five modular domains: (1) an N-terminal signal peptide sequence, (2) nine tandem epidermal growth factor (EGF)-like repeats, (3) a large spacer region, (4) three cysteine-rich (CR) motifs, and (5) a CUB domain at the C-terminus. Murine Scube genes are expressed individually or in combination during the development of various tissues, including those in the central nervous system and the axial skeleton. The cDNAs of human SCUBE orthologs were originally cloned from vascular endothelial cells, but SCUBE expression has also been found in platelets, mammary ductal epithelium and osteoblasts. Both soluble and membrane-associated SCUBEs have been shown to play important roles in physiology and pathology. For instance, upregulation of SCUBEs has been reported in acute myeloid leukemia, breast cancer and lung cancer. In addition, soluble SCUBE1 is released from activated platelets and can be used as a clinical biomarker for acute coronary syndrome and ischemic stroke. Soluble SCUBE2 enhances distal signaling by facilitating the secretion of dual-lipidated hedgehog from nearby ligand-producing cells in a paracrine manner. Interestingly, the spacer regions and CR motifs can increase or enable SCUBE binding to cell surfaces via electrostatic or glycan-lectin interactions. As such, membrane-associated SCUBEs can function as coreceptors that enhance the signaling activity of various serine/threonine kinase or tyrosine kinase receptors. For example, membrane-associated SCUBE3 functions as a coreceptor that promotes signaling in bone morphogenesis. In humans, SCUBE3 mutations are linked to abnormalities in growth and differentiation of both bones and teeth. In addition to studies on human SCUBE function, experimental results from genetically modified mouse models have yielded important insights in the field of systems biology. In this review, we highlight novel molecular discoveries and critical directions for future research on SCUBE proteins in the context of cancer, skeletal disease and cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuh-Charn Lin
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Binay K Sahoo
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shiang-Shin Gau
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ruey-Bing Yang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.
- Biomedical Translation Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.
- Program in Drug Discovery and Development Industry, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Thakur A, Liang L, Banerjee S, Zhang K. Single-Cell Transcriptomics Reveals Evidence of Endothelial Dysfunction in the Brains of COVID-19 Patients with Implications for Glioblastoma Progression. Brain Sci 2023; 13:brainsci13050762. [PMID: 37239234 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13050762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endothelial dysfunction is implicated in various inflammatory diseases such as ischemic stroke, heart attack, organ failure, and COVID-19. Recent studies have shown that endothelial dysfunction in the brain is attributed to excessive inflammatory responses caused by the SARS-CoV-2 infection, leading to increased permeability of the blood-brain barrier and consequently neurological damage. Here, we aim to examine the single-cell transcriptomic landscape of endothelial dysfunction in COVID-19 and its implications for glioblastoma (GBM) progression. METHODS Single-cell transcriptome data GSE131928 and GSE159812 were obtained from the gene expression omnibus (GEO) to analyze the expression profiles of key players in innate immunity and inflammation between brain endothelial dysfunction caused by COVID-19 and GBM progression. RESULTS Single-cell transcriptomic analysis of the brain of COVID-19 patients revealed that endothelial cells had undergone significant transcriptomic changes, with several genes involved in immune responses and inflammation upregulated. Moreover, transcription factors were observed to modulate this inflammation, including interferon-regulated genes. CONCLUSIONS The results indicate a significant overlap between COVID-19 and GBM in the context of endothelial dysfunction, suggesting that there may be an endothelial dysfunction link connecting severe SARS-CoV-2 infection in the brain to GBM progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhimanyu Thakur
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine and Health, Hong Kong Institute of Science and Innovation-CAS Limited, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Lifan Liang
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15206, USA
| | - Sourav Banerjee
- Department of Cellular and Systems Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Kui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
- Cancer Centre, Medical Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
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Xu Y, Ma Q, Du H, Yang C, Lin G. Postoperative Delirium in Neurosurgical Patients: Recent Insights into the Pathogenesis. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12101371. [PMID: 36291305 PMCID: PMC9599232 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12101371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Postoperative delirium (POD) is a complication characterized by disturbances in attention, awareness, and cognitive function that occur shortly after surgery or emergence from anesthesia. Since it occurs prevalently in neurosurgical patients and poses great threats to the well-being of patients, much emphasis is placed on POD in neurosurgical units. However, there are intricate theories about its pathogenesis and limited pharmacological interventions for POD. In this study, we review the recent insights into its pathogenesis, mainly based on studies within five years, and the five dominant pathological theories that account for the development of POD, with the intention of furthering our understanding and boosting its clinical management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinuo Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Qianquan Ma
- Department of Neurosurgery, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
- Center for Precision Neurosurgery and Oncology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Haiming Du
- Department of Anesthesiology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Chenlong Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
- Center for Precision Neurosurgery and Oncology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
- North America Medical Education Foundation, Union City, CA 94587, USA
- Correspondence: (C.Y.); (G.L.); Tel.: +86-135-1108-7060 (C.Y.); +86-135-5240-0103 (G.L.)
| | - Guozhong Lin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
- Center for Precision Neurosurgery and Oncology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
- Correspondence: (C.Y.); (G.L.); Tel.: +86-135-1108-7060 (C.Y.); +86-135-5240-0103 (G.L.)
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Broekaart DWM, Zimmer TS, Cohen ST, Tessers R, Anink JJ, de Vries HE, Gorter JA, Prades R, Aronica E, van Vliet EA. The Gelatinase Inhibitor ACT-03 Reduces Gliosis in the Rapid Kindling Rat Model of Epilepsy, and Attenuates Inflammation and Loss of Barrier Integrity In Vitro. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10092117. [PMID: 36140216 PMCID: PMC9495904 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10092117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are endopeptidases responsible for the cleavage of intra- and extracellular proteins. Several brain MMPs have been implicated in neurological disorders including epilepsy. We recently showed that the novel gelatinase inhibitor ACT-03 has disease-modifying effects in models of epilepsy. Here, we studied its effects on neuroinflammation and blood–brain barrier (BBB) integrity. Using the rapid kindling rat model of epilepsy, we examined whether ACT-03 affected astro- and microgliosis in the brain using immunohistochemistry. Cellular and molecular alterations were further studied in vitro using human fetal astrocyte and brain endothelial cell (hCMEC/D3) cultures, with a focus on neuroinflammatory markers as well as on barrier permeability using an endothelial and astrocyte co-culture model. We observed less astro- and microgliosis in the brains of kindled animals treated with ACT-03 compared to control vehicle-treated animals. In vitro, ACT-03 treatment attenuated stimulation-induced mRNA expression of several pro-inflammatory factors in human fetal astrocytes and brain endothelial cells, as well as a loss of barrier integrity in endothelial and astrocyte co-cultures. Since ACT-03 has disease-modifying effects in epilepsy models, possibly via limiting gliosis, inflammation, and barrier integrity loss, it is of interest to further evaluate its effects in a clinical trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diede W. M. Broekaart
- Amsterdam UMC, Location University of Amsterdam, Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Till S. Zimmer
- Amsterdam UMC, Location University of Amsterdam, Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sophie T. Cohen
- Amsterdam UMC, Location University of Amsterdam, Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rianne Tessers
- Amsterdam UMC, Location University of Amsterdam, Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jasper J. Anink
- Amsterdam UMC, Location University of Amsterdam, Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Helga E. de Vries
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jan A. Gorter
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences Center for Neuroscience, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Roger Prades
- Accure Therapeutics S.L., 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eleonora Aronica
- Amsterdam UMC, Location University of Amsterdam, Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland (SEIN), 2103 SW Heemstede, The Netherlands
- Correspondence: (E.A.); (E.A.v.V.)
| | - Erwin A. van Vliet
- Amsterdam UMC, Location University of Amsterdam, Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences Center for Neuroscience, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Correspondence: (E.A.); (E.A.v.V.)
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Zhang Y, Wang Y, Wu W, Liu P, Sun S, Hong M, Yuan Y, Xia Q, Chen Z. Elevation of neutrophil carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 1 associated with multiple inflammatory mediators was related to different clinical stages in ischemic stroke patients. J Clin Lab Anal 2022; 36:e24526. [PMID: 35657334 PMCID: PMC9279952 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.24526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We aimed to analyze the level of carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 1 (CEACAM1) in neutrophils of ischemic stroke (IS) patients at different stages, together with its roles in neutrophils. PATIENTS AND METHODS Sixty-seven patients were classified into acute phase group (n = 19), subacute phase group (n = 28), and stable phase group (n = 20), and 20 healthy individuals who had received physical examination at the same time period as healthy control. We then analyzed the expression level of CEACAM1 and cell viability in CEACAM1 positive and CEACAM1 negative neutrophils by flow cytometry and the content of plasma CEACAM1, neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), matrix metalloproteinases-9 (MMP-9) was measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), while that of interleukin-10 (IL-10) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) was determined using a Human Enhanced Sensitivity Flex set. RESULTS Compared with healthy control, the percentage of CEACAM1 positive neutrophils in IS patients showed a significant increase, and a significant increase was also noticed in the content of plasma CEACAM1 at the subacute stage. Reduction in cell viability was observed in CEACAM1 positive neutrophils compared with CEACAM1 negative counterparts. There was a positive correlation between CEACAM1 expression rate in neutrophils and plasma CEACAM1 and IL-10 content in the subacute group. Compared with acute group and healthy control group, there was an instinct increase in the level of plasma MMP-9 and NGAL in subacute group. CONCLUSIONS Our data showed that there was a rapid increase of CEACAM1 in neutrophils at the acute stage of IS. We speculated that CEACAM1 may serve as an inhibitory regulator involving in the progression of IS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- Department of Laboratory MedicineThe First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
- Key Laboratory of Clinical In Vitro Diagnostic Techniques of Zhejiang ProvinceHangzhouChina
| | - Yijie Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious DiseasesThe First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
| | - Wei Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious DiseasesThe First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
| | - Ping Liu
- Department of NeurologyThe First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
| | - Shanshan Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious DiseasesThe First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
| | - Meng Hong
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious DiseasesThe First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
| | - Yuan Yuan
- Department of NeurologyThe First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
| | - Qi Xia
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious DiseasesThe First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
| | - Zhi Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious DiseasesThe First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
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Tseng KY, Wang HC, Cheng KF, Wang YH, Chang LL, Cheng KI. Sciatic Nerve Intrafascicular Injection Induces Neuropathy by Activating the Matrix Modulators MMP-9 and TIMP-1. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:859982. [PMID: 35694244 PMCID: PMC9178525 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.859982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Peripheral nerve block (PNB) under echo guidance may not prevent intrafascicular anesthetic injection-induced nerve injury. This study investigated whether unintended needle piercing alone, or the intrafascicular nerve injectant could induce neuropathy. Methods: 120 adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into four groups: 1) group S, only the left sciatic nerve was exposed; 2) group InF-P, the left sciatic nerve was exposed and pierced with a 30 G needle; 3) group InF-S, left sciatic nerve was exposed and injected with saline (0.9% NaCl 30 µL); 4) group InF-R, left sciatic nerve was exposed and injected with 0.5% (5 mg/mL, 30 µL) ropivacaine. Behaviors of thermal and mechanical stimuli responses from hindpaws, sciatic nerve vascular permeability and tight junction protein expression, and macrophage infiltration were assessed. Pro-inflammatory cytokine expression and TIMP-1 and MMP-9 activation at the injection site and the swollen, and distal sites of the sciatic nerve were measured by cytokine array, western blotting, and immunofluorescence of POh14 and POD3. Results: Intrafascicular saline and ropivacaine into the sciatic nerve, but not needle piercing alone, significantly induced mechanical allodynia that lasted for seven days. In addition, the prior groups increased vascular permeability and macrophage infiltration, especially in the swollen site of the sciatic nerve. Thermal hypersensitivity was induced and lasted for only 3 days after intrafascicular saline injection. Obvious upregulation of TIMP-1 and MMP-9 on POh6 and POh14 occurred regardless of intrafascicular injection or needle piercing. Compared to the needle piercing group, the ratio of MMP-9/TIMP-1 was significantly higher in the intrafascicular injectant groups at the injected and swollen sites of the sciatic nerve. Although no gross changes in the expressions of tight junction proteins (TJPs) claudin-5 and ZO-1, the TJPs turned to apparent fragmentation and fenestration-like degenerative change in swollen endothelial cells and thickened microvessels. Conclusion: Intrafascicular nerve injection is a distinct mechanism that induces neuropathy. It is likely that the InF nerve injection-induced neuropathy was largely due to dramatic, but transient, increases in enzymatic activities of MMP-9 and activating TIMP-1 in the operated nerves. The changes in enzymatic activities then contributed to certain levels of extracellular matrix degradation, which leads to increases in endoneurial vascular permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuang-Yi Tseng
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Anesthesiology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Chen Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Feng Cheng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hsuan Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Lin-Li Chang
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Kuang-I Cheng
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Anesthesiology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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10
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The vascular hypothesis of schizophrenia (SZ) postulates that brain endothelial dysfunction contributes to brain pathophysiology. This review discusses recent evidence for and against this hypothesis, including data related to blood-brain barrier (BBB), brain endothelium, and brain blood supply, to provide a critical weighed update. RECENT FINDINGS Different studies report a consistent proportion of SZ patients showing increased BBB permeability, reflected by higher levels of albumin in the cerebral spinal fluid. Of note, this was not a result of antipsychotic medication. The high inflammatory profile observed in some SZ patients is strongly associated with increased BBB permeability to circulating immune cells, and with more severe cognitive deficiencies. Also, sex was found to interact with BBB integrity and permeability in SZ. The strongest independent genetic association with SZ has been identified in FZD1, a hypoxia-response gene that is 600-fold higher expressed in early development endothelium as compared to adult brain endothelium. Regarding brain blood supply, there is evidence to suggest alterations in proper brain perfusion in SZ. Nonetheless, ex-vivo experiments suggested that widely used antipsychotics favor vasoconstriction; thus, alterations in cerebral perfusion might be related to the patients' medication. SUMMARY In some patients with SZ, a vulnerable brain endothelium may be interacting with environmental stressors, such as inflammation or hypoxia, converging into a more severe SZ symptomatology. Gene expression and performance of human brain endothelium could vary along with development and the establishment of the BBB; therefore, we encourage to investigate its possible contribution to SZ considering this dynamic context.
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11
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Shi M, Gong Y, Wu M, Gu H, Yu J, Gao F, Ren Z, Qian M, Dang B, Chen G. Downregulation of TREM2/NF-кB signaling may damage the blood-brain barrier and aggravate neuronal apoptosis in experimental rats with surgically injured brain. Brain Res Bull 2022; 183:116-126. [PMID: 35247489 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2022.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Surgical brain injury (SBI) is unavoidable in neurosurgery, and could aggravate secondary brain injury. Post-brain injury, multiple inflammatory factors are released, resulting in neuroinflammation and cell apoptosis, with subsequent brain edema and nerve function injury. TREM2, an immune protein mainly expressed in microglia, is an important link for nerve cells to participate in the inflammatory response. TREM2 and nuclear factor кB (NF-кB) are indeed closely associated with the release of inflammatory cytokines following brain injury. This work aimed to determine the inflammatory function of TREM2 in SBI, and to investigate whether TREM2 regulates interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) release through the NF-кB p65 signaling pathway. We established a rat model of SBI, and performed Western blotting (WB), immunofluorescence (IF) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for further analysis. Next, brain edema and neurological score analyses were performed. Finally, whether TREM2 regulating NF-кB p65 signaling affects blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability and nerve cell apoptosis was examined. We found that post-SBI, TREM2 was upregulated, and inflammation and brain injury were aggravated. After TREM2 downregulation, NF-кB p65 production, inflammation and brain injury were enhanced, suggesting that TREM2 may play a protective role by inhibiting NF-кB p65 production after SBI. Overall, these findings suggest that TREM2 in SBI may have protective effects on postoperative nerve and BBB damage, possibly in part via the NF-κB p65 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengying Shi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhangjiagang TCM Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Suzhou, China; Department of Anesthesiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yating Gong
- Department of Rehabilitation, Zhangjiagang TCM Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Suzhou, China
| | - Muyao Wu
- Department of Rehabilitation, Zhangjiagang TCM Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Suzhou, China
| | - Haiping Gu
- Department of Neurology, Zhangjiagang TCM Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Suzhou, China
| | - Jiejie Yu
- Department of Emergency, Zhangjiagang TCM Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Suzhou, China
| | - Fan Gao
- Department of Rehabilitation, Zhangjiagang TCM Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Suzhou, China
| | - Zhe Ren
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First People's Hospital of Zhangjiagang, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Min Qian
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhangjiagang TCM Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Suzhou, China.
| | - Baoqi Dang
- Department of Rehabilitation, Zhangjiagang TCM Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Suzhou, China.
| | - Gang Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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12
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Gong Y, Wu M, Gao F, Shi M, Gu H, Gao R, Dang BQ, Chen G. Inhibition of the p‑SPAK/p‑NKCC1 signaling pathway protects the blood‑brain barrier and reduces neuronal apoptosis in a rat model of surgical brain injury. Mol Med Rep 2021; 24:717. [PMID: 34396440 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2021.12356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Surgical brain injury (SBI) can disrupt the function of the blood‑brain barrier (BBB), leading to brain edema and neurological dysfunction. Thus, protecting the BBB and mitigating cerebral edema are key factors in improving the neurological function and prognosis of patients with SBI. The inhibition of WNK lysine deficient protein kinase/STE20/SPS1‑related proline/alanine‑rich kinase (SPAK) signaling ameliorates cerebral edema, and this signaling pathway regulates the phosphorylation of the downstream Na+‑K+‑Cl‑ cotransporter 1 (NKCC1). Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to investigate the role of SPAK in SBI‑induced cerebral edema and to determine whether the SPAK/NKCC1 signaling pathway was involved in SBI via regulating phosphorylation. An SBI model was established in male Sprague‑Dawley rats, and the effects of SPAK on the regulation of the NKCC1 signaling pathway on BBB permeability and nerve cell apoptosis by western blotting analysis, immunofluorescence staining, TUNEL staining, Fluoro‑Jade C staining, and brain edema and nervous system scores. The results demonstrated that, compared with those in the sham group, phosphorylated (p)‑SPAK and p‑NKCC1 protein expression levels were significantly increased in the SBI model group. After inhibiting p‑SPAK, the expression level of p‑NKCC1, neuronal apoptosis and BBB permeability were significantly reduced in SBI model rats. Taken together, these findings suggested that SBI‑induced increases in p‑SPAK and p‑NKCC1 expression exacerbated post‑traumatic neural and BBB damage, which may be mediated via the ion‑transport‑induced regulation of cell edema.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yating Gong
- Department of Rehabilitation, Zhangjiagang Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215600, P.R. China
| | - Muyao Wu
- Department of Rehabilitation, Zhangjiagang Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215600, P.R. China
| | - Fan Gao
- Department of Rehabilitation, Zhangjiagang Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215600, P.R. China
| | - Mengying Shi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhangjiagang Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215600, P.R. China
| | - Haiping Gu
- Department of Neurology, Zhangjiagang Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215600, P.R. China
| | - Rong Gao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhangjiagang Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215600, P.R. China
| | - Bao-Qi Dang
- Department of Rehabilitation, Zhangjiagang Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215600, P.R. China
| | - Gang Chen
- Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, P.R. China
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13
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Michinaga S, Inoue A, Sonoda K, Mizuguchi H, Koyama Y. Down-regulation of astrocytic sonic hedgehog by activation of endothelin ET B receptors: Involvement in traumatic brain injury-induced disruption of blood brain barrier in a mouse model. Neurochem Int 2021; 146:105042. [PMID: 33838160 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2021.105042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In the adult brain, sonic hedgehog acts on cerebral microvascular endothelial cells to stabilize the blood-brain barrier. The expression of sonic hedgehog by astrocytes is altered during brain injury, and this change has been shown to affect permeability of blood-brain barrier. However, much remains unknown about the regulation of astrocytic sonic hedgehog production. Our results showed that endothelin-1 reduced sonic hedgehog mRNA expression and extracellular protein release in mouse cerebral cultured astrocytes, but had no effect in bEnd.3, a mouse brain microvascular endothelial-derived cell line. The effect of endothelin-1 on astrocyte sonic hedgehog expression was suppressed by an ETB antagonist BQ788, but was unchanged by the ETA antagonist FR139317. In cultured astrocytes and bEnd.3, endothelin-1 did not affect the expression of the sonic hedgehog receptor-related molecules, patched-1 and smoothened. In an animal model of traumatic brain injury, fluid percussion injury on the mouse cerebrum increased the expression of sonic hedgehog, patched-1, and smoothened. Repeated administration of BQ788 enhanced sonic hedgehog expression at 5 days after fluid percussion injury. Histochemical examination revealed sonic hedgehog expression in glial fibrillary acidic protein-positive astrocytes in the cerebrum after fluid percussion injury. Administration of exogenous sonic hedgehog and BQ788 suppressed Evans blue extravasation, an indicator of blood vessel permeability, induced by fluid percussion injury. The effects of BQ788 on fluid percussion injury-induced Evans blue extravasation were reduced by the administration of jervine, a sonic hedgehog inhibitor. Altogether, these results suggest that endothelin-1 down-regulates astrocytic sonic hedgehog to promote disruption of the blood-brain barrier during traumatic brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shotaro Michinaga
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Osaka Ohtani University, 3-11-1 Nishikiori-Kita, Tondabayashi, Osaka, 584-8540, Japan
| | - Ayana Inoue
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Osaka Ohtani University, 3-11-1 Nishikiori-Kita, Tondabayashi, Osaka, 584-8540, Japan
| | - Kyomi Sonoda
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Osaka Ohtani University, 3-11-1 Nishikiori-Kita, Tondabayashi, Osaka, 584-8540, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Mizuguchi
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Osaka Ohtani University, 3-11-1 Nishikiori-Kita, Tondabayashi, Osaka, 584-8540, Japan
| | - Yutaka Koyama
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, 4-19-1 Motoyama-Kita, Higashinada, Kobe, 668-8558, Japan.
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14
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Gong Y, Wu M, Shen J, Tang J, Li J, Xu J, Dang B, Chen G. Inhibition of the NKCC1/NF-κB Signaling Pathway Decreases Inflammation and Improves Brain Edema and Nerve Cell Apoptosis in an SBI Rat Model. Front Mol Neurosci 2021; 14:641993. [PMID: 33867933 PMCID: PMC8044300 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2021.641993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Surgical brain injury (SBI) triggers microglia to release numerous inflammatory factors, leading to brain edema and neurological dysfunction. Reducing neuroinflammation and protecting the blood-brain barrier (BBB) are key factors to improve the neurological function and prognosis after SBI. Na+-K+-Cl– cotransporter 1 (NKCC1) and nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) have been implicated in the secretion of inflammatory cytokines by microglia in brain injury. This study aimed to establish the role of NKCC1 in inducing inflammation in SBI, as well as to determine whether NKCC1 controls the release of interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) via phosphorylation of NF-κB in microglia, thus affecting BBB permeability and neuronal cell apoptosis. Male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were used to establish an SBI model. This study revealed that compared with the sham group, the expression levels of p-NKCC1, p-p65-NF-κB, and related inflammatory factor proteins in SBI model group significantly increased. After p-NKCC1 was inhibited, p-p65-NF-κB, IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α were downregulated, and nerve cell apoptosis and BBB permeability were significantly reduced. These findings suggest that the SBI-induced increase in p-NKCC1 exacerbates neuroinflammation, brain edema, and nerve function injury, which may be mediated by regulating the activity of p65-NF-κB that in turn influences the release of inflammatory factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yating Gong
- Department of Rehabilitation, Zhangjiagang TCM Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Suzhou, China
| | - Muyao Wu
- Department of Rehabilitation, Zhangjiagang TCM Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Suzhou, China
| | - Jinchao Shen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhangjiagang TCM Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Suzhou, China
| | - Jiafeng Tang
- Department of Rehabilitation, Zhangjiagang TCM Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Suzhou, China
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Zhangjiagang TCM Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Suzhou, China
| | - Jianguo Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Baoqi Dang
- Department of Rehabilitation, Zhangjiagang TCM Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Suzhou, China
| | - Gang Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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15
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Yang J, Ma K, Zhang C, Liu Y, Liang F, Hu W, Bian X, Yang S, Fu X. Burns Impair Blood-Brain Barrier and Mesenchymal Stem Cells Can Reverse the Process in Mice. Front Immunol 2020; 11:578879. [PMID: 33240266 PMCID: PMC7677525 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.578879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurological syndromes are observed in numerous patients who suffer burns, which add to the economic burden of societies and families. Recent studies have implied that blood-brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction is the key factor that induces these central nervous system (CNS) syndromes in peripheral traumatic disease, e.g., surgery and burns. However, the effect of burns on BBB and the underlying mechanism remains, largely, to be determined. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of burns on BBB and the potential of umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells (UC-MSCs), which have strong anti-inflammatory and repairing ability, to protect the integrity of BBB. BBB permeability was evaluated using dextran tracer (immunohistochemistry imaging and spectrophotometric quantification) and western blot, interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-1β levels in blood and brain were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Furthermore, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was used to detect transcellular vesicular transport (transcytosis) in BBB. We found that burns increased mouse BBB permeability to both 10-kDa and 70-kDa dextran. IL-6 and IL-1β levels increased in peripheral blood and CNS after burns. In addition, burns decreased the level of tight junction proteins (TJs), including claudin-5, occludin, and ZO-1, which indicated increased BBB permeability due to paracellular pathway. Moreover, increased vesicular density after burns suggested increased transcytosis in brain microvascular endothelial cells. Finally, administering UC-MSCs at 1 h after burns effectively reversed these adverse effects and protected the integrity of BBB. These results suggest that burns increase BBB permeability through both paracellular pathway and transcytosis, the potential mechanism of which might be through increasing IL-6 and IL-1β levels and decreasing Mfsd2a level, and appropriate treatment with UC-MSCs can reverse these effects and protect the integrity of BBB after burns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Yang
- Research Center for Tissue Repair and Regeneration Affiliated to the Medical Innovation Research Department, Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA) General Hospital and PLA Medical College, Beijing, China.,Department of Dermatology, Fourth Medical Center, PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Kui Ma
- Research Center for Tissue Repair and Regeneration Affiliated to the Medical Innovation Research Department, Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA) General Hospital and PLA Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Cuiping Zhang
- Research Center for Tissue Repair and Regeneration Affiliated to the Medical Innovation Research Department, Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA) General Hospital and PLA Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yufan Liu
- Research Center for Tissue Repair and Regeneration Affiliated to the Medical Innovation Research Department, Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA) General Hospital and PLA Medical College, Beijing, China.,Department of Dermatology, Fourth Medical Center, PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Feng Liang
- Research Center for Tissue Repair and Regeneration Affiliated to the Medical Innovation Research Department, Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA) General Hospital and PLA Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Wenzhi Hu
- Research Center for Tissue Repair and Regeneration Affiliated to the Medical Innovation Research Department, Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA) General Hospital and PLA Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaowei Bian
- Research Center for Tissue Repair and Regeneration Affiliated to the Medical Innovation Research Department, Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA) General Hospital and PLA Medical College, Beijing, China.,Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Siming Yang
- Research Center for Tissue Repair and Regeneration Affiliated to the Medical Innovation Research Department, Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA) General Hospital and PLA Medical College, Beijing, China.,Department of Dermatology, Fourth Medical Center, PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaobing Fu
- Research Center for Tissue Repair and Regeneration Affiliated to the Medical Innovation Research Department, Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA) General Hospital and PLA Medical College, Beijing, China.,Department of Dermatology, Fourth Medical Center, PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
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16
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Jensen G, Holloway JL, Stabenfeldt SE. Hyaluronic Acid Biomaterials for Central Nervous System Regenerative Medicine. Cells 2020; 9:E2113. [PMID: 32957463 PMCID: PMC7565873 DOI: 10.3390/cells9092113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyaluronic acid (HA) is a primary component of the brain extracellular matrix and functions through cellular receptors to regulate cell behavior within the central nervous system (CNS). These behaviors, such as migration, proliferation, differentiation, and inflammation contribute to maintenance and homeostasis of the CNS. However, such equilibrium is disrupted following injury or disease leading to significantly altered extracellular matrix milieu and cell functions. This imbalance thereby inhibits inherent homeostatic processes that support critical tissue health and functionality in the CNS. To mitigate the damage sustained by injury/disease, HA-based tissue engineering constructs have been investigated for CNS regenerative medicine applications. HA's effectiveness in tissue healing and regeneration is primarily attributed to its impact on cell signaling and the ease of customizing chemical and mechanical properties. This review focuses on recent findings to highlight the applications of HA-based materials in CNS regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Jensen
- Chemical Engineering, School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85224, USA;
| | - Julianne L. Holloway
- Chemical Engineering, School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85224, USA;
| | - Sarah E. Stabenfeldt
- School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
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17
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Sun P, Xiao Y, Di Q, Ma W, Ma X, Wang Q, Chen W. Transferrin Receptor-Targeted PEG-PLA Polymeric Micelles for Chemotherapy Against Glioblastoma Multiforme. Int J Nanomedicine 2020; 15:6673-6688. [PMID: 32982226 PMCID: PMC7494234 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s257459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The safe and efficient delivery of chemotherapeutic agents is critical to glioma therapy. However, chemotherapy for glioma is extremely challenging because the blood–brain barrier (BBB) rigorously prevents drugs from reaching the tumor region. Materials and Methods TfR-T12 peptide-modified PEG-PLA polymer was synthesized to deliver paclitaxel (PTX) for glioma therapy. TfR was significantly expressed on brain capillary endothelial cells and glioma cells; therefore, TfR-T12 peptide-modified micelles can cross the BBB system and target glioma cells. Results TfR-T12-PEG-PLA/PTX polymeric micelles (TfR-T12-PMs) could be absorbed rapidly by tumor cells, and traversed effectively the BBB monolayers. TfR-T12-PMs can effectively inhibit the proliferation of U87MG cells in vitro, and TfR-T12-PMs loaded with paclitaxel presented better antiglioma effect with prolonged median survival of nude mice-bearing glioma than the unmodified PMs. Conclusion The TfR-T12-PMs could effectively overcome the BBB barrier and accomplish glioma-targeted drug delivery, thus validating its potential in improving the therapeutic outcome in multiforme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Sun
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Regional Immunity and Diseases, Department of Immunology, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen 518060, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen 518060, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Xiao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Regional Immunity and Diseases, Department of Immunology, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen 518060, People's Republic of China
| | - Qianqian Di
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Regional Immunity and Diseases, Department of Immunology, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen 518060, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenjing Ma
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Regional Immunity and Diseases, Department of Immunology, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen 518060, People's Republic of China
| | - Xingyu Ma
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Regional Immunity and Diseases, Department of Immunology, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen 518060, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingqing Wang
- Institute of Immunology, Zhejiang University of Medicine School, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Weilin Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Regional Immunity and Diseases, Department of Immunology, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen 518060, People's Republic of China
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18
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Wu J, He J, Tian X, Luo Y, Zhong J, Zhang H, Li H, Cen B, Jiang T, Sun X. microRNA-9-5p alleviates blood-brain barrier damage and neuroinflammation after traumatic brain injury. J Neurochem 2020; 153:710-726. [PMID: 31951014 PMCID: PMC7317896 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The level of microRNA‐9‐5p (miRNA‐9‐5p) in brain tissues is significantly changed after traumatic brain injury (TBI). However, the effect of miRNA‐9‐5p for brain function in TBI has not been elucidated. In this study, a controlled cortical impact model was used to induce TBI in Sprague–Dawley rats, and an oxygen glucose deprivation model was used to mimic the pathological state in vitro. Brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMECs) and astrocytes were extracted from immature Sprague–Dawley rats and cocultured to reconstruct blood–brain barrier (BBB) in vitro. The results show that the level of miRNA‐9‐5p was significantly increased in brain tissues after TBI, and up‐regulation of miRNA9‐5p contributed to the recovery of neurological function. Up‐regulation of miRNA‐9‐5p with miRNA agomir may significantly alleviate apoptosis, neuroinflammation, and BBB damage in rats after TBI. Moreover, a dual luciferase reporter assay confirmed that miRNA‐9‐5p is a post‐transcriptional modulator of Ptch‐1. In in vitro experiments, the results confirmed that up‐regulation of miRNA‐9‐5p with miRNA mimic alleviates cellular apoptosis, inflammatory response, and BBB damage mainly by inhibiting Ptch‐1. In addition, we found that the activation of Hedgehog pathway was accompanied by inhibition of NF‐κB/MMP‐9 pathway in the BMECs treated with miRNA‐9‐5p mimic. Taken together, these results indicate that up‐regulation of miRNA‐9‐5p alleviates BBB damage and neuroinflammatory responses by activating the Hedgehog pathway and inhibiting NF‐κB/MMP‐9 pathway, which promotes the recovery of neurological function after TBI. ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingchuan Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, General Hospital of The YangTze River Shipping, Wuhan Brain Hospital, Wuhan, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Junchi He
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaocui Tian
- College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, District of Yuzhong, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuetao Luo
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jianjun Zhong
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hongrong Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Bo Cen
- Department of Neurosurgery, General Hospital of The YangTze River Shipping, Wuhan Brain Hospital, Wuhan, China
| | - Tao Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaochuan Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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